521:
601:, and the C-group culture. The C-group tumuli were graves built in a "stone circle" using the "dry stone masonry" technique with an offering chapel decorated with cattle illustrations. However, each culture differed in the structure of the tumuli. The Nubian's tumuli were a shallow round grave and included animal bones. Pan-Grave tumuli were constructed with large black stones and small white stones in an alternating pattern. The C-group culture was pastoral, with cattle being an essential part of their daily activities, funerary practices, and religion. Many "standing slabs" had illustrations of cattle and cattle horns with fine pottery found in the chapel.
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45:
1135:
516:
The C-Group were farmers and semi-nomadic herders keeping large numbers of cattle in an area that is today too arid for such herding. Originally they were believed to be a peaceful people due to the lack of weapons in tombs; however, daggers, short swords and battle-axes were found in C-Group graves.
660:
spoken in the Red Sea coast. Research cannot point to Beja specifically as a descendant language, but rather it is proposed to search in Beja lexical material for the closest common ancestor and thence delineates a related
Cushitic language existing in pre-Meroitic Lower Nubia. The disappearance of
604:
In prehistoric times, there had been little distinction between
Egyptian and Nubian burial practices, as both were laid in a contracted position in shallow graves. However, as time continues, Nubian cultures continued the contracted body tradition. In contrast, in Egyptian culture, the deceased was
631:
of Egypt, group burials were favored, and this was a trend that was seen in C-group burials. Along with the previously beloved decorations relating to cattle are absent with nearly entirely
Egyptian pottery and stone vessels. However, many of their tombs lacked Egyptian funerary goods. The lack of
508:
The origins of the C-Group are still debated. Some scholars see it largely as having evolved from the A/B-Group. Others think it more likely that the C-Group was brought by invaders or migrants that mingled with the local culture, with the C-Group perhaps originating in the then rapidly drying
1147:
661:
the C-Group language is somewhat of a mystery. It is possible that with successive phases of
Egyptian, Kushite, and Meroitic suzerainty in Lower Nubia that this language became demographically and politically marginalized well before the arrival of Nile Nubian speakers.
500:
While today A-Group and B-Group are seen as being a continuation of the same group, C-Group is considered as the product of distinct
Saharan pastoralists. The C-Group is marked by its distinctive pottery, and for its tombs. Early C-Group tombs consisted of a simple
505:" with the body buried in a depression in the centre. The tombs later became more elaborate with the bodies being placed in a stone lined chamber, and then the addition of an extra chamber on the east for offerings.
1103:
Libya
Antiqua: Report and Papers of the Symposium Organized by Unesco in Paris, 16 to 18 January 1984 - "Language and migrations of the early Saharan cattle herders: the formation of the Berber branch"
574:
much of the C-Group lands in Lower Nubia were conquered by Egypt; after the
Egyptians left, Kerma expanded north controlling the region. Starting with the conquest of Nubia by Egypt under
648:
branch. This thesis rests on somewhat sketchy and numerically insufficient lexical evidence. Recent evidence suggests that the C-Group peoples spoke an Afro-Asiatic language of the
567:
was emerging. The exact relation between the C-Group and Kerma is uncertain, but early Kerma shows definite similarities to the C-Group culture and the Pan-Grave culture.
1248:
476:. With no central site and no written evidence about what these people called themselves, Reisner assigned the culture a letter. The C-Group arose after Reisner's
320:
312:
632:
funerary goods could suggest that the C-group's adaptation to
Egyptian culture was forced or those buried at Fadrus were simply of "low socioeconomic status."
520:
2104:
301:
678:
221:
1160:
Cooper, Julien (2017) "Toponymic Strata in
Ancient Nubia Until the Common Era," Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4 , Article 3. Available at:
2124:
2119:
2129:
2099:
1066:
Bechaus-Gerst, Marianne (2014). "Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan (2000)". In Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin (eds.).
375:
1334:
439:
559:, Lower Nubia is described as consisting of a number of small states, three of which are named: Setju, Wawat, and Irjet. At this same time in
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According to Peter
Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group peoples spoke
1788:
1234:
1283:
235:
1111:
1241:
1182:
Studien zur Chronologie der nubischen C-Gruppe. Ein Beitrag zur Frühgeschichte Unternubiens zwischen 2200 und 1550 vor Chr
2114:
1742:
1752:
1313:
164:
1136:"Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millenium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records"
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31:
1939:
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1879:
1864:
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1722:
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possibly speaking Nilo-Saharan languages), and that the closest relative of the C-Group language is the
425:
123:
1298:
613:
249:
1069:
The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography
1717:
1619:
1378:
1318:
828:
Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1981).
282:
269:
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257:
244:
213:
936:
Wilkinson, Toby; Wilkinson, Professor of Egyptology and Deputy Vice Chancellor Toby (2013-05-13).
1308:
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Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period
50:
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1984:
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Their settling around the forts built by the ancient Egyptians was seen as further evidence.
2029:
1894:
1747:
1393:
1353:
1333:
1265:
1257:
645:
564:
548:. The southern border is still uncertain, but C-Group sites have been found as far south as
356:
226:
65:
620:. The C-groups cultures now laid the deceased supine, shown throughout the Ancient Tekhet,
1874:
1869:
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798:
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99:
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Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC-AD 500
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2014:
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2019:
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Fisher, M. M., Lacovara, P., Ikram, S., & D'Auria, S. (Eds.). (2012).
44:
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2009:
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in the late 16th century BCE, the C-Group merged with the Egyptians.
510:
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The Cambridge history of Africa. Vol. 2, From c. 500 BC to AD 1050
609:
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61:
2004:
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1914:
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1193:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 858 Pages.
784:
The Sudan in pre-history and history: a handbook for students
532:
Most of what is known about the C-Group peoples comes from
1020:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
679:"Ancient Nubia: C-Group–Pan Grave–Kerma 2400–1550 BC"
1162:
http://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns/vol4/iss1/3
27:
C. 2400–1550 BCE Lower Nubian archaeological culture
2028:
1847:
1771:
1658:
1580:
1401:
1392:
1341:
1264:
1210:
Elephantine und Nubien vom 4.-2. Jahrtausend v. Chr
757:
Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia
119:
109:
95:
81:
71:
57:
966:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
804:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt
540:. The northern border of the C-Group was around
834:. University of California Press. p. 253.
616:, Egyptian culture began to spread throughout
524:Pottery of the C-Group people, 2300-1600 BCE,
321:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
30:"C-Group" redirects here. For other uses, see
1242:
433:
8:
885:The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan
37:
1054:Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile
1398:
1249:
1235:
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706:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 33.
440:
426:
222:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
130:
43:
670:
133:
1023:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 380.
36:
1056:. American University in Cairo Press.
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
754:Lobban, Richard A. Jr. (2003-12-09).
652:branch (with peoples to the south in
7:
1212:. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
2105:2nd-millennium BC disestablishments
1140:Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies
593:were the chosen burial method for
484:cultures, and around the time the
25:
787:. St. Joseph's Press. p. 24.
2125:Archaeological cultures in Sudan
2120:Archaeological cultures in Egypt
2069:
2068:
1332:
1017:McInerney, Jeremy (2014-06-13).
882:Edwards, David N. (2004-07-29).
760:. Scarecrow Press. p. 100.
605:placed in an extended position.
963:Bard, Kathryn A. (2005-11-03).
831:Ancient Civilizations of Africa
700:Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004).
612:gained control of Kerma in the
2130:Archaeology of Northern Africa
2100:24th-century BC establishments
1146:: 201–202, 204. Archived from
1:
469:
465:
85:
2095:Neolithic cultures of Africa
781:Wharton, William M. (1960).
2146:
1072:. Routledge. p. 453.
996:. Saint-Paul. p. 53.
969:. Routledge. p. 405.
942:. Routledge. p. 405.
807:. Routledge. p. 185.
629:Second Intermediate Period
472:1550 BCE. It was named by
401:Domestication of the horse
262:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
236:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
91: – 1550 BCE
29:
2066:
1422:
1330:
915:. Routledge. p. 77.
888:. Routledge. p. 77.
733:. Routledge. p. 55.
703:Daily Life of the Nubians
42:
990:Ben-Tor, Daphna (2007).
681:. The Oriental Institute
138:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
1940:Horus on the Crocodiles
1208:Raue, Dietrich (2019).
1189:Oliver, Roland (1978).
1100:Behrens, Peter (1986).
254:Decea Mureşului culture
1880:Crown of justification
1814:North African elephant
1758:Throne Hall of Dongola
1384:Veneration of the dead
1106:. Unesco. p. 30.
909:Shinnie (2013-10-28).
855:Török, László (2009).
727:Shinnie (2013-10-28).
642:Afro-Asiatic languages
529:
458:archaeological culture
1723:Philae temple complex
861:. BRILL. p. 95.
523:
124:George Andrew Reisner
49:Bowl of the C-Group,
1299:Flooding of the Nile
801:, ed. (2005-11-03).
555:During the Egyptian
2115:Afroasiatic peoples
1848:Symbols and objects
1718:Musawwarat es-Sufra
1620:Kingdom of al-Abwab
1319:Prophecy of Neferti
464:, which dates from
283:Monte Claro culture
39:
939:The Egyptian World
530:
334:Ahar–Banas culture
329:Hakra Ware culture
203:Ghassulian culture
58:Geographical range
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2081:
2052:Meroitic alphabet
2048:Meroitic language
2043:Egyptian language
2038:Blemmyes language
1576:
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1289:Egyptian religion
1134:Cooper J (2017).
474:George A. Reisner
450:
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306:Afanasevo culture
275:Remedello culture
250:Cernavodă culture
167:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
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1895:Egyptian obelisk
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388:Related topics
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378:(6500–1000 BC)
371:(5000–2900 BC)
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339:Kaytha culture
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172:Naqada culture
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2000:Solar barque
1950:Imiut fetish
1945:Hypocephalus
1930:Hemhem crown
1905:Eye of Horus
1784:Barbary lion
1703:Jebel Barkal
1609:
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453:
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362:Ajay culture
311:
310:
302:BMAC culture
290:Central Asia
288:
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212:
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192:
183:
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135:Chalcolithic
2020:Was-sceptre
1698:Elephantine
1458:Arensnuphis
1409:Elephantine
654:Upper Nubia
618:Lower Nubia
614:New Kingdom
576:Tuthmosis I
561:Upper Nubia
542:el-Kubanieh
534:Lower Nubia
486:Old Kingdom
462:Lower Nubia
376:Mesoamerica
245:Corded Ware
207:Uruk period
110:Followed by
96:Preceded by
89: 2400
2089:Categories
1728:Qasr Ibrim
1369:Pilgrimage
1314:Philosophy
1171:References
1113:9231023764
624:cemetery.
599:Pan-graves
570:Under the
411:Bronze Age
392:Metallurgy
313:South Asia
120:Defined by
76:Bronze Age
2030:Languages
1995:Shen ring
1910:Eye of Ra
1865:Cartouche
1824:Serpopard
1660:Locations
1553:Sabomakal
1342:Practices
1309:Mythology
1294:Eye of Ra
1274:Afterlife
460:found in
195:West Asia
160:By region
152:Neolithic
147:Stone Age
2075:Category
1955:Khepresh
1605:Blemmyes
1582:Cultures
1513:Makedeke
1450:Apedemak
1374:Pyramids
1359:Funerals
1180:(1968).
650:Cushitic
636:Language
536:and the
496:Overview
416:Iron Age
2010:Ushabti
1980:Pschent
1885:Deshret
1834:Taweret
1673:Ballana
1650:X-Group
1645:Nobatia
1625:Makuria
1610:C-Group
1600:B-Group
1590:A-Group
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1440:Amesemi
1436:Amanete
1394:Deities
1379:Temples
1349:Burials
1266:Beliefs
644:of the
627:In the
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550:Eritrea
482:B-Group
478:A-Group
32:C group
1990:Serekh
1985:Scarab
1925:Hedjet
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1789:Cattle
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165:Africa
72:Period
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1965:Menat
1960:Kneph
1935:Hennu
1920:Hafir
1738:Semna
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1668:Aniba
1635:Meroë
1630:Medja
1615:Kerma
1534:Miket
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1499:Hemen
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1445:Anaka
665:Notes
610:Egypt
588:Kerma
546:Aswan
544:near
526:Faras
396:Wheel
369:China
82:Dates
62:Nubia
2005:Tyet
1970:Nebu
1915:Gold
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1860:Atef
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1432:Aman
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1324:Soul
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