451:(a type of AGE), that lead to them. AGEs are behind the damage to the skin that occurs with high blood sugar in diabetes where similar glycation occurs. AGEs absorb and provide a little protection against some of the damaging factors of UV (up to SPF 3), However, they do not have melanin's extended electronic structure that dissipates the energy, so part of it goes towards starting free radical chain reactions instead, in which other AGEs participate readily. Overall tanner enhances free radical injury. Although some self-tanners contain sunscreen, its effect will not last as long as the tan. The stated SPF is only applicable for a few hours after application. Despite darkening of the skin, an individual is still susceptible to UV rays, therefore an overall sun protection is still very necessary. There may also be some inhibition of vitamin D production in DHA-treated skin.
440:, produced a similar response at high levels. For a day after self-tanner application, excessive sun exposure should be avoided and sunscreen should be worn outdoors, they say; an antioxidant cream could also minimize free radical production. Although some self-tanners contain sunscreen, its effect will not last long after application, and a fake tan itself will not protect the skin from UV exposure. The study by Jung et al. further confirms earlier results demonstrating that dihydroxyacetone in combination with dimethylisosorbide enhances the process of (sun-based) tanning. This earlier study also found that dihydroxyacetone also has an effect on the amino acids and nucleic acids which is bad for the skin.
316:(xanthaemia) is the presence in blood of the yellow pigment carotene from excessive intake of carrots or other vegetables containing the pigment resulting in increased serum carotenoids. It can lead to subsequent yellow-orange discoloration (xanthoderma or carotenoderma) and their subsequent deposition in the outermost layer of skin. Carotenemia, or carotenoderma, is in itself harmless, and does not require treatment. In primary carotenoderma, when the use of high quantities of carotene is discontinued the skin color will return to normal. It may take up to several months, however, for this to happen.
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Thus, nearly every report the commission's eventual opinion referenced came from studies that were never published or peer-reviewed and, in the majority of cases, were performed by companies or industry groups linked to the manufacturing of DHA. The industry left out nearly all of the peer-reviewed studies published in publicly available scientific journals that identified DHA as a potential mutagen. A study by scientists from the
Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, published in
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298:—which can result in changes to skin color when ingested chronically and/or in high amounts. Carotenoids are long-lasting. In addition, carotenoids have been linked to a more attractive skin tone (defined as a more golden skin color) than suntan. Carotenes also fulfil the function of melanin in absorbing UV radiation and protecting the skin. For example, they are concentrated in the
38:
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470:(FDA) states when using DHA-containing products as an all-over spray or mist in a commercial spray "tanning" booth, it may be difficult to avoid exposure in a manner for which DHA is not approved, including the area of the eyes, lips, or mucous membrane, or even internally. DHA is not approved by the FDA for inhalation.
760:
If avobenzone-containing sunscreen is applied on top of tanner, the photosensitizer effect magnifies the free-radical damage promoted by DHA, as DHA may make the skin especially susceptible to free-radical damage from sunlight, according to a 2007 study led by
Katinka Jung of the Gematria Test Lab in
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is irradiated with UVA light, it generates a triplet excited state in the keto form which can either cause the avobenzone to degrade or transfer energy to biological targets and cause deleterious effects. It has been shown to degrade significantly in light, resulting in less protection over time. The
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They are often used for "one-day" only tans, or to complement a DHA-based sunless tan. Many formulations are available, and some have limited sweat or light water resistance. If applied under clothing, or where fabric and skin edges meet, most will create some light but visible rub-off. Dark clothing
588:
A number of products are sold online and in gyms and beauty salons as "melanotan" or "melanotan-1" which discuss afamelanotide in their marketing. The products are not legal in any jurisdiction and are dangerous.Starting in 2007 health agencies in various counties began issuing warnings against their
465:
Professional spray tan applications are available from spas, salons and gymnasiums by both hand-held sprayers and in the form of sunless or UV-Free spray booths. Spray tan applications are also available through online retail distribution channels and are widely available to purchase for in home use.
506:
production. Work published in June 2017 has demonstrated compounds that have efficacy when applied topically to human skin. These compounds are still however in pre-clinical stages of development. Future directions may include the incorporation of SIK-inhibitor compounds with traditional UV-blocking
473:
An opinion issued by the
European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, concluding spray tanning with DHA did not pose risk, has been heavily criticized by specialists. This is because the cosmetics industry in Europe chose the evidence to review, according to the commission itself.
435:
to initiate the color change. However, for the 24 hours after self-tanner is applied, the skin is especially susceptible to ultraviolet, according to a 2007 study led by
Katinka Jung of the Gematria Test Lab in Berlin. Forty minutes after the researchers treated skin samples with high levels of DHA
387:
is most commonly used as a color additive in certain foods. Although the FDA has approved the use of canthaxanthin in food, it does not approve its use as a tanning agent. When used as a color additive, only very small amounts of canthaxanthin are needed. As a tanning agent, however, much larger
764:
A toxicologist and lung specialist at the
University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine (Dr. Rey Panettieri) has commented, "The reason I'm concerned is the deposition of the tanning agents into the lungs could really facilitate or aid systemic absorption -- that is, getting into the
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are a temporary sunless tanning or bronzing option. These come in powders, sprays, mousse, gels, lotions and moisturizers. Once applied, they create a tan that can easily be removed with soap and water. Like make-up, these products tint or stain a person's skin only until they are washed off.
396:, a condition in which yellow deposits form in the retina of the eye. Other side effects including damage to the digestive system and skin surface have also been noted. The FDA withdrew approval for use of canthaxanthin as a tanning agent, and has issued warnings concerning its use.
735:
Just as with the term "sunless tanner", the term "bronzer" is likewise not defined by law, or by regulations enforced by the FDA. What is defined and regulated is the color additive DHA, or dihydroxyacetone. (Note that the "color additive" dihydroxyacetone is itself colorless.)
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Air brush tanning is a spray on tan performed by a professional. An air brush tan can last five to ten days and will fade when the skin is washed. It is used for special occasions or to get a quick dark tan. At-home airbrush tanning kits and aerosol mists are also available.
757:
UV-A light in a day of sunlight in a temperate climate is sufficient to break down most of the compound. It's important to continue wearing SPF while self-tanning, as self-tanner is generally a fake and temporary tan, and your skin is still sensitive to the sun.
765:
bloodstream. These compounds in some cells could actually promote the development of cancers or malignancies, and if that's the case then we need to be wary of them." A study by scientists from the
Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, published in
535:(α-MSH) in promoting melanin diffusion has been known since the 1960s. In the 1980s, scientists at University of Arizona began attempting to develop α-MSH and analogs as potential sunless tanning agents, and synthesized and tested several analogs, including
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quantities are used. After canthaxanthin is consumed, it is deposited throughout the body, including in the layer of fat below the skin, which turns an orange-brown color. These types of tanning pills have been linked to various side effects, including
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Chatelain E; Gabard B. (September 2001). "Photostabilization of Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and
Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter".
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A recent trend is that of lotions or moisturizers containing a gradual tanning agent. A slight increase in color is usually observable after the first use, but color will continue to darken the more frequently the product is used.
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Berlin. Forty minutes after the researchers treated skin samples with 20% DHA they found that more than 180 percent additional free radicals formed during sun exposure compared with untreated skin.
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Wetz F, Routaboul C, Denis A, Rico-Lattes I (March–April 2005). "A new long-chain UV absorber derived from 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane: absorbance stability under solar irradiation".
1349:
Tanvetyanon T, Bepler G (July 2008). "Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands".
369:(FDA) has approved some of these additives for coloring food, they are not approved for use in tanning agents." Also that "They may be harmful at the high levels that are used in tanning pills."
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Armas LA, Fusaro RM, Sayre RM, Huerter CJ, Heaney RP (2009). "Do melanoidins induced by topical 9% dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning spray inhibit vitamin d production? A pilot study".
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prevents the rub-off from being noticeable. While these products are much safer than tanning beds, the color produced can sometimes look orangey and splotchy if applied incorrectly.
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formation, thereby accelerating the tanning process. These are used in conjunction with UV exposure. At this time, there is no scientific data available to support these claims.
2240:
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Benamar N, Laplante AF, Lahjomri F, Leblanc RM (October 2004). "Modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy study of an artificial tanning on human skin induced by dihydroxyacetone".
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receptor). This is accomplished via small molecule inhibition of salt-inducible kinases (SIK). Inhibition of SIK increases transcription of MITF which is known to increase
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Jung K, Seifert M, Herrling T, Fuchs J (May 2008). "UV-generated free radicals (FR) in skin: their prevention by sunscreens and their induction by self-tanning agents".
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1876:"Dihydroxyacetone, the active browning ingredient in sunless tanning lotions, induces DNA damage, cell-cycle block and apoptosis in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes"
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Petersen AB, Na R, Wulf HC (December 2003). "Sunless skin tanning with dihydroxyacetone delays broad-spectrum ultraviolet photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice".
262:(DHA) is used in sunless tanning products in concentrations of 3%-5%. DHA concentration is adjusted to provide darker and lighter shades of tan. The reaction of
1928:
Mujahid, Nisma; Liang, Yanke; Murakami, Ryo; Choi, Hwan Geun; Dobry, Allison S.; Wang, Jinhua; Suita, Yusuke; Weng, Qing Yu; Allouche, Jennifer (13 June 2017).
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they found that more than 180 percent additional free radicals formed during sun exposure compared with untreated skin. Another self-tanner ingredient,
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427:, a process well known to food chemists that causes the browning that occurs during food manufacturing and storage. It does not involve the underlying
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Harvey, Philip W.; Everett, David J. (2004). "Significance of the detection of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours".
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Ewan A Langan; Denise
Ramlogan; Lynne A Jamieson; Lesley E Rhodes (January 2009). "Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab"".
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in the dead layer on the skin surface. One of the pathways is a free radical-mediated
Maillard reaction. The other pathway is the conventional
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Namiki, Mitsuo; Hayashi, Tateki (1983). "A New
Mechanism of the Maillard Reaction Involving Sugar Fragmentation and Free Radical Formation".
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sunscreens to minimize UV-related DNA damage in the short term while providing longer term protection through endogenous melanin production.
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company operating on behalf of University of Arizona, to an Australian startup called Epitan, which changed its name to Clinuvel in 2006.
2767:"A Blocked Diketo Form of Avobenzone: Photostability, Photosensitizing Properties and Triplet Quenching by a Triazine-derived UVB-filter"
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2155:
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Di Mascio, Paolo; Kaiser, Stephan; Sies, Helmut (1989). "Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher".
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Hadley, ME; Dorr, RT (April 2006). "Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization".
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Ewan A Langan; Z. Nie; Lesley E Rhodes (June 2010). "Melanotropic peptides: More than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun tan jabs?'".
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1590:"Synthetically prepared Aamadori-glycated phosphatidylethanolaminecan trigger lipid peroxidation via free radical reactions"
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The enclosed booth, which resembles an enclosed shower stall, sprays the tanning solution over the entire body. The U.S.
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Faurschou A, Wulf HC (October 2004). "Durability of the sun protection factor provided by dihydroxyacetone".
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The popularity of sunless tanning has risen since the 1960s after health authorities confirmed links between
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which works identically to DHA, but develops more slowly. Both DHA and erythrulose have been known to cause
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Zoe Kececioglu Draelos. (2019). Cosmetics and dermatologic problems and solutions. Boca Raton: Crc Press.
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in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria.Afamelanotide is also being investigated as a method of
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The color effect is temporary and fades gradually over 3 to 10 days. Some of these products also use
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2084:"FDA approves first treatment to increase pain-free light exposure in patients with a rare disorder"
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Chronic, high doses of synthetic β-carotene supplements have been associated with increased rate of
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419:, also known as glycerone) is not a dye, stain or paint, but causes a chemical reaction with the
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Petersen, Anita B.; Wulf, Hans Christian; Gniadecki, Robert; Gajkowska, Barbara (13 June 2004).
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Tarras-Wahlberg N, Stenhagen G, Larko O, Rosen A, Wennberg AM, Wennerstrom O (October 1999).
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has concluded DHA 'induces DNA damage, cell-cycle block and apoptosis' in cultured cells.
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has concluded DHA 'induces DNA damage, cell-cycle block and apoptosis' in cultured cells.
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2196:"FDA approves new treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women"
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1930:"A UV-Independent Topical Small-Molecule Approach for Melanin Production in Human Skin"
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1985:
Baker, BI (31 May 1993). "The role of melanin-concentrating hormone in color change".
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Paris C, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Jimenez O, Trullas C, Miranda M (January–February 2009).
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To pursue the tanning agent, melanotan-I was licensed by Competitive Technologies, a
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986:"Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans"
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analogues, and UV irradiation all trigger melanogenesis and, in turn, pigmentation.
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447:) as a result of the reaction of DHA with the skin, and the intermediates, such as
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protein present in skin and DHA is responsible for the production of pigmentation.
2367:
1153:"Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis"
2969:"Are 'Spray-On' Tans Safe? Experts Raise Questions as Industry Puts Out Warnings"
1945:
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Stahl W, Sies H (2002). "Carotenoids and protection against solar UV radiation".
232:, or creams, lotions or sprays applied to the skin. Skin-applied products may be
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345:) and is approved for usage in the US, Australia and New Zealand (registered as
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2879:"Changes in ultraviolet absorption of sunscreens after ultraviolet irradiation"
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1850:"Safety of Popular 'Spray On' Tans in Question; Are You Protected? - ABC News"
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James Rippe. (2013). Lifestyle Medicine, Second Edition. Editorial: Crc Press.
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is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of beta-carotene and xanthophylls.
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2014:
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Stahl W, Heinrich U, Wiseman S, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronnier H (May 2001).
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Tanning accelerators—lotions or pills that usually contain the amino acid
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A safe and effective method of sunless tanning is consumption of certain
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861:. Consequences of exposure to sunlight:elements to assess protection.
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1450:"In Vivo Formation of Maillard Reaction Free Radicals in Mouse Skin"
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SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) (14 December 2010).
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Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
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Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis
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2285:"Epitan changes name to Clinuvel, announces new clinical program"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Stahl W, Heinrich U, Aust O, Tronnier H, Sies H (February 2006).
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without exposure to the Sun. Sunless tanning involves the use of
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2241:"FDA Approves New Libido-Boosting Drug for Premenopausal Women"
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Due to its strong color and non-toxicity, lycopene is a useful
95:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
2658:. Norwegian Medicines Agency. 13 December 2007. Archived from
2513:
2310:
1724:"Dihydroxyacetone, tanning cream, sunless tanning. DermNet NZ"
1110:"β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight"
653:
115:
72:
31:
131:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
3049:
1260:. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Archived from
443:
The free radicals are due to the action of UV light on AGE (
2821:
10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0401:POBMAA>2.0.CO;2
244:
542:
In the European Union and United States, afamelanotide is
2566:""Tan jab" is an unlicensed medicine and may not be safe"
330:
Lycopene may be the most powerful carotenoid quencher of
1419:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 215. pp. 21–46.
486:
A novel class of compounds has been found to stimulate
140:
96:
2267:"EpiTan focuses on Melanotan, a potential blockbuster"
1448:
Lloyd, Roger V; Fong, Anna J; Sayre, Robert M (2001).
1639:
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine
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Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
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from damage. They are used in plants both to protect
928:"Lycopene-rich products and dietary photoprotection"
853:
Armstrong, Bruce K; Kricker, Anne (1 October 2001).
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2303:"Believe It Or Not 'Tanorexia' A Very Real Problem"
1308:"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers"
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2032:
2967:Greenblatt, Mark; Ahuja, Gitika (13 June 2012).
2656:"Legemiddelverket advarer mot bruk av Melanotan"
2630:Notice Information: – Warning – 27 February 2009
1588:Oak J, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T (September 2000).
3045:American Academy of Dermatology on Self Tanners
1869:
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1489:
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1485:
2109:"Scenesse: Summary of Product Characteristics"
1792:"FDA Comments on Sunless Tanners and Bronzers"
1071:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
776:which may cause skin allergies or may trigger
310:from light damage and harvest light directly.
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2952:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2857:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2082:Commissioner, Office of the (24 March 2020).
1030:Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology
8:
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1417:The Maillard Reaction in Foods and Nutrition
1095:"Carotenoids linked to attractive skin tone"
933:Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
855:"The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer"
1285:"Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients"
688:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1987:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1115:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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2782:
2682:"Melanotan – farlig og ulovlig brunfarge"
2343:(Australia). 14 June 2009. Archived from
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1282:Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
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708:Learn how and when to remove this message
574:is used for the treatment of generalized
233:
181:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
832:"Sunless tanning: What you need to know"
519:—claim that they stimulate and increase
490:in a mechanism that is independent from
2540:"Warning against the product Melanotan"
1204:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1093:Dolan, Eric W., ed. (11 January 2011).
823:
2945:
2850:
2748:"DHA-Spray and Sunless Tanning Booths"
1064:
197:1960s advertisement for tanning lotion
129:The examples and perspective in this
2520:from the original on 21 February 2009
2368:"Suntan Drug Greenlighted for Trials"
2210:from the original on 20 November 2019
2158:from the original on 19 November 2019
7:
2596:"US Lab Research Inc Warning letter"
2366:Madrigal, Alexis (29 January 2009).
1454:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
780:. Furthermore, some of them contain
686:adding citations to reliable sources
533:alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
357:Sunless-tanning pills often contain
650:Temporary bronzers (skin colorants)
2510:"Risky tan jab warnings 'ignored'"
2007:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19690.x
147:, or create a new, as appropriate.
25:
3040:FDA listing of approved colorants
2688:. 23 January 2009. Archived from
2606:from the original on 10 July 2009
2125:from the original on 6 April 2017
1108:Stahl W, Sies H (November 2012).
576:hypoactive sexual desire disorder
47:This article has multiple issues.
4054:
4053:
2896:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00721.x
2871:
2784:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00414.x
2730:"Sunless Tanners & Bronzers"
2712:"Sunless Tanners & Bronzers"
2626:"Melanotan Powder for Injection"
2437:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x
2220:
1759:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00574.x
1651:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00118.x
1467:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01448.x
1329:"Tanning pills and accelerators"
1151:Armstrong GA, Hearst JE (1996).
1078:
969:
658:
492:α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
431:nor does it require exposure to
229:
120:
77:
36:
2809:Photochemistry and Photobiology
2771:Photochemistry and Photobiology
2378:from the original on 5 May 2009
2206:(Press release). 21 June 2019.
1747:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1726:. Dermnetnz.org. 29 August 2015
772:Many self tanners use chemical
578:(HSDD) in premenopausal women.
445:advanced glycation end-products
55:or discuss these issues on the
2425:British Journal of Dermatology
2053:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.029
1900:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.03.002
1852:. Abcnews.go.com. 12 June 2012
1702:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.09.003
1396:"US FDA/CFSAN - Tanning Pills"
616:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
593:Other melanogenesis stimulants
238:temporary bronzers (colorants)
1:
2995:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2313:. 20 May 2009. Archived from
1615:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01966-9
879:10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00198-1
838:. 30 May 2017. Archived from
599:Melanocyte § Stimulation
365:states that "Although the US
237:
99:related to non-recent events.
90:slanted towards recent events
2600:Food and Drug Administration
2398:"Tanning drug a health risk"
2202:Food and Drug Administration
1946:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.042
1797:Food and Drug Administration
1401:Food and Drug Administration
1216:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
468:Food and Drug Administration
367:Food and Drug Administration
224:, refers to the effect of a
3298:Hair coloring and bleaching
2920:Journal of Cosmetic Science
1814:Opinion on dihydroxyacetone
1172:10.1096/fasebj.10.2.8641556
556:polymorphous light eruption
539:, then called melanotan-I.
247:exposure (from sunlight or
143:, discuss the issue on the
4114:
4093:Tanning (beauty treatment)
2934:(inactive 25 March 2024).
2823:(inactive 25 March 2024).
2686:Norwegian Medicines Agency
1559:10.1088/0967-3334/25/5/010
1425:10.1021/bk-1983-0215.ch002
1305:UK Food Standards Agency:
1045:(inactive 1 August 2024).
748:Tanners usually contain a
596:
527:Melanotan peptide hormones
494:(α-MSH) activation of the
408:
302:of the eye to protect the
4049:
3534:
3523:
2932:10.1562/2004-03-09-ra-106
2150:European Medicines Agency
2116:European Medicines Agency
1539:Physiological Measurement
1516:10.1016/j.saa.2007.09.029
554:from in the treatment of
270:Oral agents (carotenoids)
2118:(EMA). 27 January 2016.
991:The Journal of Nutrition
230:oral agents (carotenids)
3772:Laura Mercier Cosmetics
3554:Anastasia Beverly Hills
3480:Cosmetic electrotherapy
3105:Botulinum toxin (Botox)
2544:Danish Medicines Agency
1129:10.3945/ajcn.112.034819
564:squamous cell carcinoma
511:Tyrosine-based products
496:melanocortin 1 receptor
376:among those who smoke.
363:American Cancer Society
251:) and the incidence of
3737:Jeffree Star Cosmetics
3664:Daigaku Honyaku Center
2572:. 2008. Archived from
1258:www.accessdata.fda.gov
640:isobutylmethylxanthine
546:for the prevention of
258:The chemical compound
198:
3679:Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
3584:Bath & Body Works
3529:Major cosmetic brands
3490:Cosmetics advertising
2634:Irish Medicines Board
2154:. 17 September 2018.
1005:10.1093/jn/131.5.1449
807:Indoor tanning lotion
196:
29:Indoor tanning lotion
3867:Neal's Yard Remedies
3505:History of cosmetics
3485:Cosmetic ingredients
2736:. 11 September 2020.
2516:. 18 February 2009.
2347:on 12 September 2009
1264:on 27 September 2006
788:that can affect the
682:improve this section
400:Skin-reactive agents
234:skin-reactive agents
3644:ColourPop Cosmetics
3247:Circle contact lens
2602:. 29 January 2009.
2576:on 18 December 2008
2291:. 27 February 2006.
1999:1993NYASA.680..279B
1892:2004MRGTE.560..173P
1694:2003MRGTE.542..129P
1606:2000FEBSL.481...26O
1551:2004PhyM...25.1199B
1508:2008AcSpA..69.1423J
871:2001JPPB...63....8A
583:technology transfer
3495:Cosmetic packaging
3252:Eyelash extensions
2273:. 1 November 2004.
2182:2008-04-11 at the
1820:. European Union.
1363:10.1002/cncr.23527
1287:. 8 September 2011
460:contact dermatitis
405:DHA-based products
392:and canthaxanthin
199:
4080:
4079:
4045:
4044:
4022:Victoria's Secret
3732:Helena Rubinstein
3614:Bumble and bumble
3510:Cosmetic industry
2883:J Invest Dermatol
2404:. 31 October 2009
2271:The Pharma Letter
1940:(11): 2177–2184.
1835:978-92-79-12767-0
1682:Mutation Research
1434:978-0-8412-0769-1
1158:The FASEB Journal
1043:10.1159/000064532
767:Mutation Research
718:
717:
710:
560:actinic keratosis
476:Mutation Research
433:ultraviolet light
429:skin pigmentation
425:Maillard reaction
206:UV filled tanning
191:
190:
183:
173:
172:
165:
114:
113:
70:
16:(Redirected from
4105:
4057:
4056:
3842:Morphe Cosmetics
3807:Make Up For Ever
3624:Carol's Daughter
3525:
3403:Artificial nails
3360:Styling products
3165:Permanent makeup
3095:Anti-aging cream
3074:
3067:
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2718:. 15 March 2022.
2708:
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2699:
2697:
2692:on 17 April 2009
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2667:
2662:on 17 April 2009
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1250:
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1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1122:(5): 1179S–84S.
1105:
1099:
1098:
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1084:
1083:
1082:
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1024:
1018:
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1007:
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947:10.1039/b505312a
923:
917:
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908:
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899:
898:
850:
844:
843:
828:
790:endocrine system
752:. However, when
713:
706:
702:
699:
693:
662:
654:
449:Amadori products
417:dihydroxyacetone
411:Dihydroxyacetone
260:dihydroxyacetone
204:, also known as
186:
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157:
154:
148:
124:
123:
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109:
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100:
97:add more content
81:
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4102:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4041:
3982:Tarte Cosmetics
3862:Nature Republic
3757:Kylie Cosmetics
3742:Kao Corporation
3530:
3519:
3468:
3464:Sunless tanning
3454:Plastic surgery
3427:
3391:
3281:
3230:
3194:
3190:Venetian ceruse
3155:Moist towelette
3083:
3078:
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3007:10.1002/jat.957
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2194:
2193:
2189:
2184:Wayback Machine
2175:
2171:
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2159:
2145:"Scenesse EPAR"
2143:
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2111:
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2092:
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1984:
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1688:(1–2): 129–38.
1679:
1678:
1674:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1545:(5): 1199–210.
1536:
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983:
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978:
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925:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
902:
852:
851:
847:
842:on 24 May 2019.
830:
829:
825:
820:
798:
784:. Parabens are
746:
714:
703:
697:
694:
679:
663:
652:
601:
595:
552:photoprotection
529:
513:
501:
484:
413:
407:
402:
382:
355:
341:(registered as
322:
272:
202:Sunless tanning
187:
176:
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125:
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110:
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94:
82:
78:
41:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4074:
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4064:
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4047:
4046:
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4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Richard Hudnut
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Natural Wonder
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Love Cosmetics
3789:
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3551:
3546:
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3531:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3515:Male cosmetics
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3459:Skin whitening
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3283:
3282:
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3279:
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3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Blepharoplasty
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3035:
3034:External links
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2798:
2777:(1): 178–184.
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2557:
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2415:
2389:
2358:
2328:
2317:on 21 May 2009
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1886:(2): 173–186.
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1245:
1210:(2): 532–538.
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998:(5): 1449–51.
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918:
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816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
802:Indoor tanning
797:
794:
745:
742:
716:
715:
666:
664:
657:
651:
648:
644:diacylglycerol
597:Main article:
594:
591:
528:
525:
512:
509:
499:
483:
482:SIK-inhibitors
480:
409:Main article:
406:
403:
401:
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381:
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354:
351:
349:) and the EU.
332:singlet oxygen
321:
318:
282:found in some
271:
268:
216:(when applied
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188:
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135:of the subject
133:worldwide view
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88:appears to be
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3992:The Face Shop
3990:
3988:
3987:The Body Shop
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3963:
3962:Sinful Colors
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3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:NYX Cosmetics
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:MAC Cosmetics
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
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3753:
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3707:
3705:
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3680:
3677:
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3670:
3667:
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3642:
3640:
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3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
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3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
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3526:
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3491:
3488:
3486:
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3447:
3445:
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3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
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3409:
3406:
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3400:
3398:
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3386:
3383:
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3378:
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3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
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3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
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3188:
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3176:
3173:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Facial toning
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
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3098:
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3082:
3075:
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3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:(2): 135–48.
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2889:(4): 547–53.
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
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2810:
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2511:
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2493:
2489:
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2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
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2450:
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2434:
2430:
2426:
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2416:
2403:
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2393:
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2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
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2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
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2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:public domain
2209:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:Clinuvel FAQs
2173:
2170:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:(4): 921–30.
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:(1): 279–89.
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1826:10.2772/29632
1823:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:(5): 1265–6.
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:(5): 239–42.
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
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1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:(5): 1423–8.
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
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1389:
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1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:"21CFR73.585"
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1165:(2): 228–37.
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
980:
977:
972:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
943:
940:(2): 238–42.
939:
935:
934:
929:
922:
919:
913:
910:
904:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
827:
824:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
791:
787:
786:preservatives
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
762:
758:
755:
751:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
712:
709:
701:
698:February 2019
691:
687:
683:
677:
676:
672:
667:This section
665:
661:
656:
655:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:cholera toxin
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
592:
590:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
572:Bremelanotide
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:phototoxicity
545:
540:
538:
537:afamelanotide
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
510:
508:
505:
497:
493:
489:
488:melanogenesis
481:
479:
477:
471:
469:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
412:
404:
399:
397:
395:
391:
386:
385:Canthaxanthin
380:Canthaxanthin
379:
377:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
353:Beta-carotene
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:food coloring
335:
333:
328:
326:
319:
317:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:spray tanning
211:
207:
203:
195:
185:
182:
167:
164:
156:
153:February 2020
146:
142:
141:improve this
136:
134:
127:
118:
117:
108:
105:February 2020
98:
93:
91:
86:This article
84:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
27:
19:
3912:Paula Begoun
3837:Molton Brown
3827:Merle Norman
3747:Kevyn Aucoin
3709:Fenty Beauty
3684:Estée Lauder
3549:Amorepacific
3463:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2962:
2948:cite journal
2923:
2919:
2913:
2886:
2882:
2867:
2853:cite journal
2815:(3): 401–6.
2812:
2808:
2801:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:the original
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2504:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2431:(3): 451–5.
2428:
2424:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2341:Cosmopolitan
2337:"Fools Gold"
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:the original
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2239:Frellick M.
2234:
2212:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2148:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:
2077:
2044:
2040:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1937:
1934:Cell Reports
1933:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1883:
1879:
1854:. Retrieved
1844:
1813:
1806:
1795:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1718:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1600:(1): 26–30.
1597:
1594:FEBS Letters
1593:
1583:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1460:(3): 740–2.
1457:
1453:
1443:
1416:
1410:
1399:
1357:(1): 150–7.
1354:
1350:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1257:
1248:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1119:
1113:
1103:
1088:
1067:cite journal
1037:(5): 291–6.
1034:
1028:
1022:
995:
989:
979:
937:
931:
921:
912:
903:
862:
858:
848:
840:the original
835:
826:
771:
763:
759:
747:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
719:
704:
695:
680:Please help
668:
602:
587:
580:
541:
531:The role of
530:
514:
485:
472:
464:
453:
442:
414:
383:
371:
356:
346:
342:
336:
329:
323:
314:Carotenaemia
312:
280:antioxidants
273:
257:
249:tanning beds
242:
222:fake tanning
221:
213:
210:self tanning
209:
205:
201:
200:
177:
159:
150:
130:
102:
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
26:
4037:Yves Rocher
4012:Urban Decay
4007:Uoma Beauty
3997:Ulta Beauty
3892:O Boticário
3777:Lise Watier
3694:Etude House
3619:Burt's Bees
3604:Bobbi Brown
3599:Bite Beauty
3500:Cosmetology
3418:Nail polish
3293:Conditioner
3257:Eyelid glue
3160:Moisturizer
3150:Highlighter
2752:MedicineNet
2580:17 November
2247:. WebMD LLC
2162:18 November
1913:27 February
1856:27 February
1730:27 February
865:(1): 8–18.
836:Mayo Clinic
812:Sun tanning
620:endothelins
604:Eicosanoids
568:skin cancer
566:(a form of
456:erythrulose
438:erythrulose
421:amino acids
394:retinopathy
374:lung cancer
308:chlorophyll
276:carotenoids
253:skin cancer
4087:Categories
4058:Categories
3957:SimplySiti
3952:Shu Uemura
3872:Neutrogena
3822:Maybelline
3817:Max Factor
3787:L'Occitane
3727:Hard Candy
3609:Bonne Bell
3439:Cold cream
3267:Eye shadow
3145:Foundation
3120:Cotton pad
3001:(1): 1–4.
2640:2 February
2408:31 October
2402:Herald Sun
2214:24 October
1313:27 October
1291:27 October
1232:4922826134
1097:. PsyPost.
818:References
774:fragrances
754:avobenzone
612:oestrogens
359:β-carotene
288:vegetables
52:improve it
4062:Companies
4002:Ultima II
3972:Skin Food
3922:Red Earth
3649:CoverGirl
3338:threading
3262:Eye liner
3115:Concealer
3081:Cosmetics
2829:0031-8655
2550:11 August
2289:LabOnline
1954:2211-1247
1224:0003-9861
887:1011-1344
750:sunscreen
669:does not
632:forskolin
628:hydantoin
624:psoralens
608:retinoids
544:indicated
390:hepatitis
218:topically
145:talk page
58:talk page
4098:Toiletry
4032:Younique
4017:Vaseline
3947:Shiseido
3902:Oriflame
3812:Mary Kay
3722:Guerlain
3669:Dermacol
3654:Creme 21
3634:Clinique
3594:Biotherm
3569:Artistry
3564:Aqua Net
3559:Anna Sui
3423:Pedicure
3413:Manicure
3328:plucking
3313:electric
3308:chemical
3206:Lipstick
3130:DD cream
3125:Cleanser
3110:CC cream
3100:BB cream
3023:29852495
3015:14745840
2973:ABC News
2940:15870853
2905:10504439
2845:29879472
2837:11594052
2793:18673327
2696:11 March
2666:11 March
2604:Archived
2518:Archived
2496:27838904
2488:19174439
2474:: b277.
2445:20545686
2382:11 April
2376:Archived
2245:Medscape
2208:Archived
2180:Archived
2156:Archived
2120:Archived
2093:24 April
2069:21025287
2061:16412534
2041:Peptides
2023:11465789
1972:28614705
1908:15157655
1767:19496990
1710:14644361
1667:35465870
1659:15379873
1624:10984609
1575:20591508
1567:15535185
1524:18024196
1476:11564185
1379:33827601
1371:18429004
1189:22385652
1138:23053552
1059:10464154
1051:12239422
1014:11340098
964:17706826
956:16465309
895:11684447
796:See also
782:parabens
721:Bronzers
517:tyrosine
325:Lycopene
320:Lycopene
296:tomatoes
290:such as
139:You may
18:Bronzers
4072:History
3942:Sephora
3907:Origins
3782:L'Oréal
3767:Laneige
3762:Lancôme
3752:Kiehl's
3717:Garnier
3699:Fabergé
3674:Douglas
3629:Clarins
3589:Benefit
3473:Related
3449:Peeling
3408:Buffing
3355:Sindoor
3350:Shampoo
3333:shaving
3303:Removal
3277:Mascara
2610:23 July
2598:. U.S.
2524:4 March
2453:8203334
2351:25 July
2321:23 July
2307:WCBS-TV
2251:22 June
2129:6 April
2015:8390154
1995:Bibcode
1963:5549921
1888:Bibcode
1775:6733532
1690:Bibcode
1602:Bibcode
1547:Bibcode
1504:Bibcode
1334:1 April
1240:2802626
1181:8641556
867:Bibcode
690:removed
675:sources
521:melanin
504:melanin
292:carrots
264:keratin
4067:People
3937:Rimmel
3927:Revlon
3917:Pond's
3877:Nexxus
3852:Natura
3832:Missha
3704:Farmec
3444:Lotion
3375:pomade
3370:mousse
3343:waxing
3175:Powder
3170:Primer
3135:Facial
3021:
3013:
2978:4 June
2938:
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