93:), the public may use spectrum without a license. Commercial users (such as television, AM/FM radio, and some types of two-way communications) will receive an FCC assignment to a portion of spectrum, which may be a single frequency or a band of frequencies. In issuing broadcast licenses the FCC relies on "comparative hearings", whereby the most qualified user will be granted use of the spectrum to best serve the public interest; researchers have pointed out that this procedure favors incumbents.
590:
Application consists of yes-or-no questions and certifications, the process of renewing the license is complex; the FCC requires that licensees certify that they were in compliance with all rules and regulations during the prior license term. If a license has been acquired in the middle of a term, the licensee will be evaluated from that point to the end of the license term. Misrepresentation to the FCC may lead to the loss of a license.
589:
compared to commercial applicants. Licensees must be aware of deadlines, from original application to renewal, which vary by state and include license expiration and dates for renewals. The form for renewal of a broadcast license in the United States is FCC Form 303-S. While the Form 303-S License
200:
to existing stations. There is a limited term for the license, once acquired. According to the United States
Government Printing Office in 1997, the term could exceed 8 years; however, this has been shortened to five years or less (depending on whether the FCC requires further evaluation).
175:
established the regulatory premise that the spectrum belongs to the public, and licensees have no property rights to use it. Although the spectrum is licensed to bidders, its purchase does not entail ownership or rights but the privilege of using that portion of the spectrum.
62:
may be represented by different types of services which vary in size. Many options exist when applying for a broadcast license; the FCC determines how much spectrum to allot to licensees in a given band, according to what is needed for the service in question.
136:: with well-defined property rights, the free market will allocate resources to their most efficient use if transaction costs are low. Coase's theory indicated that broadcast licenses in a spectrum that was limited had high
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75:
55:
268:
in the U.S., which may be a prerequisite to moving a station a significant distance (leaving its original community outside its new coverage area). Temporary situations are covered by
132:
challenged the FCC's approach. Coase proposed that, as for other resources (land, metal, etc.), the market should regulate the use of radio spectrum. This proposition is based on the
546:
rights. Each licensee is responsible for the content on their own channels, while both are jointly responsible for the technical operation of the transmitter, antenna, and tower.
208:
is first issued, with the license receiving approval when the station certifies that the permit has been executed (after testing to ensure that all parameters are within allowable
604:
196:). If a frequency is available, an engineering study is submitted with an application to the broadcasting authority, to demonstrate that the licensee will not cause
629:
287:
applications are received. The FCC opens application window periods of about a week. Some applications have been pending for years; others end up in
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Existing stations apply for permits and license amendments when making changes to their facilities (such as relocation to another site, changing the
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stations can choose, except those tied to a DTV station as a fill-in translator or booster to overcome the shortcomings of the
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Licensing is conducted by a broadcasting authority (a government agency) to manage the radio-frequency spectrum and implement
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for the 600 MHz band, TV stations were paid to leave the air in crowded markets (to facilitate repacking of stations on
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38 to 51 into those already using 2 to 36), but are allowed to move the license to another existing station, keeping their
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1304:
734:"National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) United States Frequency Allocations The Radio Spectrum"
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of the license. Licenses have also been jeopardized by misrepresentation on the part of the holder or failure to keep a
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171:(FCC) does not assign licenses to exclusive users, instead permitting qualified users to apply for a license. The
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has on occasion been used when two applicants have an equal number of points, mainly with LPFM stations. In
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672:- a issue whereas its application for broadcast license were denied due to "politically motivated" issues
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In some cases, two stations may share the same frequency in the same area, or even the same facility.
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The determination of frequencies used by licensees is done through frequency allocation, which in the
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453:
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217:
59:
1316:
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1123:
958:"Preparing for Radio Station FCC License Renewals - Advisories & Blogs - Davis Wright Tremaine"
634:
398:
246:
205:
71:
933:"Federal Communications Commission License Renewal Applications for Television Broadcast Stations"
74:. The FCC is authorized to regulate spectrum access for private and government uses; however, the
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Violation of the terms of a license (due to technical fault or illegal content) may result in
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Federal
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In the U.S. broadcast licenses were issued for only a nominal payment, but economist
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purposes. The licenses generally include restrictions, which vary from band to band.
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1207:
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Krattenmaker, T. G. & Pwwe, L. A. Jr. (1994). Regulating
Broadcast programming.
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stations in the U.S.) may be required to broadcast local content each week. U.S.
17:
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212:). Once a facility is built and operational, it may be allowed to operate under
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105:
27:
License granting permission to use radio frequency spectrum for broadcasting use
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first determines an available frequency, which may be unavailable in a crowded
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allocates spectrum for use by the federal government (including the military).
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276:(RSL) to operate for a fixed period at reduced power. While these are FCC and
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The broadcast license typically specifies the following minimum information:
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315:) is normally undertaken as a part of broadcast licensing in each country.
54:
Spectrum may be divided according to use. As indicated in a graph from the
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until the license is issued (or denied). Where a station is close to an
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558:
405:
37:
865:"The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television"
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296:
184:
The process of obtaining a new broadcast license may be lengthy. A
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837:"United States Government Printing Office Broadcast License Terms"
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sometimes causes stations to be heard outside their service area.
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terms, respectively, other countries have similar regulations.
272:(STA) to operate at a variance from the license or permit or a
152:
users (who are shut out of the process for economic reasons).
224:. This is done even if the border is outside of a station's
1005:
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1000:
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56:
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40:
granting the licensee permission to use a portion of the
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In the U.S., court cases can prolong the process when
459:
Backup facilities (which may have separate licenses)
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1235:
1161:
1053:
811:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p.
769:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p.
708:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p.
494:, to ensure diversity. Community stations (such as
804:
803:Nuechterlein, Jonathan; Weiser, Philip J. (2005).
762:
761:Nuechterlein, Jonathan; Weiser, Philip J. (2005).
701:
700:Nuechterlein, Jonathan; Weiser, Philip J. (2005).
1011:Federal Communications Commission (United States)
695:
693:
691:
610:1939 Temporary shutdown of BBC Television Service
605:Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom
565:, unless the U.N. should ever apply to use it.
112:refers to legal devices allowed to transmit at
890:"FM Query Results -- Audio Division (FCC) USA"
1031:
991:Australian Communications and Media Authority
257:). Other situations (such as a change in the
8:
1038:
1024:
1016:
630:Television licensing in the United Kingdom
443:(BAS) linking studio and transmitter sites
295:, sometimes with one applicant seeking a
144:. Licenses are increasingly offered via
687:
660:1972 Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
1001:Radio Spectrum Management New Zealand
670:ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy
7:
553:, 89.1 MHz is reserved for the
462:Additional service authorizations (
456:(AMSL) and above ground level (AGL)
573:Licensing requirements differ for
411:Additionally, it often specifies:
253:, or when adding—or converting to—
148:; however, this fails to consider
25:
557:; however, it is used instead by
351:), and are licensed differently.
169:Federal Communications Commission
47:in a given geographical area for
1152:BitTorrent television and movies
665:Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation
600:Broadcasting in the Soviet Union
161:concentration of media ownership
1408:Director of network programming
1110:Digital terrestrial television
640:Frequency assignment authority
140:, which should be paid on the
1:
1383:Television news screen layout
676:Tongyang Broadcasting Company
650:2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests
159:, such as that regarding the
70:is specified by the FCC in a
1350:Broadcast television systems
1256:Children's television series
518:system mandated by the FCC.
474:Some countries (such as the
441:Broadcast auxiliary services
393:Height above average terrain
313:broadcast television systems
1252:Children's interest channel
510:local content on FM, while
270:special temporary authority
1482:
1466:Communications authorities
496:class A television service
274:Restricted Service Licence
150:non-commercial educational
108:(in the U.S. and Canada).
1358:Digital on-screen graphic
1271:Movie television channels
1247:Adult television channels
615:DuMont Television Network
120:, which violate the law.
1322:Women's interest channel
427:Transmitter power output
387:Effective radiated power
307:Management of technical
303:Technical specifications
1186:Multichannel television
1176:Commercial broadcasting
1147:Peer-to-peer television
404:, specified at several
110:Unlicensed broadcasting
1266:Men's interest channel
1222:Religious broadcasting
1006:Ofcom (United Kingdom)
919:April 8, 2005, at the
492:television programming
359:Geographic coordinates
245:, making changes to a
222:frequency coordination
214:program test authority
116:without a license and
36:is a type of spectrum
415:Operating hours (for
60:frequency allocations
1415:Outside broadcasting
504:broadcast translator
454:above mean sea level
255:digital broadcasting
218:international border
85:In some cases (e.g.
1317:Sports broadcasting
1261:Documentary channel
1217:Public broadcasting
1124:Internet television
635:Spectrum management
399:Directional antenna
247:directional antenna
206:construction permit
80:Commerce Department
72:table of allotments
1430:Television licence
1398:Broadcast designer
807:Digital Crossroads
765:Digital Crossroads
704:Digital Crossroads
429:(TPO) (before any
311:(such as those in
289:administrative law
285:mutually exclusive
186:broadcast engineer
1443:
1442:
1435:Television studio
1403:Broadcast license
1390:Network affiliate
1373:On-screen display
1340:Broadcast network
1310:Livestreamed news
1300:Business channels
1295:News broadcasting
1212:Pirate television
1203:News broadcasting
1083:Mobile television
968:on March 21, 2012
402:radiation pattern
372:Carrier frequency
261:) are covered in
251:radiation pattern
233:radio propagation
194:metropolitan area
173:Radio Act of 1927
146:spectrum auctions
34:broadcast license
18:Broadcast licence
16:(Redirected from
1473:
1290:Shopping channel
1280:Music television
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964:. Archived from
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540:virtual channel
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449:brand and model
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259:city of license
229:broadcast range
198:RF interference
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118:pirate stations
42:radio frequency
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1461:Broadcasting
1402:
1394:Occupations
1285:Quiz channel
1208:Pirate radio
1196:Pay-per-view
1171:Campus radio
1162:Broadcasting
1047:Broadcasting
970:. Retrieved
966:the original
961:
952:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
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897:. Retrieved
893:
884:
872:. Retrieved
868:
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847:. Retrieved
843:
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764:
756:
744:. Retrieved
740:
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575:public radio
572:
548:
542:numbers and
528:Time sharing
525:
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484:radio format
473:
410:
353:
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299:of another.
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190:media market
183:
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130:Ronald Coase
127:
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65:
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49:broadcasting
33:
31:
29:
1368:News ticker
1363:Lower third
1333:and funding
1276:Music radio
962:www.dwt.com
894:www.fcc.gov
536:TV channels
464:subcarriers
431:attenuation
317:Radio bands
293:arbitration
266:proceedings
192:(such as a
142:open market
106:public file
1450:Categories
1425:Press pool
1331:Production
1227:Talk radio
682:References
587:television
579:television
544:must-carry
482:) specify
417:mediumwave
381:Modulation
341:narrowband
291:courts or
263:rulemaking
210:tolerances
102:revocation
1420:Press box
1378:Score bug
1354:Graphics
1237:Specialty
1117:Satellite
1078:Satellite
972:March 19,
942:March 19,
899:March 19,
874:March 19,
849:March 19,
746:March 19,
625:Rede Tupi
506:licenses
421:shortwave
376:bandwidth
367:longitude
345:broadband
323:(such as
226:predicted
124:Economics
114:low power
1239:channels
1090:Teletext
917:Archived
620:Seven TV
594:See also
581:and for
563:WNYU-FM1
508:prohibit
406:azimuths
363:latitude
231:, since
165:the U.S.
58:(NTIA),
45:spectrum
1132:Webcast
1105:Digital
1073:Digital
937:fcc.gov
844:gpo.gov
741:doc.gov
569:Renewal
559:WNYU-FM
549:In the
522:Sharing
486:or the
452:Height
447:Antenna
349:content
333:digital
321:signals
180:Process
89:radio,
78:of the
38:license
1095:Analog
1054:Medium
819:
777:
716:
480:Canada
395:(HAAT)
337:analog
319:carry
297:buyout
243:height
1164:niche
1128:radio
1100:Cable
1068:Cable
840:(PDF)
737:(PDF)
488:genre
389:(ERP)
329:audio
325:video
278:Ofcom
163:. In
98:fines
91:Wi-Fi
1126:and
974:2018
944:2018
901:2018
876:2018
851:2018
817:ISBN
775:ISBN
748:2018
714:ISBN
645:RCTV
585:and
577:and
561:and
516:ATSC
512:LPTV
500:LPFM
498:and
435:gain
419:and
383:type
374:and
365:and
347:and
335:and
327:and
167:the
813:232
771:234
710:235
655:ATV
490:of
478:in
433:or
249:'s
100:or
1452::
1278:/
1254:/
1210:/
960:.
935:.
892:.
867:.
842:.
815:.
773:.
739:.
712:.
690:^
466:,
343:,
339:,
331:,
204:A
87:CB
32:A
1154:)
1130:(
1039:e
1032:t
1025:v
976:.
946:.
903:.
878:.
853:.
825:.
783:.
750:.
722:.
470:)
437:)
423:)
20:)
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