49:
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36:
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and well-being in aboriginal culture, is known to inhabit Brown Lake and "as a sign of respect to this spirit and to the old ancestors watching over the lake, the
Quandamooka women would ask permission before they would enter the lake. Ripples on the water meant permission was denied, while a smooth
941:
people of the Brown Lake area, the
Quandamooka people, associate the area very strongly with women and children; only women can speak for Brown Lake and women are responsible by Law to care for manage the lake and its resources. Brown Lake is also a ceremonial place at which women-only, ritualistic
1080:
expansion strategy that will combine traditional and contemporary management strategies; acknowledging the value of the intimate knowledge indigenous populations possess of the land and sea. The introduction of traditional management practices is evident through the first planned cultural burn at
892:
grass-like plant that typically encompasses lake systems; forming a dense and thick swards. The flower on the plant is reddish-brown in colour, cylindrical in shape and points sideways. The species plays a significant role in the functioning of the Brown Lake ecosystem, as the submerged parts of
820:
that occurs at Brown Lake is a contributing factor to fish migration, as boats passing through the ecosystem that have visited other water systems on North
Stradbroke Island either accidentally or deliberately transport eggs and live cargo into the lake. In 2014 a large
315:
soil supports the health and growth of the vegetation at Brown Lake. Developed from quartz-rich sand, podzol soil is sandy in texture and is characterised as a well-aerated, well-drained and acidic soil. The soil is also nutrient deficient, which is largely due to
276:. The cold-climate interval of the epoch caused a periodic lower sea level, which exposed the sea-bed of the coastal heathland to strong south-easterly winds that carried and deposited sediment which eventually accumulated to form the
283:
Perched lakes are formed via geological processes. They occur in sunken landforms (depressions) when an impermeable layer of sand, combined with decomposed organic material, becomes cemented as precipitates of mineral matter fill in
1773:
Becker, A.; Laurenson, L.J.B.; Jones, P.L.; Newman, D.M. (2005). "Competitive
Interactions between the Australian Native Fish Galaxias maculatus and the Exotic Mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki,in a Series of Laboratory Experiments".
415:. Accordingly, pro-longed periods of low rainfall often lead to decreased water levels however, studies show that Brown Lake’s water level has been relatively stable; remaining at a normative level due to the large rainfall
1911:
975:
at which a range of recreational activities take place, including picnics, barbecues, camping, boating and swimming. Tourism is threatening Brown Lake's ecosystem, as the high visitation rates cause
979:(direct nutrient enrichment) through the infiltration of chemicals in urine, soaps, detergents, shampoos, sunscreen and other human product. The increased nutrient supply causes the production of
2046:
Sharples, J.J.; Cary, G.J.; Fox-Hughes, P.; Mooney, S.; Evans, J.P.; Fletcher, M.-S.; Fromm, M.; Grierson, P.F.; McRae, R.; Baker, P. (2016). "Natural hazards in
Australia: extreme bushfire".
207:
Brown Lake is of geographical significance, possessing ecological value. The geomorphology of the ecosystem is representative of the unique parabolic dune ridge systems that formed during the
1549:"Distributions of the freshwater fish and aquatic macroinvertebrates of North Stradbroke Island are differentially influenced by landscape history, marine connectivity and habitat preference"
1257:
401:
less than 6. The high level of dissolved organic content contributes to the water colour of Brown Lake; staining the lake a brownish tea colour; characterising the lake as dystrophic.
237:
and the
Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation (QYAC) have proposed an improved environmental management plan, combining traditional and contemporary management practices.
1081:
Brown Lake. In 2020, in order "reduce fuel and aid recovery of culturally significant plant species" an all-women team from the
Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation and
1072:, or buffer zones, are extremely effective in maintaining and protecting an ecosystem; conserving and nurturing an areas biodiversity and cultural value for future generations. The
801:'s (1882) 'duck feet theory'. The concept posits that eggs belonging to marine life can be transported from one ecosystem to another via plant material that has become attached to a
1588:
Holland, A.; Duivenvoorden, L.J.; Kinnear, S.H.W. (2015). "Effect of key water quality variables on macroinvertebrate and fish communities within naturally acidic wallum streams".
200:, Australia. The ecosystem is an example of a coastal non-floodplain sand lake and is characterised by acidic water, nutrient-poor and sandy soil, shrub-like vegetation and wet
937:. In fact, the Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation (QYAC) describes the lake as "one of the most spiritual and sacred places for the Quandamooka People". The
856:. Contemporary research revealed that the species' mosquito-repelling ability was no greater than the native marine life that fed on the insect; classifying the fish as a
1228:
95:
1419:
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and small plant species; characterising the ecosystem as a coastal wet heathland and shrub-dominated area however, there is some presence of larger trees.
48:
1360:
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feet or mouth; depositing eggs as they roam between wetlands. Natural hydrological processes have also contributed to the fish migrating to Brown Lake.
2158:
1036:, threaten Brown Lake’s ecosystem. The fauna and flora of Brown Lake can be heavily impacted through the raised temperatures, habitat destruction and
261:
in the summer. The mean daily temperature for the area is "15°–29°C in summer and 9°–20°C in winter" and the average annual rainfall is 1668 mm.
2085:
1852:
Ikusima, I. (1978). "Primary production and population ecology of the aquatic sedge
Lepironia articulata in a tropical swamp, Tasek Bera, Malaysia".
1393:
1474:
451:
of aquatic biota occupying the ecosystem are of conservation significance, as they are representative of rare acid-adapted marine life existing in
1751:
1730:
1508:
1491:
2168:
1979:
1082:
816:
Physical disruptions that have contributed to the fish species migrating to Brown Lake are associated with human activity. The recreational
829:
to extinguish the fire. It is theorised that this helicopter accidentally deposited live fish into Brown Lake from its last filling point.
782:
Up until 10 years ago, Brown Lake was a fish-less wetland. Both natural and physical disruptions to the ecosystem have contributed to two
1144:
Moult, L. (2012). "'To just be here': Aboriginal relationships to, and management of, freshwater at
Bummiera, North Stradbroke island".
2163:
1946:
825:
occurred near Brown Lake and a fire-fighter helicopter landed at the ecosystem to suck up water; utilising the lake as a source for
423:. The small fluctuation in water level that does occur at Brown lake is most likely a result of water seeping through the lakebed.
404:
Water systems receive nutrients from the sediment surrounding the ecosystem and at Brown Lake, the sand and soil that support the
2138:
1887:
2143:
2153:
2148:
2128:
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was known for its ability to control mosquito populations and consequently, the species was deliberately released into
1110:
1040:
that occurs during fire processes. Also, bushfires often result in an excessive amounts of organic matter, such as
436:
2003:
Burgin, S. (2020). "Sand mining on North
Stradbroke Island: an Islander view of the rehabilitation of the lands".
1022:
and excessive withdrawal of water, which can potentially lead to loss of lakes due to ruptures at the base of the
1049:
337:
230:
416:
412:
929:, as they possess a spiritual and physical relationship to the ecosystem; engaging with the landscape through
832:
1115:
734:
193:
77:
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is a frequent occurrence in the area encompassing Brown Lake, negatively impacting the environment through
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317:
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35:
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269:
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population care for and protect the landscape, sharing traditional environmental management knowledge.
214:
The lake is also of cultural significance to the Aboriginal population of North Stradbroke Island, the
1648:
2012:
1861:
1818:
1683:
1065:
810:
657:
1444:
Sullivan, L.A.; Koppi, T.J. (1998). "Iron staining of Quartz Beach Sand in Southeastern Australia".
1548:
1183:
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405:
329:
246:
963:
2063:
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1985:
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1153:
972:
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665:
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285:
215:
137:
1617:"A new species of Orthetrum Newman from dune lakes in Eastern Australia (Odonata: Libellulidae)"
211:. As a perched lake, the hydrological operations of Brown Lake are highly diverse and complex.
1975:
1942:
1184:"North Stradbroke Island 3D hydrology: surface water features, settings and groundwater links"
1102:
918:
712:
333:
296:' and it prevents rainwater from escaping the depression, percolating through to the regional
226:
860:. The introduction of this pest species is impacting the aquatic fauna at Brown Lake through
2055:
2020:
1967:
1869:
1826:
1783:
1701:
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1628:
1597:
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provide a habitat for the macroinvertebrates and fish present at Brown lake. Also, decaying
1076:
and Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation (GYAC) have included Brown Lake in a
1033:
943:
933:
activities, beliefs and values which have been passed down and maintained through Law and
889:
857:
719:
503:
496:
452:
189:
2016:
1865:
1822:
1687:
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to decline and creating an unbalanced ecosystem; threatening the equilibrium of aquatic
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1069:
1053:
798:
783:
670:
524:
394:
265:
149:
2122:
2032:
1989:
1873:
1672:"The importance of waterbirds as an overlooked pathway of invasion for alien species"
1574:
984:
976:
698:
573:
127:
2067:
1894:
1838:
1795:
1209:
1809:
Pyke, G.H. (2005). "A Review of the Biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki".
1045:
934:
869:
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622:
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A natural disruption that has contributed to the migration of the fish species is
1893:(Report). Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation. 2018. Archived from
980:
643:
601:
510:
308:
293:
273:
218:, as they possess a spiritual and physical relationship with the ecosystem. The
208:
2086:"Planned cultural burn on Minjerribah women's site a first for all-female team"
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1971:
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802:
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552:
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258:
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81:
110:
97:
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Cox, M.E.; James, A.; Hawke, A.; Specht, A.; Raiber, M.; Taulis, M. (2011).
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Soil Indicators of Queensland Wetlands, Brown Lake North Stradbroke Island
994:
North Stradbroke Island holds major deposits of valuable minerals such as
999:
995:
684:
587:
559:
489:
444:
289:
1715:
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possess a low nutrient supply; characterising the lake as oligotrophic.
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1023:
988:
817:
615:
531:
482:
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297:
138:
1964:
Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts
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1007:
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930:
756:
748:
397:, resulting in the water system being acidic in nature; possessing a
312:
304:
1601:
1547:
Marshall, J.C.; Negus, P.M.; Steward, A.L.; McGregor, G.B. (2011).
245:
Brown Lake is 1 km in length and is located 4 km east of
806:
704:
468:
448:
432:
384:
201:
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sand and the yellow-brown colouring of the sand is caused by the
440:
393:
As a perched lake, Brown Lake contains high levels of dissolved
277:
233:
associated with tourism, has led to increased conservation. The
1041:
249:, a small town on North Stradbroke Island. Brown Lake is in a
1914:. Department of Environment and Science. 2020. Archived from
1321:
Wetland management profile coastal non-floodplain sand lakes
913:
Australian Aboriginal rock painting of "The Rainbow Serpent"
398:
411:
Perched lakes are recharged and replenished via rainfall
1032:
and fire management practices, such as hazard reduction
1912:"Women gather for special cultural burn on Minjerribah"
1420:"Quandamooka dreaming targets big dollars from tourism"
1229:
Coastal and subcoastal non-floodplain sand lake—Perched
813:, as bodies of water transport and deposit colonists.
1399:(Report). Department of Environment and Science. 2019
1363:(Report). Department of Environment and Science. 2013
1263:(Report). Department of Environment and Science. 2013
1231:(Report). Department of Environment and Science. 2013
697:
The vegetation surrounding Brown Lake is composed of
1937:
Ward, B. B.; Arp, D. J.; Klotz, M. G., eds. (2011).
431:
Brown Lake supports a diverse population of aquatic
1068:; exhibiting cultural and ecological significance.
955:lake meant women and children were free to enter".
175:
171:
163:
159:
148:
136:
126:
87:
73:
23:
901:is a valuable food source for Brown Lake's fauna.
1048:, entering water systems, which can increase the
983:, which negatively impact water systems, causing
463:Macro-invertebrates inhabiting the area include:
88:
2005:International Journal of Environmental Studies
1729:Atfield, C.; Calligeros, M. (6 January 2014).
1553:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland
1188:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland
1651:. Department of Environment and Science. 2021
1394:Minjerribah Protected Area Expansion Strategy
328:Encompassing Brown Lake are three townships;
8:
292:into rock. This cemented layer is known as '
925:population of North Stradbroke Island, the
888:, commonly referred to as grey sedge, is a
389:Brownish, tea-colour of Brown Lake's water
270:Quaternary glacial and interglacial cycles
268:beach ridge system that formed during the
20:
1705:
1695:
1632:
1615:Watson, J.A.L.; Arthington, A.H. (1978).
1564:
1199:
1731:"North Stradbroke Island fire flares up"
1649:"Regional ecosystem details for 12.2.15"
1511:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016.
1494:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016.
1477:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2016.
1361:Wallum Freshwater Biogeographic Province
962:
942:activities take place. For example, the
908:
831:
341:
1127:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1509:"2016 Census QuickStats Point Lookout"
1503:
1501:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1467:
1052:of a water body and alter the natural
2079:
2077:
1811:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
1746:
1744:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
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1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
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1326:(Report). Queensland Wetlands Program
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1083:Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
264:Geologically, Brown Lake exists on a
229:and ecological value, along with the
7:
1475:"2016 Census QuickStats Dunwich (L)"
1388:
1386:
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1351:
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1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
707:supported by the ecosystem include:
809:and major flooding can often force
1754:. Department of Primary Industries
1634:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1978.tb02223.x
872:and equilibrium of the ecosystem.
55:
14:
1966:. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
2159:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland
2106:
1621:Australian Journal of Entomology
1095:
253:climatic region; experiencing a
54:
47:
34:
1941:. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
967:Tourists swimming at Brown Lake
280:on which Brown Lake developed.
162:
1590:Marine and Freshwater Research
1492:"2016 Census QuickStats Amity"
1050:biological oxygen demand (BOD)
311:coating on the quartz grains.
16:Lake in Queensland, Australia
1:
2169:Australian Aboriginal culture
2084:Johnston, R. (13 July 2020).
2025:10.1080/00207233.2020.1727232
1418:Moore, T. (18 October 2016).
1056:; impacting flora and fauna.
179:Dunwich, Amity, Point Lookout
72:
1874:10.1016/0304-3770(78)90024-4
1085:engaged in a cultural burn.
917:Brown Lake (Bummiera) is of
854:South-East Queensland waters
661:(small, non-indigenous fish)
324:Localities around Brown Lake
1676:Diversity and Distributions
1446:Journal of Coastal Research
421:January 1975 cyclonic event
2185:
1111:List of lakes in Australia
1064:Brown Lake possesses high
303:The sand at Brown Lake is
300:, forming a perched lake.
2164:Sacred lakes of Australia
2060:10.1007/s10584-016-1811-1
1972:10.1007/978-981-10-8261-0
1831:10.1007/s11160-006-6394-x
1788:10.1007/s10750-005-6425-y
419:that occurred during the
42:
33:
28:
971:Brown Lake is a popular
167:1 km (0.62 mi)
2139:North Stradbroke Island
1888:Annual Report 2017-2018
1116:North Stradbroke Island
905:Aboriginal significance
194:North Stradbroke Island
78:North Stradbroke Island
1962:Sarkar, S. K. (2018).
1146:Australian Archaeology
968:
914:
840:
784:fish species migrating
390:
111:27.49000°S 153.43250°E
2144:South East Queensland
1319:Saunders, M. (2010).
1074:Queensland Government
966:
959:Environmental threats
919:cultural significance
912:
835:
388:
235:Queensland Government
198:South-East Queensland
2115:at Wikimedia Commons
1670:Green, A.J. (2016).
1060:Ecosystem management
899:Lepironia articulata
895:Lepironia articulata
885:Lepironia articulata
877:Lepironia articulata
742:Lepironia articulata
406:ecological community
257:in the winter and a
231:environmental damage
116:-27.49000; 153.43250
2154:Dunwich, Queensland
2149:City of Moreton Bay
2129:Lakes of Queensland
2017:2020IJEnS..77..954B
1866:1978AqBot...4..269I
1823:2005RFBF...15..339P
1688:2016DivDi..22..239G
1024:groundwater aquifer
1016:habitat degradation
973:tourist destination
459:Macro-invertebrates
343:
107: /
1900:on 24 August 2020.
1752:"Eastern gambusia"
1066:conservation value
969:
927:Quandamooka people
915:
868:; threatening the
850:Gambusia holbrooki
841:
838:Gambusia holbrooki
792:Hypseleotris galii
788:Gambusia holbrooki
666:Hypseleotris galii
658:Gambusia holbrooki
630:Orthetrum boumiera
437:macroinvertebrates
391:
342:
216:Quandamooka people
2111:Media related to
1981:978-981-10-8261-0
1697:10.1111/ddi.12392
1103:Queensland portal
848:In the 1920s the
786:to the lake; the
713:Gahnia sieberiana
678:Decapod crustacea
445:decapod crustacea
378:
377:
274:Pleistocene epoch
227:cultural heritage
209:Pleistocene epoch
183:
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1201:10.5962/p.357746
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1010:. Consequently,
844:Invasive species
735:Blechnum indicum
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188:(Bummeria) is a
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1070:Protected areas
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944:Rainbow Serpent
907:
880:
846:
780:
775:
773:Natural history
720:Empodisma minus
695:
680:
653:
504:Ceratopogonidae
497:Calamoceratidae
461:
455:water systems.
429:
383:
326:
288:; transforming
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152: countries
139:Primary inflows
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2101:External links
2099:
2096:
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2073:
2038:
2011:(6): 954–968.
1995:
1980:
1954:
1947:
1929:
1918:on 14 May 2021
1903:
1879:
1854:Aquatic Botany
1844:
1817:(4): 339–365.
1801:
1782:(1): 187–196.
1765:
1740:
1735:Brisbane Times
1721:
1682:(2): 239–247.
1662:
1640:
1627:(2): 151–157.
1607:
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1514:
1497:
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1452:(3): 992–999.
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1424:Brisbane Times
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1058:
1054:nutrient cycle
960:
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799:Charles Darwin
779:
778:Fish migration
776:
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699:riparian grass
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687:indistincta C1
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435:; inhabiting
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427:Aquatic fauna
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225:Brown Lake’s
223:
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144:Precipitation
143:
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92:
86:
83:
79:
76:
50:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2089:
2054:(1): 85–99.
2051:
2047:
2041:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1963:
1957:
1938:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1906:
1895:the original
1882:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1734:
1724:
1707:10261/133458
1679:
1675:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1643:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1596:(1): 50–59.
1593:
1589:
1583:
1556:
1552:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1365:. Retrieved
1328:. Retrieved
1265:. Retrieved
1233:. Retrieved
1191:
1187:
1149:
1145:
1063:
1046:leaf littler
1034:back burning
1028:
993:
981:algal blooms
970:
935:the Dreaming
916:
898:
894:
883:
881:
876:
870:biodiversity
849:
847:
837:
815:
807:Storm events
796:
791:
787:
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763:
755:
747:
740:
733:
725:
718:
711:
703:
696:
683:
664:
656:
642:
637:Chironominae
635:
628:
623:Notonectidae
621:
614:
609:Mesoveliidae
607:
600:
595:Libellulidae
593:
586:
581:Leptoceridae
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
462:
430:
417:infiltration
413:infiltration
410:
403:
392:
327:
302:
282:
263:
244:
224:
213:
206:
190:perched lake
185:
184:
18:
1860:: 269–280.
1559:: 239–260.
1152:(74): 114.
862:competition
827:water bombs
803:waterbird's
644:Tanypodinae
602:Limnichidae
511:Chaoboridae
350:Population
309:sesquioxide
294:coffee rock
286:pore spaces
278:dune ridges
251:subtropical
176:Settlements
164:Max. length
114: /
102:153°25′57″E
89:Coordinates
2123:Categories
2113:Brown Lake
1122:References
950:of water,
939:Aboriginal
923:Indigenous
765:Eleocharis
727:Gleichenia
669:(a native
553:Dytiscidae
546:Dugesiidae
259:dry season
255:wet season
220:indigenous
186:Brown Lake
99:27°29′24″S
82:Queensland
62:Brown Lake
24:Brown Lake
2090:NITV News
2033:214101645
1990:134191603
1575:128967147
1194:: 47–64.
1038:siltation
1030:Bushfires
1020:pollution
952:fertility
890:perennial
866:predation
567:Gomphidae
539:Corixidae
518:Cladocera
476:Aeshnidae
381:Hydrology
266:parabolic
241:Geography
202:heathland
155:Australia
2068:19984338
1839:36599447
1796:39112583
1758:16 April
1716:24817470
1655:20 April
1367:15 April
1267:15 April
1235:15 April
1210:60506479
1158:23621539
1089:See also
1000:monazite
996:ilmenite
989:habitats
823:bushfire
685:Caridina
588:Lestidae
560:Gerridae
532:Copepoda
490:Baetidae
399:PH level
355:Dunwich
318:leaching
290:sediment
74:Location
29:Bummeria
2013:Bibcode
1862:Bibcode
1819:Bibcode
1684:Bibcode
1458:4298851
1429:10 June
1403:10 June
1330:10 June
921:to the
836:Female
818:boating
671:gudgeon
616:Nepidae
483:Atyidae
469:Acarina
330:Dunwich
298:aquifer
272:of the
247:Dunwich
132:Perched
2066:
2031:
1988:
1978:
1945:
1922:14 May
1837:
1794:
1714:
1573:
1456:
1208:
1156:
1012:mining
1008:rutile
1004:zircon
948:symbol
931:ritual
757:Juncus
749:Baumea
447:. The
363:Amity
313:Podzol
305:quartz
2064:S2CID
2029:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1898:(PDF)
1891:(PDF)
1835:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1712:JSTOR
1571:S2CID
1454:JSTOR
1397:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
1206:S2CID
1154:JSTOR
705:Flora
693:Flora
453:humic
433:fauna
347:City
334:Amity
196:, in
150:Basin
1976:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1924:2021
1760:2021
1657:2021
1431:2021
1405:2021
1369:2021
1332:2021
1269:2021
1237:2021
1044:and
1006:and
882:The
864:and
858:pest
790:and
767:spp.
759:spp.
751:spp.
729:spp.
651:Fish
449:taxa
443:and
441:fish
374:713
366:387
358:885
336:and
128:Type
2056:doi
2052:139
2021:doi
1968:doi
1870:doi
1827:doi
1784:doi
1780:549
1702:hdl
1692:doi
1629:doi
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1561:doi
1557:117
1196:doi
1192:117
1042:ash
192:on
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673:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
