1456:
410:
3211:
1369:
3219:
3227:
1620:, do not receive a salary for their role. However, peers who serve in the House of Lords are entitled to claim ÂŁ342 allowance for each day they attend to help cover expenses. In an effort to ensure peers from outside the capital were not disadvantaged, peers whose registered home address is outside Greater London can also claim travel expenses and up to ÂŁ100 towards the cost of a hotel or similar accommodation. Peers who serve in government as ministers are not entitled to claim these allowances, however, and thus their roles are often jointly given with
932:
3235:
3203:
3148:
45:
2527:âare based on their respective ranks. Thus, if the Lord Steward were a duke, he would precede all dukes, if a marquess, he would precede all marquesses, and so on. If two such officers are of the same rank, the precedence of the offices (reflected by the order in which they are mentioned above) is taken into account: if the Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl Marshal were both marquesses, for example, then the Great Chamberlain would precede the Earl Marshal, as the former office precedes the latter.
2469:
that individual's younger sons. Therefore, daughters of peers rank immediately after wives of eldest sons of peers; daughters of eldest sons of peers rank immediately after wives of eldest sons of eldest sons of peers; daughters of younger sons of peers rank after wives of eldest sons of younger sons of peers. Such a daughter keeps her precedence if marrying a commoner (unless that marriage somehow confers a higher precedence), but rank as their husband if marrying a peer.
106:
1485:. The House of Lords thus lost its judicial functions. At the time of creation, the 12 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (the Law Lords) became the first wave of justices to the Supreme Court but were simultaneously disqualified from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they retired from the court. Judges appointed to the new Supreme Court are not automatically made peers, but those who have not previously been independently granted a peerage, are entitled to use a
354:
2005:, which replaced male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture in the line of succession to the throne, there were calls from some hereditary peers' daughters to change the rules for hereditary peerages to match. In 2018 five daughters of hereditary peers took the government to the European Court of Human Rights to challenge the laws that stop them from inheriting their fathers titles and thereby being elected to the House of Lords.
3287:
worn after the
Reformation, and the wearing of hats in Parliament ceased, for the most part, when wigs came into fashion. They survive today only as part of the dress of Lords Commissioners, when they are worn with the parliamentary robe: a bicorn hat for men (of black beaver, edged with silk grosgrain ribbon) and a tricorne-like hat for women. (The use of these hats at introductions of peers to the House was discontinued in 1998.)
2607:
their heirs. The UK now has a presumption against the creation of new hereditary peerages, on the understanding that honours should be reserved for the meritorious service of individuals. This has in turn led to calls from some segments of
British government and society to change the inheritance rules for existing hereditary peerages, and in some instances for the abolition/revocation of existing hereditary peerages altogether.
342:
3432:
3420:
3508:
strawberry leaves alternating with eight silver balls (called "pearls" even though they are not) raised on spikes, of which five silver balls and four leaves are displayed. Coronets for viscounts have 16 silver balls, of which seven are displayed. Finally, baronial coronets have six silver balls, of which four are displayed. Peeresses use equivalent designs, but in the form of a
3111:). Her forename is used primarily to differentiate her from any new wife of her former husband. However, should the former husband remain unmarried, the former wife may continue to use the title without her forename attached. Should a former wife of a peer remarry, she would lose the style of a divorced peeress and take on a style relating to her new husband. Examples include
1248:
4450:
5060:
2149:. They remained peers for life, but ceased to receive judicial salaries at the age of 75. Under the terms of the Act, there may be no more than 12 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the age of 75 at one time. However, after the transfer of the judicial functions of the Lords to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the Act ceased to have meaningful effect.
4268:
4446:
3136:
992:, regardless of wealth or other social factors. Thus, all members of a peer's family, with the exception of their wife or unmarried widow, are (technically) commoners too; the British system therefore differs fundamentally from continental European versions, where entire families, rather than individuals, were
3286:
provides a contemporary illustration of the 1523 State
Opening of Parliament: the two dukes present are shown wearing coronets with their parliament robes, but the other Lords Temporal are all wearing black hats. The Lords Spiritual are wearing mitres with their distinctive robes. Mitres ceased to be
2464:
Children of the eldest son of a peer also obtain a special precedence. Generally, the eldest son of the eldest son of a peer comes immediately before his uncles, while the younger sons of the eldest son of a peer come after them. Therefore, eldest sons of eldest sons of dukes come before younger sons
2397:
Within the members of each rank of the peerage, peers of
England precede peers of Scotland. English and Scottish peers together precede peers of Great Britain. All of the aforementioned precede peers of Ireland created before 1801. Last come peers of Ireland created after 1801 and peers of the United
1908:
to lift up, meaning a "re-elevation" to a former position of honour. By the beginning of the 14th century, the hereditary characteristics of the
Peerage were well developed. Since the Crown was itself a hereditary dignity, it seemed natural for seats in the upper House of Parliament to be so as well.
2436:
Eldest sons of dukes rank after marquesses; eldest sons of marquesses and then younger sons of dukes rank after earls; eldest sons of earls and then younger sons of marquesses rank after viscounts. Eldest sons of viscounts, younger sons of earls, and then eldest sons of barons, in that order, follow
1815:
The modern peerage system is a vestige of the custom of
English kings in the 12th and 13th centuries to grant a right to Barons to attend parliament; in the late 14th century, this right (or "title") began to be granted by decree, and titles also became inherited with the rest of an estate under the
1112:
It is unclear in the present day whether the monarch would move to directly block a recommendation or a conventional ascension to the peerage, though they are constitutionally entitled to do so. It was reported in 2023 that members of the
British security services had contacted Queen Elizabeth II to
3187:
Since the early Middle Ages, robes have been worn as a sign of nobility. At first, these seem to have been bestowed on individuals by the monarch or feudal lord as a sign of special recognition; but in the fifteenth century the use of robes became formalised with peers all wearing robes of the same
2468:
Wives of all of the aforementioned have precedence corresponding to their husbands', unless otherwise entitled to a higher precedence, for instance by virtue of holding a certain office. An individual's daughter takes precedence after the wife of that individual's eldest son and before the wives of
3274:
The robes and coronets used at
Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 cost about ÂŁ1,250 (roughly ÂŁ44,100 in present-day terms). (Peers under the rank of an Earl, however, were allowed in 1953 to wear a cheaper "cap of estate" in place of a coronet, as were peeresses of the same rank, for whom a simpler
2602:
These days as most peerages are for life and not hereditary, addition for one's heirs into the 'titled' British nobility is no longer guaranteed with the granting of a peerage. Instead the granting of a peerage forms part of the honour system because it brings with it an honorific, title and style
2008:
Once created, a peerage dignity continues to exist as long as there are surviving legitimate descendants (or legitimate agnatic descendants) of the first holder, unless a contrary method of descent is specified in the letters patent. Once the heirs of the original peer die out, the peerage dignity
1848:
of
Summons from 1265. This body of greater barons evolved into the House of Lords. Magna Carta, first issued in 1215, declared that "No free man shall be seized, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, exiled or ruined in any way, nor in any way proceeded against, except by the lawful judgement of his
1088:
to be granted a hereditary
Viscountcy; however, the last to receive the honour was in 1983, and the convention is now accepted to have changed to a life peerage at the rank of Baron instead. British Prime Ministers are also offered a peerage by convention when leaving office. This was previously a
3726:
in a formal ceremony, and presented it by another noble. It was the primary symbol of lordship and effectively reserved only for the three tiers of kings (provincial, regional, local) and for those princely and comital families descending from them in control of significant territories. The total
2606:
This is in contrast to those who inherit hereditary peerages, which are not inherited in recognition of the merits of the heir to the title, but according to the rules laid out in the original letters patent. The 'honour' is in recognition of the actions of the initial grantee, remembered through
1395:
has the responsibility of reminding the House of these rules and facilitating the Lords' self-regulation, though any member may draw attention to breaches of order or failure to observe customs. The Leader is often called upon to advise on procedures and points of order. However, neither the Lord
2056:
of the House â would remain in the House of Lords in the interim, pending any reform of the membership to the House. Standing Order 9 provides that those exempted are 75 hereditary peers elected by other peers from and by respective party groups in the House in proportion to their numbers, and
3507:
Ducal coronets include eight strawberry leaves atop the chaplet, five of which are displayed in heraldic representations. Marquesses have coronets with four strawberry leaves alternating with four silver balls, of which three leaves and two balls are displayed. Coronets for earls have eight
1349:â served as the presiding officer of the peers in the House of Lords. Were a person not a peer to be appointed to the office of Lord Chancellor, they would traditionally be raised to the peerage upon appointment, though a scarcely used provision was made in 1539 for non-peers who are
3106:
Divorced peeresses "cannot claim the privileges or status of Peeresses which they derived from their husbands". While a divorced former wife of a duke is no longer a duchess, she may still use the title, styled with her forename prefixed to the title (without the definite article,
2398:
Kingdom. Among peers of the same rank and Peerage, precedence is based on the creation of the title: those whose titles were created earlier precede those whose titles were created later. But in no case would a peer of a lower rank precede one of a higher rank. For example, the
2465:
of dukes, and younger sons of eldest sons of dukes come after them, and so forth for all the ranks. Below the younger sons of barons are baronets, knights, circuit judges and companions of the various orders of Chivalry, followed by the eldest sons of younger sons of peers.
1064:
Most peerage nominations are 'political peers' or 'working peers', nominated by the Prime Minister of the governing party, or by other party leaders to âtop upâ each of the party groupsâ strengths and on the expectation that they will attend parliament regularly and take on
1216:. The Secretary of State for Justice in their role as Lord Chancellor is the keeper of the Peerage Roll, and their duties in that regard are daily discharged by a Registrar of the Peerage and a Deputy Registrar, who work within the Crown Office under the supervision of the
3485:
while those of viscounts were plain. After 1661, however, viscomital coronets became engraved, while baronial coronets were plain. Coronets may not bear any precious or semi-precious stones. Generally, only peers may use the coronets corresponding to their ranks. The
1333:, which includes those who can add value in specific areas of expertise in parliamentary debates, as well as former MPs and other political appointees from respective political parties. Those who do not sit with a political party, may sit in the house as a so called
3519:
in their achievements of arms. Hereditary supporters are normally limited to hereditary peers, certain members of the Royal Family, chiefs of Scottish Clans, Scottish feudal barons whose baronies predate 1587. Non-hereditary supporters are granted to life peers,
3481:. Dukes were the first individuals authorised to wear coronets. Marquesses acquired coronets in the 15th century, earls in the 16th and viscounts and barons in the 17th. Until the barons received coronets in 1661, the coronets of earls, marquesses and dukes were
3588:
for same-sex couples in 2013, spouses of ennobled civil partners have not been allowed the extension of title and privilege from their spouses' ennoblements as those accorded to married opposite-sex spouses of ennobled persons. In July 2012, Conservative MP
1042:
and refrained from recommending any others to be elevated to a hereditary peerage, although there is nothing preventing future governments from doing so. Since 2009 almost all life peerages are created at the rank of Baron, the sole exception being the
1507:
became the new head of the judiciary, while the Lord Chancellor's ministry was merged under the newly created Ministry of Justice in May 2007. Since then all Lord Chancellors have also held the office of minister of justice, in much the same way all
1152:. The Writ of Summons calls the member to the House. A new writ is issued for every member at the beginning of each Parliament (after a general election). A writ accompanies the letters patent for new members. The honour will also be recorded in
1489:
of "Lord" or "Lady", with a territorial designation, for their remainder of their lives. In addition to serving as Presiding Officer of the Peers in the Lords, the Lord Chancellor also served as the head of the English and Welsh judiciary and a
2486:
Lords Temporal assume precedence similar to precedence outside Parliament. One difference in the precedence of peers relates to the positions of the Great Officers of State and the officers of the sovereign's Household. Some Great Officersâthe
2130:. Normally life peerages are granted to individuals nominated by political parties or by the House of Lords Appointments Commission, and in order to honour retiring politicians, current senior judges, and senior members of the armed forces.
1709:
Certain personal privileges are afforded to all peers and peeresses, but the main distinction of a peerage nowadays, apart from access to the House of Lords for life peers and some hereditary peers, is the title and style thereby accorded.
2175:
Automatic expulsion through failing to attend a single sitting of the House throughout a whole session of more than six months' duration without leave of absence, being suspended for that session or being exempted by the House for special
1561:, peers may resign from the House of Lords, whilst keeping their title and style. Though there is no mechanism for life peers to fully disclaim their peerage, hereditary peers may fully disclaim their peerage for their lifetime under the
1080:(though functionally and mostly on the advice of the government); there is, therefore, no entitlement to be granted a peerage. However, historic precedent means some individuals are granted peerages by convention. For example, since the
2940:
in these areas, these titles afford rights encompassing the whole territorial designation of the holder, donated by the holder now to registered charities. Separate estates, smaller than counties, form the bulk of the two duchies.
3707:, was granted to allied princely families (and various minor ones), as well as to Princes of the Church (parallel to the Lords Spiritual) and in some cases was restricted to a collective 'curiate' vote in a 'bench', such as the
2037:
All hereditary peers in the Peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, subject only to qualifications such as age and citizenship, but under section 1 of the
1433:
regardless of whether they sit in the House of Lords. This is a council summoned for nobles to discuss the affairs of the country with the monarch; however, it has not been convened since 1640. Peers can also be appointed as
1758:â that is to say people who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction (court baron) over said territory. The nation had been divided into many "
1181:
announcements and "Special Honours", issued at random points throughout the year at the pleasure of the monarch. This might be done to allow someone to serve in cabinet, or as an immediate reward for exemplary service.
2640:
for example wrote "I was put in as an honour, not as a working peer. Not as lobby fodder. Iâm fed-up with the fact that I keep being asked now to go in and vote for things about which I donât have knowledge." Since the
1438:
where they may be called upon periodically to represent the sovereign; for example, one of their number is regularly called upon to greet visiting heads of state on arrival at the start of a state visit. Prior to the
4760:
The correct style and description of divorced ladies who have not remarried nor have taken steps to resume their maiden name with the prefix of Mrs, is as follows: The former wife of a Peer or courtesy Peer,ââMary,
2409:
The place of a peer in the order for gentlemen is taken by his wife in the order for ladies, except that a dowager peeress of a particular title precedes the present holder of the same title. Children of peers (and
943:. The monarch, as the fount of honour, cannot hold a British peerage themselves. However, the monarch, in addition to their title of 'King' or 'Queen', whether male or female, is informally accorded the style of '
1105:(this was the last non-royal hereditary honour of any variety created in the UK to date). Thatcher was later given a life peerage in her own right in 1992. The most recent prime minister to receive a peerage was
3555:
atop their arms. Helms of peers are depicted in silver and facing the viewer's left. The helm is garnished in gold and the closed visor has gold bars, normally numbering five. Along with the helm, peers use a
1322:
the House of Lords' purpose is now that of a revising legislative chamber, scrutinising and potentially changing proposed Parliamentary Bills before their enactment. Its membership for the most part comprises
1282:
4730:
If a marriage between a duke and a duchess has been dissolved, the former wife (although no longer a peeress) may continue to use her title as a duke's wife, preceded by her forename (unless she remarries)
2771:
peerage titles have also evolved. A single individual can accumulate, by achievements or by inheritance, more than one peerage (of the same rank) and be known by a 'compound' of these titles (e.g. "The
3043:
life peeress, was referred to as either "Baroness Thatcher" or "Lady Thatcher". "Baroness" is incorrect for female holders of Scottish Lordships of Parliament, who are not Baronesses; for example, the
2449:
and Secretaries of State being interpolated between them and the barons. Younger sons of viscounts, and then younger sons of barons, come after the aforesaid eldest sons of barons, with Knights of the
2483:. Precedence as provided by the Act is similar to, but not the same as, the order outside Parliament. The sovereign, however, does not have the authority to change the precedence assigned by the Act.
3937:
299:
4626:
2563:'s Court and in the House of Lords (abolished in 1948); the personal right of access to the sovereign at any time, but this privilege has long been obsolete; and the right to be exempt from civil
2117:
authorise the regular creation of life peerages, with the right to sit in the House of Lords. Life peers created under both acts are of baronial rank and are always created under letters patent.
3790:
3766:
3151:
2503:âprovided they are peers, rank before all other peers except those who are of the Blood Royal (no precedence is accorded if they are not peers). The positions of the other Great Officersâthe
1516:
would be the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years. As the Head of the judiciary in England and Wales, the Lord Chancellor also served as a member of the
3692:
In the Kingdom of Sicily a peerage was instituted in 1812 in connection with the abolition of feudalism: peers were nominated based on the taxable incomes of their formerly feudal estates.
3761:
1931:, many remaining baronies by tenure who had not got an established inherited writ of summons were converted into baronies by writ, thereby bringing them into line with the other peerages.
3674:(peerage) existed in two different versions: the exclusive 'old' in the French kingdom, in many respects an inspiration for the English and later British practice, and the very prolific
3785:
3172:
Peerage robes are currently worn in the United Kingdom on ceremonial occasions. They are of two varieties: parliament robes, worn in the House of Lords on occasions such as at a peer's
1883:
1762:", the owners of the manors came to be known as barons; those who held many manors were known as "greater barons", while those with fewer manors were the "lesser barons". Certain other
385:
799:
and is notionally the only person who can grant peerages, though there are many conventions about how this power is used, especially at the request of the British government. The term
3802:
3754:
1388:
1353:
but not peers to sit in between the benches in the House, meaning commoners could execute the role without the need for elevation to the peerage. Since 2006, however, in an effort to
3598:
3641:
equally held a similar system, grouping high nobility of different rank titles under one term, with common privileges and/or in an assembly, sometimes legislative and/or judicial.
3797:
3573:
2582:
2186:
While these provide for non-membership of the House of Lords, they do not allow a life peer to disclaim their peerage in the same way that a hereditary peer can disclaim theirs.
1967:
A hereditary peer is a peer of the realm whose dignity may be inherited; those able to inherit it are said to be "in remainder". Hereditary peerage dignities may be created with
788:
2234:') between England, Scotland, and Wales, a relationship more evident in the feminine form, Marchioness. The first marquess in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1385.
3773:
3749:
3576:, few hereditary titles have been created (the last being created in 1990), while life peerages have proliferated, allowing for more openly LGBT persons to be appointed to the
1189:. Formerly, new peers were presented with an investiture ceremony, but this has not taken place since 1621 (investiture ceremonies for other honours are mostly managed by the
1849:
peers", and thus this body of greater Barons were deemed to be 'peers' of one another, and it became the norm to refer to these magnates as a 'peerage' during the reign of
2734:
2160:
1232:
2306:
were traditionally holders of feudal dignities, not peers, but they are considered minor barons and are recognised by the crown as noble. The feminine form is Baroness.
1934:
While non-heritable "peerages for life" were often created in the early days of the peerage, their regular creation was not provided for by Act of Parliament until the
1844:
In England in 1254, the lesser barons ceased to be summoned, and this right, entitlement or "title" to attend parliament began to be granted by decree in the form of a
4566:
1384:
1121:. Some media outlets have reported personal interventions with other honours: For example, former Prime Ministers are also by convention knighted, being raised to the
1085:
3504:
fur. The coronet varies with the rank of the peer. A member of the Royal Family uses a royal coronet instead of the coronet he or she would use as a peer or peeress.
3057:
Some peers, particularly life peers who were well known before their ennoblement, do not use their peerage titles. Others use a combination: for example, the author
1983:
the existence or creation of an hereditary peerage dignity, which is automatically inherited, presumably according to the traditional medieval rules (male-preference
4190:
2259:, thus giving rise to the modern sense. Since there was no feminine Old English or Old Norse equivalent for the term, 'Countess' is used (Earls are analogous to the
1069:
work. However, since 2001 anyone can make a nomination to the House of Lords Appointment Commission, for a non-party political "cross bench" peer - sometimes called
1573:
does not have the power to cancel or revoke a peerage once it has been created. A peerage can only be removed from an individual by an act of parliament under the
3969:
3460:
4817:
if she remarries, she would take the style of her subsequent husband...if Tessa, Viscountess Tilney, marries Mr George Robinson she becomes Mrs George Robinson
2610:
Although life peerages do not guarantee the entry of one's heirs into the 'titled' British nobility, the legitimate children of life peers appointed under the
4242:
4092:
2556:, and applies to all peers, not just members of the House of Lords. It still exists, although "occasions of its exercise have now diminished into obscurity."
1255:
Any peer who receives a writ of summons (which is in practice all life Peers bar Royal Peers, and some hereditary peers) may sit in the House of Lords as the
2636:
Given the political powers that come with a peerage title, some commentators have suggested the peerage should be separated from the Honours system. In 2016
2530:
In practice, however, the Act is obsolete, as the Lords do not actually sit according to strict precedence; instead, peers sit with their political parties.
1190:
378:
4506:
4472:
1455:
854:
The peerage has a role as a system of honour or award, with the granting of a peerage title forming the highest rung of the modern British honours system.
3626:
2017:. Often, however, the felonious peer's descendants successfully petitioned the sovereign to restore the dignity to the family. Some dignities, such as the
1675:. Until 2015 peers in the House of Lords could join the parliamentary rifle club which was located in a rifle range in the basement of the House of Lords.
751:
1137:
other living Prime Ministers would not be raised either. Tony Blair was later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as a Knight Companion of the Garter in 2022.
3932:
3843:
2338:
3622:
3618:
1609:
in the House of Lords for manslaughter. The right to be tried by other peers in the House of Lords was abolished at the request of the Lords in 1948 by
4773:
4552:
3613:
as well as for "husbands and civil partners" of honours recipients "to use equivalent honorary titles to those available to wives", was introduced by
3116:
2298:, meaning 'freeman'. The rank was created in 1066. In the Peerage of Scotland alone, a holder of the fifth rank is not called a 'Baron' but rather a '
2105:
Apart from hereditary peerages, there exist peerages that may be held for life and whose title cannot be passed onto someone else by inheritance. The
1652:. The salaries of the Leader of the Opposition and Opposition Chief Whip in the House of Lords are paid for with public funds alongside the so called
3266:
The coronet of a baron or baroness, or lord or lady of parliament in the Scots peerage, has six "pearls", and a plain circlet lacking the gem-shaped
2559:
Although the extent of the privilege has been ill-defined, three features survived to the 20th century: the right to be tried by fellow peers in the
3581:
2142:
1841:
When Kings summoned their barons to Royal Councils, the greater barons were summoned individually by the sovereign, lesser barons through sheriffs.
1350:
1342:
848:
4939:
5086:
3585:
2146:
1987:, like the succession of the British crown until 2011). Letters patent explicitly create a dignity and specify its course of inheritance (usually
1517:
1504:
371:
1170:
4713:
4308:
3493:
Peers wear their coronets at coronations. Otherwise, coronets are seen only in heraldic representations, atop a peer's arms. Coronets include a
1361:
elected by the peers from amongst their own number. The Lord Chancellor retained their role as a government minister, however, and in June 2007
4395:
4371:
3848:
2950:
2893:
2874:
2750:
1774:
were also deemed "Barons". The baronage was the collectively inclusive term denoting all members of the feudal nobility. As the baronage were '
1625:
1606:
1567:. The peerage remains extant until the death of the peer who had made the disclaimer, when it descends to his or her heir in the usual manner.
1070:
1054:
305:
2936:, held by the sovereign whose government owns the capital and all capital gains on disposals. In both cases due to the particular function of
2567:(a privilege that has been used only twice since 1945). All privileges of a peerage are lost if a peer disclaims his or her peerage under the
2126:, the majority of the House of Lords is made up of life peers. There is no limit on the number of peerages the sovereign may create under the
4069:
3912:
2076:
1641:
1597:
would be appointed to preside over the trial â functionally this was usually done by temporarily elevating the Lord Chancellor to this role.
1486:
295:
409:
3127:
following her divorce, a style which she eventually lost after her subsequent marriage upon which she became known as Mrs. Robert Timpson.
2758:
1605:
was elevated from Lord Chancellor to Lord High Steward to preside over the last ever trial of a peer âby his peersâ, with the trial of the
1494:
1409:
1236:
1221:
1209:
1058:
4429:
1416:
in 1963, who disclaimed his peerage within a few days of being appointed as prime minister to fight a by-election to sit in the Commons.
66:
2362:, precedence immediately following her; otherwise, he would have ranked along with the other dukes of the peerage of the United Kingdom.
4276:
2134:
1602:
1598:
1521:
1482:
840:
3490:, however, may use a duke's coronet atop the arms as a reference to the historical temporal authority of the Prince-Bishops of Durham.
4810:
4723:
3927:
3838:
3453:
2785:
2596:
2479:
2084:
1547:
in England and Wales, though if not a professional lawyer, he normally appoints a professional lawyer as his lieutenant or surrogate.
1296:
1286:
1057:
for those peers who will be sitting in the House of Lords (which is now by convention almost all new creations, with the exception of
780:
2669:). The precise usage depends on the rank of the peerage and on certain other general considerations. For instance, Dukes always use "
4753:
4685:
3700:
3660:
3533:
3247:
3181:
2446:
1590:
88:
2873:. Any designation after the comma does not form a part of the main title. Territorial designations in titles are not updated with
2091:
became a separate country, no Irish representative peers have been elected, though sitting members retained their seats for life.
4304:
2816:
2742:
2645:, peers may resign from the House of Lords, and thereby surrender their legislative power, whilst keeping their title and style.
2359:
2001:
1447:; however, this is now reserved to the monarch's spouse and the members of the Royal Family in the immediate line of succession.
1050:
1035:
1031:
833:
4601:
3704:
3044:
2812:
2195:
2107:
1616:
There is no automatic right to a salary for being a peer - this includes peers who serve in parliament, who unlike MP's in the
1469:
1346:
776:
744:
3006:
as a product of their office. Those who hold feudal titles are, however, never accorded the honorific "Lord". The holder of a
2653:
The titles of peers are in the form of "(Rank) (TitleName)" or "(Rank) of (TitleName)". The name of the title can either be a
2079:
to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1963, they have had the same rights as Peers of the United Kingdom. From 1801 until 1922,
1781:
Under the old system of feudalism some Lords had the authority to effectively create titles of their own (through powers like
5000:
3614:
2908:
It was once the case that a peer administered the place associated with his title (such as an earl administering a county as
2861:
2508:
2154:
1719:
1557:
1499:
1420:
1396:
Speaker nor the Leader of the House has the power to rule on points of order or to intervene during an inappropriate speech.
1217:
1177:. Monarchs may also make new peers upon their coronation, jubilee or upon the demise of the previous monarch. There are also
940:
280:
1443:, peers serving as Lord Chancellor, or in other senior political roles, could also be delegated royal functions to serve as
4700:, has long held that such persons cannot claim the privileges or status of Peeresses which they derived from their husbands
4288:
2 â Section 1 shall not apply in relation to anyone excepted from it by or in accordance with Standing Orders of the House.
1477:â judges meeting specific criteria made peers for life â who formed the main body of the committee. On 1 October 2009, the
4194:
3560:, one side of which is red and the other a representation of the heraldic fur ermine. The mantling of peers is emblazoned
3446:
3173:
2808:
2496:
1405:
1194:
976:
914:
597:
248:
4339:
2179:
Automatic expulsion through conviction of a criminal offence where the punishment is imprisonment for more than one year;
3167:
3010:
for example can be styled as Charles S, Lord/Lady of the Manor of , but would not be referred to as Lord Charles S of .
2442:
2347:
because of their ranks. Wives and children of peers are also entitled to a special precedence because of their station.
1807:
of 1290 these powers were stripped back, and the authority to create titles was entrenched as exclusive to the monarch.
1664:
1629:
1392:
290:
3617:
in the House of Lords on 13 May 2013, but did not progress past Committee stage. Similar legislation was introduced in
2729:
have been commonly used for peerage titles, it is also possible to create other forms of title. For instance, existing
2587:
The peerage forms part of the British honours system, as the highest tier. This role dates back to the days when being
2214:, meaning 'leader'. The first duke in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1337. The feminine form is Duchess.
1053:
makes recommendations to the sovereign concerning who should be elevated to the peerage, after external vetting by the
996:. This idea that status as a 'Commoner' is based on title rather than bloodline correspondingly means for example that
4692:
When a lady is divorced she loses any precedence which she gained by marriage. With regard to divorced Peeresses, the
3959:
3541:
3283:
3177:
2705:. However, there are several exceptions to the rule. For instance, Scottish vicecomital titles theoretically include "
1667:
at the Palace of Westminster for weddings and christenings for themselves and their families at the discretion of the
1593:, felonies or for high treason by other peers in the House of Lords (instead of commoners on juries). In such cases a
1474:
2321:
since baronetcies have never conferred noble status, although socially they are regarded as part of the aristocracy.
1948:
times. The ranks of duke and marquess were introduced in the 14th century, and that of viscount in the 15th century.
105:
59:
53:
4893:
820:
The peerage's fundamental roles are ones of law making and governance, with peers being eligible (although formerly
4085:
3809:
2516:
2438:
1936:
1911:
1509:
1368:
1081:
931:
737:
4660:
4061:
Information Rights: A Practitioner's Guide to Data Protection, Freedom of Information and Other Information Rights
1909:
Baronies and other titles of nobility became unconditionally hereditable on the abolition of feudal tenure by the
4580:
4476:
3986:
3891:
2820:
1672:
1610:
1419:
Peers in the House of Lords are often appointed by the sovereign, on the advice of the government, to serve as a
844:
813:-style using an initial capital in the latter case but not the former). British peerage title holders are termed
3072:
of a duke, a marquess, or an earl generally uses his father's highest lesser peerage dignity as his own. Hence,
2603:
for life as a reward in overt recognition of the recipient's contributions to society, or some segment thereof.
70:
4627:"Tory peer Andrew Lloyd-Webber complains about being asked to vote 'about things which I don't have knowledge'"
3996:
3917:
2824:
2549:
2371:
2169:
1540:
1097:, as the first female prime minister, was not offered a hereditary Earldom or any other peerage, but instead a
892:
888:
275:
238:
33:
4498:
3594:
3257:
The coronet of a marquess or marchioness has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls");
3147:
2329:
and holders of other British non-hereditary chivalric orders, decorations, and medals are likewise not peers.
1649:
963:(which are not strictly part of the United Kingdom, but possessions of the British Crown) the informal titles
4544:
3027:
baroness (that is, one holding the dignity in her own right, usually a life peeress), who may also be called
1663:
in the House of Lords dining halls, which also permit them to bring up to six guests. Peers may also use the
4777:
3897:
3652:
3267:
2842:
2804:
2698:
2553:
2122:
2040:
2034:
When the holder of a peerage succeeds to the throne, the dignity "merges in the Crown" and ceases to exist.
1273:
1145:
315:
2416:
peeresses) also obtain a special precedence. The following algorithm may be used to determine their ranks:
3964:
3868:
3828:
3606:
3605:
and for civil partners of recipients to receive honours by their relationship statuses. Another bill, the
3385:
3310:
3077:
2855:
2666:
2504:
2406:, though the latter's title was created earlier and is in a more senior peerage (the peerage of England).
2403:
2113:
2045:
2028:
1823:
The requirement of attending Parliament was both a liability and a privilege for those who held land as a
1536:
1329:
1304:
935:
Wax impression of the Great Seal of the Realm which is affixed to all letters patent creating new peerages
4086:"House of Lords briefing paper on Membership:Types of Member, Routes to membership, Parties & groups"
2976:. Peeresses (whether they hold peerages in their own right or are wives of peers) use equivalent styles.
2629:
As noted above, despite forming part of the honours system, nominations for peerages do not come from an
3885:
3537:
3329:
2845:
is often added to the main peerage title, especially in the case of barons and viscounts: for instance,
2730:
2433:
Over time, however, various offices were inserted at different points in the order, thereby varying it.
1988:
1887:
1751:
in 1124 when, after having lived in England as Earl of Huntingdon, he succeeded to the Scottish throne.
1744:
1695:
968:
829:
612:
358:
4140:
3572:
Since the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted a series of reforms (from the 1960s onward) to the
2709:, though in practice it is usually dropped (e.g. "The Viscount of Falkland" is commonly known as the "
5038:
4800:
3853:
3525:
3140:
3085:
2933:
2897:
2883:
2738:
2545:
2539:
2454:
1975:; the former method is now obsolete. Writs of summons summon an individual to Parliament, in the old
1850:
1691:
1679:
1586:
1354:
1126:
1027:
997:
551:
507:
401:
285:
5064:
3907:
3814:
3610:
3521:
3260:
The coronet of an earl or countess has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks;
3058:
2925:
2800:
2781:
2754:
2746:
2637:
2492:
2477:
The order of precedence used to determine seating in the House of Lords chamber is governed by the
2450:
2344:
2072:
2066:
1945:
1748:
1645:
1444:
1318:
1312:
1201:
1186:
1174:
1122:
952:
877:
497:
442:
233:
206:
4961:
4300:
2595:, and alongside it, political power and a theoretically raised status within the hierarchy of the
2141:
were known as "Lords of Appeal in Ordinary" or in common parlance "Law Lords". They performed the
4860:
4390:
4366:
3922:
3902:
3858:
3073:
2929:
2694:
2375:
2303:
2299:
2260:
2080:
1924:
1864:
1699:
1154:
948:
907:
903:
899:
870:
862:
662:
502:
243:
228:
173:
3226:
3210:
2552:
that belongs to peers, their wives and their unremarried widows. The privilege is distinct from
2120:
Since the loss of the right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords as a result of the
1754:
A Barony was a form of feudal landholding, where individuals were appointed by the king, as his
1656:, the annual payment to opposition parties in the House of Lords to help them with their costs.
4426:
4059:
2370:
In England and Wales, the sovereign ranks first, followed by the Royal Family. Then follow the
1601:
was the last person to be tried in the House of Lords on impeachment in 1806. In December 1935
5042:
5011:
4806:
4749:
4719:
4681:
4560:
4065:
3942:
3696:
3675:
3671:
3638:
3529:
3501:
3405:
3392:
3371:
3299:
3036:
3007:
2921:
2847:
2807:(created in 1830). The last hereditary compound titles to be created (for each rank) were the
2777:
2710:
2686:
2630:
2560:
2318:
1759:
1703:
1594:
1413:
1387:, proceedings in the Lords are controlled by peers themselves, under the rules set out in the
1290:
1264:
1094:
1044:
944:
814:
537:
512:
4743:
4675:
4165:
2622:, from the heraldic authorities of the United Kingdom. A coat of arms can be inherited, with
1524:(in office 1997â2003). This function was also removed from the Lord Chancellor following the
3991:
3954:
3833:
3778:
3487:
3378:
3350:
3336:
3234:
2879:
2869:
2682:
2592:
2569:
2524:
2314:
2088:
2023:
1786:
1617:
1563:
1535:
is the only peer to retain a judicial function by right of office, as the sole judge of the
1429:
1166:
1162:
1090:
964:
806:
768:
692:
416:
270:
115:
3218:
3202:
3095:
to their first names as courtesy titles while daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls use
1404:
Peers in the House of Lords can serve in the British government, when invited to do so, as
4986:
4697:
4693:
4433:
3863:
3545:
3436:
3276:
2662:
2500:
2488:
2351:
2018:
1968:
1962:
1867:, meaning the official political importance of ownership of manors declined, resulting in
1824:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1755:
1687:
1653:
1633:
1464:
1435:
1338:
1260:
1213:
1149:
1077:
1023:
986:
All British subjects who were neither Royal nor Peers of the Realm were previously termed
956:
810:
796:
792:
492:
423:
346:
196:
3644:
2633:
but from the sovereign directly (though functionally on the advice of their government).
622:
2745:). In a similar way, some peerage titles have been invented by combining surnames (e.g.
1220:. Succession claims to existing hereditary peerages are regulated by the House of Lords
1022:
For the majority of its history, hereditary peerages were the norm. Today, the only new
1004:, opted for her children to, technically, be Commoners (though functionally part of the
4871:
3715:
3656:
3590:
3577:
3112:
3065:
3003:
2954:
2615:
2379:
2288:, meaning 'vice-count'. The rank was created in 1440. The feminine form is Viscountess.
2164:
a life peer may lose membership of the House of Lords permanently in one of four ways:
2053:
1995:). Some hereditary titles can pass through and vest in female heirs in a system called
1972:
1879:
1875:
1782:
1690:
since 1672 - peerages don't automatically grant specific rights or privileges like the
1513:
1268:
1256:
1141:
1114:
1102:
1019:), when Anne and her then husband, Mark Philips, declined the offer of peerage titles.
1012:
825:
784:
652:
627:
542:
477:
452:
327:
4828:
Formerly, new peers were invested with their coronation robe by the monarch, but this
3099:. Younger sons of earls and children of viscounts, barons and lords of Parliament use
2912:
or main landowner), but lordships by tenure have not been commonplace since the early
2741:) and other double-barrelled surnames have been created for peerages themselves (e.g.
1423:. This is a formal body of advisers to the monarch, on matters such as the issuing of
341:
5080:
4921:
4028:
3873:
3474:
3069:
3054:
is "Lord Owen" not "Lord David Owen", though such erroneous forms are commonly used.
3050:
A peer is referred to by his peerage even if it is the same as his surname, thus the
2937:
2913:
2836:
2458:
1984:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1817:
1803:
1660:
1424:
1118:
1106:
1076:
All honours, including peerages, are granted at the discretion of the monarch as the
1005:
682:
667:
4301:"House Of Lords â Standing Orders Of The House Of Lords Relating To Public Business"
4531:
Companion to the standing orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords
4503:
Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords
3648:
3602:
3413:
3318:
3263:
The coronet of a viscount or viscountess has sixteen "pearls" touching one another;
2909:
2619:
2520:
2512:
2399:
2355:
2049:
1927:
even if this had not been the intention of the original issuer of the writ. By the
1771:
1683:
1532:
1358:
1334:
1300:
1225:
1205:
1130:
1066:
1016:
1001:
972:
712:
617:
4141:"Parliament Has A Secret Underground Shooting Range And They're About To Close It"
2378:, the Great Officers of State and other important state functionaries such as the
809:(or a subdivision thereof), and individually to refer to a specific title (modern
4866:
3275:
robe was also permitted (a one-piece gown with wrap-around fur cape, designed by
2753:
by combining his and his wife's surname of Hulme) or combining other names (e.g.
1671:. There are formal and social clubs organised exclusively for peers, such as the
1235:
throughout history for various different reasons. Winston Churchill declined the
1148:. In addition to letters patent, peers who are to sit in Parliament are issued a
4830:
4117:
4033:
4013:
3981:
2887:
2241:
1996:
1838:
was responsible for raising knights and troops for the royal military service.
1427:. In theory all peers, life and hereditary, are also prospective members of the
1380:
1089:
hereditary Earldom. However, the last Prime Minister to receive this honour was
960:
607:
587:
547:
527:
310:
5026:
4867:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
1878:
were used to create new lordships, with people being summoned to parliament by
1871:
becoming a 'personal' title rather than one linked to ownership of territory.
1463:
Until 2009 the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords served as the highest
1383:, in contrast to the House of Commons, where proceedings are controlled by the
4997:. Manchester University Press, 1984. Concise comparative historical treatment.
4331:
3719:
3699:, instead of an exclusive aristocratic assembly, the legislative body was the
3512:, which encircles the head, rather than a coronet, which rests atop the head.
3051:
1644:, and the Government deputy chief whip is appointed jointly as Captain of the
1637:
1362:
1278:
1134:
980:
707:
447:
4980:
4940:"Tory MP's bill calls for partners of gay knights to receive honorary titles"
4473:"Standing Orders Of The House Of Lords Relating To Public Business: Appendix"
2461:
and senior judges being intercalated between them and eldest sons of barons.
2429:
Daughters of peers of rank X go after wives of eldest sons of peers of rank X
1702:, not because of the peerage, but because he also owns the separate historic
1648:: This allows them to take a salary from the Royal Household as heads of the
4385:
4361:
4018:
3516:
3482:
3343:
3184:. The details of the fur on these robes differs according to a peer's rank.
2901:
2249:
2100:
1992:
1740:
1668:
1570:
1520:; however, the last lord chancellor to preside as a judge of this court was
1324:
1247:
1039:
951:, which became the private estate of the British sovereign when the holder,
772:
727:
657:
642:
467:
201:
17:
3419:
2998:
are not necessarily peers. There are judicial, ecclesiastic and holders of
2626:
forming part of the 'untitled' British nobility according to some sources.
2031:
his peerage dignity for his own lifetime within one year of inheriting it.
1659:
Peers who have served in the House of Lords (including those retired) have
5059:
3013:
In speech, any peer or peeress except a Duke or Duchess is referred to as
2591:
by the monarch meant secure addition for someone and their heirs into the
1459:
Courtroom of the Earl Marshall, Court of Chivalry, College of Arms, London
5003:
Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third
4023:
4008:
3557:
3364:
3307:
3084:, but is a commoner until such time as he inherits (unless summoned by a
3023:
2917:
2865:
2851:
2726:
2674:
2654:
2588:
2423:
Younger sons of peers of rank X go after eldest sons of peers of rank Xâ1
2412:
2391:
2383:
2281:
2222:
2217:
1775:
1763:
1736:
1730:
1640:
in the House of Lords is appointed jointly to the role of Captain of the
1621:
1544:
1373:
993:
987:
881:
647:
632:
567:
472:
457:
169:
160:
150:
5027:
Peerage Act 1963. (1963 c. 48). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
2776:
even though these peerages were originally created separately (i.e. the
2354:, vary the precedence of the peers or of any other people. For example,
4652:
4216:
3682:
3509:
3497:
3478:
3243:
3197:
2722:
2690:
2658:
2623:
2310:
2256:
2248:, meaning a military leader. The meaning may have been affected by the
2231:
2014:
1251:
The House of Lords showing government, opposition and the cross benches
1101:(a hereditary knighthood and not a peerage) was awarded to her husband
1098:
866:
801:
717:
702:
637:
582:
577:
557:
482:
3564:. Peeresses and other female armigers do not bear helms or mantlings.
2044:
they lost this right. The Act provided that 92 hereditary peers â the
1365:
was the first commoner to be appointed as Lord Chancellor since 1587.
1129:. However it was alleged in 2020 that due to a personal reluctance by
3686:
3552:
3494:
3002:
who are often accorded the appellation "Lord" or "Lady" as a form of
2564:
2322:
2264:
2057:
fifteen chosen by the whole House to serve as officers of the House.
1976:
1767:
1412:, though this is no longer convention, and the last to do so was the
1267:, elected to power in 1997, sought to remove all of the seats in the
697:
517:
487:
462:
3601:", to amend the honours system to both allow husbands of those made
3135:
2877:
reforms, but new creations do take them into account. Thus there is
1735:
The modern-day parliamentary peerage is a successor of the medieval
1497:. The judicial function of the Lord Chancellor was removed with the
5049:. 2v. Blackwood & Sons, 1865 (Books for Libraries Press, 1972).
2701:). Viscounts, Barons and Lords of Parliament generally do not use "
2394:, who precede bishops, who precede barons and lords of Parliament.
4038:
3708:
3399:
3357:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3155:
2291:
2208:
1868:
1835:
1454:
1367:
1246:
930:
562:
165:
3188:
basic design, though varied according to the rank of the wearer.
2402:, the last non-royal to be created a duke, would come before the
5071:
3282:
With the Parliament robe, a black hat was customarily worn. The
2999:
2985:
2426:
Wives have a precedence corresponding to those of their husbands
2387:
2326:
2237:
2204:
1857:
1845:
1828:
857:
In the UK, five peerages or peerage divisions co-exist, namely:
572:
437:
155:
145:
2013:
by Acts of Parliament, usually when peers were found guilty of
2009:
becomes extinct. In former times, peerage dignities were often
1030:; the last non-royal awardees of hereditary titles were in the
3938:
List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
2786:
Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and 5th Duke of Queensberry
38:
4602:"A Labour Peer is trying to abolish hereditary peers (again)"
3254:
The coronet of a duke or duchess has eight strawberry leaves;
1834:â that is to say, under the feudal contract wherein a King's
2928:, held by the eldest son and heir to the sovereign, and the
1632:
is usually appointed with the accompanying sinecure role of
1287:
elected to the House of Lords from within their own populace
3152:
Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu
2200:
Peers are of five ranks, in descending order of hierarchy:
1263:, who are not peers, but bishops of the Church of England.
1185:
Recipients of new peerages are typically announced via the
843:
in 2009, the peerage also formed a constituent part of the
4581:"House of Commons - Public Administration - Second Report"
4533:(2007). House of Lords: The Stationery Office, p. 202-203.
3611:
female first-born descendants to inherit hereditary titles
3538:
Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
2932:(place), which regular income (revenue) appertains to the
2021:, have been forfeit and restored several times. Under the
1624:
roles, or they are appointed to salaried positions in the
1357:, the role of presiding officer has been fulfilled by the
4243:"Ministers bar hereditary peerages from passing to women"
3534:
Knights and Dames Grand Cross of St Michael and St George
2420:
Eldest sons of peers of rank X go after peers of rank Xâ1
3681:
In Spain and Portugal, the closest equivalent title was
5014:
Founded on ... Sir Robert Douglasâs Peerage of Scotland
4217:"Daughters in legal bid for House of Lords seat rights"
1882:
from 1388. The first baron to be created by patent was
1874:
Eventually 'writs of summons' ceased to be issued, and
1743:
era. Feudalism was introduced to England after 1066 by
1231:
Peerages can be refused by prospective recipients, and
3599:
Honours (Equality of Titles for Partners) Bill 2012-13
2916:. The only remaining peerages with certain associated
2255:, meaning a free-born warrior or nobleman, during the
1073:. Since 2001 67 'people's peers' have been appointed.
1008:) despite their being grandchildren of the sovereign (
3047:
was known as "Lady Saltoun", not "Baroness Saltoun".
2583:
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
2168:
Resignation or retirement effected by writing to the
1778:' the term 'Lord' came to be used as an appellation.
1239:
so he could continue to sit in the House of Commons.
4386:"House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015"
2087:
to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1922, when the
1161:
Honours, including Peerages, are usually awarded at
4526:
4524:
4499:"Chapter 1 The House and Its Membership §1.54â1.58"
3542:
Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the British Empire
1923:Thus over time baronies by writ effectively became
1686:has been consistently and hereditarily held by the
4475:. The House of Lords. 16 July 2007. Archived from
2614:are entitled to style themselves with the prefix "
2161:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015
971:prior to his ascension to the throne in 1066) and
4118:"Peers to get up to ÂŁ100 a night for hotel stays"
2673:. Marquesses and Earls whose titles are based on
1900:, but on condition of payment of a fine, termed "
1636:, as the latter carries a salary. The Government
1589:, peers themselves had the right to be tried for
1193:). New peers serving in parliament do receive an
1140:Like all Crown honours, peerages are affirmed by
4995:The English Aristocracy: a Comparative Synthesis
3736:Peerages and baronetcies of Britain and Ireland
2137:on 1 October 2009, life peers created under the
1678:Though some peerages carry with them hereditary
955:, ascended the throne in 1399). Likewise in the
917:â most titles created since 1801 to the present.
4543:Lords/Commons, The Committee Office, House of.
3250:, when it is worn along with coronation robes.
3242:In the United Kingdom, a peer wears his or her
2784:(created in 1684) but unified in the person of
2230:or march. This is a reference to the borders ('
1113:request she intervene and block the peerage of
5023:, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
3970:Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand
3718:, Gaelic nobles were those presented with the
3703:, membership of which, expressed by the title
3659:, as a counterweight to the popularly elected
3061:was John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich.
1467:within the United Kingdom's legal system. The
1117:who had been nominated by then Prime Minister
1051:His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom
805:can be used both collectively to refer to the
4962:"Equality (Titles) Bill [HL] 2013-14"
4842:
4840:
3551:Peers, like most other armigers, may display
3454:
745:
379:
8:
4565:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4447:"House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 (c. 10)"
3727:number was between 100 and 150 at any time.
3473:Peers are generally entitled to use certain
3317:External devices in addition to the central
3091:Younger sons of dukes and marquesses prefix
3064:Children of peers use special titles called
2799:as a compound of two or more names, such as
1285:to remain. 90 of these hereditary peers are
1191:Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood
880:â titles created by the kings and queens of
865:â titles created by the kings and queens of
5001:Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron. (1896).
4920:For all this section see, for example, Sir
4427:"Order of Precedence in England and Wales."
3678:under the Bourbon Restoration (1814â1848).
1481:was repealed, owing to the creation of the
836:if invited to do so by the Prime Minister.
5005:, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
3933:List of British Jewish nobility and gentry
3844:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
3734:
3461:
3447:
3294:
2618:". Peers are also entitled to apply for a
2339:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
752:
738:
397:
386:
372:
100:
4863:inflation figures are based on data from
3530:Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Bath
2689:), while those whose titles are based on
1109:, who was given a life peerage in 2023.
849:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
5016:. 9v. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1904â14.
4834:ceremony has not taken place since 1621.
4545:"Parliamentary Privilege â First Report"
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4269:"House of Lords Act 1999 (c. 34) (s. 2)"
3146:
3143:, whose designs are based on their rank.
3134:
2761:by combining his first and last names).
2143:judicial functions of the House of Lords
2052:, along with 90 others exempted through
1543:court with jurisdiction over matters of
1169:. They can also be awarded as part of a
52:This article includes a list of general
5047:The Great Governing Families of England
4064:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2252.
4050:
3580:. However, despite the legalization of
3306:
2519:âand the officers of the Householdâthe
2147:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1694:titles they replaced. For example, the
1518:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1505:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
1000:who enjoys Royal status as daughter of
681:
596:
526:
400:
326:
123:
4558:
4555:from the original on 2 September 2017.
4330:Wallace, Laura A. (15 December 1997).
3849:Forms of address in the United Kingdom
3477:. Atop the arms, a peer may display a
2951:Forms of address in the United Kingdom
1271:reserved for hereditary peers via the
1084:it has been convention for a retiring
1055:House of Lords Appointments Commission
417:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
4745:Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019
4677:Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019
3913:List of Scottish representative peers
3154:wearing the parliamentary robes of a
2182:Expulsion by resolution of the House.
1642:Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
828:and having eligibility to serve in a
7:
4663:from the original on 10 August 2015.
4509:from the original on 14 October 2010
4091:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
4058:Coppel, Philip (21 September 2023).
3180:, and coronation robes, worn at the
3080:. Such an heir apparent is called a
2990:Individuals who use the appellation
1739:system which emerged in the English
1372:The Lord Speaker presiding from the
1222:Committee for Privileges and Conduct
767:form a legal system comprising both
4982:Commentaries on the Laws of England
4964:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
4505:. United Kingdom Parliament. 2010.
4277:Office of Public Sector Information
2774:Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry'"
2135:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
1603:Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham
1599:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
1483:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
1093:in 1984. When she resigned in 1990
975:(the title acquired with the Crown
841:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
4894:"Ceremonial in the House of Lords"
3928:List of Irish representative peers
3894:(Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1876)
3839:Social class in the United Kingdom
2862:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
2717:Multiple, compound and other names
2480:House of Lords Precedence Act 1539
1706:title which granted these rights.
1359:Lord Speaker of the House of Lords
998:The Princess Royal (Princess Anne)
947:' (a title linked to the historic
781:Constitution of the United Kingdom
779:, and within the framework of the
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Noble titles in the United Kingdom
25:
4453:from the original on 6 March 2008
4311:from the original on 18 June 2009
4139:Waterson, Jim (22 January 2015).
4098:from the original on 18 July 2011
3651:leaders deliberately modeled the
3584:for same-sex couples in 2004 and
3515:Peers are entitled to the use of
3123:The Duchess of Argyll but became
2924:(place), which appertains to the
2447:Vice-Chamberlain of the Household
1856:Meanwhile the holders of smaller
1704:Lordship of the Manor of Hatfield
1512:serve as prime minister. In 2012
1200:All peerages are recorded on the
1038:have instead exclusively created
983:in 1765) are used respectively.
5058:
4362:"House of Lords Reform Act 2014"
4342:from the original on 4 June 2009
4305:Parliament of the United Kingdom
3430:
3418:
2817:Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne
2733:have been used for titles (e.g.
2695:The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
2360:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
2343:Peers are entitled to a special
2133:Until the formal opening of the
2002:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
939:All peerages are created by the
910:, and some titles created later.
408:
352:
340:
104:
43:
4449:. The UK Statute Law Database.
3705:Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
3568:Attempted primogeniture reforms
2813:Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair
2661:or a combination of both (e.g.
2196:Official Roll of the Baronetage
2108:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
1904:", derived from the Latin verb
1896:had always been hereditable by
1628:. For example, the position of
1479:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
1473:allowed for the appointment of
1470:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
1086:Speaker of the House of Commons
783:form a constituent part of the
5087:Peerages in the United Kingdom
4850:. London: A & C Black 1980
4696:, acting on an opinion of the
3246:on only one occasion: for the
2739:The Baroness Spencer-Churchill
2643:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
2155:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
1720:History of the British peerage
1698:owns the mineral rights below
1558:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
1526:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
1500:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
1218:Clerk of the Crown in Chancery
1026:granted are to members of the
807:entire body of titled nobility
765:Peerages in the United Kingdom
673:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
4938:Gray, Stephen (2 July 2012).
3880:Peerages in the British Isles
3609:, which would allow for both
3115:, who during her marriage to
3035:is also common usage. Hence,
2809:Duke of Clarence and Avondale
2497:Lord President of the Council
2272:
2077:Scottish representative peers
915:Peerage of the United Kingdom
598:Feudal land tenure in England
5072:Burke's Peerage & Gentry
3949:Peerages in the Commonwealth
3168:Robes of the British peerage
2473:Precedence within Parliament
2443:Comptroller of the Household
2382:. Thereafter, dukes precede
2294:comes from the Old Germanic
1941:and in 1958 more generally.
1682:- for example the office of
1665:Chapel of St Mary Undercroft
1630:Leader of the House of Lords
1393:Leader of the House of Lords
1208:within the United Kingdom's
1171:Prime Minister's resignation
5009:Paul, James Balfour (ed.).
4776:. Debrett's. Archived from
4606:www.electoral-reform.org.uk
4425:Velde, François R. (2007).
3960:Canadian Peers and Baronets
3178:state opening of parliament
2945:Styles and forms of address
2735:The Baroness Burdett-Coutts
2699:The Earl Alexander of Tunis
2226:, which is a derivative of
1669:Lady Usher of the Black Rod
1575:Titles Deprivation Act 1917
1510:First Lords of the Treasury
1475:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
1175:dissolution of a Parliament
1167:monarch's official birthday
977:purchase of the Isle of Man
5103:
4774:"Forms of Address Divorce"
4549:publications.parliament.uk
4128:– via www.bbc.co.uk.
3195:
3165:
2983:
2948:
2834:
2823:(created in 1822) and the
2795:peerage refers to a title
2780:(created in 1663) and the
2580:
2537:
2439:Treasurer of the Household
2336:
2193:
2139:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
2098:
2085:Irish representative peers
2064:
1960:
1944:The rank of earl dates to
1937:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
1929:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
1912:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
1793:, or the Irish hereditary
1728:
1717:
1408:. Peers can even serve as
1289:, while the other two sit
1277:, but then Prime Minister
1082:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
839:Until the creation of the
31:
3987:Baronies created by error
3892:List of law life peerages
3888:(Life Peerages Act, 1958)
3670:In France, the system of
3125:Louise, Duchess of Argyll
3031:in normal speech, though
2902:Royal County of Berkshire
2821:Viscount Newry and Mourne
2731:double-barrelled surnames
2577:Within the honours system
2372:Archbishops of Canterbury
1919:Transition from feudalism
1863:ceased to be summoned to
1797:which was created by the
1789:which was created by the
1747:and taken to Scotland by
1673:House of Lords Yacht Club
1611:Criminal Justice Act 1948
1337:. Prior to July 2006 the
1259:. They sit alongside the
967:(a title associated with
902:â titles created for the
891:â titles created for the
359:United Kingdom portal
174:Lord / Lady of Parliament
4799:Wyse, Elizabeth (2016).
4712:Wyse, Elizabeth (2016).
4436:Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
3997:False titles of nobility
3918:Welsh peers and baronets
3661:House of Representatives
2986:Lord § Modern_usage
2894:The Baroness Pitkeathley
2825:Baron Dalling and Bulwer
2170:Clerk of the Parliaments
1886:of Holt in the reign of
1801:. Through acts like the
1224:and administered by the
1197:at the House of Lords.
893:Kingdom of Great Britain
889:Peerage of Great Britain
34:Peerage (disambiguation)
5035:. Michael Joseph, 1984.
5021:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4979:Blackstone, W. (1765).
4865:Clark, Gregory (2017).
4273:House of Lords Act 1999
3898:List of spiritual peers
3653:Japanese House of Peers
3284:Wriothesley Garter Book
3182:coronations of monarchs
2891:(created in 1902), and
2843:territorial designation
2819:(created in 1937), the
2815:(created in 1916), the
2811:(created in 1890), the
2805:Baron Brougham and Vaux
2755:The Viscount Alanbrooke
2747:The Viscount Leverhulme
2554:parliamentary privilege
2271:. The rank was created
2123:House of Lords Act 1999
2041:House of Lords Act 1999
1487:judicial courtesy title
1351:great officers of state
1343:Great Officers of State
1295:holding the hereditary
1274:House of Lords Act 1999
1212:, and published by the
1146:Great Seal of the Realm
1133:to award the Garter to
845:British judicial system
316:Territorial designation
73:more precise citations.
4742:Morris, Susan (2019).
4674:Morris, Susan (2019).
3965:Canadian titles debate
3869:Court of the Lord Lyon
3829:British honours system
3607:Equality (Titles) Bill
3526:Knights of the Thistle
3500:chaplet and a base of
3270:of the other coronets.
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3158:
3144:
3139:Peers wear ceremonial
3078:Marquess of Hartington
3074:The Duke of Devonshire
2856:County of Lincolnshire
2831:Geographic association
2803:(created in 1440) and
2791:On the other hand, a "
2788:and his descendants).
2782:Dukedom of Queensberry
2693:normally do not (e.g.
2612:Life Peerages Act 1958
2505:Lord Great Chamberlain
2404:Marquess of Winchester
2350:The sovereign may, as
2220:comes from the French
2114:Life Peerages Act 1958
2071:From 1707 until 1963,
2046:Lord Great Chamberlain
1979:tradition, and merely
1714:History of the Peerage
1607:26th Baron de Clifford
1537:High Court of Chivalry
1460:
1376:
1330:Life Peerages Act 1958
1305:Lord Great Chamberlain
1297:constitutional offices
1252:
936:
895:between 1707 and 1801.
789:British honours system
775:, composed of various
161:Viscount / Viscountess
151:Marquess / Marchioness
5067:at Wikimedia Commons
5039:Sanford, John Langton
4396:The National Archives
4372:The National Archives
4166:"The British Peerage"
3886:List of life peerages
3595:private member's bill
3562:gules, doubled ermine
3522:Knights of the Garter
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3192:Coronets and headgear
3150:
3138:
3076:'s son is called the
3037:The Baroness Thatcher
3021:. The exception is a
3008:lordship of the manor
2848:The Baroness Thatcher
2757:which was created by
2743:The Lord George-Brown
2687:The Marquess of Ailsa
2358:granted her husband,
2284:comes from the Latin
1991:succession, like the
1745:William the Conqueror
1696:Marquess of Salisbury
1650:Sovereign's Bodyguard
1458:
1371:
1281:relented by allowing
1250:
1195:introduction ceremony
969:William the Conqueror
934:
908:Acts of Union in 1801
871:Acts of Union in 1707
613:English feudal barony
3854:Post-nominal letters
3248:monarch's coronation
3230:Viscount/Viscountess
3214:Marquess/Marchioness
3086:writ in acceleration
2974:The Right Honourable
2972:and other peers use
2934:Dukedom of Lancaster
2797:specifically created
2778:Dukedom of Buccleuch
2683:The Marquess of Bute
2597:British class system
2546:privilege of peerage
2540:Privilege of peerage
2534:Privilege of peerage
2455:Order of the Thistle
2061:Representative peers
1587:privilege of peerage
1522:Lord Irvine of Lairg
1445:Counsellors of State
1327:, created under the
1243:Legislative function
1127:Order of the Thistle
1045:Dukedom of Edinburgh
508:Feudal fragmentation
32:For other uses, see
5019:"Peerage." (1911).
4197:on 13 November 2015
3908:Peerage of Scotland
3737:
3437:Heraldry portal
3059:John Julius Norwich
3000:other crown offices
2970:The Most Honourable
2926:Dukedom of Cornwall
2905:(created in 1997).
2827:(created in 1871).
2801:Baron Saye and Sele
2663:The Duke of Norfolk
2593:British aristocracy
2509:Lord High Constable
2493:Lord High Treasurer
2451:Order of the Garter
2313:, while holders of
2267:'), from the Latin
2067:Representative peer
1925:hereditary peerages
1770:and Freemen of the
1646:Yeomen of the Guard
1441:Regency Act of 1937
1347:government minister
1319:Parliament Act 1949
1313:Parliament Act 1911
1210:Ministry of Justice
1202:Roll of the Peerage
1187:Crown Honours Lists
1123:Order of the Garter
1024:hereditary peerages
953:Henry IV of England
878:Peerage of Scotland
824:) to a seat in the
785:legislative process
443:Ecclesiastical fief
347:Politics portal
4861:Retail Price Index
4848:Ceremonial Costume
4802:Debrett's Handbook
4780:on 2 February 2019
4715:Debrett's Handbook
4432:2010-07-29 at the
4391:legislation.gov.uk
4367:legislation.gov.uk
4191:"www.debretts.com"
3923:Peerage of Ireland
3903:Peerage of England
3859:Nobiliary particle
3735:
3582:civil partnerships
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3159:
3145:
3117:The Duke of Argyll
2930:Duchy of Lancaster
2638:Baron Lloyd-Webber
2366:General precedence
2304:Barons in Scotland
2300:Lord of Parliament
2145:and served on the
2027:an individual can
2019:Dukedom of Norfolk
1811:Parliamentary role
1725:Baronage evolution
1700:Welwyn Garden City
1495:'Justice Minister'
1461:
1400:Executive Function
1377:
1253:
1204:maintained by the
1155:The London Gazette
1131:Queen Elizabeth II
1002:Queen Elizabeth II
949:Duchy of Lancaster
937:
904:Kingdom of Ireland
900:Peerage of Ireland
863:Peerage of England
815:peers of the Realm
795:is considered the
663:Customary freehold
503:Feudal maintenance
5063:Media related to
5043:Meredith Townsend
5033:Lords of the Land
5031:Plowden. Alison.
5012:The Scots Peerage
4993:Bush, Michael L.
4928:(1884) pp. xvâxx.
4633:. 8 November 2016
4479:on 6 October 2008
4249:. 20 October 2011
4071:978-1-5099-6731-5
3943:Substantive title
3820:
3819:
3697:Holy Roman Empire
3676:Chambre des Pairs
3639:feudal monarchies
3471:
3470:
3045:21st Lady Saltoun
2968:, Marquesses use
2922:Duchy of Cornwall
2880:The Baron Knollys
2711:Viscount Falkland
2631:Honours Committee
2561:Lord High Steward
2517:Lord High Admiral
2459:Privy councillors
2437:barons, with the
2315:hereditary titles
2128:Life Peerages Act
1595:Lord High Steward
1451:Judicial Function
1414:14th Earl of Home
1237:Dukedom of London
1144:affixed with the
1095:Margaret Thatcher
1034:era. Since then,
1006:untitled nobility
945:Duke of Lancaster
762:
761:
538:Lord of the manor
513:Bastard feudalism
402:English feudalism
396:
395:
99:
98:
91:
16:(Redirected from
5094:
5062:
4990:
4966:
4965:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4942:. PinkNews.co.uk
4935:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4898:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4423:
4400:
4399:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4332:"Peerage Basics"
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4193:. Archived from
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4055:
3992:Cash for Honours
3955:Australian peers
3834:British nobility
3738:
3714:In the medieval
3546:knights banneret
3488:Bishop of Durham
3475:heraldic devices
3463:
3456:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3295:
2918:rights over land
2888:County of Oxford
2875:local government
2870:County of Surrey
2749:was invented by
2667:The Earl Spencer
2570:Peerage Act 1963
2525:Lord Chamberlain
2277:
2274:
2089:Irish Free State
2024:Peerage Act 1963
1999:. Following the
1969:writs of summons
1957:Hereditary peers
1787:Barony of Halton
1756:tenants-in-chief
1688:dukes of Norfolk
1618:House of Commons
1564:Peerage Act 1963
1436:Lords-in-waiting
1430:Magnum Concilium
1421:Privy Counsellor
1091:Harold Macmillan
1071:'people's peers'
965:Duke of Normandy
811:English language
754:
747:
740:
693:Avera and inward
427:
412:
398:
388:
381:
374:
357:
356:
355:
345:
344:
330:
306:Forms of address
166:Baron / Baroness
129:
108:
101:
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:this article by
60:inline citations
47:
46:
39:
21:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5077:
5076:
5056:
4987:Clarendon Press
4978:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4926:General Armoury
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4846:Mansfield, A.,
4845:
4838:
4827:
4823:
4813:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4756:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4698:Lord Chancellor
4694:College of Arms
4688:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4631:The Independent
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4557:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4434:Wayback Machine
4424:
4403:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4281:
4279:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4120:. 27 March 2024
4116:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4047:
3864:College of Arms
3733:
3635:
3570:
3467:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3293:
3277:Norman Hartnell
3200:
3194:
3170:
3164:
3133:
3066:courtesy titles
2988:
2982:
2962:
2957:
2949:Main articles:
2947:
2839:
2833:
2719:
2651:
2585:
2579:
2548:is the body of
2542:
2536:
2501:Lord Privy Seal
2489:Lord Chancellor
2475:
2368:
2352:fount of honour
2341:
2335:
2275:
2244:or Anglo-Saxon
2240:comes from the
2207:comes from the
2198:
2192:
2103:
2097:
2069:
2063:
2054:standing orders
1965:
1963:Hereditary peer
1959:
1954:
1921:
1894:Feudal baronies
1869:baronial status
1825:tenant-in-chief
1813:
1799:Earl of Desmond
1795:Knight of Kerry
1791:Earl of Chester
1785:), such as the
1766:such as senior
1733:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1654:Cranborne Money
1634:Lord Privy Seal
1626:Royal Household
1583:
1553:
1465:appellate court
1453:
1402:
1389:Standing Orders
1355:separate powers
1339:Lord Chancellor
1261:Lords Spiritual
1245:
1233:often have been
1214:College of Arms
1150:Writ of summons
1078:fount of honour
957:Channel Islands
941:British monarch
929:
924:
797:fount of honour
793:British monarch
773:lifetime titles
758:
722:
677:
592:
522:
429:
428:
424:Bayeux Tapestry
421:
420:
392:
363:
353:
351:
339:
328:
322:
321:
320:
296:Courtesy titles
265:
264:
255:
254:
253:
223:
222:
213:
212:
211:
191:
190:
181:
180:
179:
156:Earl / Countess
140:
139:
127:
126:Peerages in the
125:
95:
84:
78:
75:
65:Please help to
64:
48:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5100:
5098:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5055:
5054:External links
5052:
5051:
5050:
5036:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5007:
4998:
4991:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4953:
4930:
4913:
4885:
4872:MeasuringWorth
4852:
4836:
4821:
4812:978-0992934866
4811:
4791:
4765:
4754:
4734:
4725:978-0992934866
4724:
4704:
4686:
4666:
4644:
4618:
4593:
4572:
4535:
4520:
4490:
4464:
4438:
4401:
4377:
4353:
4322:
4292:
4260:
4234:
4223:. 16 July 2018
4208:
4182:
4157:
4131:
4109:
4077:
4070:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3732:
3729:
3716:Irish nobility
3685:; in Hungary,
3657:House of Lords
3647:and the other
3634:
3631:
3591:Oliver Colvile
3578:House of Lords
3574:honours system
3569:
3566:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3411:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3292:
3289:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3238:Baron/Baroness
3196:Main article:
3193:
3190:
3166:Main article:
3163:
3160:
3132:
3129:
3113:Louise Timpson
3101:The Honourable
3004:courtesy title
2981:
2978:
2961:
2958:
2955:Courtesy title
2946:
2943:
2832:
2829:
2718:
2715:
2677:normally use "
2650:
2647:
2616:The Honourable
2581:Main article:
2578:
2575:
2538:Main article:
2535:
2532:
2474:
2471:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2390:, who precede
2386:, who precede
2380:prime minister
2367:
2364:
2337:Main article:
2334:
2331:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2279:
2235:
2215:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:circumstances;
2173:
2099:Main article:
2096:
2093:
2073:Scottish peers
2065:Main article:
2062:
2059:
1973:letters patent
1961:Main article:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Types of peers
1950:
1920:
1917:
1884:Lord Beauchamp
1880:Letters Patent
1876:Letters patent
1812:
1809:
1783:Subinfeudation
1764:office-holders
1729:Main article:
1726:
1723:
1718:Main article:
1715:
1712:
1582:
1579:
1552:
1549:
1514:Chris Grayling
1452:
1449:
1425:royal charters
1410:prime minister
1401:
1398:
1269:House of Lords
1257:Lords Temporal
1244:
1241:
1173:, or upon the
1142:letters patent
1115:Evgeny Lebedev
1103:Denis Thatcher
1059:Royal peerages
1036:ruling parties
1013:Peter Phillips
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
911:
896:
885:
874:
826:House of Lords
760:
759:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
731:
730:
724:
723:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
686:
685:
679:
678:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
628:Knight-service
625:
620:
615:
610:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
545:
543:Manorial court
540:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:Subinfeudation
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
453:Allodial title
450:
445:
440:
434:
431:
430:
414:
413:
405:
404:
394:
393:
391:
390:
383:
376:
368:
365:
364:
362:
361:
349:
336:
333:
332:
329:House of Lords
324:
323:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
266:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
252:
251:
249:United Kingdom
246:
241:
236:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
207:Representative
204:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
172:, replaced by
163:
158:
153:
148:
146:Duke / Duchess
142:
141:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:United Kingdom
121:
120:
110:
109:
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5099:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4922:Bernard Burke
4917:
4914:
4902:
4901:Parliament.uk
4895:
4889:
4886:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:. Debrett's.
4804:
4803:
4795:
4792:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4761:Viscountessââ
4757:
4755:9781999767006
4751:
4748:. Debrett's.
4747:
4746:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:. Debrett's.
4717:
4716:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4687:9781999767006
4683:
4680:. Debrett's.
4679:
4678:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4248:
4247:The Telegraph
4244:
4238:
4235:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4132:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4054:
4051:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Landed gentry
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3874:Scottish clan
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:Imperial Diet
3698:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3228:
3222:Earl/Countess
3220:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3119:was known as
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:courtesy peer
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:heir apparent
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:bona vacantia
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:Norman period
2911:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2837:Victory title
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:William Lever
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:Form of title
2648:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:primogeniture
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:primogeniture
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:primogeniture
1810:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:Quia Emptores
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:royal offices
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:dining rights
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:upper chamber
1375:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:â one of the
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Boris Johnson
1116:
1110:
1108:
1107:David Cameron
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
933:
926:
921:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
733:
732:
729:
726:
725:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
687:
684:
683:Feudal duties
680:
674:
671:
669:
668:Landed gentry
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
603:
602:
599:
595:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
533:
532:
529:
525:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
433:
432:
425:
419:
418:
411:
407:
406:
403:
399:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
369:
367:
366:
360:
350:
348:
343:
338:
337:
335:
334:
331:
325:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
259:
258:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
239:Great Britain
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
217:
216:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
185:
184:
175:
171:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
134:
133:
130:
122:
119:
117:
112:
111:
107:
103:
102:
93:
90:
82:
79:February 2022
72:
68:
62:
61:
55:
50:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
5057:
5046:
5032:
5020:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4981:
4973:Bibliography
4956:
4944:. Retrieved
4933:
4925:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4900:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4870:
4855:
4847:
4829:
4824:
4816:
4801:
4794:
4782:. Retrieved
4778:the original
4768:
4759:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4714:
4707:
4691:
4676:
4669:
4656:
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4630:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4605:
4596:
4584:. Retrieved
4575:
4548:
4538:
4530:
4511:. Retrieved
4502:
4493:
4481:. Retrieved
4477:the original
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4441:
4398:, 2015 c. 14
4389:
4380:
4374:, 2014 c. 24
4365:
4356:
4344:. Retrieved
4335:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4295:
4287:
4280:. Retrieved
4272:
4263:
4251:. Retrieved
4246:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4195:the original
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4169:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4144:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4080:
4060:
4053:
4002:
4001:
3975:
3974:
3948:
3947:
3879:
3878:
3822:
3821:
3791:Viscountcies
3767:Marquessates
3723:
3713:
3694:
3691:
3680:
3669:
3664:
3645:ItĆ Hirobumi
3643:
3636:
3633:Counterparts
3593:announced a
3571:
3561:
3550:
3514:
3506:
3492:
3472:
3414:Coat of arms
3412:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3319:coat of arms
3281:
3273:
3241:
3206:Duke/Duchess
3186:
3174:introduction
3171:
3124:
3120:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2910:high sheriff
2907:
2892:
2878:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2720:
2706:
2702:
2678:
2670:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:coat of arms
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2586:
2568:
2558:
2543:
2529:
2521:Lord Steward
2513:Earl Marshal
2485:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2435:
2432:
2411:
2408:
2400:Duke of Fife
2396:
2369:
2356:Elizabeth II
2349:
2342:
2309:
2295:
2285:
2268:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2199:
2185:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2070:
2050:Earl Marshal
2039:
2036:
2033:
2022:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1980:
1966:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1910:
1905:
1892:
1873:
1861:per baroniam
1860:
1855:
1843:
1840:
1832:per baroniam
1831:
1822:
1814:
1802:
1780:
1772:Cinque Ports
1753:
1734:
1708:
1684:Earl Marshal
1677:
1658:
1615:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1533:Earl Marshal
1530:
1525:
1498:
1491:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1440:
1428:
1418:
1403:
1378:
1335:Crossbencher
1328:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1301:Earl Marshal
1291:
1272:
1254:
1230:
1226:Crown Office
1206:Crown Office
1199:
1184:
1178:
1160:
1153:
1139:
1111:
1075:
1063:
1049:
1028:royal family
1021:
1017:Zara Tindall
1009:
988:
985:
973:Lord of Mann
938:
884:before 1707.
856:
853:
838:
832:role in the
821:
819:
800:
764:
763:
713:Scot and lot
672:
623:Knight's fee
618:Feudal baron
415:
124:
113:
85:
76:
57:
29:
18:British Peer
4831:Investiture
4784:17 December
4637:28 November
4611:28 November
4253:28 November
4227:28 November
4170:Historic UK
4034:Upper class
4014:Aristocracy
3982:Peerage law
3815:Baronetcies
3386:Compartment
3330:Escutcheon
3311:achievement
2759:Alan Brooke
2727:place names
2675:place names
2261:Continental
2242:Old English
2083:elected 28
2081:Irish peers
2075:elected 16
1997:coparcenary
1946:Anglo-Saxon
1591:impeachment
1165:and on the
961:Isle of Man
906:before the
869:before the
830:ministerial
608:Land tenure
588:Free tenant
548:Manor house
528:Manorialism
311:Family seat
71:introducing
4985:. Oxford:
4906:16 January
4657:msgb.co.uk
4653:"Untitled"
4483:22 October
4457:22 October
4045:References
3762:Marquesses
3720:White Wand
3709:Grafenbank
3615:Lord Lucas
3597:, titled "
3517:supporters
3298:Part of a
3052:Baron Owen
3029:Baroness X
2984:See also:
2964:Dukes use
2835:See also:
2765:"Multiple"
2655:place name
2550:privileges
2384:marquesses
2345:precedence
2333:Precedence
2317:, are not
2276: 800
2194:See also:
2152:Under the
2095:Life peers
1888:Richard II
1865:parliament
1816:system of
1638:Chief Whip
1585:Under the
1581:Privileges
1555:Since the
1551:Revocation
1503:, and the
1363:Jack Straw
1325:life peers
1310:Since the
1292:ex officio
1283:92 members
1279:Tony Blair
1135:Tony Blair
1067:frontbench
1047:in 2023.
1040:Life Peers
981:George III
922:Background
847:, via the
834:government
769:hereditary
708:Feudal aid
448:Crown land
286:Privileges
197:Hereditary
54:references
4150:25 August
4019:Feudalism
3786:Viscounts
3344:Supporter
3131:Vestments
3121:Her Grace
2980:Honorific
2966:His Grace
2898:Caversham
2884:Caversham
2793:compound"
2769:compound"
2392:viscounts
2286:vicecomes
2250:Old Norse
2101:Life peer
1993:Salic Law
1851:Edward II
1827:from the
1776:overlords
1571:The Crown
1541:civil law
1406:ministers
1099:Baronetcy
989:commoners
728:Feudalism
658:Gavelkind
643:Serjeanty
468:Feoffment
221:Divisions
5081:Category
4661:Archived
4561:cite web
4553:Archived
4507:Archived
4451:Archived
4430:Archived
4340:Archived
4315:25 March
4309:Archived
4307:. 2007.
4282:25 March
4221:BBC News
4145:BuzzFeed
4093:Archived
4024:Nobility
4009:Monarchy
3810:Baronets
3803:Baronies
3779:Earldoms
3755:Dukedoms
3731:See also
3586:marriage
3558:mantling
3483:engraved
3365:Mantling
3308:Heraldic
3291:Heraldry
3041:suo jure
3024:suo jure
2920:are the
2866:Hindhead
2852:Kesteven
2723:surnames
2691:surnames
2624:armigers
2589:ennobled
2523:and the
2515:and the
2499:and the
2413:suo jure
2311:Baronets
2282:Viscount
2218:Marquess
2158:and the
2111:and the
2048:and the
2029:disclaim
1858:fiefdoms
1737:baronage
1731:Baronage
1622:sinecure
1545:heraldry
1492:de facto
1374:woolsack
1303:and the
1163:new year
1032:Thatcher
994:ennobled
927:Creation
882:Scotland
822:entitled
787:and the
653:Freehold
648:Copyhold
633:Baronage
568:Overlord
498:Affinity
473:Seignory
458:Appanage
271:Nobility
234:Scotland
170:Scotland
116:a series
114:Part of
5065:Peerage
4946:30 July
4513:13 June
3823:Related
3695:In the
3683:Grandee
3672:pairies
3665:Shƫgiin
3655:on the
3510:circlet
3479:coronet
3268:chasing
3244:coronet
3198:Coronet
2900:in the
2886:in the
2868:in the
2854:in the
2659:surname
2323:Knights
2257:Danelaw
2232:marches
2223:marquis
2015:treason
2011:forfeit
1989:agnatic
1981:implied
1768:clerics
1749:David I
1385:speaker
1379:As the
1125:or the
867:England
802:peerage
718:Tallage
703:Scutage
638:Peerage
583:Serfdom
578:Peasant
558:Demesne
483:Feoffee
281:History
244:Ireland
229:England
67:improve
4809:
4752:
4722:
4684:
4586:28 May
4336:Chinet
4201:28 May
4175:12 May
4124:28 May
4102:1 July
4068:
3798:Barons
3741:Extant
3687:Magnat
3637:Other
3544:, and
3502:ermine
3495:silver
3406:slogan
3393:Charge
3372:Helmet
3300:series
3068:. The
3033:Lady X
3019:Lady X
3015:Lord X
2721:While
2681:(e.g.
2565:arrest
2511:, the
2507:, the
2495:, the
2491:, the
2445:, the
2441:, the
2278:â1000.
2265:Counts
2228:marche
1977:feudal
1971:or by
1902:relief
1760:manors
1741:feudal
1692:feudal
1391:. The
1265:Labour
1179:ad hoc
979:under
791:. The
698:Socage
518:Livery
493:Homage
488:Fealty
463:Vassal
263:Topics
56:, but
4897:(PDF)
4878:7 May
4346:9 May
4096:(PDF)
4089:(PDF)
4039:Caste
4003:Other
3976:Legal
3774:Earls
3750:Dukes
3649:Meiji
3603:dames
3553:helms
3400:Motto
3379:Crown
3358:Torse
3351:Crest
3337:Field
3162:Robes
3156:baron
3141:robes
2960:Style
2896:, of
2882:, of
2864:, of
2859:, or
2850:, of
2767:and "
2657:or a
2388:earls
2327:dames
2319:peers
2292:Baron
2269:comes
2209:Latin
2190:Ranks
1836:Baron
777:ranks
563:Glebe
291:Robes
276:Welsh
189:Types
138:Ranks
5041:and
4948:2012
4908:2019
4880:2024
4807:ISBN
4786:2021
4750:ISBN
4720:ISBN
4682:ISBN
4639:2023
4613:2023
4588:2024
4567:link
4515:2010
4485:2007
4459:2007
4348:2018
4317:2009
4284:2009
4255:2023
4229:2023
4203:2024
4177:2024
4152:2024
4126:2024
4104:2011
4066:ISBN
3744:All
3724:slat
3627:2023
3625:and
3623:2016
3619:2015
3498:gilt
3403:(or
3097:Lady
3093:Lord
3039:, a
2996:Lady
2992:Lord
2953:and
2737:and
2725:and
2713:".)
2697:and
2685:and
2544:The
2453:and
2376:York
2374:and
2296:baro
2253:jarl
2246:eorl
2238:Earl
2205:Duke
1939:1876
1906:levo
1846:Writ
1829:King
1531:The
1345:and
1316:and
1061:).
1015:and
959:and
913:The
898:The
887:The
876:The
861:The
771:and
573:Lord
552:List
438:Fief
300:list
202:Life
168:(in
4924:'s
4859:UK
3722:or
3667:).
3279:).
3176:or
3109:the
3088:).
3017:or
2994:or
2707:of"
2703:of"
2679:of"
2671:of"
2665:or
2302:'.
2212:dux
1890:.
1820:.
1528:.
1307:.
1299:of
1010:qv.
817:.
5083::
5045:.
4899:.
4869:.
4839:^
4815:.
4758:.
4728:.
4690:.
4659:.
4655:.
4629:.
4604:.
4563:}}
4559:{{
4551:.
4547:.
4523:^
4501:.
4404:^
4394:,
4388:,
4370:,
4364:,
4338:.
4334:.
4303:.
4286:.
4275:.
4271:.
4245:.
4219:.
4168:.
4143:.
3711:.
3689:.
3629:.
3621:,
3548:.
3540:,
3536:,
3532:,
3528:,
3524:,
3302:on
3103:.
2841:A
2599:.
2573:.
2457:,
2325:,
2273:c.
1915:.
1853:.
1613:.
1577:.
1539:a
1228:.
1158:.
851:.
118:on
4989:.
4950:.
4910:.
4882:.
4788:.
4641:.
4615:.
4590:.
4569:)
4517:.
4487:.
4461:.
4350:.
4319:.
4257:.
4231:.
4205:.
4179:.
4154:.
4106:.
4074:.
3663:(
3462:e
3455:t
3448:v
3409:)
2263:'
2172:;
873:.
753:e
746:t
739:v
554:)
550:(
426:)
422:(
387:e
380:t
373:v
302:)
298:(
176:)
92:)
86:(
81:)
77:(
63:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.