1533:) was suggested by Marie Pietkiewics in 1907. In 1931, Frohman first coined the term bruxism. Occasionally recent medical publications will use the word bruxomania with bruxism, to denote specifically bruxism that occurs while awake; however, this term can be considered historical and the modern equivalent would be awake bruxism or diurnal bruxism. It has been shown that the type of research into bruxism has changed over time. Overall between 1966 and 2007, most of the research published was focused on occlusal adjustments and oral splints. Behavioral approaches in research declined from over 60% of publications in the period 1966–86 to about 10% in the period 1997–2007. In the 1960s, a periodontist named Sigurd Peder Ramfjord championed the theory that occlusal factors were responsible for bruxism. Generations of dentists were educated by this ideology in the prominent textbook on occlusion of the time, however therapy centered around removal of occlusal interference remained unsatisfactory. The belief among dentists that occlusion and bruxism are strongly related is still widespread, however the majority of researchers now disfavor malocclusion as the main etiologic factor in favor of a more multifactorial,
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respond differently to depression, hostility and stress compared to people without bruxism. Stress has a stronger relationship to awake bruxism, but the role of stress in sleep bruxism is less clear, with some stating that there is no evidence for a relationship with sleep bruxism. However, children with sleep bruxism have been shown to have greater levels of anxiety than other children. People aged 50 with bruxism are more likely to be single and have a high level of education. Work-related stress and irregular work shifts may also be involved. Personality traits are also commonly discussed in publications concerning the causes of bruxism, e.g. aggressive, competitive or hyperactive personality types. Some suggest that suppressed anger or frustration can contribute to bruxism. Stressful periods such as examinations, family bereavement, marriage, divorce, or relocation have been suggested to intensify bruxism. Awake bruxism often occurs during periods of concentration such as while working at a computer, driving or reading. Animal studies have also suggested a link between bruxism and psychosocial factors. Rosales et al. electrically shocked
1377:) are commonly prescribed, mainly by dentists and dental specialists, as a treatment for bruxism. Proponents of their use claim many benefits, however when the evidence is critically examined in systematic reviews of the topic, it is reported that there is insufficient evidence to show that occlusal splints are effective for sleep bruxism as well as bruxism overall. Furthermore, occlusal splints are probably ineffective for awake bruxism, since they tend to be worn only during sleep. However, occlusal splints may be of some benefit in reducing the tooth wear that may accompany bruxism, but by mechanically protecting the teeth rather than reducing the bruxing activity itself. In a minority of cases, sleep bruxism may be made worse by an occlusal splint. Some patients will periodically return with splints with holes worn through them, either because the bruxism is aggravated, or unaffected by the presence of the splint. When tooth-to-tooth contact is possible through the holes in a splint, it is offering no protection against tooth wear and needs to be replaced.
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jaw (masseter) or in the temple (temporalis), and may be described as a headache or an aching jaw. Most (but not all) bruxism includes clenching force provided by masseter and temporalis muscle groups; but some bruxers clench and grind front teeth only, which involves minimal action of the masseter and temporalis muscles. The temporomandibular joints themselves may also become painful, which is usually felt just in front of the ear, or inside the ear itself. Clicking of the jaw joint may also develop. The forces exerted on the teeth are more than the periodontal ligament is biologically designed to handle, and so inflammation may result. A tooth may become sore to bite on, and further, tooth wear may reduce the insulating width of enamel and dentin that protects the pulp of the tooth and result in hypersensitivity, e.g. to cold stimuli.
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such as talking and eating. This treatment typically involves five or six injections into the masseter and temporalis muscles, and less often into the lateral pterygoids (given the possible risk of decreasing the ability to swallow) taking a few minutes per side. The effects may be noticeable by the next day, and they may last for about three months. Occasionally, adverse effects may occur, such as bruising, but this is quite rare. The dose of toxin used depends upon the person, and a higher dose may be needed in people with stronger muscles of mastication. With the temporary and partial muscle paralysis, atrophy of disuse may occur, meaning that the future required dose may be smaller or the length of time the effects last may be increased.
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people who drink a lot of acidic liquids such as concentrated fruit juice, or in people who frequently vomit or regurgitate stomach acid, which itself can occur for various reasons. People also demonstrate a normal level of tooth wear, associated with normal function. The presence of tooth wear only indicates that it had occurred at some point in the past, and does not necessarily indicate that the loss of tooth substance is ongoing. People who clench and perform minimal grinding will also not show much tooth wear. Occlusal splints are usually employed as a treatment for bruxism, but they can also be of diagnostic use, e.g. to observe the presence or absence of wear on the splint after a certain period of wearing it at night.
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condition on the teeth may be the same. The treatment is also often dependent upon whether the bruxism happens during sleep or while awake, e.g., an occlusal splint worn during sleep in a person who only bruxes when awake will probably have no benefit. Some have even suggested that sleep bruxism is an entirely different disorder and is not associated with awake bruxism. Awake bruxism is sometimes abbreviated to AB, and is also termed "diurnal bruxism", DB, or "daytime bruxing". Sleep bruxism is sometimes abbreviated to SB, and is also termed "sleep-related bruxism", "nocturnal bruxism", or "nocturnal tooth grinding". According to the
251:(TMD, or temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome) is debated. Many suggest that sleep bruxism can be a causative or contributory factor to pain symptoms in TMD. Indeed, the symptoms of TMD overlap with those of bruxism. Others suggest that there is no strong association between TMD and bruxism. A systematic review investigating the possible relationship concluded that when self-reported bruxism is used to diagnose bruxism, there is a positive association with TMD pain, and when stricter diagnostic criteria for bruxism are used, the association with TMD symptoms is much lower. In severe, chronic cases, bruxism can lead to
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bruxism in small control groups. Electromyographic monitoring devices of the associated muscle groups tied with automatic alerting during periods of clenching and grinding have been prescribed for awake bruxism. Dental appliances with capsules that break and release a taste stimulus when enough force is applied have also been described in sleep bruxism, which would wake the person from sleep in an attempt to prevent bruxism episodes. "Large scale, double-blind, experiment confirming the effectiveness of this approach have yet to be carried out."
1384:) and can be hard or soft. A lower appliance can be worn alone, or in combination with an upper appliance. Usually lower splints are better tolerated in people with a sensitive gag reflex. Another problem with wearing a splint can be stimulation of salivary flow, and for this reason some advise to start wearing the splint about 30 mins before going to bed so this does not lead to difficulty falling asleep. As an added measure for hypersensitive teeth in bruxism, desensitizing toothpastes (e.g. containing
406:(chewing) is a complex neuromuscular activity that can be controlled either by subconscious processes or by conscious processes. In individuals without bruxism or other parafunctional activities, during wakefulness the jaw is generally at rest and the teeth are not in contact, except while speaking, swallowing or chewing. It is estimated that the teeth are in contact for less than 20 minutes per day, mostly during chewing and swallowing. Normally during sleep, the voluntary muscles are inactive due to
1399:; stabilizing the occlusion by minimizing gradual changes to the positions of the teeth, preventing tooth damage and revealing the extent and patterns of bruxism through examination of the markings on the splint's surface. A dental guard is typically worn during every night's sleep on a long-term basis. However, a meta-analysis of occlusal splints (dental guards) used for this purpose concluded "There is not enough evidence to state that the occlusal splint is effective for treating sleep bruxism."
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sleep arousal. One study reported that sleep arousals which were experimentally induced with sensory stimulation in sleeping bruxists triggered episodes of sleep bruxism. Sleep arousals are a sudden change in the depth of the sleep stage, and may also be accompanied by increased heart rate, respiratory changes and muscular activity, such as leg movements. Initial reports have suggested that episodes of sleep bruxism may be accompanied by gastroesophageal reflux, decreased esophageal
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1411:(NTI-TSS) dental guard. This splint snaps onto the front teeth only. It is theorized to prevent tissue damages primarily by reducing the bite force from attempts to close the jaw normally into a forward twisting of the lower front teeth. The intent is for the brain to interpret the nerve sensations as undesirable, automatically and subconsciously reducing clenching force. However, there may be potential for the NTI-TSS device to act as a
375:
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extremely common and usually do not cause any problems. It is unclear whether people with bruxism tend to notice problems with the bite because of their clenching and grinding habit, or whether these act as a causative factor in the development of the condition. In sleep bruxism especially, there is no evidence that removal of occlusal interferences has any impact on the condition. People with no teeth at all who wear
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examination to detect bruxism, suggested that there may be more of a relationship between occlusal factors and bruxism in children. However, the role of occlusal factors in bruxism cannot be completely discounted due to insufficient evidence and problems with the design of studies. A minority of researchers continue to claim that various adjustments to the mechanics of the bite are capable of curing bruxism (see
34:
1350:
1361:
1610:, Selma the witch tells Beowulf that the troll's name Grendel means "grinder of teeth", stating that "he has bad dreams", a possible allusion to Grendel traumatically witnessing the death of his father as a child, at the hands of King Hrothgar. The Geats (the warriors who hunt the troll) alternatively translate the name as "grinder of men's bones" to demonize their prey. In
99:
prevalence of sleep bruxism was observed in North
America at 31%, followed by South America at 23%, Europe at 21%, and Asia at 19%. The prevalence of awake bruxism was highest in South America at 30%, followed by Asia at 25% and Europe at 18%. The review also concluded that overall, bruxism affects males and females equally, and affects elderly people less commonly.
112:
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some sort is so common that the concept of an "ideal occlusion" is called into question, and it can be considered "normal to be abnormal". An occlusal interference may refer to a problem which interferes with the normal path of the bite, and is usually used to describe a localized problem with the position or shape of a single tooth or group of teeth. A
663:. In this example, when the jaws are brought together, the lower back teeth contact the prominent upper wisdom tooth before the other teeth, and the lower jaw has to move forward to allow the rest of the teeth to meet. The difference between a premature contact and a deflective interference is that the latter implies a dynamic abnormality in the bite.
1415:, holding the posterior teeth out of occlusion and leading to their over-eruption, deranging the occlusion (i.e. it may cause the teeth to move position). This is far more likely if the appliance is worn for excessive periods of time, which is why NTI type appliances are designed for night time use only, and ongoing follow-ups are recommended.
366:
358:
1437:(BoNT) is used as a treatment for bruxism. A 2020 overview of systematic reviews found that botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) showed a significant pain and sleep bruxism frequency reduction when compared to placebo or conventional treatment (behavioral therapy, occlusal splints, and drugs), after 6 and 12 months.
504:, and then observed high levels of bruxism-like muscular activity in rats that were allowed to watch this treatment compared to rats that did not see it. They proposed that the rats who witnessed the electrical shocking of other rats were under emotional stress which may have caused the bruxism-like behavior.
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life-threatening, and there is little evidence of the efficacy of any treatment, it has been recommended that only conservative treatment which is reversible and that carries low risk of morbidity should be used. The main treatments that have been described in awake and sleep bruxism are described below.
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over 50% of normal infants. Often sleep bruxism develops during adolescence, and the prevalence in 18- to 29-year-olds is about 13%. The overall prevalence in adults is reported to be 8%, and people over the age of 60 are less likely to be affected, with the prevalence dropping to about 3% in this group.
976:"Bruxism is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible. Bruxism has two distinct circadian manifestations: it can occur during sleep (indicated as sleep bruxism) or during wakefulness (indicated as awake bruxism)."
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For tooth grinders who live in a household with other people, diagnosis of grinding is straightforward: Housemates or family members would advise a bruxer of recurrent grinding. Grinders who live alone can likewise resort to a sound-activated tape recorder. To confirm the condition of clenching, on
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Some research suggests that there may be a degree of inherited susceptibility to develop sleep bruxism. 21–50% of people with sleep bruxism have a direct family member who had sleep bruxism during childhood, suggesting that there are genetic factors involved, although no genetic markers have yet been
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Awake bruxism is thought to be usually semivoluntary, and often associated with stress caused by family responsibilities or work pressures. Some suggest that in children, bruxism may occasionally represent a response to earache or teething. Awake bruxism usually involves clenching (sometimes the term
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Most people with bruxism will experience no pain. The presence or degree of pain does not necessarily correlate with the severity of grinding or clenching. The pain in the muscles of mastication caused by bruxism can be likened to muscle pain after exercise. The pain may be felt over the angle of the
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Children are reported to brux as commonly as adults. It is possible for sleep bruxism to occur as early as the first year of life, after the first teeth (deciduous incisors) erupt into the mouth, and the overall prevalence in children is about 14–20%. The ICSD-R states that sleep bruxism may occur in
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is designed to change the patient's occlusion, or bite. The efficacy of such devices is debated. Some writers propose that irreversible complications can result from the long-term use of mouthguards and repositioning splints. Random controlled trials with these type devices generally show no benefit
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The ICSD-R described three different severities of sleep bruxism, defining mild as occurring less than nightly, with no damage to teeth or psychosocial impairment; moderate as occurring nightly, with mild impairment of psychosocial functioning; and severe as occurring nightly, and with damage to the
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Bruxism can be subdivided into two types based upon when the parafunctional activity occurs – during sleep ("sleep bruxism"), or while awake ("awake bruxism"). This is the most widely used classification since sleep bruxism generally has different causes to awake bruxism, although the effects on the
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Several devices have been developed that aim to objectively measure bruxism activity, either in terms of muscular activity or bite forces. They have been criticized for introducing a possible change in the bruxing habit, whether increasing or decreasing it, and are therefore poorly representative to
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The most usual trigger in sleep bruxism that leads a person to seek medical or dental advice is being informed by a sleeping partner of unpleasant grinding noises during sleep. The diagnosis of sleep bruxism is usually straightforward, and involves the exclusion of dental diseases, temporomandibular
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Disturbance of the dopaminergic system in the central nervous system has also been suggested to be involved in the etiology of bruxism. Evidence for this comes from observations of the modifying effect of medications which alter dopamine release on bruxing activity, such as levodopa, amphetamines or
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is another type of tooth wear that is postulated to occur with bruxism, although some still argue whether this type of tooth wear is a reality. Abfraction cavities are said to occur usually on the facial aspect of teeth, in the cervical region as V-shaped defects caused by flexing of the tooth under
98:
According to a meta-analysis conducted in 2024, the global prevalence of bruxism (both sleep and awake) is 22.22%. The global prevalence of sleep bruxism is 21%, while the prevalence of awake bruxism is 23%. The occurrence of sleep bruxism, based on polysomnography, was estimated at 43%. The highest
90:
The ICSD-R states that 85–90% of the general population grind their teeth to a degree at some point during their life, although only 5% will develop a clinical condition. Some studies have reported that awake bruxism affects females more commonly than males, while in sleep bruxism, males and females
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The causes of bruxism are not completely understood, but probably involve multiple factors. Awake bruxism is more common in women, whereas men and women are affected in equal proportions by sleep bruxism. Awake bruxism is thought to have different causes from sleep bruxism. Several treatments are in
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Clenching the teeth is generally displayed by humans and other animals as a display of anger, hostility or frustration. It is thought that in humans, clenching the teeth may be an evolutionary instinct to display teeth as weapons, thereby threatening a rival or a predator. The phrase "to grit one's
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is a process or device that allows an individual to become aware of, and alter physiological activity with the aim of improving health. Although the evidence of biofeedback has not been tested for awake bruxism, there is recent evidence for the efficacy of biofeedback in the management of nocturnal
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View from above of an anterior (front) tooth showing severe tooth wear which has exposed the dentin layer (normally covered by enamel). The pulp chamber is visible through the overlying dentin. Tertiary dentin will have been laid down by the pulp in response to the loss of tooth substance. Multiple
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release at neuromuscular junctions. BoNT injections are used in bruxism on the theory that a dilute solution of the toxin will partially paralyze the muscles and lessen their ability to forcefully clench and grind the jaw, while aiming to retain enough muscular function to enable normal activities
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Sleep hygiene education should be provided by the clinician, as well as a clear and short explanation of bruxism (definition, causes and treatment options). Relaxation and tension-reduction have not been found to reduce bruxism symptoms, but have given patients a sense of well-being. One study has
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revised edition (ICSD-R), the term "sleep bruxism" is the most appropriate since this type occurs during sleep specifically rather than being associated with a particular time of day, i.e., if a person with sleep bruxism were to sleep during the day and stay awake at night then the condition would
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Some bruxism activity is rhythmic with bite force pulses of tenths of a second (like chewing), and some have longer bite force pulses of 1 to 30 seconds (clenching). Some individuals clench without significant lateral movements. Bruxism can also be regarded as a disorder of repetitive, unconscious
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in bruxists. In the case of crowns, the strength of the restoration becomes more important, sometimes at the cost of aesthetic considerations. E.g. a full coverage gold crown, which has a degree of flexibility and also involves less removal (and therefore less weakening) of the underlying natural
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Bruxism can cause significant tooth wear if it is severe, and sometimes dental restorations (crowns, fillings etc.) are damaged or lost, sometimes repeatedly. Most dentists therefore prefer to keep dental treatment in people with bruxism very simple and only carry it out when essential, since any
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is a medical term referring to less than ideal positioning of the upper teeth relative to the lower teeth, which can occur both when the upper jaw is ideally proportioned to the lower jaw, or where there is a discrepancy between the size of the upper jaw relative to the lower jaw. Malocclusion of
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Most people who brux are unaware of the problem, either because there are no symptoms, or because the symptoms are not understood to be associated with a clenching and grinding problem. The symptoms of sleep bruxism are usually most intense immediately after waking, and then slowly abate, and the
86:
There is a wide variation in reported epidemiologic data for bruxism, and this is largely due to differences in the definition, diagnosis and research methodologies of these studies. E.g. several studies use self-reported bruxism as a measure of bruxism, and since many people with bruxism are not
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There are two main types of bruxism: one occurs during sleep (nocturnal bruxism) and one during wakefulness (awake bruxism). Dental damage may be similar in both types, but the symptoms of sleep bruxism tend to be worse on waking and improve during the course of the day, and the symptoms of awake
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As an alternative to simply reactively repairing the damage to teeth and conforming to the existing occlusal scheme, occasionally some dentists will attempt to reorganize the occlusion in the belief that this may redistribute the forces and reduce the amount of damage inflicted on the dentition.
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The
Individual (personal) Tooth-Wear Index was developed to objectively quantify the degree of tooth wear in an individual, without being affected by the number of missing teeth. Bruxism is not the only cause of tooth wear. Another possible cause of tooth wear is acid erosion, which may occur in
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can still have bruxism, although dentures also often change the original bite. Most modern sources state that there is no relationship, or at most a minimal relationship, between bruxism and occlusal factors. The findings of one study, which used self-reported tooth grinding rather than clinical
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which is disrupting peaceful sleep. Sleep bruxism is mainly characterized by "rhythmic masticatory muscle activity" (RMMA) at a frequency of about once per second, and also with occasional tooth grinding. It has been shown that the majority (86%) of sleep bruxism episodes occur during periods of
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Tooth wear may be brought to the person's attention during routine dental examination. With awake bruxism, most people will often initially deny clenching and grinding because they are unaware of the habit. Often, the person may re-attend soon after the first visit and report that they have now
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Many studies have reported significant psychosocial risk factors for bruxism, particularly a stressful lifestyle, and this evidence is growing, but still not conclusive. Some consider emotional stress and anxiety to be the main triggering factors. It has been reported that persons with bruxism
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Historically, many believed that problems with the bite were the sole cause for bruxism. It was often claimed that a person would grind at the interfering area in a subconscious, instinctive attempt to wear this down and "self equiliberate" their occlusion. However, occlusal interferences are
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is not widely accepted. It is thought that the periodontal ligament may respond to increased occlusal (biting) forces by resorbing some of the bone of the alveolar crest, which may result in increased tooth mobility, however these changes are reversible if the occlusal force is reduced. Tooth
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All forms of bruxism entail forceful contact between the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth. In grinding and tapping this contact involves movement of the mandible and unpleasant sounds which can often awaken sleeping partners and even people asleep in adjacent rooms. Clenching (or
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Given the strong association between awake bruxism and psychosocial factors (the relationship between sleep bruxism and psychosocial factors being unclear), the role of psychosocial interventions could be argued to be central to the management. The most simple form of treatment is therefore
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is one part of the bite meeting sooner than other parts, meaning that the rest of the teeth meet later or are held open, e.g., a new dental restoration on a tooth (e.g., a crown) which has a slightly different shape or position to the original tooth may contact too soon in the bite. A
66:; i.e., it is unrelated to normal function such as eating or talking. Bruxism is a common behavior; the global prevalence of bruxism (both sleep and awake) is 22.22%. Several symptoms are commonly associated with bruxism, including aching jaw muscles, headaches, hypersensitive teeth,
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Treatment for bruxism revolves around repairing the damage to teeth that has already occurred, and also often, via one or more of several available methods, attempting to prevent further damage and manage symptoms, but there is no widely accepted, best treatment. Since bruxism is not
226:
Bruxism is usually detected because of the effects of the process (most commonly tooth wear and pain), rather than the process itself. The large forces that can be generated during bruxism can have detrimental effects on the components of masticatory system, namely the teeth, the
6547:
1388:) can be applied initially inside the splint so the material is in contact with the teeth all night. This can be continued until there is only a normal level of sensitivity from the teeth, although it should be remembered that sensitivity to thermal stimuli is also a symptom of
1192:
The ICSD-R also described three different types of sleep bruxism according to the duration the condition is present, namely acute, which lasts for less than one week; subacute, which lasts for more than a week and less than one month; and chronic which lasts for over a month.
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control rather than elaborate occlusal adjustments. It is also generally accepted that periodontal disease is a far more common cause of tooth mobility and pathological tooth migration than any influence of bruxism, although bruxism may much less commonly be involved in both.
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is often reported to cause bruxism. Among people who have taken ecstasy, while dancing it is common to use pacifiers, lollipops or chewing gum in an attempt to reduce the damage to the teeth and to prevent jaw pain. Bruxism is thought to be one of the contributing factors in
630:(MDMA, ecstasy) has been reported to be associated with bruxism, which occurs immediately after taking the drug and for several days afterwards. Tooth wear in people who take ecstasy is also frequently much more severe than in people with bruxism not associated with ecstasy.
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the native bruxing activity. These are mostly of relevance to research, and are rarely used in the routine clinical diagnosis of bruxism. Examples include the "Bruxcore
Bruxism-Monitoring Device" (BBMD, "Bruxcore Plate"), the "intra-splint force detector" (ISFD), and
1302:, with some showing no effect and others appear to have promising initial results; however, it has been suggested that further safety testing is required before any evidence-based clinical recommendations can be made. When bruxism is related to the use of selective
1470:
Sometimes termed "occlusal rehabilitation" or "occlusal equilibration", this can be a complex procedure, and there is much disagreement between proponents of these techniques on most of the aspects involved, including the indications and the goals. It may involve
858:, air flow monitoring and audio–video recording. It may be useful to help exclude other sleep disorders; however, due to the expense of the use of a sleep lab, polysomnography is mostly of relevance to research rather than routine clinical diagnosis of bruxism.
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contraction of muscles. This typically involves the masseter muscle and the anterior portion of the temporalis (the large outer muscles that clench), and the lateral pterygoids, relatively small bilateral muscles that act together to perform sideways grinding.
6470:
6454:
1001:"Parafunctional grinding of teeth or an oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spasmodic non-functional gnashing, grinding or clenching of teeth in other than chewing movements of the mandible which may lead to occlusal trauma."
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Certain stimulant drugs, including both prescribed and recreational drugs, are thought by some to cause the development of bruxism. However, others argue that there is insufficient evidence to draw such a conclusion. Examples may include
1222:
has been recommended by some for treatment of bruxism. In many cases awake bruxism can be reduced by using reminder techniques. Combined with a protocol sheet this can also help to evaluate in which situations bruxism is most prevalent.
830:(e.g. reports of grinding noises) and the presence of typical signs and symptoms, including tooth mobility, tooth wear, masseteric hypertrophy, indentations on the tongue, hypersensitive teeth (which may be misdiagnosed as reversible
271:. This is the most usual type of tooth wear that occurs in bruxism, and affects the occlusal surface (the biting surface) of the teeth. The exact location and pattern of attrition depends on how the bruxism occurs, e.g., when the
70:, and damage to dental restorations (e.g. crowns and fillings). Symptoms may be minimal, without patient awareness of the condition. If nothing is done, after a while many teeth start wearing down until the whole tooth is gone.
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causes, such as the side effect of prescribed medications. Another source divides the causes of bruxism into three groups, namely central or pathophysiological factors, psychosocial factors and peripheral factors. The
3224:
Kanji
Onodera, Toshimi Kawagoe, Kenichi Sasaguri, Cynthia Protacio-Quismundo, Sadao Sato (2006). "The use of a bruxChecker in the evaluation of different grinding patterns during sleep bruxism. (Clinical report)".
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A Chinese proverb has linked bruxism with psychosocial factors. "If a boy clenches, he hates his family for not being prosperous; if a girl clenches, she hates her mother for not being dead."(男孩咬牙，恨家不起；女孩咬牙，恨妈不死。)
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edges of the teeth. To grind the front teeth, most people need to posture their mandible forwards, unless there is an existing edge to edge, class III incisal relationship. People with bruxism may also grind their
121:
A grinding or tapping noise during sleep, sometimes detected by a partner or a parent. This noise can be surprisingly loud and unpleasant, and can wake a sleeping partner. Noises are rarely associated with awake
1310:
has been reported to resolve the side effect. Tricyclic antidepressants have also been suggested to be preferable to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in people with bruxism, and may help with the pain.
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occlusal forces. It is argued that similar lesions can be caused by long-term forceful toothbrushing. However, the fact that the cavities are V-shaped does not suggest that the damage is caused by toothbrush
315:, and that some abfraction cavities occur below the level of the gumline, i.e., in an area shielded from toothbrush abrasion, supports the validity of this mechanism of tooth wear. In addition to attrition,
369:
The left medial pterygoid muscle, and the left lateral pterygoid muscle above it, shown on the medial surface of the mandbilar ramus, which has been partially removed along with a section of the zygomatic
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not occur during the night but during the day. The ICDS-R defined sleep bruxism as "a stereotyped movement disorder characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep", classifying it as a
554:
reuptake inhibitors, decreasing the dose resolved the side effect. Other sources state that reports of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors causing bruxism are rare, or only occur with long-term use.
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identified. Offspring of people who have sleep bruxism are more likely to also have sleep bruxism than children of people who do not have bruxism, or people with awake bruxism rather than sleep bruxism.
285:
280:
3695:
Macedo CR, Macedo EC, Torloni MR, Silva AB, Prado GF. Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD005578. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005578.pub2.
425:
The cause of bruxism is largely unknown, but it is generally accepted to have multiple possible causes. Bruxism is a parafunctional activity, but it is debated whether this represents a subconscious
267:
Many publications list tooth wear as a consequence of bruxism, but some report a lack of a positive relationship between tooth wear and bruxism. Tooth wear caused by tooth-to-tooth contact is termed
1395:
Splints may also reduce muscle strain by allowing the upper and lower jaw to move easily with respect to each other. Treatment goals include: constraining the bruxing pattern to avoid damage to the
1408:
834:), pain in the muscles of mastication, and clicking or locking of the temporomandibular joints. Questionnaires can be used to screen for bruxism in both the clinical and research settings.
108:
symptoms of a grinding habit which occurs mainly while awake tend to worsen through the day, and may not be present on waking. Bruxism may cause a variety of signs and symptoms, including:
671:
Several associations between bruxism and other conditions, usually neurological or psychiatric disorders, have rarely been reported, with varying degrees of evidence (often in the form of
996:"Non-functional contact of the mandibular and maxillary teeth resulting in clenching or tooth grinding due to repetitive, unconscious contraction of the masseter and temporalis muscles."
5657:
235:
with the skull (the temporomandibular joints). The muscles of mastication that act to move the jaw can also be affected since they are being utilized over and above of normal function.
4224:
2722:
1482:. Some have criticized these occlusal reorganizations as having no evidence base, and irreversibly damaging the dentition on top of the damage already caused by bruxism.
1380:
Occlusal splints are divided into partial or full-coverage splints according to whether they fit over some or all of the teeth. They are typically made of plastic (e.g.
1218:
Other interventions include relaxation techniques, stress management, behavioural modification, habit reversal and hypnosis (self hypnosis or with a hypnotherapist).
1126:
883:
433:"awake clenching" is used instead of awake bruxism), but also possibly grinding, and is often associated with other semivoluntary oral habits such as cheek biting,
1580:, Henry Spencer's partner ("Mary X") is shown tossing and turning in her sleep, and snapping her jaws together violently and noisily, depicting sleep bruxism. In
402:. Some of the muscles work to elevate the mandible (close the mouth), and others also are involved in lateral (side to side), protrusive or retractive movements.
304:. If enough of the tooth is worn away or decayed, the tooth will effectively be weakened, and may fracture under the increased forces that occur in bruxism.
4284:
2520:
Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F (June 2010). "Relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of literature from 1998 to 2008".
6129:
6085:
5188:
4799:
2405:
279:
of the opposing arches are moved against each other laterally, by the action of the medial pterygoid muscles, this can lead to the wearing down of the
846:
disorders, and the rhythmic jaw movements that occur with seizure disorders (e.g. epilepsy). This usually involves a dental examination, and possibly
5944:
5561:
5374:
5354:
1552:
teeth" is the grinding or clenching of the teeth in anger, or to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation and deal with it in a determined way.
655:
is an interference with the bite that changes the normal path of the bite. A common example of a deflective interference is an over-erupted upper
822:
Early diagnosis of bruxism is advantageous, but difficult. Early diagnosis can prevent damage that may be incurred and the detrimental effect on
1255:, and others. However, there is little, if any, evidence for their respective and comparative efficacies with each other and when compared to a
641:
is defined most simply as "contacts between teeth", and is the meeting of teeth during biting and chewing. The term does not imply any disease.
5680:
603:
535:
398:) are paired on either side and work together to move the mandible, which hinges and slides around its dual articulation with the skull at the
854:
shows increased masseter and temporalis muscular activity during sleep. Polysomnography may involve electroencephalography, electromyography,
211:, (e.g. dental pain when drinking a cold liquid) caused by wearing away of the thickness of insulating layers of dentin and enamel around the
3973:
3208:
3679:
3486:
4761:
2855:
Lobbezoo F, Van Der Zaag J, Naeije M (April 2006). "Bruxism: its multiple causes and its effects on dental implants - an updated review".
4261:
6141:
5289:
2638:
Kato T, Thie NM, Huynh N, Miyawaki S, Lavigne GJ (2003). "Topical review: sleep bruxism and the role of peripheral sensory influences".
248:
5391:
5366:
5201:
2477:
2443:
1867:
1809:
5895:
1555:
In the Bible there are several references to "gnashing of teeth" in both the Old
Testament, and the New Testament, where the phrase "
1337:
tooth may be more appropriate than other types of crown which are primarily designed for esthetics rather than durability. Porcelain
6177:
5997:
3539:
2382:
2354:
2244:
1701:
1171:
disorders. To describe bruxism as a purely somatoform disorder does not reflect the mainstream, modern view of this condition (see
437:, chewing on a pen or pencil absent mindedly, or tongue thrusting (where the tongue is pushed against the front teeth forcefully).
473:
stimulates release of dopamine, which is postulated to explain why bruxism is twice as common in smokers compared to non-smokers.
6269:
5506:
5477:
5418:
4639:
4634:
4606:
550:(including those taken for medical reasons). In some reported cases where bruxism is thought to have been initiated by selective
4751:
1724:"Global Prevalence of Sleep Bruxism and Awake Bruxism in Pediatric and Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
5511:
5306:
5231:
4794:
4725:
4484:
4400:
5949:
5920:
5181:
2779:
Lavigne GJ, Huynh N, Kato T, et al. (April 2007). "Genesis of sleep bruxism: motor and autonomic-cardiac interactions".
5690:
4153:"Efficacy of biofeedback therapy via a mini wireless device on sleep bruxism contrasted with occlusal splint: a pilot study"
1267:. Macedo, et al.) found "insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of sleep bruxism."
1134:. The second edition (ICSD-2) however reclassified bruxism to a "sleep related movement disorder" rather than a parasomnia.
461:(acidity), swallowing, and decreased salivary flow. Another report suggested a link between episodes of sleep bruxism and a
5408:
5384:
5066:
4874:
4736:
2012:
Lobbezoo F, van der Zaag J, van Selms MK, Hamburger HL, Naeije M (July 2008). "Principles for the management of bruxism".
1556:
1546:
1419:
982:
clamping), on the other hand, involves inaudible, sustained, forceful tooth contact unaccompanied by mandibular movements.
627:
595:
429:
or is entirely involuntary. The relative importance of the various identified possible causative factors is also debated.
6353:
5890:
5423:
5268:
4746:
4674:
4519:
1219:
6411:
4283:
Behr M, Hahnel, Sebastian, Faltermeier, Andreas, Bürgers, Ralf, Kolbeck, Carola, Handel, Gerhard, Proff, Peter (2012).
3380:
3363:
1510:
documented the definition of bruxism (齘齒) as "the clenching of teeth during sleep" and explained that it was caused by
931:
D. No other medical or mental disorders (e.g., sleep-related epilepsy, which may cause abnormal movement during sleep).
340:. It is generally accepted that increased occlusal forces are able to increase the rate of progression of pre-existing
5598:
5396:
4879:
3349:
972:
and the verb itself is "to brux". There is no widely accepted definition of bruxism. Examples of definitions include:
739:
87:
aware of their habit, self-reported tooth grinding and clenching habits may be a poor measure of the true prevalence.
1211:
reassurance that the condition does not represent a serious disease, which may act to alleviate contributing stress.
2305:
Macedo CR, Machado MAC, Silva AB, Prado GF (21 January 2009). MacEdo CR (ed.). "Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism".
164:
Tenderness, pain or fatigue of the muscles of mastication, which may get worse during chewing or other jaw movement.
6348:
5263:
4741:
3375:
4689:
6358:
6327:
5705:
5588:
5174:
4957:
4766:
4714:
3862:
Hardy RS, Bonsor SJ (2021). "The efficacy of occlusal splints in the treatment of bruxism: A systematic review".
1341:
on the incisors are particularly vulnerable to damage, and sometimes a crown can be perforated by occlusal wear.
1160:
764:
607:
407:
5482:
4315:
6552:
6485:
6406:
6322:
6317:
6014:
5977:
5969:
5787:
5756:
5497:
4514:
2086:
1396:
838:
the other hand, bruxers may rely on such devices as the
Bruxchecker, Bruxcore, or a beeswax-bearing biteplate.
531:
399:
395:
208:
6343:
5850:
5700:
5695:
5652:
5469:
5054:
4835:
4644:
4403:. Center for Substance Abuse Research (CESAR), at the University of Maryland at College Park. Archived from
1423:
769:
753:
705:
611:
391:
174:
3150:"An evidence-based review of botulinum toxin (Botox) applications in non-cosmetic head and neck conditions"
6221:
5860:
5751:
5710:
5685:
5593:
5150:
4699:
4534:
3998:
2990:
Winocur E, Gavish A, Voikovitch M, Emodi-Perlman A, Eli I (2003). "Drugs and bruxism: a critical review".
2555:
Pettengill CA (April 2011). "Interaction of dental erosion and bruxism: the amplification of tooth wear".
1616:
1516:
847:
781:
776:
563:
441:
154:
137:
3747:"Influence of cyclic loading on the fracture toughness and load bearing capacities of all-ceramic crowns"
1500:
documented the definition of
Chinese character "齘" (bruxism) as "the clenching of teeth" (齒相切也). In 610,
125:
Other parafunctional activity which may occur together with bruxism: cheek biting (which may manifest as
6416:
6149:
6029:
5936:
5915:
4972:
4704:
1534:
1475:
638:
3989:
Dao TT, Lavigne GJ (1998). "Oral splints: the crutches for temporomandibular disorders and bruxism?".
6241:
6154:
5910:
5730:
5331:
5311:
5126:
3605:
Clarke JH, Reynolds PJ (April 1991). "Suggestive
Hypnotherapy for Nocturnal Bruxism: A Pilot Study".
3272:
1600:
1479:
1434:
685:
575:
219:
63:
4003:
2892:"Review of temporomandibular joint pathology. Part I: classification, epidemiology and risk factors"
2603:
Davies SJ, Gray RJ, Linden GJ, James JA (December 2001). "Occlusal considerations in periodontics".
1184:
teeth, temporomandibular disorders and other physical injuries, and severe psychosocial impairment.
222:
of teeth, which may make them sore to bite on, and possibly also a degree of loosening of the teeth.
198:, which flattens the occlusal (biting) surface, but also possibly other types of tooth wear such as
6474:
6291:
6273:
6236:
6226:
6080:
5982:
5959:
5807:
5799:
5578:
5556:
5284:
5121:
5111:
4577:
4477:
3273:"A bibliographical survey of bruxism with special emphasis on non-traditional treatment modalities"
1611:
1590:
1502:
855:
527:
453:
341:
126:
3500:
1522:
886:
listed diagnostic criteria for sleep bruxism. The minimal criteria include both of the following:
6164:
5954:
5551:
5403:
5131:
4884:
4784:
4649:
3905:
3587:
3467:
3250:
2693:
2668:
Lobbezoo F, Naeije M (December 2001). "Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally".
2580:
1385:
1338:
796:
622:, as in coffee, tea or chocolate. Bruxism has also been reported to occur commonly comorbid with
426:
319:
is said to synergistically contribute to tooth wear in some bruxists, according to some sources.
268:
195:
130:
4094:"The Current Trend in Management of Bruxism and Chronic Pain: An Overview of Systematic Reviews"
2890:
Poveda Roda R, Bagan JV, Díaz Fernández JM, Hernández Bazán S, Jiménez
Soriano Y (August 2007).
2346:
374:
6525:
6496:
6200:
5725:
5715:
5647:
5573:
5457:
5141:
4443:
4307:
4182:
4133:
4115:
4074:
4043:
4016:
3969:
3946:
3897:
3889:
3844:
3826:
3784:
3766:
3661:
3630:
3622:
3579:
3571:
3535:
3459:
3421:
3294:
3242:
3204:
3198:
3179:
3127:
3109:
3070:
3035:
2999:
2963:
2945:
2906:
2872:
2796:
2758:
2685:
2647:
2620:
2572:
2537:
2502:
2473:
2439:
2401:
2378:
2350:
2240:
2202:
2158:
2029:
1989:
1863:
1805:
1763:
1745:
1697:
1621:
1585:
1560:
1260:
805:
383:
312:
177:, which may manifest as preauricular pain (in front of the ear), or pain referred to the ear (
46:
3554:
Pierce C, Gale E (March 1988). "A Comparison of Different Treatments for Nocturnal Bruxism".
1154:, where the disorder is associated with other medical conditions. Secondary bruxism includes
6070:
6024:
5992:
5840:
5818:
5783:
5546:
5428:
5379:
5326:
5301:
5296:
5253:
5241:
5136:
5076:
4435:
4299:
4172:
4164:
4123:
4105:
4008:
3936:
3879:
3871:
3834:
3818:
3774:
3758:
3725:
3614:
3563:
3527:
3451:
3411:
3284:
3234:
3169:
3161:
3117:
3101:
3062:
2953:
2937:
2891:
2864:
2788:
2749:
Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F (2009). "Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism".
2677:
2612:
2564:
2529:
2310:
2192:
2148:
2140:
2021:
1979:
1971:
1753:
1735:
1381:
1333:
867:
800:
523:
449:
289:
188:
6246:
6204:
6075:
6062:
6009:
6004:
5987:
5867:
5662:
5634:
5435:
5258:
5197:
5007:
4934:
4912:
4859:
4619:
4524:
3385:
1779:
1774:
1641:
1325:
1252:
913:
851:
827:
823:
660:
599:
462:
387:
252:
158:
144:
41:
Attrition (tooth wear caused by tooth-to-tooth contact) can be a manifestation of bruxism.
6296:
2239:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 291, 292, 343, 353, 359, 382.
826:. A diagnosis of bruxism is usually made clinically, and is mainly based on the person's
4362:
Gill PS, Chawla KK, Chawla S (March 2011). "Bruxism/bruxomania, causes and management".
4201:
2087:"International classification of sleep disorders, revised: Diagnostic and coding manual"
1778: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1758:
1723:
1392:, and may indicate the presence of tooth decay rather than merely hypersensitive teeth.
378:
The left masseter muscle (red highlight), shown partially covered by superficial muscles
78:
use, although there is little evidence of robust efficacy for any particular treatment.
6548:
Pathology of temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and associated structures
6231:
6172:
6096:
5905:
5872:
5855:
5845:
5081:
4952:
4894:
4597:
4497:
4470:
4177:
4152:
4128:
4093:
3839:
3806:
3779:
3746:
3531:
3321:
3174:
3149:
3122:
3089:
2958:
2925:
2153:
2128:
1984:
1959:
1632:
1412:
1321:
1248:
1236:
1232:
947:
701:
695:
623:
571:
539:
6479:
2792:
2339:
1598:) begins taking an amphetamine-based diet pill and develops bruxism. In the 2005 film
452:
abnormalities. Underlying these factors may be psychosocial factors including daytime
205:
Tooth fractures, and repeated failure of dental restorations (fillings, crowns, etc.).
6541:
6265:
6216:
5534:
5059:
4907:
4864:
4814:
4809:
4582:
4439:
4062:
3909:
3371:
2868:
2681:
2025:
1595:
1588:", the sister of central character Bobbi Anderson also had bruxism. In the 2000 film
1507:
1492:
1445:
1283:
1279:
791:
759:
748:
722:
345:
332:
327:
The view that occlusal trauma (as may occur during bruxism) is a causative factor in
5166:
3730:
3713:
3591:
3471:
3254:
3105:
2697:
2584:
2341:
Master Dentistry Vol I: Restorative dentistry, paediatric dentistry and orthodontics
1263:
to investigate the evidence for drug treatments in sleep bruxism published in 2014 (
6119:
5900:
5452:
5027:
4804:
4789:
4404:
3822:
3618:
2718:
2568:
2144:
1958:
Shetty S, Pitti V, Satish Babu CL, Surendra Kumar GP, Deepthi BC (September 2010).
1628:
1581:
1299:
1240:
991:
characterized by teeth-grinding and clenching during sleep as well as wakefulness."
809:
656:
642:
316:
293:
272:
228:
2533:
934:
E. The presence of other sleep disorders (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea syndrome).
33:
6490:
4340:
4012:
3966:
Temporomandibular disorders an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment
3567:
3312:
3148:
Persaud R, Garas G, Silva S, Stamatoglou C, Chatrath P, Patel K (February 2013).
2375:
Oxford handbook of dental patient care, the essential guide to hospital dentistry
6520:
6104:
5835:
5566:
5316:
5086:
4962:
4902:
4854:
4849:
4840:
4679:
4629:
4624:
4506:
4303:
3875:
1571:
1471:
1457:
1426:) may reduce sleep bruxism, although its use may be associated with discomfort.
1295:
1150:
bruxism"), where the disorder is not related to any other medical condition, or
988:
672:
591:
583:
547:
434:
403:
212:
150:
6501:
3487:"Grinding your teeth? Expert reveals the long term damage you could be causing"
1349:
140:), possibly related to a coexistent "tongue thrusting" parafunctional activity.
6463:
6421:
6114:
6019:
5720:
5445:
5440:
5236:
5145:
5091:
5071:
4869:
4845:
4776:
4694:
4587:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4426:
Hamamoto DT, Rhodus NL (January 2009). "Methamphetamine abuse and dentistry".
4269:
4246:
4232:
4209:
4063:"Weighing the potential effectiveness of various treatments for sleep bruxism"
3455:
2941:
2314:
1975:
1637:
1576:
1374:
1329:
1271:
1168:
1167:
does not have an entry called bruxism, instead listing "tooth grinding" under
1155:
1147:
1131:
744:
727:
713:
587:
567:
445:
328:
307:
199:
67:
4119:
3893:
3830:
3770:
3626:
3575:
3165:
3113:
3023:
2949:
2472:(10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 87, 88, 90–93, 101–105.
2092:. Chicago, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2001. Archived from
1862:(7th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 6, 566, 364, 366.
1749:
6374:
6306:
6124:
5583:
5321:
5246:
5155:
5106:
5101:
4967:
4929:
4666:
4572:
4562:
4547:
4462:
4168:
3066:
2616:
2522:
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
1624:
grinds his teeth regularly, so loudly it can be heard "half a castle away".
1360:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
871:
680:
551:
440:
There is evidence that sleep bruxism is caused by mechanisms related to the
256:
51:
4447:
4311:
4186:
4137:
4078:
4047:
3950:
3941:
3924:
3901:
3848:
3788:
3665:
3463:
3425:
3344:
3298:
3246:
3183:
3131:
3074:
3039:
3003:
2967:
2910:
2876:
2800:
2762:
2689:
2651:
2624:
2576:
2541:
2206:
2162:
2033:
1993:
1767:
1006:"Periodic repetitive clenching or rhythmic forceful grinding of the teeth."
74:
bruxism may not be present at all on waking, and then worsen over the day.
4020:
3634:
3583:
3289:
2506:
2181:"Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the literature"
157:(increase in the size of the muscles that move the jaw), particularly the
111:
6109:
5779:
5746:
5672:
5022:
4997:
4917:
4709:
4684:
3762:
3442:
Nissani M (2000). "A Taste-Based Approach to the Prevention of Bruxism".
3238:
2179:
Manfredini D, Winocur E, Guarda-Nardini L, Paesani D, Lobbezoo F (2013).
1389:
1275:
1244:
1215:
reported less grinding and reduction of EMG activity after hypnotherapy.
923:
831:
785:
734:
717:
619:
615:
559:
470:
337:
232:
4110:
4092:
Bussadori SK, Motta LJ, Horliana AC, Santos EM, Martimbianco AL (2020).
1740:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5017:
4922:
4756:
4656:
4567:
3416:
3399:
2438:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 21, 58, 59, 173.
1606:
1497:
1441:
1256:
709:
579:
543:
501:
483:
276:
178:
167:
6446:
3884:
1231:
Many different medications have been used to treat bruxism, including
6458:
5827:
5642:
5116:
5002:
3649:
2237:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine: the basis of diagnosis and treatment
2197:
2180:
1164:
870:
devices to measure masseter or temporalis muscle activity (e.g. the "
690:
301:
297:
3964:
Hylander, William L., Laskin, Daniel M., Greene, Charles B. (2006).
2093:
1016:
Comparison of typical features of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism.
365:
357:
5605:
5012:
4830:
4493:
1526:
gave a similar explanation and three prescriptions for treatment.
373:
364:
356:
110:
3090:"Autism Disorder (AD): An Updated Review for Paediatric Dentists"
890:
A. symptom of tooth-grinding or tooth-clenching during sleep, and
336:
movement that occurs during occlusal loading is sometimes termed
202:, where notches form around the neck of the teeth at the gumline.
3652:[Role of the psychologist in the treatment of bruxism].
2377:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 332.
292:
of the occlusal surface. Once tooth wear progresses through the
6395:
6263:
6198:
6050:
5777:
5622:
5532:
5352:
5213:
5170:
4466:
5096:
4992:
3807:"Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding)"
3805:
Macedo CR, Silva AB, Machado MA, Saconato H, Prado GF (2007).
2129:"Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding)"
2127:
Macedo CR, Silva AB, Machado MA, Saconato H, Prado GF (2007).
1804:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 195.
1052:
Pain worsens throughout the day, may not be present on waking
659:, often because the lower wisdom tooth has been removed or is
618:. Bruxism can also be exacerbated by excessive consumption of
191:, caused by muscle pain associated with the temporalis muscle.
3714:"Sleep bruxism: Therapeutic possibilities based in evidences"
3364:
951:
2926:"Teeth Grinding: Is Emotional Stability related to Bruxism?"
1409:
nociceptive trigeminal inhibition tension suppression system
62:
is excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching. It is an oral
4341:"Meaning of "to grit one's teeth" on thefreedictionary.com"
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
1511:
1270:
Specific drugs that have been studied in sleep bruxism are
964:
to gnash, grind the teeth". People with bruxism are called
458:
4061:
Huynh N, Manzini C, Rompré PH, Lavigne GJ (October 2007).
4034:
Widmalm SE (March 1999). "Use and abuse of bite splints".
3501:"International Classification of Diseases – 10th revision"
3053:
Davies S, Gray RM (September 2001). "What is occlusion?".
2345:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p.
3925:"The effectiveness of occlusal splints for sleep bruxism"
1085:
Stronger evidence for a relationship, but not conclusive
3650:"Behandeling van bruxisme. De psychologische benadering"
3522:
Lavigne G, Manzini C, Huynh NT (2011), "Sleep Bruxism",
3400:"Bruxism defined and graded: an international consensus"
1074:
Usually clenching, occasionally clenching and grinding
488:
3712:
Machado E, Machado P, Cunali PA, Dal Fabbro C (2011).
2924:
Sutin AR, Terracciano A, Ferrucci L, Costa PT (2010).
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
1860:
Cawsonś essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
1165:
International Classification of Diseases 10th revision
908:
With the following criteria supporting the diagnosis:
3745:
Wang RR, Lu CL, Wang G, Zhang DS (13 December 2013).
3648:
van der Meulen MJ, Lobbezoo F, Naeije M (July 2000).
1640:", a condition potentially associated with long term
16:
Compulsion towards grinding or clenching of the teeth
6436:
3200:
Manual of Minor Oral Surgery for the General Dentist
1407:
over other therapies. Another partial splint is the
1038:
While asleep, mostly during periods of sleep arousal
6511:
6440:
6367:
6336:
6305:
6284:
6163:
6140:
6094:
6061:
5968:
5935:
5883:
5826:
5817:
5798:
5739:
5671:
5633:
5493:
5468:
5365:
5277:
5224:
4985:
4945:
4893:
4823:
4775:
4723:
4665:
4605:
4596:
4533:
4504:
45:
26:
3800:
3798:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2723:Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
2434:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002).
2338:
413:Angyloglossia is suspected as a cause of bruxism.
344:(gum disease), however the main stay treatment is
4223:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2368:
2366:
2174:
2172:
1722:Zieliński G, Pająk A, Wójcicki M (22 July 2024).
3227:Cranio: The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice
3017:
3015:
3013:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2663:
2661:
2470:Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1320:dental work is likely to fail in the long term.
300:layer is softer and more vulnerable to wear and
4036:Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry
3143:
3141:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2774:
2772:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2396:
2394:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1127:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
1004:
999:
994:
985:
979:
974:
3968:. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. pp. 377–90.
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3100:(2). JCDR Research and Publications: 275–279.
2598:
2596:
2594:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1529:"La bruxomanie" (a French term, translates to
5182:
4478:
4260:
3991:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine
2899:Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1604:, a modern reworking of the Anglo-Saxon poem
1049:Pain worst on waking, then slowly gets better
8:
2557:Journal of the California Dental Association
1692:Wassell R, Naru A, Steele J, Nohl F (2008).
3094:Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
2133:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1142:Alternatively, bruxism can be divided into
6437:
6392:
6281:
6260:
6195:
6086:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
6058:
6047:
5823:
5795:
5774:
5630:
5619:
5529:
5362:
5349:
5221:
5210:
5189:
5175:
5167:
4800:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
4602:
4485:
4471:
4463:
4067:Journal of the Canadian Dental Association
2406:United States National Library of Medicine
1306:reuptake inhibitors in depression, adding
1082:Unclear, little evidence of a relationship
784:, (possibly due to long-term therapy with
143:Indentations of the teeth in the tongue ("
32:
23:
4292:Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger
4285:"The two main theories on dental bruxism"
4176:
4127:
4109:
4002:
3940:
3883:
3838:
3778:
3729:
3654:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Tandheelkunde
3524:Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine
3415:
3288:
3173:
3121:
2957:
2196:
2152:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
1983:
1800:Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003).
1757:
1739:
288:teeth (back teeth), which wears down the
184:Clicking of the temporomandibular joints.
6349:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
5945:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3444:Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1696:. London: Quintessence. pp. 26–30.
1440:Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis/
1014:
136:A burning sensation on the tongue (see:
3811:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2307:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1964:Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society
1653:
536:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
3203:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 300.
3197:Mehra P, D'Innocenzo R (18 May 2015).
2493:De Meyer MD, De Boever JA (1997). "".
1858:Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2002).
1717:
1715:
1713:
604:attention deficit hyperactive disorder
3751:International Journal of Oral Science
3607:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
3437:
3435:
3266:
3264:
1514:deficiency and blood stasis. In 978,
7:
4200:
3718:Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
919:Activity of jaw muscles during sleep
850:if a seizure disorder is suspected.
187:Headaches, particularly pain in the
6052:Physiological and physical behavior
4042:(3): 249–54, 256, 258–9, quiz 260.
3024:"Temporomandibular joint disorders"
700:Disturbed sleep patterns and other
562:(when used in the long term, as in
249:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
194:Excessive tooth wear, particularly
5998:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
5392:Emotional and behavioral disorders
3532:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00099-2
2930:Journal of Research in Personality
2436:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
1594:, the character of Sara Goldfarb (
1559:" appears no less than 7 times in
1465:Occlusal adjustment/reorganization
1011:Classification by temporal pattern
489:Occlusal adjustment/reorganization
14:
6178:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
4364:Indian Journal of Dental Sciences
4104:. Informa UK Limited: 2413–2421.
2793:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.11.017
1265:Pharmacotherapy for Sleep Bruxism
893:B. One or more of the following:
788:causing dopaminergic dysfunction)
259:of the temporomandibular joints.
247:The relationship of bruxism with
5478:X-linked intellectual disability
4640:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4635:Central hypoventilation syndrome
4440:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01459.x
3526:, Elsevier, pp. 1128–1139,
2869:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01609.x
2682:10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00839.x
2495:Revue Belge de Médecine Dentaire
2026:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2008.01853.x
1773:
1422:(normally used for treatment of
1359:
1348:
1328:such as Emax crowns and complex
382:The muscles of mastication (the
116:fracture lines are also visible.
5307:Intermittent explosive disorder
5232:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
4795:Periodic limb movement disorder
4762:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
3731:10.1590/S2176-94512011000200008
1090:Prevalence (general population)
653:deflective contact/interference
410:, and the jaw is usually open.
5950:Dissociative identity disorder
5215:Adult personality and behavior
3823:10.1002/14651858.CD005514.pub2
3685:(in German). 22 November 2015.
3619:10.1080/00029157.1991.10402942
3485:Lerche O (23 September 2016).
3404:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
2857:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
2670:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
2569:10.1080/19424396.2011.12221893
2468:Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003).
2373:Kalantzis A, Scully C (2005).
2145:10.1002/14651858.CD005514.pub2
2014:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
1960:"Bruxism: a literature review"
1373:Occlusal splints (also termed
862:become aware of such a habit.
1:
5067:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
4875:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
4737:Advanced sleep phase disorder
3022:Buescher JJ (November 2007).
2534:10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.02.013
1557:weeping and gnashing of teeth
1547:Weeping and gnashing of teeth
1420:mandibular advancement device
902:Discomfort of the jaw muscles
628:Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
6354:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
5891:Generalized anxiety disorder
5624:Neurological and symptomatic
5269:Sexual relationship disorder
4747:Delayed sleep phase disorder
4675:Excessive daytime sleepiness
4013:10.1177/10454411980090030701
3568:10.1177/00220345880670031501
1728:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1220:Cognitive behavioral therapy
987:"A movement disorder of the
614:-inducing analogues such as
231:and the articulation of the
6130:REM sleep behavior disorder
5599:Seasonal affective disorder
5397:Separation anxiety disorder
4880:Nocturnal penile tumescence
4752:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
4304:10.1016/j.aanat.2011.09.002
3876:10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103621
3503:. World Health Organization
3350:Online Etymology Dictionary
3106:10.7860/jcdr/2014/7938.4080
1332:for example are relatively
1315:Prevention of dental damage
1172:
1046:Time–intensity relationship
740:Eustachian tube dysfunction
408:physiologic motor paralysis
170:(restricted mouth opening).
6569:
6397:Symptoms and uncategorized
5498:developmental disabilities
5264:Sexual maturation disorder
4742:Cyclic alternating pattern
3556:Journal of Dental Research
3365:
1544:
1206:Psychosocial interventions
1188:Classification by duration
1179:Classification by severity
952:
878:ICSD-R diagnostic criteria
756:, particularly in children
558:Specific examples include
361:The left temporalis muscle
173:Pain or tenderness of the
6402:
6391:
6359:Simple-type schizophrenia
6328:Schizophreniform disorder
6280:
6259:
6212:
6194:
6057:
6046:
5794:
5773:
5706:Mild cognitive impairment
5691:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5629:
5618:
5589:Major depressive disorder
5542:
5528:
5494:Psychological development
5361:
5348:
5220:
5209:
4958:Behavioral sleep medicine
4767:Shift work sleep disorder
4715:Sleep state misperception
4268:(in Chinese) – via
4231:(in Chinese) – via
4208:(in Chinese) – via
3028:American Family Physician
2992:Journal of Orofacial Pain
2942:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.006
2751:Journal of Orofacial Pain
2640:Journal of Orofacial Pain
2315:10.1002/14651858.CD005578
2185:Journal of Orofacial Pain
1976:10.1007/s13191-011-0041-5
1802:Tyldesley's Oral medicine
1161:World Health Organization
1104:Equal gender distribution
874:", and the "Grindcare").
765:Meningococcal septicaemia
608:gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
596:methylenedioxyamphetamine
532:tricyclic antidepressants
147:" or "scalloped tongue").
40:
31:
6407:Impulse-control disorder
6323:Schizoaffective disorder
6318:Brief reactive psychosis
6015:Mass psychogenic illness
5978:Body dysmorphic disorder
5757:Post-concussion syndrome
5367:Emotional and behavioral
4515:Rapid eye movement (REM)
4098:Journal of Pain Research
3929:Evidence-Based Dentistry
3166:10.1177/2042533312472115
2781:Archives of Oral Biology
2719:"Bruxism/Teeth grinding"
1490:Two thousand years ago,
1397:temporomandibular joints
1366:Example occlusal splints
1079:Relationship with stress
463:supine sleeping position
400:temporomandibular joints
396:lateral pterygoid muscle
175:temporomandibular joints
6344:Childhood schizophrenia
5696:Frontotemporal dementia
5653:High-functioning autism
5470:Intellectual disability
4836:Exploding head syndrome
4645:Obstructive sleep apnea
4169:10.7555/JBR.28.20130145
3870:. Elsevier BV: 103621.
3456:10.1023/A:1009585422533
3381:A Greek–English Lexicon
3277:Journal of Oral Science
3067:10.1038/sj.bdj.4801151a
2617:10.1038/sj.bdj.4801245a
2337:Heasman P, ed. (2008).
1424:obstructive sleep apnea
1138:Classification by cause
770:Multiple system atrophy
754:Intellectual disability
706:obstructive sleep apnea
612:gamma-aminobutyric acid
392:medial pterygoid muscle
64:parafunctional activity
5861:Specific social phobia
5752:Organic brain syndrome
5594:Melancholic depression
5355:Childhood and learning
5151:Sleeping while on duty
4700:Idiopathic hypersomnia
4381:张耀翔 (1933) . "国人之迷信".
3942:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400569
3055:British Dental Journal
2605:British Dental Journal
1631:, recreational use of
1617:A Song of Ice and Fire
1071:Clenching and grinding
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
984:
978:
848:electroencephalography
777:Oromandibular dystonia
442:central nervous system
379:
371:
362:
155:muscles of mastication
117:
91:are affected equally.
6417:Psychomotor agitation
6207:and substance-related
6150:Postpartum depression
6030:Somatization disorder
5916:Acute stress reaction
5681:AIDS dementia complex
4973:Neuroscience of sleep
4705:Night eating syndrome
4690:Kleine–Levin syndrome
3372:Liddell, Henry George
3290:10.2334/josnusd.43.73
3088:Jaganathan U (2014).
1601:Beowulf & Grendel
1535:biopsychosocial model
1476:restorative dentistry
675:). Examples include:
667:Possible associations
377:
368:
360:
114:
6412:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
6242:Substance dependence
6155:Postpartum psychosis
5701:Huntington's disease
5483:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
5332:Personality disorder
5127:Sleep and creativity
3864:Journal of Dentistry
3763:10.1038/ijos.2013.94
3239:10.1179/crn.2006.045
1517:Taiping Shenghuifang
1480:orthognathic surgery
1435:Botulinum neurotoxin
1404:repositioning splint
946:is derived from the
782:Parkinson's diseases
686:Atypical facial pain
528:dopamine antagonists
495:Psychosocial factors
220:periodontal ligament
218:Inflammation of the
209:Hypersensitive teeth
6292:Delusional disorder
6237:Stimulant psychosis
6227:Physical dependence
6081:Rumination syndrome
5983:Conversion disorder
5960:Psychogenic amnesia
5810:with depressed mood
5808:Adjustment disorder
5711:Parkinson's disease
5686:Alzheimer's disease
5579:Atypical depression
5415:Social functioning
5290:Munchausen syndrome
5285:Factitious disorder
5122:Sleep and breathing
4578:Sensorimotor rhythm
4111:10.2147/jpr.s268114
3680:"Selbstbeobachtung"
3398:Lobbezzo F (2013).
3061:(5): 235–8, 241–5.
1741:10.3390/jcm13144259
1612:George R. R. Martin
1591:Requiem for a Dream
1541:Society and culture
1503:Zhubing yuanhou lun
1101:Gender distribution
1060:Commonly associated
1017:
939:Definition examples
896:Abnormal tooth wear
856:electrocardiography
712:, moderate daytime
564:Parkinson's disease
342:periodontal disease
296:layer, the exposed
127:morsicatio buccarum
6512:External resources
6466:("tooth grinding")
6311:schizophrenia-like
5955:Dissociative fugue
5404:Movement disorders
5132:Sleep and learning
4885:Nocturnal emission
4785:Nightmare disorder
4650:Periodic breathing
4401:"Ecstasy on CESAR"
3417:10.1111/joor.12011
3271:Nissani M (2001).
3154:JRSM Short Reports
1386:strontium chloride
1063:Rarely associated
1015:
989:masticatory system
797:Torus mandibularis
610:(GHB) and similar
380:
372:
363:
118:
103:Signs and symptoms
6535:
6534:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6255:
6254:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
5931:
5930:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5726:Vascular dementia
5648:Asperger syndrome
5614:
5613:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5458:Tourette syndrome
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5164:
5163:
5142:Sleep deprivation
4981:
4980:
3975:978-0-86715-447-4
3923:Jagger R (2008).
3210:978-1-118-93843-0
2235:Scully C (2008).
1694:Applied occlusion
1622:Stannis Baratheon
1586:The Tommyknockers
1444:by inhibition of
1261:systematic review
1152:secondary bruxism
1122:
1121:
868:electromyographic
648:premature contact
524:dopamine agonists
465:(lying face up).
384:temporalis muscle
133:), or lip biting.
57:
56:
21:Medical condition
6560:
6438:
6393:
6282:
6261:
6196:
6071:Anorexia nervosa
6059:
6048:
6025:Psychogenic pain
5993:Globus pharyngis
5841:Childhood phobia
5824:
5796:
5775:
5631:
5620:
5530:
5429:Selective mutism
5380:Conduct disorder
5363:
5350:
5327:Trichotillomania
5302:Gender dysphoria
5297:Fear of intimacy
5254:Sexual anhedonia
5222:
5211:
5198:Mental disorders
5191:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5137:Sleep and memory
5077:Circadian rhythm
4824:Benign phenomena
4726:Circadian rhythm
4603:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4452:
4451:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4314:. Archived from
4289:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4113:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3887:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3709:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3019:
3008:
3007:
2987:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2852:
2805:
2804:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2344:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2302:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2198:10.11607/jop.921
2176:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2124:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2038:
2037:
2009:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1955:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1816:
1815:
1797:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1743:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1363:
1352:
1253:muscle relaxants
1018:
955:
954:
801:buccal exostosis
634:Occlusal factors
477:Historical focus
450:neurotransmitter
36:
24:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6553:Sleep disorders
6538:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6507:
6506:
6449:
6435:
6426:
6398:
6379:
6363:
6332:
6310:
6301:
6276:
6251:
6208:
6205:substance abuse
6182:
6159:
6136:
6090:
6076:Bulimia nervosa
6053:
6034:
6010:Hypochondriasis
6005:False pregnancy
5988:Ganser syndrome
5970:Somatic symptom
5964:
5927:
5879:
5868:Specific phobia
5813:
5790:
5761:
5735:
5667:
5663:Savant syndrome
5635:Autism spectrum
5625:
5610:
5538:
5516:
5495:
5489:
5464:
5357:
5336:
5312:Dermatillomania
5273:
5259:Sexual anorexia
5216:
5205:
5195:
5165:
5160:
5055:Procrastination
5008:Four-poster bed
4977:
4941:
4935:Polysomnography
4913:Sleep induction
4889:
4860:Sleep paralysis
4819:
4771:
4730:
4727:
4719:
4661:
4620:Mouth breathing
4598:Sleep disorders
4592:
4529:
4520:Quiescent sleep
4500:
4498:sleep disorders
4491:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4004:10.1.1.548.8929
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3817:(4): CD005514.
3804:
3803:
3796:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3711:
3710:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3386:Perseus Project
3362:
3358:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3034:(10): 1477–82.
3021:
3020:
3011:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2854:
2853:
2808:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2676:(12): 1085–91.
2667:
2666:
2659:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2611:(11): 597–604.
2602:
2601:
2592:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2453:
2446:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2408:. 28 April 2008
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2336:
2335:
2322:
2304:
2303:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2214:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2139:(4): CD005514.
2126:
2125:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2099:on 26 July 2011
2096:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2041:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1957:
1956:
1877:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1819:
1812:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1655:
1650:
1642:methamphetamine
1584:'s 1988 novel "
1549:
1543:
1488:
1467:
1455:
1432:
1430:Botulinum toxin
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1334:contraindicated
1326:dental ceramics
1322:Dental implants
1317:
1259:. A multiyear
1249:antidepressants
1237:anticonvulsants
1233:benzodiazepines
1229:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1144:primary bruxism
1140:
1107:Mostly females
1013:
941:
914:polysomnography
899:Grinding sounds
880:
852:Polysomnography
824:quality of life
820:
815:
702:sleep disorders
669:
636:
600:methylphenidate
519:
510:
508:Genetic factors
497:
479:
423:
421:Multiple causes
388:masseter muscle
355:
325:
265:
253:myofascial pain
241:
159:masseter muscle
145:crenated tongue
105:
84:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6566:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6493:
6482:
6467:
6450:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:Classification
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6286:
6278:
6277:
6264:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6232:Rebound effect
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6173:Hypersexuality
6169:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5908:
5906:Panic disorder
5903:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5873:Claustrophobia
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5856:Anthropophobia
5848:
5846:Social anxiety
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5802:
5792:
5791:
5778:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5716:Pick's disease
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5533:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5207:
5206:
5202:Classification
5196:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Comfort object
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Sleep medicine
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4460:
4459:External links
4457:
4454:
4453:
4418:
4392:
4373:
4354:
4332:
4321:on 29 May 2014
4298:(2): 216–219.
4275:
4252:
4238:
4215:
4192:
4143:
4084:
4053:
4026:
3981:
3974:
3956:
3915:
3854:
3794:
3737:
3697:
3688:
3671:
3660:(7): 297–300.
3640:
3613:(4): 248–253.
3597:
3562:(3): 597–601.
3546:
3540:
3514:
3492:
3477:
3431:
3390:
3356:
3335:
3322:dictionary.com
3304:
3260:
3233:(4): 292–299.
3216:
3209:
3189:
3137:
3080:
3045:
3009:
2973:
2936:(3): 402–405.
2916:
2882:
2863:(4): 293–300.
2806:
2768:
2736:
2703:
2657:
2646:(3): 191–213.
2630:
2590:
2547:
2512:
2485:
2479:978-1550091861
2478:
2451:
2445:978-0721690032
2444:
2419:
2390:
2383:
2362:
2355:
2320:
2252:
2245:
2212:
2168:
2110:
2039:
1999:
1875:
1869:978-0443071065
1868:
1817:
1811:978-0192631473
1810:
1785:
1709:
1702:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1542:
1539:
1487:
1484:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1431:
1428:
1413:Dahl appliance
1365:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1316:
1313:
1228:
1225:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1146:(also termed "
1139:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1009:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
929:
928:
927:
922:No associated
920:
906:
905:
904:
903:
900:
897:
891:
879:
876:
819:
816:
814:
813:
803:
794:
789:
779:
774:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
742:
737:
732:
730:
725:
720:
698:
696:Cerebral palsy
693:
688:
683:
677:
668:
665:
635:
632:
624:drug addiction
572:metoclopramide
518:
515:
509:
506:
496:
493:
478:
475:
422:
419:
354:
351:
324:
323:Tooth mobility
321:
264:
261:
240:
237:
224:
223:
216:
206:
203:
192:
185:
182:
171:
165:
162:
148:
141:
134:
123:
104:
101:
83:
80:
55:
54:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6565:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6394:
6390:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:Schizophrenia
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6266:Schizophrenia
6262:
6258:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Drug overdose
6215:
6214:
6211:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6165:Sexual desire
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6045:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5851:Social phobia
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5786:-related and
5785:
5781:
5776:
5772:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5492:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Sleep hygiene
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Sleep inertia
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4815:Sleep-talking
4813:
4811:
4810:Sleep driving
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:Sleep spindle
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:Oral Diseases
4422:
4419:
4407:on 7 May 2013
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4343:. Farlex, Inc
4342:
4336:
4333:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4226:巢氏諸病源候總論 卷二十九
4219:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4151:Wu G (2015).
4147:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4073:(8): 727–30.
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3997:(3): 345–61.
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:(2): 99–104.
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3541:9781416066453
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3376:Scott, Robert
3373:
3369:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2998:(2): 99–111.
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2905:(4): E292–8.
2904:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2757:(2): 153–66.
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2725:. 19 May 2009
2724:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:(6): e26–50.
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:(4): 124–38.
2500:
2497:(in French).
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:9780198566236
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:9780443068959
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:9780443068188
2242:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2191:(2): 99–110.
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:(7): 509–23.
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:9781850970989
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:series, King
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:Ellen Burstyn
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:'s 1977 film
1573:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:Chao Yuanfang
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1493:Shuowen Jiezi
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:acetylcholine
1443:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1375:dental guards
1362:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:bromocriptine
1281:
1280:amitriptyline
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:beta blockers
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1117:
1115:Some evidence
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:Awake bruxism
1027:
1025:
1024:Sleep bruxism
1022:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
983:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
945:
938:
933:
930:
925:
921:
918:
917:
915:
911:
910:
909:
901:
898:
895:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
817:
811:
807:
804:
802:
798:
795:
793:
792:Rett syndrome
790:
787:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Leigh disease
758:
755:
752:
750:
749:basal ganglia
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:Down syndrome
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
644:
640:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
516:
514:
507:
505:
503:
494:
492:
490:
485:
476:
474:
472:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
446:sleep arousal
443:
438:
436:
430:
428:
420:
418:
414:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
376:
367:
359:
352:
350:
347:
343:
339:
334:
333:periodontitis
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
238:
236:
234:
230:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
113:
109:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
81:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
53:
50:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
6519:
6495:
6484:
6469:
6453:
6297:Folie à deux
6222:Intoxication
6203:substances,
6201:Psychoactive
6120:Night terror
5937:Dissociative
5901:Panic attack
5453:Tic disorder
5028:Sleeping bag
4805:Sleepwalking
4790:Night terror
4614:
4507:sleep cycles
4434:(1): 27–37.
4431:
4427:
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4405:the original
4395:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4345:. Retrieved
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4316:the original
4295:
4291:
4278:
4262:
4255:
4241:
4225:
4218:
4202:
4195:
4163:(2): 160–8.
4160:
4157:J Biomed Res
4156:
4146:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4039:
4035:
4029:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3965:
3959:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3814:
3810:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3724:(2): 58–64.
3721:
3717:
3691:
3674:
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2094:the original
2017:
2013:
1970:(3): 141–8.
1967:
1963:
1859:
1801:
1772:
1734:(14): 4259.
1731:
1727:
1693:
1629:rave culture
1626:
1615:
1605:
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1582:Stephen King
1575:
1569:
1565:
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1537:of bruxism.
1530:
1528:
1523:Wang Huaiyin
1521:
1515:
1501:
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1489:
1472:orthodontics
1468:
1456:
1439:
1433:
1417:
1403:
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1379:
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1318:
1300:l-tryptophan
1269:
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1200:
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1112:Heritability
1041:While awake
1028:
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1000:
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960:) "to bite,
957:
943:
942:
916:shows both:
907:
881:
864:
860:
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840:
836:
821:
810:brain injury
673:case reports
670:
657:wisdom tooth
652:
647:
643:Malocclusion
637:
557:
548:amphetamines
520:
511:
498:
480:
467:
444:, involving
439:
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415:
412:
381:
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266:
246:
242:
229:periodontium
225:
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89:
85:
82:Epidemiology
76:
72:
59:
58:
18:
6521:MedlinePlus
6270:schizotypal
6105:Hypersomnia
6095:Nonorganic
5836:Agoraphobia
5567:Cyclothymia
5562:Bipolar NOS
5537:(affective)
5409:Stereotypic
5317:Kleptomania
5112:Second wind
5087:Dream diary
4963:Sleep study
4903:Sleep diary
4855:Hypnopompia
4850:Sleep onset
4841:Hypnic jerk
4680:Hypersomnia
4630:Catathrenia
4625:Sleep apnea
4535:Brain waves
4505:Stages of
4247:"太平聖惠方 卷34"
1572:David Lynch
1458:Biofeedback
1453:Biofeedback
1296:propranolol
728:Dyskinesias
592:fluvoxamine
584:venlafaxine
517:Medications
435:nail biting
404:Mastication
302:tooth decay
213:dental pulp
151:Hypertrophy
138:glossodynia
6542:Categories
6497:DiseasesDB
6422:Stereotypy
6285:Delusional
6274:delusional
6247:Withdrawal
6115:Parasomnia
6020:Nosophobia
5800:Adjustment
5788:somatoform
5721:Sundowning
5574:Depression
5557:Bipolar II
5446:Stuttering
5441:Cluttering
5237:Paraphilia
5146:Sleep debt
5092:Microsleep
5072:Chronotype
4986:Daily life
4870:Somnolence
4846:Hypnagogia
4777:Parasomnia
4695:Narcolepsy
4607:Anatomical
4588:Theta wave
4558:Gamma wave
4553:Delta wave
4543:Alpha wave
4270:Wikisource
4233:Wikisource
4210:Wikisource
3885:2164/18144
3410:(1): 2–4.
3343:Harper D.
1648:References
1638:meth mouth
1577:Eraserhead
1545:See also:
1531:bruxomania
1330:bridgework
1272:clonazepam
1227:Medication
1197:Management
1169:somatoform
1156:iatrogenic
1148:idiopathic
1132:parasomnia
1035:Occurrence
745:Infarction
714:sleepiness
704:, such as
588:citalopram
568:fluoxetine
469:nicotine.
329:gingivitis
308:Abfraction
263:Tooth wear
200:abfraction
131:linea alba
68:tooth wear
6375:Catatonia
6307:Psychosis
6142:Postnatal
6125:Nightmare
5731:Wandering
5584:Dysthymia
5552:Bipolar I
5507:Pervasive
5322:Pyromania
5247:Voyeurism
5242:Fetishism
5156:Sleepover
5107:Power nap
5102:Nightwear
4968:Melatonin
4930:Somnology
4895:Treatment
4728:disorders
4667:Dyssomnia
4573:PGO waves
4568:Mu rhythm
4563:K-complex
4548:Beta wave
4525:Slow-wave
4120:1178-7090
3999:CiteSeerX
3935:(1): 23.
3910:232101474
3894:0300-5712
3831:1465-1858
3771:2049-3169
3627:0002-9157
3576:0022-0345
3345:"bruxism"
3160:(2): 10.
3114:2249-782X
2950:0092-6566
2402:"Bruxism"
1780:CC BY 4.0
1750:2077-0383
1308:buspirone
1304:serotonin
1292:clonidine
1288:pergolide
1096:22.1–31%
1093:9.7–15.9%
924:epileptic
872:BiteStrip
818:Diagnosis
681:Acrodynia
639:Occlusion
602:(used in
552:serotonin
286:posterior
269:attrition
257:arthritis
196:attrition
52:Dentistry
47:Specialty
6110:Insomnia
5780:Neurotic
5747:Delirium
5673:Dementia
5512:Specific
5023:Mattress
4998:Bunk bed
4918:Hypnosis
4710:Nocturia
4685:Insomnia
4448:18992021
4370:(1): 26.
4312:22035706
4263:普濟方 巻六十八
4203:說文解字 第二卷
4187:25859272
4138:33061557
4079:17949541
4048:11692335
3951:18364692
3902:33652054
3849:17943862
3789:24335786
3666:11385786
3592:27016069
3472:32738976
3464:10832509
3426:23121262
3299:11515601
3255:41480506
3247:17086859
3184:23476731
3132:24701555
3075:11575759
3040:18052012
3004:12836498
2968:20835403
2911:17664915
2877:16629884
2801:17313939
2763:19492540
2698:16681579
2690:11874505
2652:14520766
2625:11770945
2585:12323562
2577:21675679
2542:20451831
2207:23630682
2163:17943862
2034:18557917
1994:21886404
1782:license.
1768:39064299
1759:11278015
1478:or even
1390:pulpitis
1276:levodopa
1247:agents,
1245:dopamine
1118:Unclear
1068:Activity
966:bruxists
926:activity
832:pulpitis
786:levodopa
735:Epilepsy
718:insomnia
661:impacted
620:caffeine
616:phenibut
560:levodopa
502:lab rats
484:dentures
471:Nicotine
338:fremitus
313:abrasion
277:incisors
233:mandible
122:bruxism.
6491:D002012
5819:Anxiety
5658:PDD-NOS
5547:Bipolar
5200: (
5050:Bedtime
5045:Bedroom
5040:Bedding
5035:Bed bug
5018:Hammock
4923:Lullaby
4757:Jet lag
4657:Snoring
4615:Bruxism
4178:4389117
4129:7533232
4021:9715371
3840:8890597
3780:5130053
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3384:at the
3366:βρύκειν
3328:13 July
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3123:3972586
2959:2934876
2729:11 June
2507:9709800
2412:11 June
2154:8890597
1985:3081266
1633:ecstasy
1607:Beowulf
1563:alone.
1561:Matthew
1498:Xu Shen
1486:History
1442:atrophy
1382:acrylic
1339:veneers
1257:placebo
970:bruxers
958:brykein
953:βρύκειν
944:Bruxism
828:history
812:or coma
808:, e.g.
747:in the
710:snoring
606:), and
598:(MDA),
580:cocaine
576:lithium
544:cocaine
540:alcohol
317:erosion
281:incisal
273:canines
189:temples
179:otalgia
168:Trismus
153:of the
60:Bruxism
27:Bruxism
6526:001413
6063:Eating
5911:Stress
5828:Phobia
5784:stress
5643:Autism
5436:Speech
5225:Sexual
5117:Siesta
5003:Daybed
4831:Dreams
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4411:17 May
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4383:心理杂志选存
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1173:causes
1057:Noises
884:ICSD-R
806:Trauma
716:, and
691:Autism
546:, and
454:stress
353:Causes
346:plaque
298:dentin
294:enamel
6502:29661
6480:306.8
6464:F45.8
6368:Other
6097:sleep
5884:Other
5740:Other
5606:Mania
5278:Other
5060:Story
5013:Futon
4946:Other
4494:Sleep
4319:(PDF)
4288:(PDF)
3906:S2CID
3683:(PDF)
3588:S2CID
3468:S2CID
3251:S2CID
2895:(PDF)
2694:S2CID
2581:S2CID
2097:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
1644:use.
950:word
948:Greek
427:habit
290:cusps
6486:MeSH
6475:9-CM
6272:and
5921:PTSD
5535:Mood
5375:ADHD
4496:and
4444:PMID
4413:2013
4349:2013
4327:2014
4308:PMID
4183:PMID
4134:PMID
4116:ISSN
4075:PMID
4044:PMID
4017:PMID
3970:ISBN
3947:PMID
3898:PMID
3890:ISSN
3845:PMID
3827:ISSN
3815:2010
3785:PMID
3767:ISSN
3662:PMID
3631:PMID
3623:ISSN
3580:PMID
3572:ISSN
3536:ISBN
3509:2013
3460:PMID
3422:PMID
3330:2015
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3180:PMID
3128:PMID
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3000:PMID
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2379:ISBN
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2203:PMID
2159:PMID
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1990:PMID
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1698:ISBN
882:The
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394:and
370:arch
331:and
275:and
255:and
239:Pain
6471:ICD
6455:ICD
6309:and
5896:OCD
5424:RAD
5419:DAD
5385:ODD
5097:Nap
4993:Bed
4436:doi
4300:doi
4296:194
4173:PMC
4165:doi
4124:PMC
4106:doi
4009:doi
3937:doi
3880:hdl
3872:doi
3868:108
3835:PMC
3819:doi
3775:PMC
3759:doi
3726:doi
3658:107
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3063:doi
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1980:PMC
1972:doi
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1736:doi
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