1282:
1339:
55:
and
Christianity. The festival included night-time feasting, drinking, and merriment. During this time, prophetic indications were taken as predictions for the remainder of the winter. Despite the 6th century emperor
197:
Although
Brumalia was still celebrated as late as the 6th century, it was uncommon and celebrants were ostracised by the Christian church. However, some practices did persist as November and December time customs.
132:
The Roman "Bruma" is known only from a few passing remarks, none of which predates
Imperial times. Mentions of the Brumalia are found after the IV c. Against the Church disapproval
520:
1376:
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190:—for the goat is an enemy of the vine; and they would skin them, fill the skin-bags with air and jump on them. Civic officials would bring offerings of
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Roger Pearse: Thoughts on
Antiquity, Patristics, putting things online, freedom of speech, information access, and more
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1405:
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1264:† dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic
1281:
1059:
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395:
394:
Mazza, Robert (February 2011). "Choricius of Gaza, Oration XIII: Religion and State in the Age of
Justinian". In
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906:
404:
The
Rhetoric of Power in Late Antiquity: Religion and Politics in Byzantium, Europe and the Early Islamic World
375:
65:
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Poem 115, titled: To his friend
Nikephoros, who had sent him cakes around the time of the Broumalia
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Roman
Festivals in the Greek East From the Early Empire to the Middle Byzantine Era
242:
Roman
Festivals in the Greek East From the Early Empire to the Middle Byzantine Era
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Tyche–Beiträge zur Alten
Geschichte, Papyrologie und Epigraphik 8 (1993), p.107.
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In later times, Romans would greet each other with words of blessing at night, "
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would halt most forms of work. Brumalia was a festival celebrated during this
148:
111:
97:
64:, the holiday was celebrated at least until the 11th century, as recorded by
51:
on November 24, which turned into large scale end of the year festivities in
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Les Brumalia sont une fête byzantine connue essentiellement a Constantinople
83:
57:
441:
Wright H., The Classical Weekly, Vol. 15, No. 7 (Nov. 28, 1921), p.52-4,
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194:(including wine, olive oil, grain, and honey) to the priests of Ceres.
187:
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68:. No references exist after the 1204 sacking of the capital by the
1210:
1194:
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used rhetoric that claimed their introduction by Romulus himself.
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172:
902:
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411:
286:
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282:
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348:"Concert from Conservation: Initiatives help fund Floralia"
240:"The Brumalia are attested only in Byzantium", Graf F.,
1350:
1297:
479:"A translation of John the Lydian, "De Mensibus" 4.158"
317:
The Poems of Christopher of Mytilene and John Mauropous
94:, "winter solstice", "winter cold", a shortening of
1240:
1121:
1027:
972:
941:
215:It has been revived as a festival annually held by
290:
47:. In Rome there had been the minor holiday of
315:Livanos, Christopher; Bernard, Floris (2018).
1370:
1345:This article about a religious festival is a
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8:
202:
117:
95:
81:
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1363:
1324:
1310:
921:
907:
899:
521:
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499:
319:. Harvard University Press. p. 253.
302:
124:("smallest", "shallowest", "briefest").
108:, presumed obsolete superlative form of
233:
155:, and hunting. The short, cold days of
43:celebrated in the eastern part of the
269:
103:
89:
31:
7:
1335:
1333:
1278:
1276:
1349:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
1296:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
346:Swenson, Nora (November 1, 2010).
186:would sacrifice goats in honor of
14:
477:John the Lydian (December 2009).
167:in character and associated with
1337:
1280:
1209:°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (
175:in the ground before sprouting.
80:The name of Brumalia comes from
16:Ancient Roman religious festival
370:Crawford, John Raymond (1914).
332:Graf, p.189; see also Malalas,
256:, Perpillou-Thomas, Francoise,
1:
445:De Bruma et Brumalibus Festis
372:De Bruma et Brumalibus festis
163:, interludal period. It was
1401:Roman festivals of Dionysus
402:; Stephens, Justin (eds.).
1447:
1332:
1275:
1155:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
396:Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma
386:, Cambridge UP 2015, ch.7
244:, Cambridge UP 2015, p.201
182:pigs to Saturn and Ceres.
1261:
543:
1431:Religious festival stubs
376:Harvard University Press
258:Les Brumalia d'Apion II,
211:Contemporary celebration
1396:Ancient Roman festivals
66:Christopher of Mytilene
1292:–related article is a
485:. Trans. Pearse, Roger
203:
118:
96:
82:
62:repression of paganism
28:
207:", "Live for years".
171:, of which seeds are
33:[bruːˈmaːlia]
1416:December observances
1411:November observances
996:° (African American)
798:Quinquennial Neronia
291:John the Lydian 2009
464:on 18 November 2012
272:, pp. 172–193.
217:Connecticut College
145:classical antiquity
1426:Ancient Rome stubs
1406:Saturn (mythology)
143:Roman life during
105:[ˈbrɛwɪma]
1358:
1357:
1305:
1304:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1147:: Roman Empire° (
1046:Deygān, Maidyarem
896:
895:
448:by J. R. Crawford
400:Frakes, Robert M.
352:The College Voice
91:[ˈbruːma]
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1250:°: New Zealand (
1141:: Ancient Greece
923:
916:
909:
900:
708:Ludi Apollinares
673:Ieiunium Cereris
588:Capitoline Games
523:
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460:. Archived from
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1421:Winter solstice
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1187:Montol Festival
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1088:Sanghamitta Day
1074:Makar Sankranti
1023:
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961:: West Africa (
937:
930:Winter solstice
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748:Navigium Isidis
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530:Roman festivals
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1157:: Roman Empire
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788:Plebeian Games
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1090:: Sri Lanka (
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1056:Dōngzhì, Tōji
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838:Taurian Games
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823:Secular Games
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425:9781848854093
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303:Crawford 1914
299:
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50:
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42:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1351:expanding it
1344:
1298:expanding it
1290:Ancient Rome
1287:
1272:
1227:Ziemassvētki
1191:Mummer's Day
1138:
1098:Şeva Zistanê
858:Tubilustrium
833:Septimontium
733:Meditrinalia
723:Lusus Troiae
633:Epulum Jovis
582:
568:Armilustrium
535:
487:. Retrieved
482:
466:. Retrieved
462:the original
457:
452:Gill, N. S.
444:
403:
388:The Brumalia
387:
383:
371:
363:Bibliography
351:
341:
333:
328:
320:
316:
310:
298:
265:
257:
253:
249:
241:
236:
214:
200:
196:
184:Vine-growers
177:
160:
142:
134:John Malalas
131:
110:
79:
60:'s official
48:
45:Roman Empire
20:
18:
1181:Anglo-Saxon
1179:: England (
1163:°: Scotland
1050:Zoroastrian
1014:We Tripantu
883:Volturnalia
853:Tricennalia
848:Tiberinalia
793:Quinquatria
768:Opiconsivia
713:Ludi Romani
603:Carmentalia
578:Bacchanalia
443:epitome of
416:I.B. Tauris
204:Vives annos
192:firstfruits
153:agriculture
1390:Categories
1229:: Baltic (
1207:Wren's Day
1201:Saturnalia
1060:East Asian
980:Inti Raymi
959:Dzon'ku Nu
888:Vulcanalia
873:Vicennalia
843:Terminalia
828:Sementivae
813:Saturnalia
803:Regifugium
783:Poplifugia
773:Parentalia
758:Neptunalia
743:Mercuralia
728:Matronalia
718:Lupercalia
683:Larentalia
668:Furrinalia
663:Fornacalia
658:Fordicidia
623:Decennalia
613:Compitalia
593:Caprotinia
573:Augustalia
553:Ambarvalia
454:"Brumalia"
435:Webography
390:(p.201-18)
270:Mazza 2011
223:References
120:brevissima
36:) were a
1177:Mōdraniht
1149:Christian
1145:Christmas
1035:Amaterasu
1016:: Chile (
994:Caribbean
982:°: Peru (
936:festivals
934:midwinter
863:Veneralia
808:Robigalia
753:Nemoralia
738:Megalesia
698:Liberalia
678:Junonalia
618:Consualia
558:Amburbium
458:About.com
382:Graf F.,
180:sacrifice
76:Etymology
58:Justinian
1248:Matariki
1221:Germanic
1167:Korochun
1161:Hogmanay
1139:Brumalia
1110:: Iran (
1092:Buddhist
990:Jonkonnu
973:Americas
951:: Mali (
868:Vestalia
653:Floralia
638:Equirria
608:Cerealia
598:Caristia
583:Brumalia
548:Agonalia
489:25 March
468:25 March
412:New York
165:chthonic
149:military
128:Overview
116:, later
98:*brevima
41:festival
29:Brumalia
21:Brumalia
1241:Oceania
1112:Persian
1102:Kurdish
1041:Choimus
1037:: Japan
1018:Mapuche
878:Vinalia
818:Rosalia
778:Parilia
703:Lucaria
693:Lemuria
648:Feralia
628:Divalia
188:Bacchus
1231:Romuva
1203:: Rome
1122:Europe
1070:Pongal
1002:: US (
963:Papaws
942:Africa
643:Februa
536:(ludi)
534:games
422:
408:London
334:Chron.
157:winter
112:brevis
1288:This
1252:Māori
1211:Celts
1195:Celts
1171:Slavs
1133:Saami
1129:Beiwe
1108:Yalda
1082:Hindu
1078:India
1066:Lohri
1000:Soyal
953:Dogon
563:Argei
336:, 7.7
228:Notes
169:crops
84:bruma
49:Bruma
25:Latin
1347:stub
1294:stub
1219:°: (
1217:Yule
1169:°: (
1048:°: (
1028:Asia
1008:Hopi
1004:Zuni
984:Inca
949:Goru
932:and
532:and
491:2013
470:2013
420:ISBN
173:sown
161:dark
136:and
19:The
1131:: (
1100:: (
1076:°:
1058:: (
992:°:
1392::
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456:.
418:.
414::
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398:;
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350:.
277:^
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23:(
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