372:, "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH" (German Limited Company for Pest Control), subsidiary of I.G. Farben, with Walter Heerdt being the only one of the inventors to receive patent rights, a portion of the proceeds from the manufacture and sale. Peters joined Degesch and became managing director during World War II. Degesch was designated by the German government to set the safety rules and standards for the use of Zyklon B, and was given the authority to authorize shipments from the manufacturer to the customer after the strict criteria were met.
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camp. His plan was to wait until the
British had occupied the town, wait a few more weeks, then leave the cellar and return to his old life. However, Bahr was caught after someone noticed him scavenging for food and alerted British authorities. In May 1946, a British military court found him guilty of war crimes and sentenced him to death for actively participating in mass murder. Bahr was executed in October 1946.
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was only going to be used for its intended purpose. Weinbacher said he knew nothing about Tesch's business travels. Tesch's lawyer conceded that the amounts of Zyklon B sold to the SS were large. However, he said "it was the duty of the SS to see that the state of health in the eastern provinces was kept at a high level." On the stand, Tesch said
Eastern Europe had a serious vermin infestation, which was true.
561:
but were sensitive to talk about the Zyklon B sales to
Auschwitz. The Judge Advocate said Draper was asking, "Why is it that these competent business men are so sensitive about these particular deliveries? Is it because they themselves knew that such large deliveries could not possibly be going there for the purpose of delousing clothing or for the purpose of disinfecting buildings?"
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40:
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reported to Tesch. Drosihn told his boss that he saw things "unworthy of human dignity." However, the Zyklon B sales continued. Draper presented an affidavit from a high-ranking German government official showing that in 1943, it was common knowledge in
Germany that gas was being used to kill people, albeit Zyklon B was not the only gas being used.
480:
first time they were dealing "not with people directly concerned in the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners or slave workers, but with those who lent their skill and services to facilitating the gruesome work of the concentration camps and so identified themselves with breaches of the laws of war on a wholesale scale."
452:. Sehm said that in 1942, he had come across one of Tesch's travel reports. In it, Tesch had recorded an interview with leading members of the Wehrmacht, during which he was told that the burial, after shooting, of Jews in increasing numbers was proving increasingly unhygienic, and that it was proposed to kill them with
568:
During his summation, the Judge
Advocate implied that Drosihn was not morally innocent. However, he also said Drosihn was in no position to either influence the sales of Zyklon B to Auschwitz, let alone prevent them. He concluded that regardless of how much Drosihn knew, he could not legally be found
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In
Weinbacher's case, the Judge Advocate said there was no direct evidence. However he then asked the judges what were the odds that, throughout the entire war, Weinbacher had only paid attention to the figures related to other dealings, and never to those concerning the Zyklon B sales. This would be
519:
Although the case against Tesch was still circumstantial, Freud was unwilling to drop the case. Tesch was charged with committing war crimes. Also charged were
Weinbacher and Joachim Drosihn, the firm's first gassing technician. The charge was that the defendants, "between 1st January, 1941, and 31st
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Draper conceded his lack of direct evidence. However, he then said "the real strength" of his case was not the direct evidence, but the firm itself. The Judge
Advocate summarized what Draper meant with this argument. He said that Tesch and Weinbacher appeared to know everything about their business,
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In 1942, Bahr said he was given a training course on the use of Zyklon B by Tesch. He was certified and shown how to use Zyklon B for delousing. Bahr said he usually just used the gas for its original purpose, disinfection. However, on one occasion, he had been ordered to empty tins of Zyklon B into
556:
As for Tesch, Draper said he knew exactly what he was doing when he sold Zyklon B to the SS. He said there was no way that Tesch could not have known what was happening in the camps, or how much gas was being sold. Draper said Tesch's actions and knowledge made him an accomplice to murder, and that
548:
Draper described
Weinbacher as Tesch's second-in-command. Weinbacher had acted as a substitute director for the firm whenever Tesch was out on business trips. Draper said that if Tesch was guilty, so was Weinbacher. Tesch and Weinbacher both claimed ignorance. They claimed they thought the Zyklon B
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The
British administration were soon insisting that the firm needed to resume its fumigating. The firm's accountant, Alfred Zaun, was asked to substitute for Tesch. He agreed, but said he needed written authorization from Tesch. Freud and Pelican, becoming desperate, organized a meeting with hidden
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High command backed down. Tesch was re-arrested on October 6, 1945. Freud and Pelican started digging through other files, and found that the firm had a sharp rise in profits in 1942 and 1943, when the mass gassings were at their peak. However, they could not find anything suggesting that Tesch, or
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In March 1946, Tesch was tried jointly with Weinbacher and Drosihn. The prosecutor was British Army Major Gerald Draper, who argued that Tesch knew the SS was using Zyklon B to systemically exterminate human beings, and had chosen to continue selling massive quantities of the gas to them. Draper's
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Both men immediately started lobbying their superiors to let them continue their investigation. Freud, who was also a chemist, was adamant that the investigation be allowed to continue. He was convinced that Tesch was a major war criminal. He and Pelican told high command that Tesch's case was the
502:
One name drew Pelican's attention, Wilhelm Bahr. Bahr, a medical officer, had earlier been identified by a survivor of Neuengamme concentration camp as having participated in the murders of hundreds of prisoners. After the war, Bahr had gone into hiding in the cellar of a home near the Neuengamme
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After the meeting, Zaun was interrogated. Officials told him the room was bugged and bluffed that they had overheard everything. Zaun panicked and admitted that the firm had sold Zyklon B to concentration camps. He said he had records to prove the sales, but claimed he did not know their purpose.
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Tesch admitted to being a member of the Nazi Party and a "supporting member of the SS". He explained that he had been affiliated with the SS Hygiene Institute to obtain their business. Freud did not believe Tesch, but had no evidence beyond Sehm's word. At the same time, Freud was facing pressure
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During questioning, Tesch presented himself as a respectable businessman and chemist. He denied all suggestions and accusations that he had collaborated with the SS regarding the extermination of Jews. He said he never attended a conference discussing the subject, had not devised any methods for
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Draper focused the least on Drosihn, as his case was far more complicated. Drosihn had a subordinate role in the firm, and his job was technical, and had not involved bookkeeping or sales. With the backing of witnesses, Drosihn said he had nothing to do with the company's business dealings. His
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Sehm said he copied this report and showed it to a close friend, Wilhelm Pook. Pook advised Sehm to destroy the letter immediately since keeping the letter posed a safety risk. Sehm destroyed the letter. He was fired for unknown reasons after the firm building suffered an air raid in July 1943.
544:
Karl Ruehmling, who had been a bookkeeper and assistant gassing master for the firm, said that Zyklon B was sent by Tesch to Auschwitz, Sachsenhausen, and Neuengamme. Auschwitz received the largest amounts of gas. According to another witness, Drosihn had once visited the camps. Afterwards, he
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injections. Those deemed unfit for work were injected with the deadly mixture. Bahr insisted to a horrified Pelican that the victims were killed "painlessly and humanely", and had all died within minutes. He said he had killed 90 to 100 inmates this way on a daily basis in Neuengamme, and that
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for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry to develop "chemical weapons of war". After the war, he stayed there as Haber's personal assistant until March 1920.Tesch then took over the management of the Berlin branch of the German Society for Pest Control (Degesch) GmbH. Tesch joined the
553:
lawyer pointed to his smaller salary as evidence of his lack of authority. He was in no position to read Tesch's travel reports. In closing, Draper said that Drosihn must have known something about what Tesch and Weinbacher were doing, even if his job did not involve sales.
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and Fred Pelican were assigned to the case. The day after Tesch's arrest, Sehm accompanied the British to the firm building, only to find that registry had seemingly been destroyed in an air raid (it was later suspected that the registry had been intentionally destroyed).
491:, also failed to get any answers. Freud reported that Weinbacher was "blindly obedient, has a slow brain", and was "an arrogant man with limited intellect." Freud said Weinbacher "was so insolent that special steps had to be taken by the interrogating officer."
499:
While searching through the new documents, Freud came across some other documents discussing a "training course" delivered by Tesch to SS personnel at Sachsenhausen in January 1941. The names of several SS men were listed. All of them were low-ranking.
506:
At this point in time, however, Bahr was still alive and in custody. When British officials asked Bahr to talk about what he did in Neuengamme, he immediately confessed. At the camp hospital, Bahr said he had murdered Jews and other "subhumans" using
456:. Allegedly, when Tesch was asked for his views, he had proposed to use the same method, involving the release of prussic acid gas in an enclosed space, as was to exterminate vermin. He had then trained the SS to use Zyklon B to kill human beings.
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Erna Biagini, a former secretary of the firm who had been in charge of the registry, claimed to have read, in "approximately 1942," a travel report from Tesch which stated that Zyklon B could be used for killing human beings as well as
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the same year. When Emil Sehm, a former employee of Tesch who would become an important witness at his trial, was asked to give his opinion about him, he said Tesch was not motivated by ideology, but purely material
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An investigation into Tesch started after a former Testa bookkeeper, Emil Sehm, wrote to British military authorities, who were present in Hamburg since the city was in the British military government's zone of
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especially unusual given the fact that the Zyklon B sales were the firm's most profitable business venture, and that as the deputy executive of Testa, Weinbacher got a commission on all of the firm's profits.
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March, 1945, in violation of the laws and usages of war did supply poison gas used for the extermination of Allied nationals interned in concentration camps well knowing that the said gas was to be so used."
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Anna Uenzelmann, another secretary, said that in June 1942, after dictating a travel report on returning from Berlin, a seemingly horrified Tesch told her that Zyklon B was being used to gas people.
1997:
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from high command to release Tesch, since British occupation forces were using Zyklon B to fumigate their ships. Against the wishes of Freud and Pelican, Tesch was released on 1 October 1945.
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using Zyklon B other than fumigating the barracks, and had not known that the gas was being used to kill people. Tesch said he did not even know the gas was being sent to concentration camps.
348:"Dr. Tesch was solely a business man and, according to my opinion, he was a very unscrupulous business man, a business man who would be prepared to walk over dead bodies; that is my opinion."
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microphones, hoping that Tesch might incriminate himself. However, he and Zaun whispered to each other quietly enough that the microphones did not pick up anything.
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River. In 1927, Stabenow departed from the firm. Tesch held a 45% share of the company and Degesch held 55%. Tesch assumed sole ownership of the company in 1942.
295:, Tesch sold vast quantities of Zyklon B, utilizing his pesticide as a way to commit genocide. Over 1.1 million people were murdered by the Nazis using Zyklon B.
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During further questioning, Freud reported that Tesch adopted an attitude of ignorance carried "to an absurdity." The questioning of Tesch's deputy executive,
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a sealed barracks filled with approximately 200 Soviet POWs. Bahr said that Tesch had not taught him the procedure he employed to use Zyklon B on people.
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326:. He received his doctorate in 1914 and volunteered for military service at the start of the First World War. After a war injury, Tesch was appointed by
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275:(14 August 1890 – 16 May 1946) was a German chemist and entrepreneur. Together with Gerhard Peters and Walter Heerdt, he invented the insecticide
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Tesch and Weinbacher were both found guilty and sentenced to death. Drosihn was acquitted and released. Tesch and Weinbacher were executed by
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his employees, knew their product was being used to kill people instead of vermin. Raids of the firm's employees turned up nothing.
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In 1925, Tesch & Stabenow—partly due to the largesse of Paul Haber of Degesch—received the exclusive rights to distribute the
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as a fumigating agent. They developed a process in which the hydrogen cyanide could be manufactured and used in a solid form.
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After passing his high school exams in 1910, Tesch studied mathematics and physics for a semester in 1910 at the
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manufactured neither Zyklon B nor any other chemicals. It was primarily a pest control company specializing in
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During World War II Tesch & Stabenow sold massive quantities of Zyklon B to the SS. The gas was sent to
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439:. In these camps, the SS used the Zyklon B they had purchased to murder approximately 1.1 million people.
302:, he was arrested by the British as a war criminal, tried, and executed. Tesch and his deputy executive,
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The prosecutor presented several other witnesses who backed the existence of the report:
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Tesch, along with fellow chemists Gerhard Peters and Walter Heerdt, with the support of
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744:"Trial of Bruno Tesch and two others, British Military Court, Hamburg 1–8 March 1946"
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on May 1, 1933, albeit not as an active member. He became a supporting member of the
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2002:
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614:(From left to right) Tesch, Weinbacher, and Drosihn at their trial in March 1946
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39:
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93:
287:), a pest control company he co-founded in 1924 with Paul Stabenow in
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220:
67:
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first witness was Emil Sehm, who discussed the report he had found.
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guilty without having been in a position to influence the sales.
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797:
A Passing Fury: Searching for Justice at the End of World War II
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306:, were the only businessmen to be executed for their role in
709:
The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber
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Tesch was detained in September 1945. British officers
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of commercial properties such as the warehouses and
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827:. Publisher: William S. Hein & Company (1997)
512:overall, he had likely killed over 1000 people.
2008:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2368:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
856:
8:
2067:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
16:German chemist and war criminal (1890–1946)
2252:
2229:
2072:
2050:
1703:
1694:
1681:
1546:
1188:
1171:
879:
863:
849:
841:
38:
27:
823:By United Nations War Crimes Commission.
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
2546:German chemical industry businesspeople
636:
208:1 January 1941 – 31 March 1945
2556:Curiohaus trials executions by hanging
821:Law reports of trials of war criminals
599:, found by the Russians at the end of
789:
7:
2576:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2526:German Army personnel of World War I
1655:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
675:
673:
671:
644:
642:
640:
2460:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2536:20th-century German businesspeople
651:"The National Archives - Homepage"
14:
2566:Executed people from Lower Saxony
748:University of the West of England
361:, began research into the use of
322:before studying chemistry at the
2023:Polish leaders and intellectuals
1513:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
681:"Real History and the Holocaust"
421:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
237:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
557:Weinbacher was just as guilty.
198:~1.1 million (as an accomplice)
2596:University of Göttingen alumni
2561:Executed German mass murderers
1951:Attack on the twentieth convoy
1764:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
794:Williams, A. T. (4 May 2017).
437:Ravensbrück concentration camp
429:Gross-Rosen concentration camp
249:Ravensbrück concentration camp
44:Tesch in British custody, 1945
21:For the German communist, see
1:
425:Neuengamme concentration camp
241:Neuengamme concentration camp
2586:Romani genocide perpetrators
2531:20th-century German chemists
2288:Jewish war conspiracy theory
1479:Extermination through labour
417:Auschwitz concentration camp
233:Auschwitz concentration camp
2470:Righteous Among the Nations
1156:Righteous Among the Nations
433:Majdanek concentration camp
390:. Zyklon B was produced by
368:The patent was assigned to
245:Majdanek concentration camp
2612:
2591:People from Hameln-Pyrmont
2207:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2177:Lithuanian Security Police
2096:Reich Security Main Office
1063:Evidence and documentation
20:
2423:Books and other resources
2251:
2228:
2062:
2049:
1693:
1680:
1187:
1170:
955:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
878:
266:
153:
37:
23:Bruno Tesch (antifascist)
2013:People with disabilities
1946:Aid and Rescue Committee
800:. Penguin Random House.
649:Archives, The National.
443:Arrest and investigation
332:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
314:Early life and education
118:Chemist and entrepreneur
2541:German company founders
2154:Order Police battalions
450:Allied-occupied Germany
320:University of Göttingen
98:Allied-occupied Germany
2571:Holocaust perpetrators
2003:Soviet urban residents
1094:International response
1068:Contemporary knowledge
825:The Zyklon B Case
615:
607:
350:
279:. He was the owner of
2551:German industrialists
2450:Memorials and museums
2388:Reparations Agreement
2383:Holocaust restitution
1961:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
1484:Human experimentation
1323:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
655:The National Archives
613:
590:
346:
298:Following the end of
1650:Jewish Ghetto Police
1519:Politische Abteilung
1414:Risiera di San Sabba
1275:Natzweiler-Struthof
376:Tesch & Stabenow
324:University of Berlin
281:Tesch & Stabenow
109:Execution by hanging
2428:Days of remembrance
2341:Holocaust survivors
2336:Depopulated shtetls
2187:Rollkommando Hamann
2033:Jehovah's Witnesses
1851:Kamianets-Podilskyi
913:Bohemia and Moravia
754:on 19 November 2010
705:Christianson, Scott
576:on 16 May 1946, by
524:Trial and execution
310:in Western Europe.
204:Span of crimes
105:Cause of death
2581:Nazi Party members
2411:History and memory
2315:Forced euthanasia
2263:Nazi racial policy
1966:Danish underground
1813:Operation Reinhard
1808:Wannsee Conference
616:
608:
578:Albert Pierrepoint
291:, Germany. During
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2346:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
2293:Jewish emigration
2283:Hitler's prophecy
2278:Haavara Agreement
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2212:Ypatingasis būrys
2109:Sicherheitsdienst
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
1984:
1983:
1904:Bielski partisans
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1507:Totenkopfverbände
1166:
1165:
807:978-0-09-959326-3
270:
269:
2603:
2395:Holocaust denial
2373:Nuremberg trials
2363:Postwar violence
2318:
2253:
2230:
2192:Special Brigades
2182:Nederlandsche SS
2149:Police Regiments
2073:
2051:
1911:Ghetto uprisings
1899:Jewish partisans
1846:Harvest Festival
1818:Holocaust trains
1704:
1695:
1682:
1547:
1443:
1421:
1403:
1384:
1366:
1189:
1172:
880:
865:
858:
851:
842:
835:
818:
812:
811:
791:
764:
763:
761:
759:
750:. Archived from
740:
719:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
677:
666:
665:
663:
661:
646:
363:hydrogen cyanide
273:Bruno Emil Tesch
257:
229:
180:Criminal penalty
170:
85:
63:
61:
54:Bruno Emil Tesch
42:
28:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2491:
2406:
2322:
2316:
2305:Madagascar Plan
2298:Kindertransport
2247:
2246:
2216:
2158:
2130:
2115:Ordnungspolizei
2071:
2058:
2037:
1980:
1932:
1885:
1856:Maly Trostenets
1827:Mass executions
1822:
1792:
1730:
1689:
1664:
1634:
1593:
1531:
1493:
1452:
1441:
1419:
1401:
1382:
1364:
1352:
1309:
1183:
1162:
1082:
1073:Hidden children
1051:
909:Czechoslovakia
874:
869:
839:
838:
819:
815:
808:
793:
792:
767:
757:
755:
742:
741:
722:
703:
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689:
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679:
678:
669:
659:
657:
648:
647:
638:
633:
625:IG Farben Trial
621:
526:
489:Karl Weinbacher
445:
388:Port of Hamburg
355:
316:
308:Nazi war crimes
304:Karl Weinbacher
255:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
205:
166:
144:Criminal status
134:Political party
126:Co-inventor of
100:
87:
83:
74:
65:
59:
57:
56:
55:
45:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:trivialization
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2378:Eichmann trial
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Nuremberg Laws
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2256:Early elements
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:Early elements
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Arajs Kommando
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2143:Einsatzgruppen
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:Responsibility
2054:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1835:Einsatzgruppen
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1799:Final Solution
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1738:
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1732:
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1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1660:Ústredňa Židov
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1625:Theresienstadt
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1464:Einsatzgruppen
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Mittelbau-Dora
1267:
1258:
1253:
1251:Kraków-Płaszów
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1141:Rescue of Jews
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
976:
975:
964:
959:
958:
957:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
884:
876:
875:
870:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
837:
836:
813:
806:
765:
720:
697:
667:
635:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
620:
617:
595:canisters, of
582:Hamelin Prison
542:
541:
538:
525:
522:
444:
441:
392:Dessauer Werke
354:
351:
315:
312:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
230:
224:
223:
214:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
163:
162:
161:Financial gain
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
90:Hamelin Prison
88:
86:(aged 55)
80:
76:
75:
66:
64:14 August 1890
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Nazi eugenics
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Topf and Sons
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:Collaborators
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:Referat IV B4
2100:
2099:
2098: (RSHA)
2097:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:Schutzstaffel
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:Organizations
2074:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Romani people
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Working Group
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Kastner train
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:Kristallnacht
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1526:Sanitätswesen
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1489:Death marches
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1315:Extermination
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Sachsenhausen
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Herzogenbusch
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Bergen-Belsen
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1193:Concentration
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:United States
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
974:
971:
970:
969:and colonies
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:The Holocaust
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
843:
834:
833:1-57588-403-8
830:
826:
822:
817:
814:
809:
803:
799:
798:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
766:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
721:
718:
717:0-520-25562-3
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
686:
685:www.fpp.co.uk
682:
676:
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672:
668:
656:
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645:
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641:
637:
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626:
623:
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612:
606:
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598:
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589:
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583:
579:
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570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
535:
534:
533:
530:
523:
521:
517:
513:
510:
504:
500:
496:
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
366:
364:
360:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
293:the Holocaust
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
265:
262:
259:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
201:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:Conviction(s)
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:Occupation(s)
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
77:
73:
72:German Empire
69:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
24:
19:
2480:Yizkor books
2141:
2088:
1833:
1781:in Lithuania
1741:
1639:
1524:
1517:
1506:
1440:
1418:
1399:
1380:
1363:
1146:by Catholics
1015:Soviet Union
883:By territory
824:
816:
796:
756:. Retrieved
752:the original
747:
708:
700:
688:. Retrieved
684:
658:. Retrieved
654:
601:World War II
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
531:
527:
518:
514:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:Walter Freud
462:
458:
454:prussic acid
446:
414:
408:east of the
400:
395:
391:
374:
367:
356:
347:
317:
300:World War II
297:
284:
272:
271:
84:(1946-05-16)
18:
2521:1946 deaths
2516:1890 births
2486:Never again
2317:(Action T4)
2243:Remembrance
2028:Homosexuals
1998:Soviet POWs
1926:Częstochowa
1474:Gas chamber
1285:Ravensbrück
1226:Gross-Rosen
1221:Flossenbürg
1104:Philippines
1036:Yugoslavia
995:Netherlands
923:Sudetenland
758:5 September
403:insecticide
359:I.G. Farben
328:Fritz Haber
228:Location(s)
82:16 May 1946
32:Bruno Tesch
2510:Categories
2475:Yad Vashem
2455:Uniqueness
2310:Nisko Plan
2083:Nazi Party
1891:Resistance
1861:Ninth Fort
1726:Vel' d'Hiv
1498:Nazi units
1436:Westerbork
1426:Amersfoort
1280:Neuengamme
1261:Mauthausen
1241:Kaiserwald
1211:Buchenwald
990:Luxembourg
711:, p. 166,
690:12 October
631:References
593:poison gas
384:freighters
380:fumigation
337:Nazi Party
174:War crimes
138:Nazi Party
60:1890-08-14
2433:Education
2328:Aftermath
2240:Aftermath
2202:Trawnikis
2126:Wehrmacht
2121:Waffen-SS
1921:Białystok
1749:Bucharest
1721:Marseille
1598:Elsewhere
1559:Białystok
1371:Breendonk
1348:Treblinka
1201:Auschwitz
985:Lithuania
605:Auschwitz
396:Kaliwerke
2418:Academia
1871:Piaśnica
1841:Babi Yar
1769:Jedwabne
1708:Roundups
1641:Judenrat
1605:Budapest
1376:Mechelen
1338:Majdanek
1295:Stutthof
1256:Majdanek
1151:by Poles
1109:Portugal
1087:Response
1078:Timeline
1056:Overview
918:Slovakia
905:Bulgaria
660:11 March
619:See also
597:Zyklon B
406:Zyklon B
353:Zyklon B
283:(called
277:Zyklon B
261:Zyklon B
148:Executed
128:Zyklon B
2445:Lessons
1881:Rumbula
1754:Dorohoi
1735:Pogroms
1687:Victims
1537:Ghettos
1469:Gas van
1457:Methods
1431:Schoorl
1409:Bolzano
1357:Transit
1343:Sobibor
1333:Chełmno
1300:Vaivara
1236:Hinzert
1181:ghettos
1134:Vatican
1040:Croatia
1030:Ukraine
1020:Belarus
1010:Romania
962:Hungary
945:Germany
935:Estonia
930:Denmark
900:Belgium
895:Austria
890:Albania
574:hanging
537:vermin.
386:in the
370:Degesch
330:to the
289:Hamburg
256:Weapons
217:Germany
213:Country
195:Victims
190:Details
94:Hamelin
2351:Bricha
2117:(Orpo)
1990:Others
1976:Żegota
1938:Rescue
1916:Warsaw
1876:Ponary
1786:Kaunas
1589:Warsaw
1574:Lublin
1564:Kraków
1551:Poland
1395:Drancy
1328:Belzec
1305:Warsaw
1216:Dachau
1124:Turkey
1119:Sweden
1045:Serbia
1025:Russia
1005:Poland
1000:Norway
980:Latvia
950:Greece
940:France
831:
804:
715:
591:Empty
509:phenol
435:, and
221:Poland
158:Motive
68:Berlin
2465:Humor
2438:Films
2135:Units
1866:Odesa
1716:Izieu
1630:Vilna
1615:Minsk
1610:Kovno
1584:Radom
1448:Sereď
1265:Gusen
1246:Kauen
1177:Camps
1114:Spain
1099:Japan
973:Libya
967:Italy
344:gain.
285:Testa
184:Death
2356:List
2111:(SD)
2091:(SS)
1774:Lviv
1759:Iași
1699:Jews
1620:Riga
1579:Lwów
1569:Łódź
1541:list
1390:Gurs
1263:and
1179:and
829:ISBN
802:ISBN
760:2010
713:ISBN
692:2022
662:2022
410:Elbe
394:and
219:and
79:Died
50:Born
1505:SS-
603:in
580:in
398:.
2512::
1442:sk
1420:nl
1402:it
1383:fr
1365:be
768:^
746:.
723:^
707:.
683:.
670:^
653:.
639:^
584:.
431:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
341:SS
96:,
92:,
70:,
2488:"
2484:"
1801:"
1797:"
1543:)
1539:(
864:e
857:t
850:v
810:.
762:.
694:.
664:.
62:)
58:(
25:.
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