453:
344:, this made arms trafficking far easier to accomplish. The large surplus of arms left over from the Napoleonic war by Britain meant that these were cheap and readily available. British merchants both in the Caribbean and in Europe gave loans and supplies that enabled the South American revolutionaries to secure the means to carry out further campaigns. As a result, British merchants cut the monopolies held by the Spanish elite. With the increase in merchants came an influx of new ideas and new people from Europe, including academics and artisans and tradesmen. With the increase in Europeans across the entire South Americas, Britain's goal to increase trade had influenced a continent's fight for independence.
705:, was consulted on this which held the view that rebel governments could only be considered as a sovereign subject before the British courts, when their sovereignty has been recognized by the British government. For Castlereagh, this placed his government in a dilemma against public opinion, since it made Britain's neutrality impossible, either by recognizing an independence prematurely, or accusing the British of helping the insurgents. Therefore, he concluded that a new law was required, but deferred, since it was not convenient to discuss it publicly in the parliament of the United Kingdom in 1818, while the war had not been yet been decided in favour with the potential possibility of mediation.
132:
373:
24:
263:
437:
742:. In effect Canning carried on Castlereagh's legacy to more effect. He wanted to ensure the demise of Spanish colonialism and to make sure that the newly independent Latin American colonies opened to trade as well. In addition Castlereagh wanted to prevent the region coming into the French sphere of influence. In this he was most successful; he oversaw the independence of South and Central America, aiding British merchants to open new markets across the region.
579:
318:. Castlereagh referred to his lawmakers, who said that although the foreign service had been banned, the old laws did not seem applicable to unrecognised states such as in South America. The stubborn attitude of Ferdinand VII actually helped the British play their hand. He refused to consider making any concessions to the Revolutionaries which caused the British government to regard with more friendly eyes the prospect of South American Independence.
278:
the world. Consequently, the United
Kingdom rejected the requests of the revolutionary commissioners to recognize their independence but would offer military and financial support allowed under British law. The British declined any agreement with the Spanish government that would ensure the continual rule of their South American territories, partly in order to monopolise the important emerging markets of South America.
709:
around 10,000 men from the
British isles had served in South America; of these approximately 6,500 had served in the South American Armies and 3,500 in the Navies. In addition to the enlistment ban other clauses were made; provisions for the trial, detention of ships carrying recruits and armament of warships for foreign service. What's more despite the law being passed there was no intention of ever enforcing it.
622:. He arrived in Chile in 1818, the language and laws governing the vessel were determined by the nationality of its captain. When Cochrane was sent to command the Chilean fleet, he decided to remove the rest of the Chilean sailors as he distrusted them. Instead, he replaced them with British or North American officers so that the squadron was governed under British laws with only English being spoken.
421:
405:
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four years later. Both combined meant that no military force other than Spain's would be sent to South
America. This effectively blocked aid to Spain which inhibited her reconquest of the region. With the Royal Navy in command of the oceans this set the precedence - they were a decisive factor in the
282:
and soldiers. London counted on the
British public for sympathy and support for the recruitment to the patriot cause, which would help alleviate the 500,000 British, Irish, and German ex-soldiers after the fall of Napoleon. A large number of these veterans of the Napoleonic wars were thus unemployed.
758:
British influence was sufficient to prevent Spain from attempting any serious reassertion of its control over its lost colonies. Thereafter
Britain remained the most important commercial partner for all Latin American countries especially in supplying mass consumer goods such as textiles, as well as
708:
The decisive years of the 1817 and 1818 war ended favourably with patriotic governments. Finally, the law was presented in parliament on May 13, 1819, to prohibit the enlistment or commitment of individuals to serve abroad or equipment for military purposes, without the license. By this time however
700:
In the face of
Spanish diplomatic pressure, Castlereagh supported all his action based on the previous British law. This affirmed that he could only open proceedings against convicts in British courts, which prohibited service abroad, in favor of a prince, state or potentate. The prosecutors did not
483:
From 1817, recruitment for service in South
America took place in the United Kingdom. Many were veterans of the Napoleonic and colonial British wars and left their country to fight for Bolivar. The British Legions were composed of the 1st British Legion, the 2nd British Legion and the Irish Legion.
335:
After 1815 this changed dramatically; with the war in Europe over the revolutionaries were helped by arms and ammunition that were supplied to them from the United
Kingdom and its colonies. Thus began the creation and equipping of new regular patriotic armies. With Britain's complete control of the
326:
became more insistent. Castlereagh refused to deal with a royal proclamation against enlistment in
Britain, which would leave the insurgents helpless. He claimed that this prohibition was irreconcilable with British public opinion, without introducing, at the same time, mediation and free trade in
309:
however denied any illegal act whilst
Castlereagh tried to minimize the problem, assuring the Spanish that these were specific cases, without employment. At the beginning of September, many active officers requested permission to travel to South America, and the commander in chief of the army, the
281:
In 1817 a recruitment programme began in Great Britain of military personnel for service of the Revolutionary forces in South America. During the next two years, the government of London had to overcome the demands of the Spanish government for the extensive enlistment of British officers, sailors
277:
The United Kingdom had declared neutrality which was the policy of Lord Castlereagh's government. This was to keep Spain separate from the French post-Napoleonic period, which was feared would break the European balance of power whilst the British wanted to preserve their colonial interests around
218:
took the Spanish throne, which broke the state pact between France and Spain, previously installed, by the family pacts of the Bourbon kings. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, was preparing to fight the Napoleonic imperial forces in the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish fleet which had been left
152:
As a combined form of unofficial private enterprise, the British were able to use their merchants in the hope of cutting the Spanish monopoly. Arms, supplies, loans, ships, and hired sailors and soldiers were then sent to support the revolutionaries. Spanish aid was eventually cut off from their
604:
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the British Royal Navy had a huge number of warships â approximately 713. With the needs of a European post-war economy the United Kingdom was forced to demobilize most of these ships, with 134 ships remaining by 1820. The rest were sold to individuals, and
754:
By this stage Britain by now for several years had walked her tightrope very successfully; she had kept the Spanish as an ally for European affairs. At the same time British intervention between 1815 and 1819, was one of the key factors for the independence of South American states. Especially
289:
taken from the United Kingdom and its colonies to fight against Spain's own colonies in South America. Before 1817 a few British combatants had participated in early phases of the struggle in different parts of South America, in mostly isolated - but still relevant - actions such as the
226:
A weakened Spain distracted and virtually cut off from her colonies, meant that insurrections there would flare up. Thus, while the South American revolutionaries had rejected French commissioners, and their adhesion to Napoleonic Spain, the British improved their own colonial interests.
165:
The process of Spanish-American independence developed in a context of international rivalry of colonial powers that involved Spain, the United States, France and the United Kingdom. The Spanish government recognised the United Kingdom as the main adversary state in the dispute of
779:"Great Britain lent to the liberty of Spanish America not only the support of its diplomacy, represented by Canning, but also an appreciable contingent of blood and it may be asserted that there was no battlefield in the War of Independence in which British blood was not shed".
605:
companies with about 250 warships available to the insurgent governments, carrying the most modern weapons of the time. In addition, many British sailors and captains also went into the service of those ships to South America. One of those ships and captains was
713:
526:
Thomas Ildeston Farriar, at the head of the British rifles, contributed decisively to the patriot triumph. Bolivar described the Legions and all who served in them as "the saviours of my country". As a reward for their service, they were given the
177:
in South America which were still part of Spain. The first invasion had several contingents, totaling about 1,700 soldiers. This was followed up with a second of up to 14,000 men, twenty warships and ninety transports. They initially occupied
750:
In November 1825 the first minister from a Latin American state, Colombia, was officially received in London. By 1826 it was recognised that Britain was the determining factor in the relations of Latin America to the rest of the world.
554:
in Peru, which marked the end of the Spanish rule in South America. The British Legions fought until the end of the wars, their number much depleted. Nonetheless, for a long time they were largely forgotten to history.
314:, raised his doubts about the convenience of allowing those officers to proceed with the embarkation. Castlereagh, imposed the distinction between "prohibit" and "not grant permission", in the contrary opinion of
321:
During September, the recruitment was already well-known and public, and newspapers gave details of troops and war material in ships destined towards South America. The protests of the Spanish ambassador,
186:
but were defeated by the Spanish colonial militias. As these victories were gained with minimal help from Spain, they provided a catalyst for the growth of discontent with Spanish rule in the River Plate.
720:
San Carlos communicated to Madrid that he believed that formality and appearance were maintained only to gain time. Castlereagh's greatest achievement was to settle a deal with the European powers at the
627:
The navy list in 1818 -the year that Cochrane arrived in Chile- was dominated by British names, and in 1820 the majority of the fifty officers, and 1,600 sailors in the new Chilean Navy were from Britain.
140:
Britain's role in the Spanish American Wars of Independence combines the military, political and diplomatic routes adopted by them, as well as its merchants and private citizens during the course of the
617:
warship by the Royal Navy. This ship, hired by the revolutionary government of Chile for the naval campaigns of independence, had on board the most famous Royal Naval sailor of the time â Scotsman Lord
1724:
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had a few sea worthy going ships. These remaining ships together with a controversial purchase of Russian ships, would be the only naval link with the overseas colonies in that period.
192:
811:
Baeza Ruz, Andrés (2017). "Imperio, Estado y Nación en las relaciones entre chilenos y britånicos durante el proceso de independencia hispanoamericano, 1806-1831", pages 71 and 72.
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important was the rearming of the revolutionary armies, the role of the British Legions in Bolivar's campaigns, and the role of Lord Cochrane's squadron in Chile's naval campaign.
1719:
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Britain and the Independence of Latin America, 1812-1830, Volume 1 Britain and the Independence of Latin America, 1812-1830, Ibero-American Institute of Great Britain
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Correspondence with Latin America Volume 1 of Britain and the Independence of Latin America, 1812-1830: Select Documents from the Foreign Office Archives
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on 4 February 1820. The seizure effectively ended the last vestiges of Spanish power in mainland Chile. A vast haul of military plunder was taken.
619:
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77:
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McFarlane, Anthony (2016). "Relaciones internacionales y guerras coloniales: El contexto internacional de las independencias americanas".
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848:
Paquette, Gabriel (2004). "The intellectual context of British diplomatic recognition of the South American republics, C. 1800â1830".
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636:, Cochrane and his fleet blockaded and raided the coasts of Chile, as he had done so successfully with those of France and Spain.
149:. British support for the Spanish American revolutionaries was essentially a covert role with both private and state involvement.
157:
in command of the oceans. All these factors combined were decisive in the struggle for independence of South American republics.
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In August 1822, Castlereagh committed suicide. Canning succeeded him as both Foreign Secretary in his second term of office and
285:
However, the international obligations of a declared policy of neutrality, were inconsistent with the large number of British
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believe that the Revolutionaries fitted any of those categories, since they were not recognized states. The Lord Chancellor,
145:. Britain wanted to see an end to Spanish colonialism in the Americas but at the same time wanted to keep her as an ally in
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British Policy and the Independence of Latin America Volume 52 of Yale Historical Publications Yale historical publications
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This violation of neutrality was protested by the Spanish commissioners led by Joaquin Campuzano in July of that year. The
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775:. It celebrated the centenary of the South American movement to Independence, and during the event it was declared that:
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Cochrane then attempted to find other Spanish ships and after a pursuit of five months, he blockaded them in the port of
1459:
War, Demobilization and Memory: The Legacy of War in the Era of Atlantic Revolutions War, Culture and Society, 1750-1850
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began in April 1817. The circumstances were very favourable. With the help of Venezuelan agents and adventurers such as
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battle honour, and all its personnel rewarded with the Liberators' Star by BolĂvar himself, 20 days after the battle.
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and Rifles, regiments of cavalry like the Hussars, although their members also fought in other South American units.
1061:
Britain and the Independence of Latin America, 1812-1830: Select Documents from the Foreign Office Archives, Volume 1
563:
1700:
Waddell, D. A. G. (1987). "British Neutrality and SpanishâAmerican Independence: The Problem of Foreign Enlistment".
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Waddell, D. A. G (1987). "British Neutrality and Spanish-American Independence: The Problem of Foreign Enlistment".
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546:. They also took part of the last major campaign of the Independence wars in 1824, culminating in the battles of
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Battle of BoyacĂĄ, 1819 - the British Legion played a crucial part in Bolivar's victory over Spanish forces.
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The British Legions were to become an important part of BolĂvar's army. They played a pivotal role in the
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23:
687:. They surrendered to the authorities of the port, after which he left Chilean service in November 1822.
522:â one of the rare occasions during the war when this decoration was bestowed onto an entire unit. At the
170:. The result of the European Napoleonic wars led to great changes between the alliances of these powers.
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Other British and Irish soldiers joined the ranks of Bolivar's forces. Two most notable officers were
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Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: SimĂłn BolĂvar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations
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In 1926 the Pan-American Centennial Conference (also known as the Congress of Bolivar) took place in
1501:
Heredia, Edmundo (1972). "Los intereses britånicos y los intentos de reconquista de Hispanoamérica".
650:, Cochrane blockaded the coast of Peru in support of the campaign for independence. He conveyed the
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A History of the British Presence in Chile. William Edmunson. 2009, published by Palgrave Macmillan
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With independence for Columbia and Venezuela secure, the Legions took part in the march across the
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Flores, Marcello (2016). Paulussen, Christophe; Capone, Francesca; De Guttry, Andrea (eds.).
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With Cochrane the Dauntless: A Tale of the Exploits of Lord Cochrane in South American Waters
1202:
Laughton, Leonard George Carr; Anderson, Charles Roger; Perrin, William Gordon, eds. (2008).
893:"Los intereses britånicos y los intentos de reconquista de Hispanoamérica Documento - ACUEDI"
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Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the Wars of Independence of Latin America
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The Liberal Awakening, 1815-1830 Volume 2 of Histoire du peuple anglais au XIXe siĂšcle
195:(1807â09) became deeply involved in the affairs of Spain, Portugal and Latin America.
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Blaufarb, Rafe (2016). Forrest, Alan; Hagemann, Karen; Rowe, Michael (eds.).
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302:, British officers and sergeants were recruited forming their own regiments.
250:. The following year, the separation of the River Plate was assured once the
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562:, whose cavalry led the decisive charge at the Battle of Junin in 1824 and
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on July 25, 1819. Bolivar credited them with the victory at the subsequent
1508:
Conquer or Die!: Wellington's Veterans and the Liberation of the New World
1331:
Albion, Robert G (2011). "British Shipping and Latin America, 1806â1914".
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for the English, or in the case of the Irish Legion a green flag with the
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the most powerful Spanish ship in South America within the port of
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The diplomatic conflict took another step after the restoration of
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294:. Nevertheless, the systematic recruitment of forces to fight for
1565:
Britain and the Americas: E - P, Volume 2 Transatlantic Relations
856:(1). Routledge for the Transatlantic Studies Association: 75â95.
516:"those soldier-liberators are the men who deserve these laurels"
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206:. This reconfigured the alliances between the European powers.
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struggle for independence of certain Latin American countries.
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and Ferdinand VII, ignoring all the joint effort between the
1064:. Ibero-American institute of Great Britain. pp. 75â78.
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The units of the Legion used their own banners, such as the
1563:
Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl, eds. (2005).
1077:"British diplomacy and the independence of South America"
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colonies with the clever use of diplomacy, and with the
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which was liberated the following year. On 5 November,
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from ValparaĂso and disembarked 100 miles southeast of
17:
British intervention in Spanish American independence
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829:
1725:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
1662:Slatta, Richard W; Grummond, Jane Lucas De (2003).
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Foreign Fighters under International Law and Beyond
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1179:Americana: the Americas in the world around 1850
336:seas and her colonies in the Caribbean, notably
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8:
1214:. London: Society for Nautical Research: 358
1153:Britain and Latin America, Volume 9, Issue 3
632:Working in coordination with Chilean leader
542:in May 1822, which secured independence for
109:. Sales of warships, weapons and ammunition.
16:
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1156:. H.M. Stationery Office. 1968. p. 9.
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916:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
54:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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1010:Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History
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1339:(4). Cambridge University Press: 361â74.
1013:. Johns Hopkins Press. 1972. p. 60.
173:Between 1806 and 1807 the United Kingdom
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639:Cochrane's greatest achievement was the
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1720:SpainâUnited Kingdom military relations
1427:Webster, Charles Kingsley, ed. (1970).
955:(1). Cambridge University Press: 1â18.
843:
841:
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596:Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
484:They formed the battalions of infantry
202:'s army entered Spain which led to the
1582:Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith (2012).
1398:. Oxford University Press. p. 74.
1392:Webster, Sir Charles Kingsley (1938).
1114:. Yale University Press. p. 124.
909:
1715:Spanish American wars of independence
566:, who later became chief of staff to
143:Spanish American wars of independence
78:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
759:offering a market that was free of
327:Britain with the Spanish colonies.
1666:. Texas A&M University Press.
1639:Rodriguez, Moises Enrique (2006).
1450:TEMPUS Revista en Historia General
1058:Webster, Charles Kingsley (1938).
101:Soldiers and sailors recruited in
14:
1452:(in Spanish). MedellĂn, Colombia.
949:Journal of Latin American Studies
1586:(9 ed.). Cengage Learning.
850:Journal of Transatlantic Studies
641:capture of the forts of Valdivia
465:Terrestrial War in South America
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1664:SimĂłn BolĂvar's Quest for Glory
128:Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819
1683:Cochrane: Britannia's Sea Wolf
998:Slatta & De Grummon p. 178
790:Decolonization of the Americas
740:Leader of the House of Commons
696:Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819
246:and the United Kingdom in the
1:
835:Kaufamn & Macpherson p 35
538:South and next fought at the
1544:Kaufmann, William W (1967).
646:Under the orders of General
1433:. Octagon Book. p. 79.
1367:"SATURDAY NOVEMBER 12 1825"
1333:Journal of Economic History
723:Congress of Aix-La-Chapelle
592:First Chilean Navy Squadron
582:Statue of Lord Cochrane in
574:Chile and the Pacific Ocean
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1584:A History of Latin America
1484:Liverpool University Press
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514:on August 7, 1819, saying
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244:Spanish liberal government
1605:. Yale University Press.
1345:10.1017/S0022050700085107
961:10.1017/S0022216X00017119
862:10.1080/14794010408656808
600:Chilean independence debt
21:
1311:. Benn. pp. 126â27.
1177:James Dunkerley (2000).
1036:Keen & Haynes p. 173
564:Francis Burdett O'Connor
349:Arms Traffic 1815 - 1825
198:On May 2, 1808, however
193:Foreign Office secretary
1681:Thomas, Donald (2012).
1476:Brown, Matthew (2006).
1373:. T. Neuman: 2069. 1825
292:Battle of MartĂn GarcĂa
273:Violation of neutrality
175:invaded the River Plate
1181:. Verso. p. 461.
781:
717:
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520:Order of the Liberator
518:and awarded with the â
508:Battle of Vargas Swamp
480:
269:
147:post-Napoleonic Europe
1620:Miller, Rory (2014).
1603:Simon Bolivar: A Life
1305:Halévy, Elie (1949).
1112:SimĂłn BolĂvar: A Life
1081:History of government
715:
581:
568:Antonio José de Sucre
503:, symbol of Ireland.
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1601:Lynch, John (2008).
1548:. Psychology Press.
1506:Hughes, Ben (2010).
1260:. Blackie. pp.
1208:The Mariner's Mirror
1140:. 1953. p. 394.
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662:the Spanish frigate
1110:John Lynch (2007).
823:Blaufarb pp 100-114
540:Battle of Pichincha
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221:Battle of Trafalgar
219:crippled after the
18:
1647:. Hamilton Books.
1371:The London Gazette
1137:Studies, Volume 42
727:Congress of Verona
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648:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
634:Bernardo O'Higgins
613:, classified as a
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524:Battle of Carabobo
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347:
324:Duke of San Carlos
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252:fall of Montevideo
236:Treaty of Valençay
208:King Ferdinand VII
200:Napoleon Bonaparte
32:who fought at the
1188:978-1-85984-753-4
1121:978-0-300-12604-4
1075:Mitchell, Keith.
763:after the 1840s.
660:Cochrane captured
611:Rosa de los Andes
609:, commanding the
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234:in 1813 with the
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36:on August 7, 1819
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267:Lord Castlereagh
258:Military support
216:Joseph Bonaparte
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125:End of the event
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1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:Rodriguez p.685
1320:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:Rodriguez p.443
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1122:
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1104:
1099:
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1074:
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1069:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
989:Flores pp 31-32
988:
984:
946:
945:
934:
929:
925:
908:
902:
900:
890:
889:
885:
847:
846:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
786:
769:
748:
736:
698:
693:
652:Liberation Army
620:Thomas Cochrane
602:
576:
473:
471:British Legions
467:
450:
434:
418:
402:
386:
370:
333:
275:
260:
168:Spanish America
163:
129:
68:Interventionism
37:
30:British Legions
12:
11:
5:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
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1636:
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1517:978-1849081832
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1498:
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1473:
1467:
1454:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1419:
1410:
1408:Kaufmann p.213
1401:
1384:
1358:
1323:
1314:
1297:
1295:Miller pp 36-7
1285:
1283:Kaufmann p.121
1276:
1267:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1194:
1187:
1169:
1162:
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1120:
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897:www.acuedi.org
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744:
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734:Canning's Role
732:
716:George Canning
697:
694:
692:
689:
575:
572:
560:William Miller
469:Main article:
466:
463:
460:
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428:
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396:
395:
392:
380:
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376:
364:
363:
358:
356:Type of weapon
332:
329:
316:George Canning
307:Foreign Office
274:
271:
259:
256:
254:was achieved.
248:Peninsular War
204:Peninsular War
189:George Canning
162:
159:
136:
135:
126:
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111:
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103:United Kingdom
99:
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58:Spanish Empire
51:
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27:
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1631:9781317870289
1627:
1624:. Routledge.
1623:
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1612:9780300137705
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1604:
1599:
1595:
1593:9781133709329
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1020:9780374968212
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943:
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844:
842:
838:
832:
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826:
820:
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802:
795:
791:
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787:
783:
780:
776:
774:
766:
764:
762:
761:import duties
756:
752:
745:
743:
741:
731:
728:
724:
714:
710:
706:
704:
703:Earl of Eldon
695:
690:
688:
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675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
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623:
621:
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608:
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493:
491:
487:
477:
472:
464:
457:
454:
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445:
441:
438:
433:
430:
429:
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422:
417:
414:
413:
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401:
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393:
390:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
369:
366:
365:
362:
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353:
350:
345:
343:
339:
330:
328:
325:
319:
317:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
296:SimĂłn BolĂvar
293:
288:
283:
279:
272:
268:
264:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:Ferdinand VII
228:
224:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
185:
181:
176:
171:
169:
160:
158:
156:
150:
148:
144:
133:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
31:
25:
20:
1682:
1663:
1642:
1621:
1602:
1583:
1567:. ABC-CLIO.
1564:
1545:
1529:. Springer.
1526:
1507:
1478:
1461:. Springer.
1458:
1449:
1442:Bibliography
1429:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1394:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1307:
1300:
1279:
1270:
1256:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1211:
1207:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1086:20 September
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1070:
1060:
1041:
1009:
1003:
994:
985:
952:
948:
930:Miller p. 27
926:
901:. Retrieved
899:. p. 68
896:
886:
853:
849:
778:
770:
757:
753:
749:
737:
719:
707:
699:
682:
678:Chilean Navy
673:
663:
645:
638:
631:
626:
625:
610:
603:
557:
533:
528:
515:
505:
494:
489:
485:
482:
442:10,254 tons
416:musket balls
360:
355:
348:
334:
320:
312:Duke of York
304:
284:
280:
276:
229:
225:
197:
180:Buenos Aires
172:
164:
151:
139:
114:Participants
92:Mercantilism
1252:Henty, G. A
1100:Brown p.116
773:Panama City
432:Cannonballs
426:4,508 tons
410:35,617,864
88:Colonialism
1709:Categories
1510:. Osprey.
903:2018-08-20
615:sixth rate
590:See also:
584:Valparaiso
497:Union Flag
331:Arms trade
287:combatants
238:, between
210:stayed in
184:Montevideo
182:and later
161:Background
155:Royal Navy
120:volunteers
107:insurgency
1685:. Orion.
1377:3 October
1353:154878405
1218:3 October
1204:"Reviews"
977:154842346
878:144061407
870:1479-4012
746:Aftermath
691:Diplomacy
685:Guayaquil
665:Esmeralda
400:Gunflints
45:1815â1819
1254:(1897).
912:cite web
784:See also
725:and the
676:for the
674:Valdivia
552:Ayacucho
529:Carabobo
501:clĂ rsach
490:Carabobo
458:209,864
394:100,637
378:704,104
361:Quantity
342:Trinidad
240:Napoleon
50:Location
586:, Chile
544:Ecuador
384:Pistols
368:Muskets
338:Jamaica
212:Bayonne
118:British
1689:
1670:
1651:
1628:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1552:
1533:
1514:
1490:
1465:
1351:
1185:
1160:
1118:
1017:
975:
969:156899
967:
876:
868:
767:Legacy
670:Callao
598:; and
486:Albion
448:Sabres
98:Target
84:Motive
1349:S2CID
973:S2CID
965:JSTOR
874:S2CID
796:Notes
548:JunĂn
536:Andes
74:Cause
1687:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1379:2018
1264:â55.
1220:2018
1183:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1088:2019
1015:ISBN
918:link
866:ISSN
656:Lima
550:and
340:and
214:and
105:for
90:and
64:Type
42:Date
1341:doi
1262:253
957:doi
858:doi
191:as
1711::
1486:.
1482:.
1369:.
1347:.
1337:11
1335:.
1288:^
1212:94
1210:.
1206:.
1079:.
1050:^
1029:^
971:.
963:.
953:19
951:.
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910:{{
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872:.
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1676:.
1657:.
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1520:.
1496:.
1471:.
1381:.
1355:.
1343::
1222:.
1191:.
1166:.
1124:.
1090:.
1023:.
979:.
959::
920:)
906:.
880:.
860::
854:2
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