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the largest female they can find, and they sometimes engage in severe fights with other males over access to a female. Large adult males in South
Carolina will guard females within their territories and chase away smaller males. Females will also mate with the largest males they can find, a result of the Good Genes Hypothesis. Females only have a preference on body size of males when reproducing, they tend to look over the more dominant feature of bright orange heads on this species. Females emit a pheromone from glands in the base of the tail when they are sexually receptive and males can find them by tracking their chemical trails through tongue-flicking. Males show higher tongue flicking rates when exposed to conspecific females verses heterospecific females when mating and will terminate behavioral interaction without initiating courtship if the pheromones do not match the species. Males can get particularly aggressive during mating season and even display mate guarding. Mate guarding thus lasts through a major portion of the mating season, which appears to be limited to about two weeks. Mate guarding can be costly, many suffer injuries and fatality at the hands of guarding their female. The female lays between 8 and 22 eggs, which she guards and protects until they hatch in June or July. Female broadhead skinks will lay their clutch in decaying log cavities, and they have been observed to create a sort of nest by packing down debris within their cavities. The
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organisms including carnivorous birds, larger reptiles, and mammals. Skinks prefer to flee by climbing a nearby tree or seeking shelter under foliage. These skinks exhibit tail autotomy when caught by a predator. The tails break away and continue to move, distracting the predator and allowing the skink to flee. This species is capable of detecting integumentary chemical stimuli from two species of snakes that are sympatric predators of lizards. Typically, females will flee before males do when found in pairs. Males during the breeding season tend to stand their ground, likely due to the possibility of losing a mate. Broad-headed Skinks rely on coloration and directional stimuli to determine which end of their prey item to attack. When consuming large invertebrates, they often carry them to shelter to avoid being preyed upon during the prey handling time.
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Males typically are larger than females. Large males guard females during breeding season using aggressive behavior with other males, and remain in pairs for long periods of time for foraging, basking, and mating. The larger the female, the more eggs she will lay. Males thus often try to mate with
411:
lizards, as well as cannibalizing juvenile Broad-headed skinks. Their larger body size allows for them to consume a wider range of prey. They are very opportunistic hunters, and they use strategy to determine the desirability of their prey. They have been seen avoiding predators and dismissing food
406:
Broad-headed skinks consume a wide variety of different organisms, but mostly consume insects, insect larvae, gastropods, and spiders. They are diurnal (daytime) feeders, and will actively hunt their prey (i.e. other organisms that are active at the time they are). Their diet consists of what is
368:
Broad-headed skinks are semi-arboreal lizards that are strongly associated with live oak trees. It does not appear that the lizards have a preference for tree size, rather they prefer trees with holes. Juveniles stay closer to the ground on low or fallen branches. Males have been known to guard
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on the ground, but also easily and often climb trees for shelter, to sleep, or to search for food. Broad-headed skinks often feed on what are called "hidden prey"; prey items that can only be located by searching under debris, soil or litter. Broad-headed skinks are preyed on by a variety of
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The broad-headed skink gets its name from the wide jaws, giving the head a triangular appearance. Adult males are brown or olive brown in color and have bright orange heads during the mating season in spring. Females have five light stripes running down the back and the tail, similar to the
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preferred trees that are surrounded with dense brushes to limit attack by predators and harbor prey. Dead and decaying trees are important habitat resources for nesting. Fallen logs are also essential because during the winter following the breeding season it is seen that In
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when too dangerous. Smaller prey is easier to grab, and they can eat it right away, whereas larger prey takes longer and might put you at risk of being predated on. Because handling time increases with prey size, larger prey are not necessarily the most profitable.
1104:
Cooper, William E., and Laurie J. Vitt. "Maximizing male reproductive success in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps): preliminary evidence for mate guarding, size-assortative pairing, and opportunistic extra-pair mating." Amphibia-Reptilia 18.1 (1997):
860:
Cooper, W. E., & Vitt, L. J. (2002). Increased predation risk while mate guarding as a cost of reproduction for male broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps). Acta
Ethologica, 5(1), 19. 10.1007/s10211-002-0058-1
360:. However, they can be distinguished by having five labial scales around the mouth, whereas Five-lined skinks have only four. Juveniles are dark brown or black and also striped and have blue tails.
709:
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Cooper Jr, William E., and Roger A. Anderson. "Adjusting prey handling times and methods affects profitability in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps)." Herpetologica 62.4 (2006): 356-365.
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Laurie J. Vitt and
William E. Cooper Jr.. 2011. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the skink Eumeces laticeps: an example of sexual selection. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63(5): 995-1002.
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in forest of the
Southeastern United States. All three species are phenotypically similar throughout much of their development and were considered a single species prior to the mid-1930s.
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Cooper, W. E. (1997). Factors
Affecting Risk and Cost of Escape by the Broad-Headed Skink (Eumeces laticeps): Predator Speed, Directness of Approach, and Female Presence.
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578:
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Cooper, W. E. (1981). Visual guidance of predatory attack by a scincid lizard, Eumeces laticeps. Animal
Behaviour, 29(4), 1127-1136. 10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80065-6
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small groups gather in hibernacula under the ground or in rotting logs. The occurrence of the species was seen to correlate with the presence of Black Walnut (
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554:"A COMPARISON OF MAXIMUM SPRINT SPEED AMONG THE FIVE-LINED SKINK (PLESTIODON) OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AT ECOLOGICALLY RELEVANT TEMPERATURES"
1372:
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Cooper, W. E., Garstka, W. R., & Vitt, L. J. (1986). Female Sex
Pheromone in the Lizard Eumeces laticeps. Herpetologica, 42(3), 361–366.
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Cooper, William E., and
William R. Garstka. "Aggregation in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps)." Copeia 1987.3 (1987): 807-810.
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805:"Tail loss, tail color, and predator escape in Eucemes (Lacertilia: Scincidae) age-specific differences in costs and benefits"
758:"Habitat Assessment of the Broad-Headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps) and the Associated Squamate Community in Eastern Kansas"
710:"Habitat assessment of the Broad-headed Skink (Plestiodon laticeps) and the associated squamate community in eastern Kansas"
1117:"The Relationship between Reproduction and Lipid Cycling in the Skink Eumeces laticeps with Comments on Brooding Ecology"
1207:
1153:
85:
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Cooper, W.E. Jr. (1990). "Chemical detection of predators by a lizard, the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps)".
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Cooper, W.E. (1993). "Tree selection by the broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps: size, holes, and cover".
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898:"Tradeoffs Between Predation Risk and Feeding in a Lizard, the Broad-Headed Skink (Eumeces Laticeps)"
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skinks", growing from a total length of 15 cm (5.9 in) to nearly 33 cm (13 in).
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available at the time of day they are feeding. Broad-headed skinks have been documented consuming
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943:"Species Profile: Broadhead Skink." Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia.
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Division., Connecticut. Department of
Environmental Protection. Connecticut. Wildlife (1997).
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A Field Guide to
Reptiles & Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America, Third Edition
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665:"Tree Selection by the broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps: size, holes, and cover"
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626:"Foraging and Diet of a Diurnal Predator (Eumeces Laticeps) Feeding on Hidden Prey"
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have a total length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) to 8 centimetres (3.1 in).
17:
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A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern North America, Second Edition
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Broad-headed skinks are widely distributed in the southeastern states of the
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Hullinger, Allison; Cordes, Zackary; Riedle, Daren; Stark, William (2020).
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Hullinger, Allison; Cordes, Zackary; Riedle, Daren; Stark, William (2020).
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The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
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Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae continens...Scincos...
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598:. Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection, Wildlife Division.
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to the southeastern United States. The broadhead skink occurs in
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Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
1234:, pp. 123–124, Figures 26-27 + Plate 19 + Map 76.)
1024:"Female mate choice of large male broad-headed skinks"
552:
Watson, Charles, M.; Formanowicz, Daniel, R. (2012).
998:
Female mate choice of large male broad-headed skinks
1319:
1022:Cooper, William E.; Vitt, Laurie J. (April 1993).
1558:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider
1244:Frommann. Jena. vi + 364 pp. + Plates I.- II. (
542:The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
762:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
714:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
344:A male broad-headed skink, illustration from
8:
1214:. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. xviii + 429 pp.
1115:Vitt, Laurie J.; Cooper, William E. (1985).
693:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
529:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64231A12756745.en
945:https://srelherp.uga.edu/lizards/eumlat.htm
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1543:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
561:Herpetological Conservation and Biology
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471:. Broad-headed skinks are nonvenomous.
1204:, pp. 573–574 + Plates 424, 431.)
995:Cooper, William; Vitt, Laurie (1993).
803:Vitt, Laurie; Cooper, William (1986).
686:
624:Vitt, Laurie; Cooper, William (1986).
570:
499:
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467:) are sometimes wrongly thought to be
1538:Endemic reptiles of the United States
1074:www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com
461:These skinks (along with the similar
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1528:IUCN Red List least concern species
1094:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3892314
515:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
266:— Collins & Taggart, 2009
1548:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1291:University of California, Berkeley
1258:. Golden Press. New York. 240 pp.
25:
1070:"Virginia Herpetological Society"
385:Broad-headed skinks are the most
84:
1168:. Boston and New York. 640 pp.
1001:(4 ed.). Animal Behavior.
984:https://doi.org/10.1139/z85-148
313:Southeastern five-lined skink (
1:
1254:, and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982.
1200:. Knopf. New York. 743 pp. (
1156:, & J.T. Collins. 1998.
663:Cooper, William, E. (1993).
815:(3) (3 ed.): 583–592.
809:Canadian Journal of Zoology
305:with the five-lined skink (
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1553:Reptiles described in 1801
349:North American Herpetology
331:it is the largest of the "
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81:Scientific classification
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896:Cooper, William (2000).
504:Hammerson, G.A. (2007).
1196:, and F.W. King. 1979.
970:10.1163/156853893X00480
914:10.1163/156853900502583
681:10.1163/156853893X00480
315:Plestiodon inexpectatus
1040:10.1006/anbe.1993.1083
848:10.1002/jez.1402560206
630:Journal of Herpetology
389:of the North American
352:
1296:"Plestiodon laticeps"
1162:Peterson Field Guides
522:: e.T64231A12756745.
343:
1301:Encyclopedia of Life
1248:, pp. 189–190.)
774:10.1660/062.123.0111
726:10.1660/062.123.0111
483:- similar morphology
464:Plestiodon fasciatus
308:Plestiodon fasciatus
1351:Plestiodon laticeps
1321:Plestiodon laticeps
1282:Plestiodon laticeps
508:Plestiodon laticeps
453:to the Gulf Coast.
286:Plestiodon laticeps
262:Plestiodon laticeps
233:Plestiodon laticeps
190:Plestiodon laticeps
51:Conservation status
35:Broad-headed skink
1469:broad-headed-skink
1270:, pp. 76–77.)
683:– via Brill.
353:
329:Great Plains skink
327:Together with the
277:broad-headed skink
27:Species of reptile
18:Broad-headed skink
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1477:Open Tree of Life
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958:Amphibia-Reptilia
669:Amphibia-Reptilia
371:Eumeces laticepts
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1425:NatureServe
1386:iNaturalist
1345:Wikispecies
1252:Smith, H.M.
567:(1): 75–82.
457:Nonvenomous
437:, from the
323:Description
1533:Plestiodon
1522:Categories
1208:Conant, R.
1180:, p. 263.)
1154:Conant, R.
1079:2022-04-28
439:East Coast
423:hatchlings
391:Plestiodon
346:Holbrook's
334:Plestiodon
159:Plestiodon
1287:CalPhotos
1133:0018-0831
1048:0003-3472
922:0005-7959
902:Behaviour
790:218890677
782:0022-8443
734:218890677
449:and from
198:Schneider
166:Species:
148:Scincidae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1495:laticeps
1430:2.100658
1404:11008564
1336:Q2697347
1330:Wikidata
1056:53189345
604:43556290
475:See also
469:venomous
387:arboreal
381:Behavior
303:sympatry
253:—
237:—
216:Synonyms
144:Family:
138:Squamata
128:Reptilia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1505:8054583
1378:5789628
1298:at the
1285:in the
1141:3892111
650:1564503
393:. They
364:Habitat
351:, 1842.
299:endemic
291:species
200:, 1801)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
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409:Anolis
395:forage
311:) and
295:lizard
257:, 1936
255:Taylor
245:, 1839
243:Bibron
241:&
1417:64231
1399:IRMNG
1391:73792
1365:6VQDY
1137:JSTOR
1052:S2CID
786:S2CID
730:S2CID
646:JSTOR
557:(PDF)
488:Notes
447:Texas
289:) is
1464:ODNR
1438:NCBI
1412:IUCN
1373:GBIF
1260:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1129:ISSN
1044:ISSN
1003:ISBN
918:ISSN
778:ISSN
695:link
600:OCLC
579:link
520:2007
451:Ohio
402:Diet
275:The
1360:CoL
1266:. (
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1036:doi
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