871:
area (between the mouths of the Bagru and Jong), then proceeds against Kpawoh Jibila (a.k.a. Gpow) of Talia, a town 30 miles East of
Sherbro island, alleging that he has caused disturbances. Some of Jibila's smaller towns are destroyed, then his capital, Talia, is obliterated by rockets, field guns,
429:
Teaser is sent with 200 troops who partly destroy
Maligia; the townspeople fire at them as they reembark. Teaser returns next morning ; while the troops are engaged in burning the rest of the town, they are fired upon heavily from the bush. They attempt to return to Teaser in a small boat but it
424:
announces that all
European traders on the Melakori must leave within 10 days. Acting-governor Dougan sends three gunboats up the Melakori. They land 400 troops unopposed at Maligia; Lahai promises to reopen the river and pay compensation to the traders for lost earnings. After five months he has not
1208:
December 28. Forty frontier police help defend chief Vonjo at Tungea near
Panguma against Sofas led by Pokere. Pokere is killed, the Sofas defeated and pursued, engaged and defeated again on January 2. Pokere's ally, Foray, is captured and dies in Freetown jail. British allies continue raiding after
31:
slaves and their descendants) of the
Freetown colony had only a very limited involvement in the affairs of the African kingdoms around them; such as it was, it consisted mostly of trading and missionary activity. Over the course of the 19th century this involvement gradually increased. The colonial
43:
The treaties usually committed an
African chief to protect merchants and maintain peaceful relations with his neighbours so that trade would not be disturbed; in return, the British would pay him a gift or annual stipend. The military expeditions were against chiefs who acted detrimentally to the
1193:
from villages along the way, sometimes by arresting their chiefs and flooging them if the carriers do not perform properly. In the early morning darkness of 23 December, at Waima (40 miles or 65 km past
Panguma) this force and a small French force under Lieutenant Gaston Maritz mistake each
1036:
Rowe acknowledges Madam Yoko as chief in
Senehun (upper Bumpe) area. Fyfe, p 484, lists four other women made or protected as chiefs by the British ; he does not say whether the British favoured women as client chiefs. The women were: Nyaro of Bandasuma, Betsy Gay of Bogo, Kona Kambe in the
52:
In addition to commercial and anti-slave-trade motives for the
British incursions into the Sierra Leone hinterland, military officers posted to Sierra Leone needed battle victories to enhance their reputations; and British felt culturally superiority and assumed that Europeanising natives was a
48:
abolishing slavery, the government also began pressing the chiefs, by treaty or force, to refrain from the slave trade. Since the wars between the chiefdoms were mostly slave-procuring wars, or otherwise intimately connected with the slave trade, suppression of the slave trade and promotion of
1119:
January. Frontier Police created by
Ordinance. 280 members. Blockhouses built at the important towns around the frontier road (about 30 mi or 50 km from Freetown). Force is composed of Creoles and hinterland people under European officers. The force quickly acquires a reputation for
1099:
Acting-governor Foster makes treaty of alliance with chief of Sobami (50 mi or 80 km inland between the Great and Little Scarcies) against a Susu chief, Karimu, who is becoming powerful in the area. The British burn one of Karimu's towns and Karimu withdraws into French-controlled
1147:) in 1890 and goes to Kisi country in 1891. Hay also went out himself: in 1890 he went first to Sherbro and Sulima districts, then inland to towns no governor had visited before: Mafwe, Tikonko, Bumpe, Jama, Taiama. In March 1891 he went round the Temne country into Kofila and Bonkolenken.
998:
Copland-Crawford, 75 police, Momo Ja with 800 men, and additional disorganised fighters go on expedition against Chief Makaia. They take Fanima, one of his strongholds, on January 2 ; January 3, seize the six stockaded towns of Lago unopposed. Makaia flees inland to his ally
567:
Governor Hill uses troops and gunboat to threaten a Temne chief, Bai Kanta, into relinquishing land near the colony. Verbally Bai Kanta was told that he was leasing the land for £100 per year but the papers he was given to put his mark to declared it ceded to the British Crown.
937:. De Winton's 200 soldiers, 50 police, and naval detachment are joined by 700 native allies. Together they bombard and partly burn Robari, plunder and destroy several other towns, destroy rice fields, and take captives. British imprison Yoni chief Bai Simera, fine the
912:(at the mouth of Cockboro Creek) against a major raid. Subsequently, it is reinforced by more police from Freetown, and later a naval cruiser. Police arrest nine ringleaders ; William Caulker, Thomas Kugba, and Lahai are hanged ; four others deported.
1157:
Forty frontier police are sent to the Small Scarcies area to restore prestige after the Bai Bureh escape and also suppress wars. They unsuccessfully attack one of Karimu's towns, Tambi (Tembe), 70 miles (110 km) inland on the river.
1188:
December. Three hundred and seventy-nine army regulars, 47 frontier police, and about 1000 carriers from Freetown make an expedition against the Samorian Sofa. They go up the Bum river toward Panguma. Hundreds of additional carriers are
1108:
January 1. Secretary of State Knutsford instructs Governor Hay to get treaties of friendship on the British side of the boundary with a clause forbidding the chiefs to make treaties with another European power without British consent.
1126:
Garrett arrests Temne chief Bai Bureh for "defiance" when Bureh expresses displeasure at his allies having signed without consulting him a treaty promising not to attack their enemy Karimu. Bureh escapes on the way to Freetown.
983:, Sherbro acting-manager, takes 17 police to Sulima area to help Chief Kai Kai versus chief Makaia ; they capture the town of Jehoma. Also in the same region, Crawford marches to Bahoma, finds it empty, and burns it.
991:
Governor Hay makes an extensive tour from Kambia in the North to the Mano river in the South, generally travelling about 40 miles (60 km) inland. He obtains from chiefs promises to build roads and refrain from war.
556:
Under threat of French naval attacks, chief Caulker chooses to cede Bendu and 200 square miles (600 km) around it to the British. The chiefs of the Bagru area are also convinced to cede their lands to the British.
1257:. It was the last large armed confrontation between British and Africans in Sierra Leone. The Africans' defeat ushered in the country's modern colonial period, which lasted until political independence in 1961.
1233:
In the Moa river area, frontier police drive away a chief called Bawarume who is threatening a chief they support called Fabunde. A third chief, Kaba Sei, they arrest on the grounds that he has helped Bawarume.
368:
Navy burns the most accessible Gallinas towns because a local official, a former slave trader who served as the navy squadron's pilot and interpreter, was murdered. As a result, the coastal chiefs,
532:
An Imperial act is passed "to allow British subjects who committed offences in the area from the Rio Grande to the Gallinas and 500 miles Eastwards, to be punished by English law." (Fyfe's words.)
849:
April. Acting-governor Pinkett takes a large number of police up the Kittam and lower Bum, burning towns and destroying stockades, in retaliation to the robbery of the police payroll boat of £19.8
1073:
10 August. Britain and France update their 1882 agreement which set a rough boundary between Sierra Leone and Guinea. The boundary is still not exact and is to be refined by a Commission later.
406:
Sherbro slave-trading chiefs, including Harry Tucker, begin kicking out Colony produce traders. Governor Kennedy sends a naval force to support the produce traders; it burns towns and baracoons.
1027:
In June, Copland-Crawford is convicted by a Sherbro jury of manslaughter for flogging his servant to death. He is sentenced to 12 months in prison but released on medical grounds in England.
745:
Rowe makes another expedition, up the Bagru and through Kpa-Mende country. Flogs chiefs and destroys towns for complicity in the Caulker raids. He executes Caulker, Kinigbo, and Vana.
400:
Sherbro chiefs come to Freetown after the 1852 naval expedition against them (opposite → ) and sign treaties, promising to oppose slave trade. They get stipends and medals.
332:
Pine goes to Sherbro area in a naval ship and destroys a town where a canoe flying the Union Jack had been seized by one of the parties in a local war for supplying the other party.
2062:
278:, Rokon area, signs a treaty in return for stipends (first instance of this, according to Fyfe), promoising not to make war without first asking the governor to mediate.
380:
A Rio Nunez chief renounces a previous cession to Belgium and treats with Britain, promising them freedom to trade in return for a right to collect customs duties.
1089:
Lieutenant Lundy, 2nd W.I.R., flogs Fula allies of British colonel de Winton for slave trading, destroys their towns, and drives them away from the Rotifunk area.
1178:
A third assault is made on Tambi, by frontier police and 500 soldiers, accompanied by disciplined forces under Bai Bureh. The town is taken "without difficulty."
2077:
390:
Treaties made with chiefs Northward from Freetown along the coast ; they cede to British courts jurisdiction over British subjects in the chiefs' areas.
2067:
831:
near the mouth of the Great Scarcies, against the Bai Sherbro of Mambolo, an office vacant by death. Acting-governor Havelock drives him out with rockets.
19:
assumed its present large geographical size only in 1896. Prior to that, it was only a small colony encompassing roughly the 30-km-long peninsula on which
32:
government was, in particular, interested in fostering trade as this provided it with its main source of revenue, in the form of customs duties and other
440:
Gunboat goes to Rio Nunez ; chief promises without a struggle to forgive a debt owed to him by the acting-governor's brother, who is a trader.
969:
Police in Sulima area attempt to arrest Chief Fawundu for allegedly planning war. They shoot six of his people in the fight but Fawundu gets away.
262:
Macaulay, acting-governor, sends armed expedition against chief Harry Tucker to punish him for seizing a trader's goods ; burns Tucker's town
638:
Captain Walshe and troops intervene in a war between a Charles Turner-Mende alliance of at least 3000 warriors, and a Muslim, Kalifa, resident at
2047:
876: ; a demand is sent there for his surrender. The inhabitants fail to produce him so Pinkett leads another expedition up the Bum ;
2082:
2052:
1194:
other for the Sofa and engage in a gun battle, each suffering heavy casualties. Maritz and the British police commander are both killed.
1217:
Boundary agreement made in Paris. It still leaves the exact line subject to a later surveying Commission (which was performed in 1896).
1017:
Police find warriors of chief Gbana Gombu looting a town, flog them, and arrest Gombu. He dies in Freetown jail of police mistreatment.
1223:
May. In the upper Bagru-Bumpe area, frontier police arrest seven people of Mokassi over a land dispute between that town and Banjema.
1871:
131:), seizing ships, merchandise and enslaved Africans from the factories there. The factory owners were sentenced to fourteen years
28:
753:
June. Rowe gets Scarcies chiefs to cede a quarter-mile wide strip along sea and river so that British can collect customs duty.
675:
British launch small unsuccessful punitive expedition against Mende for raiding Bagru river area towns that were ceded in 1861.
2072:
665:
Walshe arrests several people on both sides of an inter-chiefdom dispute on Sherbro Island and sends them to jail in Freetown.
514:
the Poro bans timber trade as a result of inter-chief quarrels. A timber merchant, Heddle, gets the British to send a gunboat.
1318:
1079:
Police stop their recent Mende allies from Taiama and Kwelu from unsanctioned continuation af raiding. One leader is jailed.
774:
in London declare Turner's 1825 treaty to be in force and Rowe stations constables between Freetown peninsula and Sherbro.
1135:
Two travelling commissioners go out on treaty-making tours: Garrett in the North, Alldridge in the South. Garrett reaches
454:(on the mainland coast East of Shebro Island) and the British seize Caulker and imprison him in Freetown for six months.
2057:
884:, farther up the Bum than any British force had gone before, were reached, but the expedition failed to capture Jibila.
620:
Naval ship goes up the Ribi ; unopposed ; burns some towns ; is fired at from the banks while leaving.
699:
Sherbro Commandant Darnell Davis unsuccessfully attacks chief John Caulker in retaliation to raids in Bagru country.
812:
British man-of-war enters Jong river ; fires on natives ; soldiers burn down all or part of the town of
1727:
The Yoni country is centered about 65 iles (110 km) East of Freetown. Source for this 1880 entry is Fyfe, p 425.
1100:
territory. (That same year there was a French "punitive" expedition against natives at the Scarcies estuary.)
1051:
region, for obstructing trade. They release 3,000 people being held there and send them to Momo Ja's country.
285:
Governor Campbell sends troops to fortify and garrison Sherbro Island. After about a year they are withdrawn.
980:
650:
February. As conditions of peace Bai Kanta is forced to leave the environs of the colony and cede his towns
249:
120:
578:
Navy burns several towns near the colony to punish Pa Keni, their chief, for raiding another chief, Songo.
1253:. In 1898, the Sierra Leone chiefs sought to free themselves of British control in a rebellion called the
543:
420:
area and shoot four people in the fight. The Melakori chiefs meet and demand redress; Bomba Mina Lahai of
44:
colony's business interests by evicting traders, restricting trade, or warring with neighbours. After the
1043:
Momo Ja, G.H. Garrett, the officer in charge of the Sulima police, and 12 police destroy the 13 towns of
843:
between Sherbro and Gallinas) ceded. At this point the entire coast South of Freetown has been annexed.
771:
639:
24:
426:
358:
warships and get them to bombard a native town involved in a war over the succession to a chieftaincy.
1065:
Nyagua gives up Makaia to Garrett's force and Makaia is exiled to Elmina. In 1894 he is allowed back.
1059:
The governor, Hay, exercises power to confirm a king after his selection by chiefs (in Koya country).
959:. 1891 brought back insane and dies. George Gbapo also slated for deportation and may also have gone.
606:
Navy burns towns on the South bank of the Rokel, including several Temne towns and the Muslim town of
465:
199:
140:
45:
596:(North East of Waterloo at the base of the Freetown peninsula) and burn several other Tewmne towns.
417:
1254:
689:(Mongray) Creek (mouth of the Jong) ; flogs townspeople for being slow to display submission.
686:
61:
This article lists some of the interventions into the Sierra Leone hinterland in the 19th century.
781:
Governor Rowe crosses the Ribi with a military expedition to try to quell Masimera-Yoni fighting.
241:
181:
1341:
1048:
207:
877:
872:
and natives allied with the British. Jibila, however, slips away ; he is rumoured to be in
1319:"The Court of Vice Admiralty at Sierra Leone and the Abolition of the West African Slave Trade"
895:
237:
203:
938:
926:
794:
760:
Rowe imprisons in Freetown a chief, Songo, for burning some towns in the Ribi-Bumpe vicinity.
734:
607:
593:
169:
1140:
955:
Chief Boakei Gomna ("Governor") of the Gallinas area is deported by special ordinance to the
708:
1333:
1168:
British, this time with 168 police, make a second attempt on Tambi, but are again repulsed.
1000:
868:
828:
655:
651:
522:
McCormack mediates and gets a treaty in the Kambia disputes between Susu and other peoples.
300:
881:
790:
628:
500:
922:
136:
880:
is attacked and most of its inhabitants killed in the bombardment and fires. Sahun and
558:
314:
303:
on the Rokel to help Walter Atkins, a retired clerk, in a quarrel with Marquis Granby.
245:
132:
79:
36:. This inevitably drew it into engagement with the African kingdoms, mainly by making
2041:
930:
469:
124:
797:
sign treaties guaranteeing peace and saying governor can adjudicate their disputes.
1250:
1246:
1044:
730:
If chiefs cause disturbances in the future they forfeit their lands to the British.
589:
487:
185:
177:
102:
98:
49:"legitimate" trade in other products were both key to reducing wars between chief.
16:
84:
British and Creole intervention in the Sierra Leone hinterland in the 19th century
1190:
483:
1618:
Fyfe seems definite on the verbal and signed contracts being different. P 310.
1202:
Beginning in 1894, "Protectorate" was substituted for "Sphere" in Ordinances.
934:
592:
chief, Gbaya, with several hundred of his own men besiege a Temne stockade at
152:
106:
806:
King Jaya of the Gallinas cedes the territory at the mouth of the Moa River.
228:
using force or a show of force (not clear) and installs Fatima Brima Kamara.
347:
225:
173:
1144:
1143:, outside the present boundary. Alldridge reaches Kanrelahun (now called
263:
37:
20:
1345:
1876:
1004:
942:
707:
Acting-governor Rowe obtains treaties from Mende and Sherbro chiefs at
421:
351:
128:
894:
Police drive a chief, Makaia, who had raided Sulima, Mano Salija, and
1337:
1136:
956:
909:
813:
712:
355:
211:
156:
317:
chiefs for breaking their treaty obligations to oppose slave trade.
1245:
In August 1896, the British declared the entire hinterland area a "
610:(38 mi – 60 km – upriver from the Atlantic).
873:
511:
451:
482:
Five hundred troops landed by two gunboats at Kambia. The enemy (
326:
Pine forces rival chiefs in Sherbro area to sign a peace treaty.
214:
refuses to ratify it; the treaties are revived in 1879, however.
425:
done so; a gunboat is sent in May to negotiate, and a day later
40:
with the kingdoms or sending military expeditions against them.
1209:
the expedition is over ; the British jail their leaders.
33:
499:
Governor McCormack mediates in a Port Loko war of Temne and
198:
Governor Turner obtains cession of entire coastal area from
715:
following his 1875 military expedition in the area. Terms:
721:
Local disputes should be referred to British arbitration.
588:
Three hundred British troops accompanied by Songo and a
490:
there and leave. The Susu shortly drive them out again.
718:
De-militarise country by removing stockades from towns.
1120:
brutality and using their position for personal gain.
933:
warriors for raiding a British client chief, a Mende,
340:
Anti slave-trade treaties signed with Sherbro chiefs.
23:
is located. Initially, the British and Creoles (freed
1898:
Abraham, p 89 ; Little, p 45 ; Fyfe, p 484.
867:
May, June. Pinkett takes a force of about 200 to the
151:
British arrange truce between warring parties on the
78:
British claim and exercise the right to mediate in a
1037:Bagru, and Madam Yata of the Massaquoi territory.
685:Acting-governor Rowe leads military expedition up
1267:Mende Government and Politics Under Colonial Rule
658:(South of the Freetown estuary) to the British.
631:(Koya) country near Ribi River ceded to colony.
542:Area South East of the Freetown peninsula, from
1596:
1594:
1592:
929:goes to upper Ribi area in retaliation against
372:Prince Mana, were overthrown by inland people.
1906:
1904:
1848:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1564:
1562:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1461:
430:capsizes and they lose 77 killed or prisoner.
172:cedes a mile-deep strip on the north shore of
1682:Whole list: Abraham, p 57 ; Fyfe, p 403.
450:French navy bombards chief Caulker's town of
8:
945:peoples, and deport six leaders to Elmina.
416:British (Hanson) seize two slave canoes in
236:Turner captures two stockaded towns in the
1978:Abraham, pp 96-103 ; Fyfe, pp 486-90.
546:to the Ribi river is ceded to the colony.
1609:Abraham, pp 48, 9 ; Fyfe, pp 308, 9.
1276:London, 1962. (Oxford University Press)
827:Bai Sherbro of Samu occupies village of
561:and Turtle Islands are similarly ceded.
472:) river with rockets and burns it down.
1929:
1927:
1925:
1790:Abraham, pp 75-9 ; Fyfe, p 441, 2.
1291:
1664:Abraham, pp 53, 54 ; Fyfe, p 402.
1283:. London, 1967. (First ed. was 1951.)
727:Customs duty to be charged by British.
2063:Sierra Leone–United Kingdom relations
1969:Abraham, pp 105-8 ; Fyfe, p 487.
1754:Abraham, pp 72, 3 ; Fyfe, p 440.
313:Hotham burns factories and blockades
7:
2078:Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate
1047:community, in the middle-Bum, upper
503:against Susu and achieves a treaty.
155:trade route who were disrupting the
1872:"Sierra Leone—Mr. Copland Crawford"
2068:19th century in the British Empire
14:
1919:Fyfe, p 484 ; Abraham, p 90.
1826:Fyfe, p 480 ; Abraham, p 88.
1817:Fyfe, p 476 ; Abraham, p 86.
1718:Abraham, p 63 ; Fyfe, p 417.
1691:Abraham, p 55 ; Fyfe, p 403.
737:are fined 10,000 bushels of rice.
299:Governor Jeremie sends troops to
101:rebellion against an employer at
244:area and burns others. Declares
1877:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1547:Fyfe, p 287 ; Little, p43.
1383:Fyfe, pp 157, 9; Abraham, p 47.
486:) withdraw. The troops install
97:Governor Thompson suppresses a
293:More treaties with Port Loko.
1:
733:Mende mercenaries who raided
105:. Transported ringleaders to
63:
53:proper and upright activity.
2048:19th century in Sierra Leone
1249:" and placed it under their
220:Governor Turner deposes the
123:sent an armed force to raid
2083:Wars involving Sierra Leone
2053:Sierra Leone Creole history
1419:Fyfe, p 185; Abraham, p 48.
2099:
1281:The Mende of Sierra Leone
1133:1890. Treaty boom begins.
1131:
908:Police and allies defend
776:
194:
66:
1274:History of Sierra Leone.
642:in the Jong River area.
1428:Fyfe, pp 159, 162, 163.
981:Robert Copland-Crawford
789:Mende rulers of Bumpe,
468:on the Great Scarcies (
2073:19th century in Africa
1317:Helfman, Tara (2006).
925:: British colonel Sir
544:Waterloo, Sierra Leone
464:Naval force bombards
202:to approximately the
70:Military Expeditions
57:List of interventions
898:away from the area.
141:Vice admiralty court
46:Slave Trade Act 1807
2058:British West Africa
346:British traders at
248:on coast as far as
1272:Christopher Fyfe,
1269:. Freetown, 1978.
772:Crown Law Officers
208:Secretary of State
1238:
1237:
927:Francis de Winton
176:Creek as well as
2090:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:Fyfe, pp 485, 6.
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
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1707:
1701:
1698:
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1689:
1683:
1680:
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1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
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1635:
1632:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:Fyfe, pp 276, 7.
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:Fyfe, near p 158
1408:
1402:
1401:Fyfe, pp 157, 8.
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1338:10.2307/20455647
1332:(5): 1122–1156.
1326:Yale Law Journal
1323:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1279:Kenneth Little,
1265:Arthur Abraham,
724:Keep roads open.
64:
25:African American
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1263:
1243:
923:Yoni Expedition
777:
510:In the area of
495:
322:
200:Kamaranka river
137:New South Wales
121:William Maxwell
59:
12:
11:
5:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1921:
1912:
1900:
1891:
1863:
1854:
1842:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1781:Abraham, p 75.
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1745:Abraham, p 70.
1738:
1736:Abraham, p 68.
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1636:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1309:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1262:
1259:
1251:administration
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
993:
985:
984:
974:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
950:
947:
946:
917:
914:
913:
903:
900:
899:
889:
886:
885:
862:
859:
858:
844:
839:Krim country (
833:
832:
821:
818:
817:
807:
799:
798:
783:
782:
775:
764:
763:
761:
757:
756:
754:
747:
746:
740:
739:
738:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
701:
700:
694:
691:
690:
680:
677:
676:
670:
667:
666:
659:
644:
643:
632:
622:
621:
615:
612:
611:
601:
598:
597:
583:
580:
579:
573:
570:
569:
562:
550:
549:
547:
536:
535:
533:
526:
525:
523:
516:
515:
504:
492:
491:
477:
474:
473:
459:
456:
455:
445:
442:
441:
435:
432:
431:
418:Melakori river
411:
408:
407:
401:
394:
393:
391:
384:
383:
381:
374:
373:
363:
360:
359:
341:
334:
333:
327:
319:
318:
308:
305:
304:
294:
287:
286:
279:
268:
267:
257:
254:
253:
230:
229:
215:
192:
191:
189:
163:
162:
160:
145:
144:
133:transportation
114:
111:
110:
92:
89:
88:
86:
72:
71:
68:
58:
55:
29:Afro-Caribbean
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2095:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1880:. 9 June 1890
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1600:Little, p 44.
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
978:
975:
973:
972:
968:
965:
963:
962:
958:
954:
951:
949:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
918:
916:
915:
911:
907:
904:
902:
901:
897:
893:
890:
888:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
830:
826:
822:
820:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
784:
780:
773:
769:
766:
765:
762:
759:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:1875 or 1876.
741:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
714:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
693:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:
678:
674:
671:
669:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
649:
646:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
614:
613:
609:
605:
602:
600:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
582:
581:
577:
574:
572:
571:
566:
563:
560:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
517:
513:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
476:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
458:
457:
453:
449:
446:
444:
443:
439:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
419:
415:
412:
410:
409:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
371:
367:
364:
362:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
316:
312:
309:
307:
306:
302:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
265:
261:
258:
256:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
154:
150:
147:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:Cape Mesurado
122:
118:
115:
113:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
90:
87:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
62:
56:
54:
50:
47:
41:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2032:Fyfe, p 541.
2028:
2023:Fyfe, p 539.
2019:
2014:Fyfe, p 520.
2010:
2005:Fyfe, p 403.
2001:
1996:Fyfe, p 502.
1992:
1987:Fyfe, p 501.
1983:
1974:
1965:
1960:Fyfe, p 486.
1956:
1947:
1942:Fyfe, p 484.
1938:
1915:
1910:Fyfe, p 485.
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1861:Fyfe, p 483.
1857:
1852:Fyfe, p 482.
1840:Fyfe, p 481.
1822:
1813:
1808:Fyfe, p 473.
1804:
1799:Fyfe, p 462.
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1763:Fyfe, p 433.
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1709:Fyfe, p 414.
1705:
1700:Fyfe, p 409.
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1655:Fyfe, p 312.
1651:
1646:Fyfe, p 322.
1634:Fyfe, p 311.
1614:
1605:
1582:
1577:Fyfe, p 298.
1573:
1568:Fyfe, p 297.
1556:Fyfe, p 288.
1552:
1543:
1538:Fyfe, p 286.
1534:
1529:Fyfe, p 276.
1525:
1516:
1511:Fyfe, p 273.
1507:
1502:Fyfe, p 274.
1498:
1493:Fyfe, p 255.
1479:Fyfe, p 250.
1467:Fyfe, p 249.
1455:Fyfe, p 248.
1451:
1446:Fyfe, p 219.
1442:
1437:Fyfe, p 218.
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1392:Fyfe, p 157.
1388:
1379:
1374:Fyfe, p 152.
1370:
1365:Fyfe, p 148.
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1329:
1325:
1312:
1307:Fyfe, p 108.
1303:
1294:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1247:Protectorate
1244:
1241:Protectorate
1230:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1154:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1105:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1014:
995:
988:
976:
966:
952:
919:
905:
891:
864:
854:
850:
846:
840:
836:
824:
809:
803:
786:
778:
767:
750:
742:
704:
696:
682:
672:
662:
647:
635:
625:
617:
603:
585:
575:
564:
553:
539:
529:
519:
507:
496:
488:Temne people
479:
461:
447:
437:
413:
403:
397:
387:
377:
369:
365:
343:
337:
329:
323:
310:
296:
290:
282:
275:
271:
259:
233:
221:
217:
195:
166:
148:
116:
103:Bunce Island
94:
83:
75:
60:
51:
42:
17:Sierra Leone
15:
1673:Fyfe, p 403
1351:27 February
1255:Hut Tax war
1139:in 1890 at
448:1857, 1858.
388:1851, 1852.
224:(ruler) of
2042:Categories
935:Madam Yoko
878:Kortumahun
250:Cape Mount
206:, but the
153:Futa Jalon
127:, (now in
107:Cape Coast
82:-area war.
76:1803-1805.
1884:16 August
1191:impressed
896:Bandasuma
348:Rio Nunez
226:Port Loko
204:Bum river
188:islands.
174:Port Loko
119:Governor
67:Treaties
1346:20455647
1145:Kailahun
979:Captain
939:Masimera
795:Tikongoh
735:Keningbo
608:Foredugu
594:Madonika
315:Gallinas
264:Commenda
246:blockade
170:Bai Muro
157:caravans
38:treaties
21:Freetown
1772:Abraham
1261:Sources
1141:Bisandu
1005:Panguma
943:Marampa
709:Senehun
687:Mongeri
559:Sherbro
470:Kolente
422:Maligia
352:Belgian
350:summon
276:Alikali
222:Alikali
139:by the
129:Liberia
80:Sherbro
1586:P 299.
1344:
1137:Samori
1001:Nyagua
957:Gambia
910:Shenge
869:Imperi
829:Kichom
814:Mattru
793:, and
713:Shenge
656:Robaga
652:Robana
466:Kambia
356:French
301:Robump
242:Kittam
212:London
1933:Fyfe.
1342:JSTOR
1322:(PDF)
1287:Notes
1231:1896.
1221:1896,
1215:1895.
1206:1893,
1200:1894.
1186:1893,
1176:1891.
1166:1891.
1155:1891.
1124:1890.
1117:1890,
1106:1890,
1097:1889.
1087:1889.
1077:1889.
1071:1889,
1063:1889.
1057:1889.
1049:Wanje
1045:Mende
1041:1889.
1034:1889.
1025:1889.
1015:1889.
996:1889.
989:1889.
977:1888.
967:1888.
953:1888.
920:1887.
906:1887.
892:1887.
882:Bahol
874:Sahun
865:1883,
847:1883,
837:1883.
825:1882.
810:1882.
804:1882.
791:Lugbu
787:1881.
779:1880.
768:1879.
751:1876,
705:1876.
697:1875.
683:1875.
673:1875.
663:1862.
648:1862,
636:1862.
629:Quiah
626:1862.
618:1861.
604:1861.
590:Mende
586:1861.
576:1861.
565:1861.
554:1861.
540:1861.
530:1861.
520:1861.
512:Bumpe
508:1859.
501:Bulom
497:1860.
480:1859.
462:1858.
452:Bendu
438:1854.
414:1854.
404:1852.
398:1852.
378:1851.
366:1850.
344:1849.
338:1849.
330:1848.
324:1849.
311:1848.
297:1841.
291:1841.
283:1826.
272:1831.
260:1826.
234:1826.
218:1825.
196:1825.
186:Tombo
182:Tasso
178:Bunce
167:1824.
149:1821.
99:Temne
95:1809.
34:taxes
1886:2011
1353:2016
1298:Fyfe
941:and
931:Yoni
841:i.e.
770:The
711:and
654:and
640:Bama
484:Susu
370:e.g.
354:and
274:The
184:and
117:1815
27:and
1334:doi
1330:115
1032:c.
1003:of
823:c.
802:c.
661:c.
634:c.
506:c.
427:HMS
281:c.
238:Bum
210:in
135:to
2044::
1924:^
1903:^
1874:.
1845:^
1831:^
1639:^
1623:^
1591:^
1561:^
1484:^
1472:^
1460:^
1340:.
1328:.
1324:.
1007:.
857:.
853:.1
816:.
266:.
252:.
180:,
159:.
143:.
109:.
1888:.
1355:.
1336::
855:d
851:s
240:-
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