3593:, p. 6. "Six of the seven individuals sampled here are clearly indigenous Britons in their genomic signal. When considered together, they are similar to the earlier Iron-Age sample, whilst the modern group with which they show closest affinity are Welsh. These six are also fixed for the Y-chromosome haplotype R1b-L51, which shows a cline in modern Britain, again with maximal frequencies among western populations. Interestingly, these people do not differ significantly from modern inhabitants of the same region (Yorkshire and Humberside) suggesting major genetic change in Eastern Britain within the last millennium and a half. That this could have been, in part, due to population influx associated with the Anglo-Saxon migrations is suggested by the different genetic signal of the later Anglo-Saxon genome."
407:
392:
722:
6007:
1255:
838:
1328:
traders, intermarriage, and small-scale movements of family groups". The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into
Britain". There was much less migration into Britain during the subsequent Iron Age, so it is more likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. Barry Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already being spoken in Britain and that the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.
1682:
1228:
1251:, was late arriving in Britain, but after 300 BC the Ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent. There are significant differences in artistic styles, and the greatest period of what is known as the "Insular La Tène" style, surviving mostly in metalwork, was in the century or so before the Roman conquest, and perhaps the decades after it.
1377:
4257:
1427:
36:
1646:, was largely destroyed in 656 AD, with only its westernmost parts in modern Wales remaining under the control of the Britons, and it is likely that Cynwidion, which had stretched from modern Bedfordshire to Northamptonshire, fell in the same general period as Pengwern, though a sub-kingdom of Calchwynedd may have clung on in the Chilterns for a time.
1626:), had fallen by 605 AD becoming Anglo-Saxon Bernicia. Caer Celemion (in modern Hampshire and Berkshire) had fallen by 610 AD. Elmet, a large kingdom that covered much of modern Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire and likely had its capital at modern Leeds, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in 627 AD.
1387:
In 43 AD, the Roman Empire invaded
Britain. The British tribes opposed the Roman legions for many decades, but by 84 AD the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into Brittonic areas of what would later become northern England and southern Scotland. During the same period,
2090:
However, by the early 1100s, the Anglo-Saxons and Gaels had become the dominant cultural force in most of the formerly
Brittonic ruled territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons was thereafter gradually replaced in those regions, remaining only in Wales, Cornwall, the
1341:
in approximately 890, starts with this sentence: "The island
Britain is 800 miles long and 200 miles broad. And there are in the island five nations; English, Welsh (or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain
1327:
people in this area, but not in northern
Britain. The "evidence suggests that rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between mainland Britain and Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of
2919:
While there have been attempts in the past to align the
Pictish language with non-Celtic language, the current academic view is that it was Brittonic. See: Forsyth (1997) p. 37: "he only acceptable conclusion is that, from the time of our earliest historical sources, there was only one language
1412:, whilst the Brittonic-Pictish Britons north of the wall probably remained fully independent and unconquered. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 410, although parts of Britain had already effectively shrugged off Roman rule decades earlier.
2147:, once close to extinction, has experienced a revival since the 20th century. The vast majority of place names and names of geographical features in Wales, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and Brittany are Brittonic, and Brittonic family and personal names remain common.
824:
is now generally accepted to descend from Common
Brittonic, rather than being a separate Celtic language. Welsh and Breton survive today; Cumbric and Pictish became extinct in the 12th century. Cornish had become extinct by the 19th century but has been the subject of
1283:
There are competing hypotheses for when Celtic peoples, and the Celtic languages, first arrived in
Britain, none of which have gained consensus. The traditional view during most of the twentieth century was that Celtic culture grew out of the central European
2012:) until the mid 11th century AD when Cornwall was effectively annexed by the English, with the Isles of Scilly following a few years later, although at times Cornish lords appear to have retained sporadic control into the early part of the 12th century AD.
2165:
In addition, a
Brittonic legacy remains in England, Scotland and Galicia in Spain, in the form of often large numbers of Brittonic place and geographical names. Examples of geographical Brittonic names survive in the names of rivers, such as the
2445:, suggesting genetic continuity between Iron Age Britain and Roman Britain, and partial genetic continuity between Roman Britain and modern Britain. On the other hand, they were genetically substantially different from the examined
334:-speaking tribes from Ireland. The extent to which this cultural change was accompanied by wholesale population changes is still debated. During this time, Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established significant colonies in
1408:, which ran between the Forth–Clyde isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after only twenty years. Although the native Britons south of Hadrian's Wall mostly kept their land, they were subject to the
5458:
1526:
The kingdom of Ceint (modern Kent) fell in 456 AD. Linnuis (which stood astride modern
Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire) was subsumed as early as 500 AD and became the English Kingdom of Lindsey.
1940:(the 'Old North') which endured until the end of the 11th century, successfully resisting Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and later also Viking attacks. At its peak it encompassed modern Strathclyde,
3450:
Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.
788:
that developed in the British Isles after arriving from the continent in the 7th century BC. The language eventually began to diverge; some linguists have grouped subsequent developments as
460:
between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the following centuries make frequent reference to them. The ancient Greeks called the people of Britain the
1304:
cultural zone before it spread eastward. Alternatively, Patrick Sims-Williams criticizes both of these hypotheses to propose 'Celtic from the Centre', which suggests Celtic originated in
1984:. Thus the Kingdom of Strathclyde became the last of the Brittonic kingdoms of the 'old north' to fall in the 1090s when it was effectively divided between England and Scotland.
2135:
Wales, Cornwall, Brittany and the Isles of Scilly continued to retain a distinct Brittonic culture, identity and language, which they have maintained to the present day. The
1580:
fell to the Anglo-Saxons in 559 AD and Deira became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom after this point. Caer Went had officially disappeared by 575 AD becoming the Anglo-Saxon
1789:) was partly conquered during the mid 9th century AD, with most of modern Devonshire being annexed by the Anglo-Saxons, but leaving Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly (
740:. Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain (in modern terms, England, Wales, and Scotland). According to early medieval historical tradition, such as
3094:
2433:. The indigenous Britons of Roman Britain were genetically closely related to the earlier Iron Age female Briton, and displayed close genetic links to modern
2059:). These Brittonic-Welsh kingdoms initially included territories further east than the modern borders of Wales; for example, Powys included parts of modern
406:
4217:
1503:
Many of the old Brittonic kingdoms began to disappear in the centuries after the Anglo-Saxon and Scottish Gaelic invasions; Parts of the regions of modern
1319:, over a 500-year period from 1,300 BC to 800 BC. The migrants were "genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France" and had higher levels of
3036:
Celtic from the West Chapter 2: The Celts from everywhere and nowhere: a re-evaluation of the origins of the Celts and the emergence of Celtic cultures
5943:
3915:
3886:
903:
The following is a list of the major Brittonic tribes, in both the Latin and Brittonic languages, as well as their capitals during the Roman period.
135:
5963:
5953:
1618:, fell from Brittonic hands by 600 AD, and Bryneich, which existed in modern Northumbria and County Durham with its capital of Din Guardi (modern
1396:
had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island. 122 AD, the Romans fortified the northern border with
5983:
5968:
5958:
2105:) had certainly been largely absorbed by England by the 1050s to early 1100s, although it retained a distinct Brittonic culture and language.
1323:
ancestry. From 1000 to 875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, making up around half the ancestry of subsequent
5973:
4362:
3506:
3070:
3043:
2808:
2015:
Wales remained free from Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and Viking control, and was divided among varying Brittonic kingdoms, the foremost being
2512:
852:
411:
5978:
326:
of eastern and southern Britain began. The culture and language of the Britons fragmented, and much of their territory gradually became
6048:
6033:
3468:
2487:
5441:
5254:
3706:
3438:
3236:
3010:
2765:
2735:
2454:
1431:
1421:
619:
323:
142:
119:
2986:
2125:
2970:
2390:
793:
288:
2405:. Six of these individuals were identified as native Britons. The six examined native Britons all carried types of the paternal
3848:
2374:
populations. Though sharing a common Northwestern European origin, the Iron Age individuals were markedly different from later
588:
53:
3782:
2660:
2578:
100:
57:
72:
5424:
1288:, from which the Celts and their languages reached Britain in the second half of the first millennium BC. More recently,
5697:
2522:
319:
3816:
1296:
have challenged that with their 'Celtic from the West' theory, which has the Celtic languages developing as a maritime
4897:
4162:
2796:
2203:
789:
726:
79:
1750:, endured until approximately 775 AD before being divided by fellow Brittonic Picts, Gaelic Scots and Anglo-Saxons.
252:
writers and dates to the Iron Age. Ancient Britain was made up of many tribes and kingdoms, associated with various
5468:
5343:
4948:
4917:
4302:
2191:
1710:) survived well into the 8th century AD, before the eastern part peacefully joined with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
1445:
began a migration to the south-eastern coast of Britain, where they began to establish their own kingdoms, and the
1409:
273:
46:
6038:
5429:
5264:
5229:
4892:
2893:
1604:
to the invaders, while the westernmost part remained in Brittonic hands, and continued to exist in modern Wales.
883:
808:
or "Old North" of Britain (modern northern England and southern Scotland), while the Southwestern dialect became
607:
280:
184:
391:
86:
6043:
5769:
5203:
5179:
4505:
3320:
John E. Pattison. "Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England?"
1477:
1381:
733:
721:
678:
2222:. Many place names in England and Scotland are of Brittonic rather than Anglo-Saxon or Gaelic origin, such as
1254:
2346:
Schiffels et al. (2016) examined the remains of three Iron Age Britons buried ca. 100 BC. A female buried in
311:, who lived outside of the empire in northern Britain, however, most scholars today accept the fact that the
6028:
6006:
5480:
5128:
4674:
4393:
4212:
4102:
2958:
2898:
826:
474:
257:
68:
5948:
5867:
5830:
4902:
4192:
4187:
2848:
2582:
2537:
2347:
2271:
1816:
attack in the early 9th century AD, and by the end of that century had been conquered by Viking invaders.
1661:
1581:
1320:
1040:
994:
946:
300:
3811:
1652:, which occupied Galloway and Carrick, was soon subsumed by fellow Brittonic-Pictish polities by 700 AD.
5714:
5529:
5274:
5174:
4545:
4388:
4367:
3731:
3638:
2542:
2036:
1961:
1333:
1080:
785:
5857:
5729:
5463:
5113:
4510:
4433:
4242:
4167:
3744:
3651:
3189:
3136:
2727:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2394:
2367:
2363:
2351:
2087:, but had largely been confined to the borders of modern Wales by the beginning of the 12th century.
2052:
1828:
1552:
arrived on the northwest coast of Britain from Ireland, dispossessed the native Britons, and founded
1142:
982:
253:
2116:
Wales and Brittany remained independent for a considerable time, however, with Brittany united with
5744:
5613:
5543:
5524:
5503:
5436:
5259:
5143:
5133:
4953:
4938:
4933:
4887:
4862:
4535:
4428:
4413:
4227:
4046:
3841:
3358:
3062:
Celtic from the West 3 : Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages : questions of shared language
2321:
1301:
1052:
989:
710:
602:
434:
424:
242:
151:
350:, Spain). By the 11th century, Brittonic-speaking populations had split into distinct groups: the
5910:
5641:
5534:
5498:
5419:
5374:
5269:
5095:
4986:
4943:
4872:
4679:
4454:
4222:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4107:
3964:
3920:
3240:
3149:
3088:
2818:
2359:
2016:
1520:
1512:
1438:
1316:
887:
813:
666:
171:
2333:
1589:
1541:
837:
548:. Linguist Kim McCone suggests the name became restricted to inhabitants of the far north after
544:), which is usually explained as meaning "painted people". The Old Welsh name for the Picts was
1900:
5774:
5749:
5739:
5475:
5448:
5329:
5184:
5169:
5164:
5123:
5118:
5023:
4912:
4867:
4857:
4849:
4520:
4474:
4464:
4310:
4137:
4117:
4076:
3770:
3702:
3689:
3677:
3502:
3434:
3215:
3141:
3076:
3066:
3039:
3016:
3006:
2966:
2944:
2804:
2761:
2731:
2656:
2406:
2329:
2255:
2239:
1485:
1397:
1371:
1285:
1183:
934:
922:
615:
437:
in the ancient and medieval periods, "from the first evidence of such speech in the pre-Roman
296:
249:
207:
134:
2962:
2952:
2906:
5803:
5764:
5719:
5706:
5626:
5605:
5508:
5453:
5138:
4958:
4877:
4689:
4469:
4408:
4298:
4177:
4172:
4142:
4112:
4066:
4028:
3894:
3760:
3752:
3667:
3659:
3395:
Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 515–516.
3325:
3205:
3197:
3131:
3121:
2371:
2325:
2263:
2144:
2048:
2028:
1747:
1707:
1681:
1585:
1572:(Deira) which encompassed modern-day Teesside, Wearside, Tyneside, Humberside, Lindisfarne (
1481:
1458:
1401:
1392:
tribes from the Gallic-Germanic borderlands settled in southern Britain. Caesar asserts the
1363:
1338:
1324:
1308:
and spread during the first millennium BC, reaching Britain towards the end of this period.
1270:, a trumpet with an animal-headed bell, was used by Celtic Britons during war and ceremony.
1244:
1232:
1227:
1064:
875:
809:
801:
760:
737:
706:
442:
438:
381:
312:
238:
222:
218:
161:
93:
5846:
5784:
5724:
5687:
5659:
5621:
5586:
5566:
5349:
5339:
5324:
5211:
5018:
4882:
4645:
4500:
4459:
4449:
4293:
4232:
4152:
4147:
4132:
4127:
4040:
3740:
3647:
3262:
2940:
2830:
2547:
2287:
2140:
2110:
2084:
2009:
1969:
1965:
1915:
1872:
1860:
1802:
1754:
1653:
1597:
1473:
1469:
1450:
1446:
1312:
817:
752:
686:
469:
400:
385:
347:
339:
3748:
3655:
3383:
3342:"Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a Response to Thomas et al. (2008)"
3193:
1376:
372:
in northern Scotland. Common Brittonic developed into the distinct Brittonic languages:
5885:
5875:
5851:
5798:
5754:
5669:
5649:
5631:
5576:
5571:
5539:
5384:
5364:
5189:
5090:
5069:
5064:
4701:
4635:
4630:
4619:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4403:
4398:
4357:
4284:
4270:
4182:
4157:
4122:
4081:
4071:
4007:
3994:
3878:
3870:
3861:
3834:
3765:
3726:
3693:
3672:
3633:
3341:
3210:
3177:
2527:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2450:
2136:
2076:
1981:
1941:
1880:
1824:
1715:
1699:
1643:
1454:
1293:
1125:
1117:
1092:
1028:
864:
860:
756:
743:
694:
682:
655:
643:
453:
430:
373:
355:
230:
191:
2707:
2685:
6022:
5682:
5654:
5561:
5553:
5295:
5247:
5033:
4981:
4710:
4650:
4640:
4540:
4515:
4306:
3727:"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history"
3153:
2948:
2755:
2557:
2532:
2477:
2438:
2402:
2215:
2072:
1949:
1840:
1820:
1790:
1739:
1703:
1686:
1676:
1639:
1631:
1615:
1577:
1508:
1405:
1367:
1297:
1167:
856:
716:
515:
457:
359:
304:
284:
214:
138:
2929:
Forsyth 2006, p. 1447; Forsyth 1997; Fraser 2009, pp. 52–53; Woolf 2007, pp. 322–340
17:
6000:
5793:
5581:
5105:
5059:
4998:
4907:
4684:
4662:
4655:
4097:
4022:
4012:
3944:
3788:
2633:
2552:
2442:
2383:
2375:
2341:
1786:
1607:
1442:
1289:
1208:
1104:
1007:
965:
879:
690:
647:
623:
553:
351:
327:
307:
coexisted with Brittonic. It is unclear what relationship the Britons had with the
277:
226:
4289:
2887:
2784:
2389:
Martiano et al. (2016) examined the remains of a female Iron Age Briton buried at
1907:), had also all fallen by the beginning of the 11th century AD or shortly after.
536:. This likely means "people of the forms", and could be linked to the Latin name
368:("Old North") in southern Scotland and northern England, and the remnants of the
5915:
5900:
5301:
5220:
5028:
5013:
5003:
4976:
4802:
4755:
4667:
4570:
4418:
4341:
4256:
4035:
3939:
3634:"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons"
3290:
2446:
2299:
2219:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2171:
1953:
1933:
1911:
1856:
1735:
1719:
1623:
1504:
1426:
1235:, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène
1196:
1191:
1154:
977:
292:
264:. Some of the southern tribes had strong links with mainland Europe, especially
35:
3201:
2393:
between 210 BC and 40 AD. She was found to be carrying the maternal haplogroup
1797:), still in the hands of the Britons, where they became the Brittonic state of
141:
and adjacent islands in the 5th century AD, before the invasion and subsequent
5838:
5826:
5279:
5243:
5043:
5008:
4968:
4560:
4327:
4318:
3431:
The Norman Conquest of the North: the Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135
3126:
3109:
2283:
2279:
2227:
2179:
2068:
2060:
2032:
1937:
1896:
1876:
1852:
1848:
1782:
1762:
1635:
1593:
1545:
1248:
1236:
1222:
1178:
1076:
1071:
1011:
970:
958:
805:
364:
3145:
3080:
763:
in the early period, and is still used today. Thus, the area today is called
5238:
4350:
3020:
2862:"brythonic | Origin and meaning of Brythonic by Online Etymology Dictionary"
2861:
2843:
McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in
2721:
2267:
2243:
2235:
2187:
2183:
2155:
2151:
2056:
2040:
1892:
1758:
1731:
1727:
1601:
1553:
1537:
1493:
1171:
1112:
1019:
929:
917:
777:
651:
584:
557:
530:
523:
4550:
3774:
3681:
3329:
3219:
1694:
Some Brittonic kingdoms were able to successfully resist these incursions:
1404:. In 142 AD, Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the
855:. They are generally believed to have dwelt throughout the whole island of
646:. From the 11th century, they are more often referred to separately as the
3237:"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain"
3060:
5895:
5359:
4812:
4767:
4731:
4719:
4580:
4565:
4525:
4345:
4337:
4332:
4314:
4237:
3974:
3969:
3954:
3826:
3267:
3178:"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"
3000:
2517:
2247:
2159:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:, and for a time in parts of Cumbria, Strathclyde, and eastern Galloway.
2092:
2080:
2064:
2024:
2005:
1997:
1973:
1957:
1922:
1864:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1723:
1711:
1657:
1627:
1619:
1489:
1465:
1351:
1343:
1203:
1149:
1130:
1099:
1059:
1024:
1001:
953:
941:
764:
748:
507:
504:
485:
343:
335:
3756:
3663:
3571:
3569:
492:, "island of the Albions". The name could have reached Pytheas from the
5905:
5880:
5759:
5734:
5369:
5334:
5307:
5234:
5216:
4807:
4743:
4372:
4002:
3979:
3375:
2507:
2497:
2472:
2401:
between the 2nd century AD and the 4th century AD during the period of
2397:. The study also examined seven males buried in Driffield Terrace near
2355:
2231:
2132:(Y Tuduriaid), who were themselves of Welsh heritage on the male side.
2121:
1945:
1910:
The Brythonic languages in these areas were eventually replaced by the
1868:
1844:
1743:
1573:
1464:
At the same time, Britons established themselves in what is now called
1162:
1047:
1035:
892:
867:
821:
659:
449:
448:
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain was made by
377:
269:
234:
5890:
5677:
5379:
5354:
5318:
5312:
5225:
5148:
5074:
4993:
4495:
3984:
3929:
3110:"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'"
2467:
2259:
2251:
2223:
2211:
2175:
2167:
2129:
2117:
1904:
1888:
1832:
1813:
1766:
1695:
1649:
1611:
1557:
1533:
1516:
1393:
1389:
1267:
1259:
480:
396:
605:" is a more recent coinage (first attested in 1923 according to the
3556:
3554:
3433:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
1523:
were the first to fall to the Germanic and Gaelic Scots invasions.
878:, but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the later
4779:
4585:
4530:
4423:
4017:
3959:
3949:
3907:
3857:
2434:
2379:
2337:
2315:
2291:
2275:
2044:
2020:
2001:
1993:
1977:
1926:
1810:
1680:
1569:
1549:
1529:
1497:
1425:
1375:
1253:
1226:
1137:
1087:
871:
836:
797:
720:
593:
541:
405:
390:
369:
331:
308:
261:
210:
133:
1805:(colonised by Britons in the 5th century) came under attack from
5038:
4575:
4555:
4490:
4323:
3517:
3515:
2398:
2303:
2295:
1936:(Strathclyde) was a large and powerful Brittonic kingdom of the
1884:
1836:
1718:
by 730 AD, and the west was taken over by the fellow Britons of
1565:
1561:
1347:
1305:
565:
493:
265:
5932:
5824:
5603:
5459:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
5405:
4837:
4617:
4268:
3905:
3830:
2780:
1437:
Thirty years or so after the time of the Roman departure, the
1342:
southward" ("Armenia" is possibly a mistaken transcription of
29:
3459:
Charles-Edards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–158
1315:
study uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the
851:
Celtic Britain was made up of many territories controlled by
564:, "maker of forms", was also a term for the highest grade of
2920:
spoken in Pictland, the most northerly reflex of Brittonic."
1918:, although this was likely a gradual process in many areas.
330:, while the north became subject to a similar settlement by
870:. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the
2754:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1 November 2001). R F Foster (ed.).
784:
Common Brittonic developed from the Insular branch of the
2150:
During the 19th century, many Welsh farmers migrated to
1793:), and for a time part of western Devonshire (including
456:
geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the
3821:
2703:
1847:, the largest Brittonic-Pictish kingdom which covered
1337:, which was originally compiled by the orders of King
665:
From the early 16th century, and especially after the
662:, as they had separate political histories from then.
248:
The earliest written evidence for the Britons is from
4771:
3425:
3423:
3005:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2162:, which today consists of over 1,500 Welsh speakers.
1472:. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the
1461:) to the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man.
3586:
3584:
3311:
Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4, 5.2
5866:
5837:
5783:
5705:
5696:
5668:
5640:
5612:
5552:
5517:
5491:
5412:
5288:
5202:
5157:
5104:
5083:
5052:
4967:
4926:
4848:
4795:
4709:
4700:
4483:
4442:
4381:
4277:
4090:
4059:
3993:
3914:
3725:Schiffels, Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016).
3469:"Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid"
2370:. Their genetic profile was considered typical for
1859:, had fallen by approximately 950 AD to the Gaelic
1596:) was taken by the Anglo-Saxons in 577 AD, handing
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3822:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF)
2886:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3575:
3560:
3263:"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"
2954:The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland
587:in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the
3632:Martiniano, Rui; et al. (19 January 2016).
3545:
3533:
3521:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2128:in the mid 16th century during the rule of the
1929:appears to have disappeared soon after 900 AD.
478:(77 AD) says the older name for the island was
3484:Williams, Ann and Martin, G. H. (tr.) (2002).
2943:; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James;
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
874:; little direct evidence has been left of the
751:were colonists from Britain, resulting in the
4735:
3842:
3176:Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021).
2453:populations of the area, suggesting that the
433:, 'Britons' refers to native speakers of the
8:
4723:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
2702:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (
2581:(1996). "The Celtic Britons under Rome". In
796:. Western Brittonic developed into Welsh in
4783:
4747:
3417:. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3038:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 39–64.
2803:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press.
2801:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
1773:, was conquered by Gaelic Scots in 871 AD.
677:could be applied to all inhabitants of the
634:(Welsh), while they continued to be called
5929:
5821:
5702:
5600:
5402:
5154:
4845:
4834:
4759:
4706:
4697:
4614:
4265:
3902:
3849:
3835:
3827:
3348:, Vol. 83: Iss. 6, Article 9. pp. 715–733.
3231:
3229:
3093:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1548:(essentially modern Essex) by 540 AD. The
905:
3764:
3718:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
3671:
3413:Chadwick, H. M.; Chadwick, N. K. (1940).
3209:
3137:2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437
3135:
3125:
2638:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1726:, which appears to have had its court at
591:speakers of Great Britain, to complement
315:was closely related to Common Brittonic.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3817:DNA from ethnic Britons found in Ireland
3812:BBC – History – Native Tribes of Britain
2985:Hunter, Fraser (of Museum of Scotland),
1540:) was likely fully conquered by 510 AD.
225:, at which point they diverged into the
2570:
1706:and areas of southern Scotland and the
1588:was only partly conquered; its capital
3359:"Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons - Deira"
3086:
2826:
2816:
1430:Britons migrated westwards during the
303:emerged, mainly in the southeast, and
295:in the north remained unconquered and
27:Ancient Celtic people of Great Britain
3486:Domesday Book: a complete translation
2749:
2747:
2409:and carried the maternal haplogroups
2378:samples, who were closely related to
2358:both carried the paternal haplogroup
2113:seems to have disappeared by 900 AD.
1992:The Britons also retained control of
882:suggest it was indeed related to the
620:the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
583:was introduced into English usage by
496:. The Latin name for the Britons was
395:Celtic warrior recreation, including
7:
2907:participating institution membership
2653:From Roman Britain to Norman England
2513:Genetic history of the British Isles
747:, the post-Roman Celtic speakers of
412:St Fagans National Museum of History
283:in the 1st century AD, creating the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2785:Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton
2686:"The Germanic invasions of Britain"
2322:Bell Beaker culture § Genetics
1921:Similarly, the Brittonic colony of
1660:, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon
1622:) and which included Ynys Metcaut (
601:refers to the group of languages. "
3322:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2488:Celtic language decline in England
1867:). Other Pictish kingdoms such as
1734:) and encompassed parts of modern
1492:, was also set up at this time in
841:Tribal groups in southern Britain
362:in Brittany, the Cumbrians of the
25:
5255:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
3501:. Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 123–128.
2455:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2330:Hallstatt culture § Genetics
1843:, disappeared soon after 900 AD.
1432:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1422:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1416:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1382:Pagans Hill Romano-British temple
571:The medieval Welsh form of Latin
552:displaced it as the name for the
299:became the edge of the empire. A
6005:
4255:
3114:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2457:left a profound genetic impact.
2350:carried the maternal haplogroup
2326:Urnfield culture § Genetics
1544:(Isle of Wight) fell in 530 AD,
794:Southwestern Brittonic languages
143:founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
34:
3488:. London: Penguin, pp. 341–357.
3108:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2020).
2989:- piece by Hunter on the carnyx
2720:Snyder, Christopher A. (2003).
2362:, and the maternal haplogroups
2334:La Tène culture § Genetics
2120:in 1532, and Wales united with
2071:and Gwent held parts of modern
1690:(the Old North) c. 550 – c. 650
859:, at least as far north as the
45:needs additional citations for
3384:Chapter 6: "Cities of Britain"
2143:remain widely spoken, and the
1614:, St. Albans and parts of the
1488:. A further Brittonic colony,
1:
5974:Celtic place names in Galicia
3324:, 275(1650), 2423–2429, 2008
2757:The Oxford History of Ireland
2655:. Routledge. pp. 69–74.
2640:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 291–292.
2158:, forming a community called
1698:(encompassing much of modern
842:
241:, the ancestor of the modern
3916:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
2523:History of the British Isles
2354:, while two males buried in
2342:Celtiberians § Genetics
2126:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
1988:Wales, Cornwall and Brittany
1722:. Similarly, the kingdom of
1400:, which spanned what is now
1380:A reconstruction drawing of
966:Catuvellaunī (*Catuwellaunī)
410:Recreated Celtic village at
320:end of Roman rule in Britain
4898:Welsh literature in English
3995:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
2760:. Oxford University Press.
1823:, which encompassed modern
1656:, which encompassed modern
727:Staffordshire Moorlands Pan
510:has been reconstructed as *
237:(among others). They spoke
150: Mainly (non-Pictish)
6065:
4918:Scottish Gaelic literature
4303:Brigantia (ancient region)
3202:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
2319:
2313:
1674:
1419:
1361:
1346:, an area in northwestern
1220:
714:
704:
422:
338:(now part of France), the
256:. The Britons followed an
6049:Ethnic groups in Scotland
6034:Historical Celtic peoples
5996:
5939:
5928:
5820:
5599:
5401:
5265:Hebridean Celtic Festival
4893:Welsh-language literature
4844:
4833:
4626:
4613:
4264:
4253:
3901:
3868:
3784:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3340:Pattison, John E. (2011)
3127:10.1017/S0959774320000098
2999:MacAulay, Donald (1992).
2894:Oxford English Dictionary
2589:. Routledge. p. 623.
1996:and Kernow (encompassing
1914:of the Anglo-Saxons, and
1556:which encompassed modern
1476:developed from Brittonic
1192:Trinovantēs (*Trinowantī)
978:Corieltauvī (*Corieltauī)
884:Common Brittonic language
693:, or the subjects of the
608:Oxford English Dictionary
281:conquered most of Britain
5698:Ancient Celtic languages
3415:The Growth of Literature
3065:. Oxford. pp. 1–5.
2845:Ireland and its Contacts
2783:s.v. "Briton." See also
1568:between 500 and 560 AD.
1179:Textoverdī (*Textowerdī)
829:since the 20th century.
755:, a language related to
679:Kingdom of Great Britain
322:during the 5th century,
289:invaded northern Britain
5969:Gaulish words in French
5954:Celtic words in English
4213:Scottish New Zealanders
4103:Anglo-Celtic Australian
3499:Britonia: camiños novos
3429:Kapelle, W. E. (1979).
2959:Oxford University Press
2899:Oxford University Press
2706:), Highland Framework,
1976:, and as far as modern
1247:, which covers British
827:language revitalization
734:Insular Celtic language
579:(singular and plural).
258:Ancient Celtic religion
4903:Early Irish literature
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4193:Scotch-Irish Canadians
4188:Scotch-Irish Americans
3716:Koch, John T. (2006).
3701:. De Keltische Draak.
3615:Martiniano et al. 2018
3603:Martiniano et al. 2018
3591:Martiniano et al. 2018
3576:Martiniano et al. 2018
3561:Martiniano et al. 2018
3380:History of the Britons
3363:www.historyfiles.co.uk
3330:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352
3034:Karl, Raimund (2010).
2957:. Walton St., Oxford:
2849:University of Lausanne
2538:Kingdom of Strathclyde
2449:individual and modern
2348:Linton, Cambridgeshire
1691:
1662:kingdom of Northumbria
1582:kingdom of East Anglia
1434:
1384:
1321:Early European Farmers
1263:
1240:
995:Viroconium Cornoviorum
947:Durovernum Cantiacorum
848:
729:
597:; hence the adjective
415:
403:
324:Anglo-Saxon settlement
301:Romano-British culture
291:, but the Britons and
274:minted their own coins
195:
176:
5530:Scottish independence
5275:Celtic Media Festival
5158:National music scenes
4389:Proto-Celtic religion
4091:Related ethnic groups
3732:Nature Communications
3639:Nature Communications
3578:, p. 3, Table 1.
3546:Schiffels et al. 2016
3536:, p. 3, Table 1.
3534:Schiffels et al. 2016
3522:Schiffels et al. 2016
3497:Young, Simon (2002).
2651:Sawyer, P.H. (1998).
2543:List of Celtic tribes
2338:Gauls § Genetics
2316:Celts § Genetics
2314:Further information:
1962:Dumfries and Galloway
1684:
1429:
1379:
1334:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1257:
1230:
1113:Ordovicēs (*Ordowicī)
840:
786:Proto-Celtic language
732:The Britons spoke an
724:
409:
399:and a replica of the
394:
285:province of Britannia
137:
5854:(Medieval Welsh law)
5464:Scottish nationalism
5114:Ancient Celtic music
4434:Romano-Celtic temple
4243:Welsh New Zealanders
4168:Irish New Zealanders
3695:Language in Pictland
3291:"The Avalon Project"
3002:The Celtic languages
2728:Blackwell Publishing
2710:(accessed May 2022).
2091:Isles of Scilly and
1532:(essentially modern
1143:Noviomagus Reginorum
990:Cornovīī (*Cornowīī)
983:Ratae Corieltauvorum
954:Carvetīī (*Carwetīī)
54:improve this article
18:Britons (historical)
5544:Irish republicanism
5525:Breton independence
5504:Scottish devolution
5437:Cornish nationalism
5260:Pan Celtic Festival
5134:Scottish folk music
4888:Scottish literature
4414:Celtic Christianity
4218:Scottish Travellers
4203:Scottish Argentines
4047:Scottish Travellers
3757:10.1038/ncomms10408
3749:2016NatCo...710408S
3664:10.1038/ncomms10326
3656:2016NatCo...710326M
3194:2022Natur.601..588P
3059:Koch, John (2016).
2897:(Online ed.).
1302:Atlantic Bronze Age
1150:Selgovae (*Selgowī)
1100:Novantae (*Nowantī)
1053:Corinium Dobunnorum
711:Brittonic languages
626:called all Britons
603:Brittonic languages
443:central Middle Ages
435:Brittonic languages
425:Britain (placename)
243:Brittonic languages
5535:Welsh independence
5499:Cornish devolution
5420:Breton nationalism
5270:Celtic Connections
4873:Cornish literature
4223:Ulster Protestants
4208:Scottish Canadians
4198:Scottish Americans
4108:Anglo-Irish people
3690:Forsyth, Katherine
3271:. 22 December 2021
3243:. 22 December 2021
3241:University of York
2945:Morgan, Kenneth O.
2939:Corbishley, Mike;
2866:www.etymonline.com
2372:Northwest European
1757:, covering modern
1692:
1521:South East England
1513:North East England
1435:
1385:
1264:
1258:A recreation of a
1241:
1029:Clwydian hillforts
930:Brigantēs/Brigantī
896:, is cognate with
849:
814:South West England
730:
667:Acts of Union 1707
416:
404:
217:from at least the
177:
6016:
6015:
5992:
5991:
5924:
5923:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5775:Cisalpine Gaulish
5595:
5594:
5481:national identity
5476:Welsh nationalism
5469:national identity
5449:Irish nationalism
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5330:Cornish wrestling
5198:
5197:
5119:Breton Folk music
5084:Regional cultures
4927:National cultures
4913:Gaelic literature
4868:Breton literature
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4609:
4608:
4521:Chief of the Name
4394:Celtic polytheism
4311:Sub-Roman Britain
4251:
4250:
4138:Irish Australians
4118:Cornish Americans
4077:Scottish diaspora
3791:on 26 August 2014
3507:978-84-95622-58-7
3404:Bromwich, p. 157.
3293:. Yale Law School
3188:(7894): 588–594.
3072:978-1-78570-228-0
3045:978-1-84217-410-4
2905:(Subscription or
2810:978-0-7486-1232-1
1372:Sub-Roman Britain
1350:including modern
1311:In 2021, a major
1286:Hallstatt culture
1214:
1213:
935:Isurium Brigantum
923:Calleva Atrebatum
888:Goidelic (Gaelic)
759:and identical to
616:early Middle Ages
358:in Cornwall, the
198:), also known as
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6056:
6039:Iron Age Britain
6009:
5930:
5822:
5804:Galwegian Gaelic
5703:
5601:
5509:Welsh devolution
5403:
5155:
5144:Sean-nĂłs singing
5139:Welsh folk music
5129:Irish folk music
5096:Highland culture
4878:Irish literature
4858:Arthurian Legend
4846:
4835:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4707:
4698:
4675:Neo-Christianity
4615:
4546:Gaelic astrology
4506:Celtic festivals
4409:Celtic mythology
4382:Ancient religion
4299:Iron Age Britain
4266:
4259:
4238:Welsh Argentines
4178:Irish Uruguayans
4173:Irish Travellers
4143:Irish Brazilians
4133:Irish Argentines
4113:Breton Americans
4067:Cornish diaspora
4029:Irish Travellers
3903:
3895:Celtic languages
3851:
3844:
3837:
3828:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3787:. Archived from
3778:
3768:
3721:
3712:
3700:
3685:
3675:
3618:
3617:, pp. 1, 6.
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3475:, 23 April 2008.
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3355:
3349:
3338:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3173:
3158:
3157:
3139:
3129:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2949:"Celtic Britain"
2941:Gillingham, John
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2858:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2797:Fraser, James E.
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2717:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2591:
2590:
2587:The Celtic World
2575:
2145:Cornish language
2141:Breton languages
1925:in northwestern
1748:Clackmannanshire
1708:Scottish Borders
1630:, which covered
1496:in northwestern
1459:Northern Ireland
1402:Northern England
1364:British Iron Age
1339:Alfred the Great
1233:Battersea Shield
1204:Votadīnī/Otadīnī
1065:Isca Dumnoniorum
906:
876:Pictish language
853:Brittonic tribes
847:
844:
812:in Cornwall and
802:Cumbric language
738:Common Brittonic
707:Common Brittonic
681:, including the
313:Pictish language
239:Common Brittonic
223:High Middle Ages
219:British Iron Age
169:
159:
149:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Celtic Britons"
62:
38:
30:
21:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6044:Ancient Britain
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
5988:
5935:
5920:
5862:
5858:Early Scots law
5847:Early Irish law
5833:
5808:
5785:Scottish Gaelic
5779:
5720:Proto-Brittonic
5692:
5688:Beurla Reagaird
5664:
5660:Scottish Gaelic
5636:
5608:
5591:
5587:Columba Project
5567:Celtic Congress
5548:
5513:
5487:
5408:
5389:
5350:Gaelic handball
5340:Gaelic football
5325:Cornish hurling
5284:
5194:
5153:
5100:
5079:
5065:Gaelic clothing
5048:
4963:
4922:
4883:Manx literature
4840:
4817:
4796:Other claimants
4791:
4696:
4646:Celtic Congress
4622:
4605:
4501:Celtic calendar
4479:
4438:
4377:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4233:Welsh Americans
4153:Irish Catholics
4148:Irish Canadians
4128:Irish Americans
4086:
4060:Celtic diaspora
4055:
3989:
3918:
3910:
3897:
3864:
3855:
3808:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3781:
3741:Nature Research
3724:
3715:
3709:
3698:
3688:
3648:Nature Research
3631:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3567:
3563:, pp. 1–2.
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3175:
3174:
3161:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3085:
3073:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3013:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2842:
2838:
2825:
2815:
2811:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2594:
2579:Graham Webster.
2577:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2548:Scottish people
2463:
2441:, particularly
2344:
2318:
2312:
2085:Gloucestershire
2010:Isles of Scilly
1990:
1970:North Yorkshire
1968:, and parts of
1966:Argyll and Bute
1932:The kingdom of
1916:Scottish Gaelic
1861:Kingdom of Alba
1803:Channel Islands
1787:Isles of Scilly
1755:Kingdom of Cait
1679:
1673:
1671:(the Old North)
1610:, encompassing
1598:Gloucestershire
1474:Breton language
1470:Channel Islands
1424:
1418:
1410:Roman governors
1374:
1362:Main articles:
1360:
1313:archaeogenetics
1281:
1276:
1225:
1219:
1048:Dobunnī/Bodunnī
845:
835:
775:, derived from
753:Breton language
719:
713:
705:Main articles:
703:
522:, which became
490:insula Albionum
475:Natural History
427:
421:
401:Waterloo Helmet
340:Channel Islands
204:Ancient Britons
175:
167:
165:
157:
155:
147:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6062:
6060:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6029:Celtic Britons
6021:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5876:Gaelic warfare
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5852:Cyfraith Hywel
5849:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5825:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5799:Deeside Gaelic
5796:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5770:Hispano-Celtic
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5725:Proto-Goidelic
5722:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5577:Celtic society
5574:
5572:Celtic Revival
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5540:United Ireland
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5385:Welsh handball
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5365:Highland games
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5091:Gaelic culture
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5070:Highland dress
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:Pictish stones
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4636:Celtic nations
4633:
4631:Celtic Revival
4627:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Celtic Animism
4401:
4399:Celtic deities
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:Cisalpine Gaul
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4330:
4321:
4296:
4287:
4285:Gaelic Ireland
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Manx Americans
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:Irish Chileans
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:English people
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4082:Welsh diaspora
4079:
4074:
4072:Irish diaspora
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3898:
3879:Celtic studies
3871:Celtic nations
3869:
3866:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3806:External links
3804:
3802:
3801:
3779:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3686:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3580:
3565:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3511:
3490:
3477:
3461:
3452:
3443:
3419:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3368:
3350:
3333:
3313:
3304:
3282:
3254:
3225:
3159:
3120:(3): 511–529.
3100:
3071:
3051:
3044:
3026:
3011:
2991:
2978:
2971:
2931:
2922:
2912:
2878:
2853:
2836:
2809:
2788:
2773:
2766:
2743:
2736:
2712:
2708:Early Medieval
2695:
2690:www.uni-due.de
2677:
2675:Forsyth, p. 9.
2668:
2661:
2643:
2592:
2583:Green, Miranda
2569:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Kingdom of Cat
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:English people
2500:
2495:
2493:Cornish people
2490:
2485:
2483:Celtic nations
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2311:
2308:
2077:Worcestershire
1989:
1986:
1982:West Yorkshire
1972:, the western
1942:Dumbartonshire
1839:, and much of
1777:(encompassing
1716:Northumberland
1700:Northumberland
1675:Main article:
1672:
1666:
1644:Worcestershire
1478:Insular Celtic
1453:migrated from
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1398:Hadrian's Wall
1359:
1358:Roman conquest
1356:
1298:trade language
1294:Barry Cunliffe
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1221:Main article:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:Dinas Dinorwig
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:Venta Icenorum
1090:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1004:
998:
997:
992:
986:
985:
980:
974:
973:
968:
962:
961:
956:
950:
949:
944:
938:
937:
932:
926:
925:
920:
914:
913:
910:
834:
831:
702:
699:
695:British Empire
644:Medieval Latin
431:Celtic studies
423:Main article:
420:
417:
370:Pictish people
354:in Wales, the
318:Following the
297:Hadrian's Wall
213:who inhabited
200:Celtic Britons
166:
156:
146:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6061:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6008:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5985:
5984:– in Portugal
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5964:– in Galician
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Celtic League
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5554:Pan-Celticism
5551:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5430:reunification
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5044:Triple spiral
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Bardic Poetry
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4832:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:Celtic League
4708:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Celtic League
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:Pan-Celticism
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4541:Gaelicisation
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Celticisation
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:Iron Age Gaul
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:Roman Britain
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Irish Mexican
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3887:Celtic tribes
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3708:90-802785-5-6
3704:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:, pp. 1.
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:New Scientist
3470:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:0-7099-0040-6
3436:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:Human Biology
3343:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:0-521-23127-2
3008:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:Carnyx and Co
2982:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2767:0-19-280202-X
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2737:0-631-22260-X
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2558:Yr Hen Ogledd
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Kingdom of Ce
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:British Latin
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:British Isles
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:Roman Britain
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:Herefordshire
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:Stirlingshire
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:Aberdeenshire
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:Kingdom of Ce
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Enesek Syllan
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:County Durham
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:County Durham
1701:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1687:Yr Hen Ogledd
1683:
1678:
1677:Yr Hen Ogledd
1670:
1669:Yr Hen Ogledd
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:Herefordshire
1637:
1633:
1632:Staffordshire
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:Home Counties
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Farne Islands
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:East Midlands
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:Antonine Wall
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:Roman Britain
1365:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1262:(war trumpet)
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:La Tène style
1239:from Britain.
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:Venta Silurum
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:Maiden Castle
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
857:Great Britain
854:
846: 150 AD
839:
833:Tribal groups
832:
830:
828:
823:
820:in Armorica.
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
744:Macsen Wledig
742:The Dream of
739:
735:
728:
723:
718:
717:British Latin
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
516:Common Celtic
513:
509:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:British Isles
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
418:
413:
408:
402:
398:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:(now part of
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:British Latin
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:. The Romans
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Great Britain
212:
211:Celtic people
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
173:
170: Mainly
163:
160: Mainly
153:
144:
140:
139:Great Britain
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6001:Celts portal
5959:– in Spanish
5794:Arran Gaelic
5715:Proto-Celtic
5683:Bungi Creole
5582:Celtic unity
5518:Independence
5317:
5300:
5124:Gaelic music
5060:Celtic Dress
5009:High crosses
4999:Celtic cross
4977:Bell shrines
4908:Irish annals
4690:Neo-Druidism
4685:Celtic Wicca
4656:Celtic union
4620:Modern Celts
4511:Celtic women
4419:Celtic Rites
4368:Transylvania
4228:Ulster Scots
4098:Anglo-Celtic
3945:Celtiberians
3934:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3862:modern Celts
3793:. Retrieved
3789:the original
3783:
3736:
3730:
3717:
3694:
3643:
3637:
3625:Bibliography
3610:
3598:
3548:, p. 5.
3541:
3529:
3524:, p. 1.
3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3430:
3414:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3321:
3316:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3266:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3185:
3181:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3061:
3054:
3035:
3029:
3001:
2994:
2981:
2972:019-910035-7
2953:
2934:
2925:
2915:
2892:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2844:
2839:
2800:
2791:
2776:
2756:
2722:
2715:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2652:
2646:
2637:
2586:
2573:
2553:Welsh people
2443:Welsh people
2388:
2384:Dutch people
2345:
2164:
2149:
2134:
2115:
2097:
2089:
2035:(originally
2014:
1991:
1931:
1920:
1909:
1818:
1752:
1693:
1685:
1668:
1648:
1608:Caer Lundein
1606:
1536:and eastern
1528:
1525:
1502:
1480:rather than
1463:
1443:Anglo-Saxons
1436:
1386:
1332:
1330:
1310:
1282:
1265:
1242:
1008:Loudoun Hill
902:
897:
891:
880:Irish annals
850:
783:
776:
772:
768:
741:
731:
674:
670:
669:, the terms
664:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:Anglo-Saxons
618:, following
613:
606:
598:
592:
580:
576:
572:
570:
561:
560:. The Welsh
549:
545:
537:
533:
526:
519:
511:
502:
497:
489:
479:
473:
465:
461:
447:
441:, until the
428:
363:
317:
278:Roman Empire
260:overseen by
247:
203:
199:
187:
180:
178:
131:
116:
110:October 2021
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5916:Trimarcisia
5901:GallĂłglaigh
5730:Celtiberian
5454:Isle of Man
5413:Nationalism
5302:Bataireacht
5221:Calan Gaeaf
5180:Isle of Man
5024:Leaf-crowns
5014:Insular art
4987:Dragonesque
4949:Isle of Man
4803:Nova Scotia
4756:Isle of Man
4680:Neopaganism
4429:Monasticism
3940:Caledonians
3720:. ABC-CLIO.
2827:|work=
2723:The Britons
2447:Anglo-Saxon
2376:Anglo-Saxon
2300:Leatherhead
2109:in Spanish
2019:(including
2000:, parts of
1954:Lanarkshire
1934:Ystrad Clud
1912:Old English
1871:(in modern
1857:Easter Ross
1736:Northumbria
1720:Ystrad Clud
1664:by 700 AD.
1624:Lindisfarne
1576:), and the
1505:East Anglia
1455:Dál nAraidi
1197:Camulodunum
1155:Eildon Hill
1088:Īcenī/Ecenī
697:generally.
689:, and some
328:Anglo-Saxon
293:Caledonians
250:Greco-Roman
206:, were the
6023:Categories
5979:– in Italy
5881:Ceathairne
5745:Gallaecian
5375:Road bowls
5280:Eisteddfod
5248:Calan Awst
5244:Lughnasadh
4850:Literature
4713:definition
4536:Clan chief
4328:Roman Gaul
4319:Hen Ogledd
4045:including
4027:including
3378:(c. 828).
3275:21 January
3247:21 January
2961:. p.
2909:required.)
2662:0415178940
2634:Koch, John
2565:References
2360:R1b1a2a1a2
2320:See also:
2284:Gloucester
2280:Colchester
2228:Manchester
2069:the Wirral
2061:Merseyside
2037:Ceredigion
2033:Deheubarth
2008:, and the
2004:including
1938:Hen Ogledd
1897:Perthshire
1877:The Mearns
1853:Morayshire
1849:Strathearn
1785:, and the
1783:Devonshire
1763:Sutherland
1636:Shropshire
1594:Gloucester
1590:Caer Gloui
1546:Caer Colun
1542:Ynys Weith
1449:-speaking
1441:-speaking
1317:Bronze Age
1249:Celtic art
1237:Celtic art
1223:Celtic art
1077:Durnovaria
1072:Durotrigēs
1012:Walls Hill
1006:Vanduara (
971:Verulamium
959:Luguvalium
806:Hen Ogledd
715:See also:
365:Hen Ogledd
221:until the
208:indigenous
80:newspapers
5911:Redshanks
5886:Ceithearn
5614:Brittonic
5606:Languages
5239:Calan Mai
5230:Gŵyl Fair
5204:Festivals
5019:Interlace
4443:Mythology
4351:Gallaecia
3965:Galatians
3743:: 10408.
3739:(10408).
3650:: 10326.
3646:(10326).
3297:10 August
3154:216484936
3146:0959-7743
3089:cite book
3081:936687654
2947:(1996) .
2829:ignored (
2819:cite book
2407:R1b1a2a1a
2268:Dumbarton
2244:Caithness
2236:Edinburgh
2156:Argentina
2152:Patagonia
2101:(Kernow,
2057:Glamorgan
2053:Morgannwg
2041:Seisyllwg
1901:Ath-Fotla
1893:Inverness
1759:Caithness
1732:Edinburgh
1728:Din Eidyn
1602:Wiltshire
1554:Dal Riata
1538:Hampshire
1494:Gallaecia
1290:John Koch
1172:Llanmelin
1041:Moridunum
1020:Deceanglī
918:Atrebatēs
778:Britannia
736:known as
652:Cumbrians
640:Brittones
599:Brythonic
585:John Rhys
558:Cumbrians
531:Old Welsh
524:Old Irish
488:calls it
254:hillforts
152:Brittonic
5896:Gaesatae
5787:dialects
5750:Lepontic
5740:Galatian
5642:Goidelic
5492:Autonomy
5407:Politics
5360:Rounders
5212:Calendar
5185:Scotland
5170:Cornwall
5165:Brittany
5053:Clothing
5004:Knotwork
4982:Brooches
4954:Scotland
4939:Cornwall
4934:Brittany
4813:Y Wladfa
4768:Scotland
4732:Cornwall
4720:Brittany
4571:SeanchaĂ
4566:Tanistry
4526:Derbfine
4455:Scottish
4346:Brittany
4342:Domnonée
4338:Armorica
4333:Britonia
4315:Dumnonia
4290:Dálriata
3975:Lepontii
3970:Helvetii
3955:Gallaeci
3775:26783965
3692:(1997).
3682:26783717
3268:BBC News
3220:34937049
3021:24541026
2888:"Briton"
2799:(2009).
2636:(2006).
2518:Gododdin
2461:See also
2310:Genetics
2248:Aberdeen
2240:Carlisle
2160:Y Wladfa
2107:Britonia
2103:Dumnonia
2099:Cornwall
2093:Brittany
2081:Somerset
2065:Cheshire
2025:Anglesey
2006:Dartmoor
1998:Cornwall
1974:Pennines
1958:Ayrshire
1923:Britonia
1883:(modern
1865:Scotland
1795:Dartmoor
1779:Cornwall
1775:Dumnonia
1771:Shetland
1730:(modern
1724:Gododdin
1712:Bernicia
1658:Ayrshire
1628:Pengwern
1620:Bamburgh
1490:Britonia
1486:Frankish
1468:and the
1466:Brittany
1457:(modern
1439:Germanic
1352:Brittany
1344:Armorica
1325:Iron Age
1209:Traprain
1131:Petuaria
1060:Dumnonīī
1025:Canovium
1002:Damnonīī
942:Cantiacī
912:Capital
893:Cruithne
886:. Their
800:and the
773:Bretagne
765:Brittany
749:Armorica
701:Language
687:Scottish
636:Britanni
589:P-Celtic
573:Britanni
508:ethnonym
505:P-Celtic
498:Britanni
486:Avienius
466:BretanoĂ
462:PretanoĂ
439:Iron Age
344:Britonia
336:Brittany
196:Britanni
172:Goidelic
5949:Deities
5906:Hobelar
5868:Warfare
5831:Warfare
5765:Pictish
5760:Cumbric
5735:Gaulish
5707:Extinct
5627:Cornish
5425:history
5370:Hurling
5344:Ladies'
5335:Curling
5308:Camogie
5235:Beltane
5217:Samhain
5175:Ireland
4944:Ireland
4839:Culture
4808:England
4744:Ireland
4702:Nations
4601:Coinage
4591:Warfare
4484:Society
4475:Cornish
4465:British
4373:Galatia
4363:Balkans
4271:Studies
4008:Cornish
4003:Bretons
3980:Noricum
3935:Britons
3908:Peoples
3795:30 June
3766:4735688
3745:Bibcode
3673:4735653
3652:Bibcode
3376:Nennius
3211:8889665
3190:Bibcode
2871:16 June
2585:(ed.).
2508:Fortriu
2498:Cumbric
2473:Bretons
2451:English
2437:of the
2364:K1a1b1b
2356:Hinxton
2264:Lincoln
2232:Glasgow
2124:by the
2122:England
2111:Galicia
2017:Gwynedd
1946:Cumbria
1899:), and
1869:Circinn
1845:Fortriu
1744:Lothian
1574:Medcaut
1482:Gaulish
1300:in the
1279:Origins
1274:History
1163:Silurēs
1105:Rispain
1036:Demetae
898:Pritenī
868:isthmus
822:Pictish
810:Cornish
804:in the
790:Western
761:Cornish
683:English
671:British
660:Bretons
656:Cornish
628:Bryttas
614:In the
581:Brython
577:Brython
562:prydydd
514:, from
512:Pritanī
450:Pytheas
414:, Wales
382:Cornish
378:Cumbric
360:Bretons
356:Cornish
348:Galicia
270:Belgica
235:Bretons
231:Cornish
188:Pritanī
181:Britons
162:Pictish
94:scholar
5944:Tribes
5891:Fianna
5678:Shelta
5622:Breton
5442:status
5380:Shinty
5355:Gouren
5319:Cnapan
5313:Cammag
5226:Imbolc
5149:Carnyx
5075:Tartan
4994:Carnyx
4761:Mannin
4737:Kernow
4725:Breizh
4595:Gaelic
4551:Fáinne
4496:Brehon
4470:Breton
4424:Druids
4278:Places
3985:Volcae
3930:Belgae
3891:·
3889:
3883:·
3881:
3875:·
3873:
3773:
3763:
3705:
3680:
3670:
3505:
3437:
3218:
3208:
3182:Nature
3152:
3144:
3079:
3069:
3042:
3019:
3009:
2969:
2851:. p.25
2807:
2764:
2734:
2659:
2468:Albion
2431:J1b1a1
2427:H6a1b2
2419:J1c3e2
2391:Melton
2340:, and
2302:, and
2288:Durham
2260:Exeter
2256:Barrow
2252:Dundee
2224:London
2218:, and
2212:Tambre
2176:Severn
2168:Thames
2130:Tudors
2118:France
2051:, and
1905:Atholl
1889:Fidach
1833:Buchan
1814:Viking
1811:Danish
1801:. The
1799:Kernow
1769:, and
1767:Orkney
1696:Rheged
1650:Novant
1642:, and
1612:London
1564:, and
1558:Argyll
1534:Sussex
1519:, and
1517:Argyll
1447:Gaelic
1394:Belgae
1390:Belgic
1370:, and
1268:carnyx
1260:carnyx
1138:Reginī
1126:Parisī
909:Tribe
890:name,
818:Breton
771:, Fr.
769:Breizh
675:Briton
658:, and
632:Wealas
622:, the
594:Goidel
566:a bard
546:Prydyn
520:kĘ·ritu
484:, and
481:Albion
397:carnyx
386:Breton
342:, and
332:Gaelic
276:. The
272:, and
262:druids
233:, and
168:
158:
148:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5934:Lists
5755:Noric
5670:Mixed
5650:Irish
5632:Welsh
5296:Bando
5289:Sport
5190:Wales
5106:Music
5039:Torcs
5029:Mazes
4959:Wales
4785:Cymru
4780:Wales
4663:Music
4586:Vates
4581:TĂşath
4531:Druid
4460:Welsh
4450:Irish
4041:Scots
4023:Irish
4018:Gaels
4013:Welsh
3960:Gauls
3950:Gaels
3921:Names
3893:
3885:
3877:
3858:Celts
3699:(PDF)
3150:S2CID
2903:
2704:ScARF
2435:Celts
2411:H6a1a
2395:U2e1e
2380:Danes
2368:H1ag1
2292:Dover
2276:Penge
2272:Brent
2220:Forth
2216:Navia
2208:Trent
2200:Tweed
2196:Tamar
2172:Clyde
2137:Welsh
2049:Gwent
2045:Dyfed
2029:Powys
2021:Clwyd
2002:Devon
1994:Wales
1978:Leeds
1927:Spain
1873:Angus
1829:Banff
1807:Norse
1654:Aeron
1586:Gwent
1570:Deifr
1550:Gaels
1530:Regni
1498:Spain
1451:Scots
1184:Coria
872:Picts
865:Forth
861:Clyde
798:Wales
767:(Br.
757:Welsh
691:Irish
648:Welsh
554:Welsh
550:Cymry
542:Picts
540:(the
538:Picti
527:cruth
494:Gauls
470:Pliny
454:Greek
374:Welsh
352:Welsh
309:Picts
227:Welsh
192:Latin
174:areas
164:areas
154:areas
101:JSTOR
87:books
5829:and
5655:Manx
5542:and
4773:Alba
4749:Éire
4668:Rock
4576:Sept
4556:Fili
4491:Bard
4294:Alba
4036:Manx
3860:and
3797:2011
3771:PMID
3703:ISBN
3678:PMID
3503:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3299:2011
3277:2022
3249:2022
3216:PMID
3142:ISSN
3095:link
3077:OCLC
3067:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3017:OCLC
3007:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2873:2020
2831:help
2805:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2429:and
2415:H1bs
2399:York
2382:and
2366:and
2304:York
2296:Kent
2204:Avon
2180:Tyne
2139:and
2083:and
2067:and
2043:and
2023:and
1895:and
1885:Fife
1875:and
1855:and
1837:Fife
1825:Marr
1819:The
1809:and
1753:The
1746:and
1702:and
1600:and
1566:Iona
1562:Skye
1348:Gaul
1331:The
1306:Gaul
1292:and
1266:The
1243:The
1231:The
816:and
792:and
725:The
709:and
673:and
575:was
556:and
534:pryd
529:and
503:The
452:, a
419:Name
384:and
268:and
266:Gaul
179:The
73:news
5839:Law
5827:Law
4969:Art
4561:Law
3761:PMC
3753:doi
3668:PMC
3660:doi
3326:doi
3206:PMC
3198:doi
3186:601
3132:hdl
3122:doi
2781:OED
2352:H1e
2192:Dee
2188:Exe
2184:Wye
2154:in
2047:),
2027:),
1980:in
1887:),
1881:Fib
1879:),
1484:or
1354:).
1217:Art
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