5219:, pp. 208–209: "The toponymic data in Egyptian texts has broadly identified at least three linguistic blocs in the Middle Nile region of the second and first millennium BCE, each of which probably exhibited a great degree of internal variation. In Lower Nubia there was an Afroasiatic language, likely a branch of Cushitic. By the end of the first millennium CE this region had been encroached upon and replaced by Eastern Sudanic speakers arriving from the south and west, to be identified first with Meroitic and later migrations attributable to Nubian speakers."
1580:(1989) has done some preliminary work on Highland East Cushitic, David Appleyard (2006) has proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Agaw, and Roland Kießling and Maarten Mous (2003) have jointly proposed a reconstruction of West Rift Southern Cushitic. No reconstruction has been published for Lowland East Cushitic, though Paul D. Black wrote his (unpublished) dissertation on the topic in 1974. Hans-Jürgen Sasse (1979) proposed a reconstruction of the consonants of Proto-East Cushitic. No comparative work has yet brought these branch reconstructions together.
164:
176:
566:, it is restricted to only a few verbs. It is generally assumed that historically, the suffix conjugation developed from the older prefix conjugation, by combining the verb stem with a suffixed auxiliary verb. The following table gives an example for the suffix and prefix conjugations in affirmative present tense in Somali.
1499:(non-Northern East Sudanic) branch of the Nilo-Saharan family. Rilly also criticizes proposals (by Behrens and Bechaus-Gerst) of significant early Afro-Asiatic influence on Nobiin, and considers evidence of substratal influence on Nobiin from an earlier now extinct Eastern Sudanic language to be stronger.
1498:
of northern Nubia—the predecessor of the C-Group culture—is unknown, but Rilly (2019) suggests that it is unlikely to have spoken a language of the
Northern East Sudanic branch of Nilo-Saharan, and may have spoken a Cushitic language, another Afro-Asiatic language, or a language belonging to another
1324:
Didier Morin (2001) assigned Beja to
Lowland East Cushitic on the grounds that the language shared lexical and phonological features with the Afar and Saho idioms, and also because the languages were historically spoken in adjacent speech areas. However, among linguists specializing in the Cushitic
483:
quite rare and predominantly found in languages of Africa. In marked nominative languages, the noun appears in unmarked "absolutive" case when cited in isolation, or when used as predicative noun and as object of a transitive verb; on the other hand, it is explicitly marked for nominative case when
553:
Most
Cushitic languages distinguish seven person/number categories: first, second, third person, singular and plural number, with a masculine/feminine gender distinction in third person singular. The most common conjugation type employs suffixes. Some languages also have a prefix conjugation: in
1364:
The positions of the Dullay languages and of Yaaku are uncertain. They have traditionally been assigned to an East
Cushitic subbranch along with Highland (Sidamic) and Lowland East Cushitic. However, Hayward thinks that East Cushitic may not be a valid node and that its constituents should be
1320:
or
Central Cushitic). Hetzron (1980) argues that Beja therefore may comprise an independent branch of the Afroasiatic family. However, this suggestion has been rejected by most other scholars. The characteristics of Beja that differ from those of other Cushitic languages are instead generally
1409:
proposed a "Sidama" subgroup comprising most of the Omotic languages and the
Sidamic group of Highland East Cushitic. Mario Martino Moreno in 1940 divided Cerulli's Sidama, uniting the Sidamic proper and the Lowland Cushitic languages as East Cushitic, the remainder as West Cushitic or
317:, are languages of instruction in the Eritrean elementary school curriculum. The constitution of Eritrea also recognizes the equality of all natively spoken languages. Additionally, Afar is a language of instruction in Djibouti, as well as the working language of the
5028:
1465:
that are of proto-Highland East
Cushitic origin, including the terms for sheep/goatskin, hen/cock, livestock enclosure, butter and milk. However, more recent linguistic research indicates that the people of the Kerma culture (who were based in
1315:
Beja constitutes the only member of the
Northern Cushitic subgroup. As such, Beja contains a number of linguistic innovations that are unique to it, as is also the situation with the other subgroups of Cushitic (e.g. idiosyncratic features in
5267:, p. 134b: "The Blemmyan language is so close to modern Beja that it is probably nothing else than an early dialect of the same language. In this case, the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay."
5032:
1383:. In other words, it would appear that the Ongota people once spoke a Nilo-Saharan language but then shifted to speaking a Cushitic language while retaining some characteristics of their earlier Nilo-Saharan language.
5768:
Fleming, Harold C. 1974. Omotic as an
Afroasiatic family. In: Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on African linguistics (ed. by William Leben), p 81-94. African Studies Center & Department of Linguistics,
5207:, pp. 199: "In antiquity, Afroasiatic languages in Sudan belonged chiefly to the phylum known as Cushitic, spoken on the eastern seaboard of Africa and from Sudan to Kenya, including the Ethiopian Highlands."
1124:-like languages. Hetzron (1980) and Fleming (post-1981) exclude Beja altogether, though this is rejected by other linguists. Some of the classifications that have been proposed over the years are summarized here:
804:, once included in Cushitic, have almost universally been removed. The most influential recent classification, Tosco (2003), has informed later approaches. It and two more recent classifications are as follows:
1376:(2006) proposes that Ongota is a separate branch of Afroasiatic. Bonny Sands (2009) thinks the most convincing proposal is by Savà and Tosco (2003), namely that Ongota is an East Cushitic language with a
5941:
Zaborski, Andrzej. 1986. Can Omotic be reclassified as West
Cushitic? In Gideon Goldenberg, ed., Ethiopian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference, pp. 525–530. Rotterdam: Balkema.
5243:, p. 133: "The Blemmyes are another Cushitic speaking tribe, or more likely a subdivision of the Medjay/Beja people, which is attested in Napatan and Egyptian texts from the 6th century BC on."
200:, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As of 2012, the Cushitic languages with over one million speakers were
1116:
These classifications have not been without contention. For example, it has been argued that Southern Cushitic belongs in the Eastern branch, with its divergence explained by contact with
1372:
has also been broadly questioned, as is its position within Afroasiatic among those who accept it, because of the "mixed" appearance of the language and a paucity of research and data.
5960:
Skoglund, Pontus; Thompson, Jessica C.; Prendergast, Mary E.; Mittnik, Alissa; Sirak, Kendra; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Salie, Tasneem; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan (21 September 2017).
4157:
1550:(1998) proposed on the basis of loanwords that South Cushitic languages (called "Tale" and "Bisha" by Ehret) were spoken in an area closer to Lake Victoria than are found today.
1449:
A number of extinct populations have been proposed to have spoken Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic branch. Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst (2000) proposed that the peoples of the
1393:(1995) have suggested that the South Cushitic languages (Rift languages) are a part of Lowland East Cushitic, the only one of the six groups with much internal diversity.
1429:
Today the inclusion of Omotic as a part of Cushitic has been abandoned. Omotic is most often seen as an independent branch of Afroasiatic, primarily due to the work of
1365:
considered separately when attempting to work out the internal relationships of Cushitic. Bender (2020) suggests Yaaku to be a divergent member of the Arboroid group.
1016:
Geographic labels are given for comparison; Bender's labels are added in parentheses. Dahalo is made a primary branch, as also suggested by Kiessling and Mous (2003).
6055:
4340:
5836:
4305:
3996:
5852:
Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers
5867:
5811:
5725:
5702:
5674:
5165:
5016:
4923:
4859:
4454:
4411:
5255:, p. 134a: "From the end of the 4th century until the 6th century AD, they held parts of Lower Nubia and some cities of Upper Egypt."
1426:
in 1963. Further work in the 1960s soon led to the putative West Cushitic being seen as typologically divergent and renamed as "Omotic".
6048:
4161:
4281:
4223:
5648:
5456:
5431:
5406:
4889:
4725:
1593:
Sample basic vocabulary of Cushitic languages from Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020:318) (with PSC denoting Proto-Southern Cushitic):
1502:
Julien Cooper (2017) states that in antiquity, Cushitic languages were spoken in Lower Nubia (the northernmost part of modern-day
6325:
1066:
975:
867:
550:
Verbs are inflected for person/number and tense/aspect. Many languages also have a special form of the verb in negative clauses.
111:
1510:-speaking populations from southern and west Nubia gradually replaced the earlier Cushitic-speaking populations of this region.
6330:
1071:
1021:
970:
872:
116:
6357:
6537:
6041:
5773:
Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.).
464:
categories, masculine gender and feminine gender. In many languages, gender is overtly marked directly on the noun (e.g. in
6203:
5743:
4334:"Journal Officiel de la République de Djibouti – Loi n°96/AN/00/4èmeL portant Orientation du Système Educatif Djiboutien"
1457:
immediately before the arrival of the first Nubian speakers – spoke Cushitic languages. She argues that the Nilo-Saharan
5905:"The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millenia BCE"
776:
495:—which has no case marking for subject and object—follows the opposite strategy: here, the possessed noun is marked for
6345:
4333:
1100:
6532:
6456:
4193:
6198:
5231:, p. 130: "Two Afro-Asiatic languages were present in antiquity in Nubia, namely Ancient Egyptian and Cushitic."
4298:
6284:
6079:
6028:
5370:
Heine, Bernd, Franz Rottland & Rainer Voßen. 1979. Proto-Baz: Some aspects of early Nilotic-Cushitic contacts.
4199:
1554:
1541:
476:
330:
6173:
6137:
6451:
6117:
3991:
1576:
proposed a reconstruction of Proto-Cushitic in 1987, but did not base this on individual branch reconstructions.
1507:
562:, the prefix conjugation is still a productive part of the verb paradigm, whereas in most other languages, e.g.
6376:
6151:
6112:
5683:
5054:
Savà, Graziano; Tosco, Mauro (2003). "The classification of Ongota". In Bender, M. Lionel; et al. (eds.).
1434:
1380:
1053:
962:
836:
121:
6369:
1537:
and the ancient Blemmyan language, and that the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay.
1061:
1024:; since they are the most 'lowland' of the Cushitic languages, Bender calls the remnant 'core' East Cushitic.
877:
559:
425:
338:
argues for a unified Proto-Cushitic language in the Red Sea Hills as far back as the Early Holocene. Based on
6463:
1558:
857:
84:
6335:
888:
6446:
6440:
6409:
6340:
6218:
6208:
6093:
5832:
1438:
1377:
417:
410:
403:
380:
6183:
6178:
6132:
6086:
6064:
5686:. 1975. Omotic: a new Afroasiatic language family. Southern Illinois University Museum series, number 3.
1298:
432:
263:
and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including
193:
67:
6018:
414:
407:
358:. Less certain are hypotheses which propose that Cushitic languages were spoken by the people of the
5718:
The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography
5944:
Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (1995)
1346:
780:
480:
400:
392:
5689:
Bender, M. Lionel. 1986. A possible Cushomotic isomorph. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 6:149–155.
4418:
5341:
5333:
4757:
4386:
4188:
1093:
1086:
511:
461:
457:
436:
5316:
Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes".
4717:
Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar Volume 80 of Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta
1513:
In Handbook of Ancient Nubia, Claude Rilly (2019) states that Cushitic languages once dominated
4971:
4940:
163:
6482:
6431:
6364:
5999:
5981:
5945:
5863:
5807:
5721:
5713:
5698:
5697:. Schriften Zur Afrikanistik – Research in African Studies. Vol. 28. Berlin: Peter Lang.
5670:
5644:
5636:
5452:
5427:
5402:
5161:
5012:
4919:
4885:
4879:
4855:
4721:
4450:
4444:
4002:
1573:
1547:
1518:
1430:
1419:
1390:
1373:
893:
335:
221:
4821:
4715:
6399:
6386:
6350:
6320:
6161:
6146:
6127:
6104:
5989:
5973:
5916:
5881:
5855:
5755:
5325:
5078:
4378:
4183:
1423:
1402:
1163:
1121:
1077:
984:
908:
845:
841:
801:
453:
217:
106:
4274:
4216:
510:
Most nouns are by default unmarked for number, but can be explicitly marked for singular ("
6495:
6488:
6419:
6414:
6394:
6261:
6188:
6122:
1644:
1634:
1495:
1475:
1458:
1415:
1369:
1354:
1338:
1048:
989:
851:
563:
421:
359:
249:
241:
225:
205:
62:
5859:
6511:
6315:
6279:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6230:
6193:
5994:
5961:
5598:
The Kemantney Language: A sociolinguistic and grammatical study of language replacement
1639:
1629:
1624:
1406:
1386:
1358:
1334:
1317:
1117:
1042:
1017:
980:
956:
903:
830:
515:
496:
492:
465:
396:
384:
306:
237:
201:
197:
101:
51:
5921:
5904:
5011:. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik / Research in African Studies, 28). Berlin: Peter Lang.
154:
6526:
6404:
6289:
6213:
5820:
Lamberti, Marcello. 1991. Cushitic and its classification. Anthropos 86(4/6):552-561.
5345:
5082:
5008:
4814:
4390:
1619:
1577:
1534:
1491:
1450:
1350:
1310:
1035:
949:
823:
555:
539:
488:
388:
363:
355:
310:
299:
280:
268:
253:
245:
213:
209:
96:
1544:(Stone Bowl Culture) in the Great Lakes area likely spoke South Cushitic languages.
1361:(Ma'a). There is a wide range of opinions as to how the languages are interrelated.
5930:
5900:
5877:
5843:
1471:
1342:
5777:. The World of Linguistics, Volume 11. Berlin: De Mouton Gruyter. pp. 58–444.
439:
overlaid on the stressed syllable play a prominent role in morphology and syntax.
5641:
From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa
5155:
4913:
4443:
Stevens, Chris J.; Nixon, Sam; Murray, Mary Anne; Fuller, Dorian Q. (July 2016).
4248:
1418:
were not considered Cushitic by either scholar (thought by Cerulli to be instead
3947:
3907:
3867:
3827:
3783:
3743:
3701:
3659:
3613:
3573:
3533:
3493:
3451:
3409:
3369:
3321:
3281:
3241:
3201:
3159:
3115:
3075:
3035:
2995:
2955:
2915:
2875:
2835:
2795:
2755:
2715:
2675:
2635:
2595:
2555:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1479:
1467:
351:
318:
276:
55:
5977:
5629:
4367:""Ex Uno Plura": the uneasy road of Ethiopian languages toward standardization"
4034:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021). "Oromo".
1441:(1980) challenge Omotic's classification within the Afroasiatic family itself.
5848:"Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)"
5824:
Mous, Maarten (2012). "Cushitic". In Frayzingier, Zygmunt; Shay, Erin (eds.).
5329:
1325:
languages, the standard classification of Beja as North Cushitic is accepted.
772:
379:
Most Cushitic languages have a simple five-vowel system with phonemic length (
339:
291:
5985:
4275:"The Constitution of the Somali Republic (as amended up to October 12, 1990)"
5889:
ITYOPIS – Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (NEAJ)
530:"several cats" can be formed. Plural formation is very diverse, and employs
272:
148:
134:
130:
6498:? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate)
6003:
1297:
For debate on the placement of the Cushitic branch within Afroasiatic, see
5637:"The Introduction of Pastoral Adaptations to the Highlands of East Africa"
4382:
4134:
4112:
4090:
4063:
4036:
175:
140:
6023:
1522:
1487:
1462:
347:
313:, the languages of the Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic that are spoken in
295:
260:
6033:
5487:
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen (1979). "Consonant Phonemes of Proto East Cushitic".
4761:
17:
5535:. (Archiv afrikanistischer Manuskripte, 4.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
1490:) spoke Cushitic languages with the latter being related to the modern
1478:
branch, and that the peoples of the C-Group culture to their north (in
1020:
is not listed, being placed within Arboroid. Afar–Saho is removed from
314:
287:
5760:
5337:
4061:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021).
1333:
There are also a few languages of uncertain classification, including
236:
The Cushitic languages with the greatest number of total speakers are
4915:
Similative and Equative Constructions: A cross-linguistic perspective
1483:
535:
531:
387:, which do not contrast vowel length, but have one or two additional
354:
are believed to have spoken Cushitic languages related to the modern
343:
264:
5847:
331:
Proto-Afroasiatic homeland § Northeast African homeland theory
5290:
1540:
Additionally, historiolinguistics indicate that the makers of the
1503:
1454:
779:(SOV). The subject or object can also follow the verb to indicate
484:
it functions as subject in a transitive or intransitive sentence.
47:
43:
4497:
4495:
1401:
Cushitic was formerly seen as also including most or all of the
6037:
5109:
Lamberti, Marcello (1991). "Cushitic and its Classifications".
5007:
Bender, M. Lionel. (2020). Cushitic Lexicon and Phonology. ed.
4854:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 138, 147.
4158:"One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages"
475:
The case system of many Cushitic languages is characterized by
5933:(2019). "Languages of Ancient Nubia". In Dietrich Raue (ed.).
5714:"Linguistic evidence for the prehistory of livestock in Sudan"
391:. The consonant inventory of many Cushitic languages includes
4217:"Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"
1533:. He mentions the linguistic relationship between the modern
5882:"Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan"
5665:
Appleyard, David (2012). "Cushitic". In Edzard, Lutz (ed.).
5383:
Ehret, Christopher. 1987. Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction. In
4995:
Richard Hayward, "Afroasiatic", in Heine & Nurse, 2000,
1557:
have undergone extensive contact with a "missing" branch of
5056:
Selected comparative-historical Afrasian linguistic studies
4514:
4512:
4510:
4366:
5796:
The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic.
4071:(Twenty-fourth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International
4042:(Twenty-fourth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International
5962:"Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure"
5546:
The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic
5449:
The Lexical Reconstruction of West-Rift Southern Cushitic
5029:"Harrassowitz Verlag – The Harrassowitz Publishing House"
4299:"The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic"
2508:
Comparison of numerals in individual Cushitic languages:
259:
Oromo serves as one of the official working languages of
5744:"Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubia Until the Common Era"
5610:
Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum".
5160:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 132–133.
5505:
Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020.
5289:
Kießling, Roland; Mous, Maarten; Nurse, Derek (2007).
5069:
Sands, Bonny (2009). "Africa's Linguistic Diversity".
4833:
4831:
4541:
4539:
5854:. Warszawa: PAM Supplement Series. pp. 211–225.
5667:
Semitic and Afroasiatic: Challenges and Opportunities
5474:
Lowland East Cushitic: Subgrouping and Reconstruction
4974:. LLACAN, CNRS-INALCO, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité
4482:
4480:
4478:
5669:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 199–295.
5643:. University of California Press. pp. 212–239.
5137:
5135:
5122:
5120:
4417:. Government of Eritrea. p. 524. Archived from
6474:
6430:
6385:
6306:
6272:
6238:
6229:
6160:
6103:
6071:
4748:Tosco, Mauro (November 2000). "Cushitic Overview".
1461:today contains a number of key pastoralism related
147:
129:
90:
80:
61:
37:
32:
5850:. In Godlewski, Włodzimierz; Łajtar, Adam (eds.).
5782:Hetzron, Robert (1980). "The limits of Cushitic".
5639:. In Clark, J. Desmond; Brandt, Steevn A. (eds.).
4918:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 189.
4813:
4371:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
4062:
4035:
1482:) and other groups in northern Nubia (such as the
1453:– which inhabited the Nile Valley in present-day
294:. It also serves as a language of instruction in
286:Somali is the first of two official languages of
1521:language. He mentions historical records of the
522:"cat(s)" is number-neutral, from which singular
290:and three official languages of the republic of
168:Distribution of the Cushitic languages in Africa
5837:The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic
5828:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–422.
5693:Bender, M. Lionel (2019). Grover Hudson (ed.).
4912:Treis, Yvonne; Vanhove, Martine (31 May 2017).
4873:
4871:
4222:. Government of Ethiopia. pp. 2 & 16.
5937:. Berlin: Walter de Gryuter. pp. 129–151.
5585:A Comparative Dictionary of the Agäw Languages
5424:A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages
4501:
6049:
5716:. In Blench, Roger; MacDonald, Kevin (eds.).
1525:, a Cushitic-speaking tribe which controlled
534:(i.e. changes of root vowels or consonants),
8:
4820:. Bloomington: Indiana University. pp.
756:
749:
735:
728:
714:
707:
683:
676:
662:
655:
636:
629:
615:
608:
6019:Encyclopædia Britannica: Cushitic languages
5794:Kießling, Roland & Maarten Mous. 2003.
4365:Graziano Savà; Mauro Tosco (January 2008).
4328:
4326:
854:(divergent; possibly not Southern Cushitic)
775:is verb final, the most common order being
27:Branch of Afroasiatic native to East Africa
6235:
6166:
6056:
6042:
6034:
5095:Robert Hetzron, "The Limits of Cushitic",
4991:
4989:
4884:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 491.
2510:
1595:
468:, where all female nouns carry the suffix
6029:Faculty of Humanities – Leiden University
5993:
5920:
5759:
5520:Tu Beḍawiɛ: Grammar, texts and vocabulary
5358:
4957:
4787:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4629:
4593:
4569:
4518:
4211:
4209:
4207:
1494:. The linguistic affinity of the ancient
1321:acknowledged as normal branch variation.
812:Tosco (2000, East Cushitic revised 2020)
503:"doors" (lit. "mouths of houses"), where
460:. All nouns are further grouped into two
431:Most Cushitic languages have a system of
5612:Numeral Systems of the World's Languages
5570:Puglielli, A. & Mansuur, C. (2012).
5507:The Oxford Handbook of African Languages
5447:Kießling, Roland; Mous, Maarten (2003).
4776:the Oxford Handbook of African Languages
1126:
568:
362:in northern Nubia, or the people of the
5775:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
5276:
4837:
4014:
1422:); they were added to West Cushitic by
6024:BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HIGHLAND EAST CUSHITIC
5293:. In Bernd Heine; Derek Nurse (eds.).
5216:
5204:
4799:
4486:
3997:List of Proto-Cushitic reconstructions
1189:Rift Valley (= Highland East Cushitic)
507:"mouth" is marked for construct case.
435:also known as ‘pitch accent’ in which
29:
5561:. Atlanta: Sagalee Oromoo Publishing.
5264:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5192:
5180:
5141:
5126:
4881:Fucus – "Remarks on the Verb in Beja"
4852:History and the Testimony of Language
4774:Mauro Tosco (2020) East Cushitic. In
4581:
4469:
1128:Other subclassifications of Cushitic
571:
298:, and as the working language of the
89:
7:
5860:10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226
5522:. Hertford: Stephen Austin and Sons.
4701:
4653:
4641:
4617:
4605:
4557:
4545:
4530:
4346:from the original on 1 December 2017
4311:from the original on 1 December 2017
4304:. Government of Somalia. p. 5.
4287:from the original on 1 December 2017
4280:. Government of Somalia. p. 2.
4021:
5798:Cushitic Language Studies Volume 21
5748:Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies
5544:Kieβling, R., and Mous, M. (2003).
1311:Beja language § Classification
796:The phylum was first designated as
487:Possession is usually expressed by
196:. They are spoken primarily in the
5509:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4720:. Peeters Publishers. p. 21.
4069:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
4038:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
25:
5922:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010
5712:Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne (2000).
5630:Ethnologue on the Cushitic branch
5399:Highland East Cushitic Dictionary
4229:from the original on 15 June 2015
5784:Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
5401:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
5387:8: 7–180. University of Cologne.
5385:Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
5372:Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
5295:A Linguistic Geography of Africa
5291:"The Tanzanian Rift Valley area"
5097:Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
5083:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00124.x
5071:Language and Linguistics Compass
4446:Archaeology of African Plant Use
844:(Bantu hybrid & partially a
174:
162:
5720:. Routledge. pp. 449–461.
1561:that Heine (1979) refers to as
383:); a notable exception are the
5695:Cushitic Lexicon and Phonology
5451:. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
5318:The Journal of African History
5154:Raue, Dietrich (4 June 2019).
1357:and the Cushitic component of
1218:Iraqw (i.e. Southern Cushitic)
514:") and plural number. E.g. in
1:
4412:"The Constitution of Eritrea"
4160:. Africa News. Archived from
3708:tàqàt͡ʃ ̚ (ord.)/ ʔɛ̀ɾ (ord.)
1247:(i.e. Highland East Cushitic)
181:Map of the Cushitic languages
5635:Ambrose, Stanley H. (1984).
5297:. Cambridge University Press
4750:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1437:(1975); some linguists like
1368:The Afroasiatic identity of
5806:. Oxford University Press.
5557:Mahdi Hamid Muudee (1995).
4850:Ehret, Christopher (2011).
4194:Central Intelligence Agency
1180:Beja (not part of Cushitic)
370:Typological characteristics
275:regional states and of the
194:Afroasiatic language family
6554:
5978:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049
4878:Zaborski, Andrzej (1988).
4812:Greenberg, Joseph (1963).
4449:. Routledge. p. 239.
4339:. Government of Djibouti.
1555:Southern Nilotic languages
1542:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
1308:
1139:Orel & Stolbova (1995)
526:"a single cat" and plural
491:marking of the possessor.
328:
6505:
6169:
5935:Handbook of Ancient Nubia
5826:The Afroasiatic Languages
5600:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
5587:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
5548:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
5531:Kieβling, Roland (2002).
5422:Appleyard, David (2006).
5330:10.1017/S0021853700032989
5157:Handbook of Ancient Nubia
4939:Vanhove, Martine (2016).
4714:Lipiński, Edward (2001).
3992:Cushitic speaking peoples
3458:ko:kalɖay (isolated form)
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1329:Other divergent languages
1270:Agäw–East–South Cushitic
743:
696:
691:
670:
649:
644:
623:
602:
597:
173:
161:
63:Linguistic classification
5489:Afro-Asiatic Linguistics
4200:(Archived 2022 edition.)
1553:Also, historically, the
1153:Northern Cushitic (Beja)
848:, difficult to classify)
452:Nouns are inflected for
5802:König, Christa (2008).
5742:Cooper, Julien (2017).
5596:Zelealem Leyew (2003).
5572:Qaamuuska Af-Soomaaliga
5476:(PhD). Yale University.
5426:. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
5397:Hudson, Grover (1989).
4816:The Languages of Africa
1506:). He also states that
1074:('core' East Cushitic)
420:, which appear e.g. in
6265:(possibly independent)
5583:Appleyard, D. (2006).
5574:. Roma: RomaTrE-Press.
1584:Comparative vocabulary
1067:Highland East Cushitic
976:Highland East Cushitic
757:
750:
736:
729:
715:
708:
684:
677:
663:
656:
637:
630:
616:
609:
6538:Afroasiatic languages
6065:Afroasiatic languages
5839:. Universitaire Pers.
5684:Bender, Marvin Lionel
4502:Bechhaus-Gerst (2000)
4383:10.1515/ijsl.2008.026
3414:kóów, hál-ó (masc.) /
1299:Afroasiatic languages
1267:North Cushitic (Beja)
1072:Lowland East Cushitic
1022:Lowland East Cushitic
971:Lowland East Cushitic
415:pharyngeal consonants
325:Origin and prehistory
5518:Roper, E.M. (1928).
5472:Black, Paul (1974).
4249:"Somaliland profile"
4156:Shaban, Abdurahman.
3620:takká (fem.), ˈtaˈka
3116:Bussa (Harso-Bobase)
1276:East–South Cushitic
479:alignment, which is
393:glottalic consonants
192:are a branch of the
4960:, pp. 327–328.
4704:, pp. 411–412.
4692:, pp. 210–211.
4680:, pp. 254–255.
4668:, pp. 207–208.
4644:, pp. 361–363.
4620:, pp. 373–374.
4572:, pp. 204–206.
4472:, pp. 132–133.
4424:on 15 December 2017
4164:on 15 December 2020
4024:, pp. 343–345.
3448:East, Rendille-Boni
3406:East, Rendille-Boni
1529:and some cities in
1405:. An early view by
1129:
885:(nuclear Southern)
777:subject–object–verb
560:Saho–Afar languages
426:Saho–Afar languages
366:in southern Nubia.
6533:Cushitic languages
5559:Oromo Dictionary I
4970:Vanhove, Martine.
4560:, p. 350–351.
4255:. 14 December 2017
4189:The World Factbook
3706:tɪ̀ɡɪ̀ɗɪ̀ (adj.) /
3282:West Central Oromo
3164:ʃakka(ha) (fem.) /
3076:Tsamai (Ts'amakko)
1162:Western Cushitic (
1127:
1092:Western Omo–Tana (
1085:Eastern Omo–Tana (
1041:Central Cushitic (
955:Central Cushitic (
829:Central Cushitic (
413:. Less common are
190:Cushitic languages
6518:
6517:
6512:extinct languages
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6080:Proto-Afroasiatic
5946:Christopher Ehret
5869:978-83-235-3326-9
5813:978-0-19-923282-6
5761:10.5070/D64110028
5727:978-1-135-43416-8
5704:978-3-631-60089-4
5676:978-3-447-06695-2
5167:978-3-11-042038-8
5017:978-3-631-60089-4
4997:African Languages
4925:978-90-272-6597-5
4861:978-0-520-26204-1
4456:978-1-315-43400-1
4192:(2024 ed.).
4003:Meroitic language
3983:
3982:
3936:ɡwaléel / ɡweléel
3810:saba < Swahili
3807:sita < Swahili
3804:possibly ← 'hand'
3788:vattúke (masc.) /
3166:ʃokko(ha) (masc.)
2672:Central, Southern
2581:asiˈmheːj (5 + 3)
2578:asaːˈrama (5 + 2)
2572:eːj (lit: 'hand')
2501:
2500:
1574:Christopher Ehret
1548:Christopher Ehret
1474:languages of the
1445:Extinct languages
1431:Harold C. Fleming
1374:Harold C. Fleming
1295:
1294:
1282:Southern Cushitic
1169:Southern Cushitic
764:
763:
477:marked nominative
381:/aa:ee:ii:oo:uu:/
336:Christopher Ehret
252:(3 million), and
186:
185:
16:(Redirected from
6545:
6351:Somali languages
6236:
6167:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6035:
6007:
5997:
5972:(1): 59–71.e21.
5938:
5926:
5924:
5909:Faits de Langues
5896:
5886:
5873:
5829:
5817:
5791:
5778:
5765:
5763:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5708:
5680:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5601:
5594:
5588:
5581:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5542:
5536:
5529:
5523:
5516:
5510:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5375:
5368:
5362:
5359:Güldemann (2018)
5356:
5350:
5349:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5130:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5100:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5058:. LINCOM Europa.
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5031:. Archived from
5025:
5019:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4972:"North-Cushitic"
4967:
4961:
4958:Güldemann (2018)
4955:
4949:
4948:
4941:"North-Cushitic"
4936:
4930:
4929:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4788:Appleyard (2012)
4785:
4779:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4690:Appleyard (2012)
4687:
4681:
4678:Appleyard (2012)
4675:
4669:
4666:Appleyard (2012)
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4630:Appleyard (2012)
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4594:Appleyard (2012)
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4570:Appleyard (2012)
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4519:Appleyard (2012)
4516:
4505:
4499:
4490:
4484:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4202:
4197:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4031:
4025:
4019:
3574:Tunni (Af-Tunni)
3160:Dirasha (Gidole)
2996:Sidamo (Sidaama)
2712:Central, Western
2632:Central, Eastern
2584:aʃˈʃaɖiɡ (5 + 4)
2511:
1596:
1589:Basic vocabulary
1519:Ancient Egyptian
1470:) instead spoke
1424:Joseph Greenberg
1403:Omotic languages
1279:Eastern Cushitic
1159:Eastern Cushitic
1156:Central Cushitic
1133:Greenberg (1963)
1130:
1034:North Cushitic (
1013:
1012:
1008:
948:North Cushitic (
938:
937:
933:
926:Appleyard (2012)
846:planned language
822:North Cushitic (
802:Omotic languages
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
699:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
593:
588:
569:
433:restrictive tone
419:
412:
405:
399:, which has the
382:
178:
166:
157:
143:
30:
21:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6514:
6501:
6470:
6426:
6381:
6294:
6268:
6225:
6156:
6099:
6067:
6062:
6015:
6010:
5959:
5955:
5953:Further reading
5950:
5929:
5899:
5884:
5876:
5870:
5842:
5823:
5814:
5801:
5781:
5772:
5741:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5711:
5705:
5692:
5677:
5664:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5634:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5595:
5591:
5582:
5578:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5539:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5513:
5504:
5500:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5382:
5378:
5369:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5140:
5133:
5125:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5099:2. 1980, 7–126.
5094:
5090:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5035:on 16 July 2011
5027:
5026:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4836:
4829:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4769:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:, pp. 205.
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4508:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4011:
3988:
3908:Gorowa (Gorwaa)
3816:kenda / tis(i)a
3803:
3789:
3707:
3665:
3650:
3645:
3619:
3618:tokkó (masc.) /
3457:
3415:
3366:East, Saho-Afar
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3318:East, Saho-Afar
3165:
3129:
3124:
3123:lakki, lam(m)e,
2716:Kimant (Qimant)
2575:aˈsaɡir (5 + 1)
2506:
2192:walaalo/abbaayo
1591:
1586:
1571:
1517:along with the
1508:Eastern Sudanic
1496:A-Group culture
1476:Eastern Sudanic
1459:Nobiin language
1447:
1416:Aroid languages
1399:
1331:
1313:
1307:
1291:
1258:
1253:Rift (Southern)
1246:
1227:
1174:
1114:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
939:
935:
931:
929:
928:
923:
900:Peripheral (?)
810:
794:
789:
769:
744:
723:
702:
697:
693:
671:
650:
646:
624:
603:
599:
591:
586:
580:
575:
548:
450:
445:
377:
372:
360:C-Group culture
333:
327:
248:(3.2 million),
234:
232:Official status
182:
179:
169:
153:
139:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6525:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6444:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6204:Hausa–Gwandara
6201:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6125:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6013:External links
6011:
6009:
6008:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5927:
5897:
5874:
5868:
5840:
5830:
5821:
5818:
5812:
5804:Case in Africa
5799:
5792:
5779:
5770:
5766:
5739:
5726:
5709:
5703:
5690:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5662:
5649:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5602:
5589:
5576:
5563:
5550:
5537:
5524:
5511:
5498:
5479:
5464:
5457:
5439:
5432:
5414:
5407:
5389:
5376:
5363:
5351:
5308:
5281:
5279:, p. 234.
5277:Ambrose (1984)
5269:
5257:
5245:
5233:
5221:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5183:, p. 134.
5173:
5166:
5146:
5131:
5116:
5101:
5088:
5077:(2): 559–580.
5061:
5046:
5020:
5000:
4985:
4962:
4950:
4931:
4924:
4904:
4890:
4867:
4860:
4842:
4838:Hetzron (1980)
4827:
4804:
4792:
4790:, p. 200.
4780:
4778:, p. 292, 297.
4767:
4740:
4726:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4656:, p. 389.
4646:
4634:
4632:, p. 204.
4622:
4610:
4608:, p. 369.
4598:
4586:
4584:, p. 138.
4574:
4562:
4550:
4548:, p. 355.
4535:
4533:, p. 353.
4523:
4521:, p. 202.
4506:
4504:, p. 453.
4491:
4474:
4462:
4455:
4435:
4403:
4357:
4322:
4266:
4240:
4203:
4196:. 6 June 2022.
4175:
4148:
4126:
4104:
4082:
4053:
4026:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:vattéke (fem.)
3786:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3740:East, Arboroid
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:East, Arboroid
3695:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:East, Arboroid
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3638:tuzba, ˈtuːzba
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:East, Arboroid
3607:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2992:East, Highland
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2952:East, Highland
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2912:East, Highland
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2872:East, Highland
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2832:East, Highland
2829:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2792:East, Highland
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2752:East, Highland
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:ɨ́mpɨ́l / láɢú
2678:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:Classification
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:guddaa/dagaaga
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:*du/*iya (PSC)
2437:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:walaal/abboowe
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:*laabala (PSC)
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1570:
1569:Reconstruction
1567:
1480:northern Nubia
1468:southern Nubia
1446:
1443:
1414:Cushitic. The
1407:Enrico Cerulli
1398:
1395:
1330:
1327:
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:Hetzron (1980)
1134:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1069:
1064:
1058:East Cushitic
1056:
1054:South Cushitic
1051:
1046:
1039:
1026:
1002:
999:
997:
996:
995:
994:
993:
992:
987:
978:
973:
967:East Cushitic
965:
963:South Cushitic
960:
953:
940:
927:
924:
922:
921:
920:
919:
918:
917:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
906:
898:
897:
896:
891:
880:
870:
864:East Cushitic
862:
861:
860:
855:
849:
837:South Cushitic
834:
827:
814:
809:
806:
793:
790:
788:
787:Classification
785:
768:
765:
762:
761:
754:
747:
741:
740:
733:
726:
720:
719:
712:
705:
700:
695:
689:
688:
681:
674:
668:
667:
660:
653:
648:
642:
641:
634:
627:
621:
620:
613:
606:
601:
595:
594:
589:
583:
582:
577:
572:
547:
544:
497:construct case
493:South Cushitic
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:tonal contours
389:central vowels
385:Agaw languages
376:
373:
371:
368:
352:northern Nubia
342:evidence, the
326:
323:
244:(22 million),
240:(37 million),
233:
230:
198:Horn of Africa
184:
183:
180:
171:
170:
167:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
137:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
92:
88:
87:
85:Proto-Cushitic
82:
81:Proto-language
78:
77:
76:
75:
65:
59:
58:
52:Horn of Africa
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6550:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:Rendille–Boni
6344:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:Highland East
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6094:Proto-Semitic
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:Reconstructed
6070:
6066:
6059:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5931:Rilly, Claude
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:Rilly, Claude
5898:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5879:
5878:Rilly, Claude
5875:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5844:Rilly, Claude
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5652:
5650:0-520-04574-2
5646:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5613:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5458:3-89645-068-9
5454:
5450:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5433:3-89645-481-1
5429:
5425:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5408:3-87118-947-2
5404:
5400:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5309:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:Cooper (2017)
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:Cooper (2017)
5201:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5050:
5047:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5009:Grover Hudson
5004:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4973:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4908:
4905:
4893:
4891:90-272-3552-X
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4808:
4805:
4802:, p. 91.
4801:
4800:Bender (2019)
4796:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4741:
4729:
4727:90-429-0815-7
4723:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4487:Cooper (2017)
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4436:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4307:
4300:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4070:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Alagwa (Wasi)
3826:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:South or East
3779:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:t'óko / t'áka
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3660:Bayso (Baiso)
3658:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3629:ʔafúr, ʔaˈfur
3628:
3626:sezzé, ˈsɛːze
3625:
3623:laamá, ˈlaːma
3622:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Garre (Karre)
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3326:enèki / inìki
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:East, Konsoid
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:East, Konsoid
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:East, Konsoid
3111:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2658:láŋta / lánta
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Bilin (Bilen)
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Beja (Bedawi)
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:*niinaw (PSC)
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:shilis/buuran
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:*ʔiiraw (PSC)
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:karaa/godaana
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1578:Grover Hudson
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:East Cushitic
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1535:Beja language
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:Beja language
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Kerma culture
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:Lionel Bender
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1250:East Lowlands
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1142:Ehret (2011)
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1102:
1101:Oromo–Konsoid
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1001:Bender (2019)
1000:
991:
988:
986:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
947:
946:
945:
942:
941:
934:
925:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
883:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
807:
805:
803:
800:in 1858. The
799:
791:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
766:
759:
755:
752:
748:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
722:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
701:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
596:
590:
585:
584:
578:
573:
570:
567:
565:
561:
557:
551:
545:
543:
541:
540:reduplication
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
499:, e.g. Iraqw
498:
494:
490:
489:genitive case
485:
482:
481:typologically
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
442:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
416:
409:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
374:
369:
367:
365:
364:Kerma culture
361:
357:
356:Beja language
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
324:
322:
321:in Ethiopia.
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
302:in Ethiopia.
301:
300:Somali Region
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
281:Amhara Region
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
256:(2 million).
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
177:
172:
165:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
112:Highland East
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
86:
83:
79:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
6520:
6507:
6481:
6439:
6341:Macro-Somali
6331:Lowland East
6307:
6260:
6219:South Bauchi
6209:North Bauchi
6199:Bole–Tangale
6092:
6087:Proto-Berber
6085:
6078:
5969:
5965:
5934:
5912:
5908:
5892:
5888:
5851:
5833:Newman, Paul
5825:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5774:
5751:
5747:
5731:. Retrieved
5717:
5694:
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5640:
5611:
5605:
5597:
5592:
5584:
5579:
5571:
5566:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5532:
5527:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5473:
5467:
5448:
5442:
5423:
5417:
5398:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5371:
5366:
5354:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5299:. Retrieved
5294:
5284:
5272:
5265:Rilly (2019)
5260:
5253:Rilly (2019)
5248:
5241:Rilly (2019)
5236:
5229:Rilly (2019)
5224:
5212:
5200:
5193:Rilly (2016)
5188:
5181:Rilly (2019)
5176:
5156:
5149:
5142:Rilly (2008)
5127:Rilly (2011)
5110:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5055:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5033:the original
5023:
5003:
4996:
4976:. Retrieved
4965:
4953:
4944:
4934:
4914:
4907:
4897:30 September
4895:. Retrieved
4880:
4851:
4845:
4815:
4807:
4795:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4731:. Retrieved
4716:
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4582:König (2008)
4577:
4565:
4553:
4526:
4470:Rilly (2019)
4465:
4445:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4419:the original
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4377:(191): 117.
4374:
4370:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4313:. Retrieved
4289:. Retrieved
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4252:
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4187:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4137:. Ethnologue
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4115:. Ethnologue
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4093:. Ethnologue
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4068:
4056:
4044:. Retrieved
4037:
4029:
4017:
3999:(Wiktionary)
3766:tíípa, s'ápa
3632:tʃénn, t͡ʃɛn
3570:East, Somali
3530:East, Somali
3490:East, Somali
3416:hás-só (fem)
3145:sásse /sésse
3072:East, Dullay
3032:East, Dullay
2507:
2163:*bahaa (PSC)
2160:galaba/karai
2077:bisad/dummad
1847:irrid/albaab
1592:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1512:
1501:
1472:Nilo-Saharan
1448:
1428:
1411:
1400:
1385:
1378:Nilo-Saharan
1367:
1363:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1296:
1115:
1029:
1015:
943:
817:
811:
797:
795:
770:
758:yi-maadd-aan
685:ti-maadd-aan
581:conjugation
576:conjugation
552:
549:
527:
523:
519:
509:
504:
500:
486:
474:
469:
451:
430:
378:
334:
305:Beja, Afar,
304:
285:
258:
235:
189:
187:
117:Lowland East
91:Subdivisions
72:
68:Afro-Asiatic
40:distribution
6285:Ngeté-Herdé
6174:Biu–Mandara
6138:Mzab–Wargla
6133:East Zenati
5915:: 151–163.
5754:: 197–212.
5733:22 February
5656:23 February
5533:Iraqw texts
5324:(1): 1–31.
4978:12 November
4733:21 November
4702:Mous (2012)
4654:Mous (2012)
4642:Mous (2012)
4618:Mous (2012)
4606:Mous (2012)
4558:Mous (2012)
4546:Mous (2012)
4531:Mous (2012)
4428:22 November
4396:23 November
4350:22 November
4315:23 November
4291:23 November
4233:22 November
4141:22 November
4119:22 November
4097:22 November
4091:"Bedawiyet"
4022:Mous (2012)
3872:leyiŋ / leẽ
3664:koo (masc.)
3641:suyé, suˈjɛ
3635:dʒih, ˈd͡ʒi
3278:East, Oromo
3238:East, Oromo
2413:'iyai/bilil
2390:hadid/kwinh
2189:obboleeytii
2068:bissa/kaffa
2005:ulee/dullaa
1996:'stick' (n)
1976:fena/gwiʃ'a
1884:hadal/hadod
1778:qori/alwaax
1654:ragad/lagad
1531:Upper Egypt
1527:Lower Nubia
1515:Lower Nubia
1439:Paul Newman
1433:(1974) and
1389:(1980) and
737:ti-maadd-aa
716:yi-maadd-aa
664:ti-maadd-aa
638:ni-maad-naa
512:singulative
501:afé-r mar'i
404:/pʼtʼtʃʼkʼ/
319:Afar Region
277:Oromia Zone
56:East Africa
6527:Categories
5623:References
5495:(1): 1–57.
5113:: 552–561.
4756:(2): 108.
4259:19 October
4184:"Ethiopia"
3666:too (fem.)
2485:*dir (PSC)
2482:win/ragaga
2459:dis/dabali
2212:obboleessa
1999:'amis/'adi
1991:ʃämärgina
1950:'mountain'
1916:cas/guduud
1850:lɨmʧi/sank
1824:biyo/maayo
1700:hami/d.ifi
1660:miila/luka
1381:substratum
842:Maʼa
773:word order
617:i-maadd-aa
395:, e.g. in
329:See also:
292:Somaliland
38:Geographic
6510:indicate
6457:Northwest
6370:Saho–Afar
5986:0092-8674
5374:1. 75‒92.
5346:162660041
5111:Anthropos
4391:145500609
3939:mibaanɡw
3881:t͡ʃʼiɡaħa
3702:Daasanach
3334:sidòħoòyu
3190:tsinqoota
3187:lakkuʃeti
2720:laɣa / la
2428:k'ät'än-
2344:gw'a/ʃifi
2290:täkosɨm-
2275:s'a/ʈaʈam
2203:'brother'
1939:jid/waddo
1907:adal/adar
1861:siyam/ʃuʃ
1801:so'/hilib
1746:gau/'anda
1645:Kemantney
1605:Southern
1602:Northern
1463:loanwords
1264:Cushitic
1233:Cushitic
1203:Southern
1200:Saho–Afar
1186:Highland
1183:Cushitic
1150:Cushitic
1099:Oromoid (
1062:Afar–Saho
882:Southern
878:Saho–Afar
678:keen-taan
408:implosive
401:ejectives
375:Phonology
340:onomastic
273:Dire Dawa
149:Glottolog
131:ISO 639-2
6483:Egyptian
6336:Omo–Tana
6308:Cushitic
6118:Northern
6004:28938123
5903:(2016).
5895:: 10–24.
5880:(2011).
5846:(2008).
5835:. 1980.
5790:: 7–126.
5301:22 March
4762:41966109
4341:Archived
4306:Archived
4282:Archived
4253:BBC News
4224:Archived
4168:12 April
4113:"Sidamo"
4075:20 April
4064:"Somali"
3986:See also
3979:mibaaɴw
3802:dáwàtte,
3760:kên, cên
3726:t̪ɪ̀ːjə̀
3690:sɑ́ɑɡɑɑl
3651:ˈtɔmːɔn
3649:tommoɲɗ,
3644:saaɡalɗ,
3479:sijːɛ̂ːt
3452:Rendille
3352:malħiini
3347:leħèyi /
3342:konòyu /
3337:ferèyi /
3332:sidòħu /
3267:saddeetī
3172:halpatta
3151:húddʼan
2981:sadeento
2947:tordúma
2941:hezzéeto
2916:Kambaata
2901:sadeento
2861:saddeeta
2858:torbaane
2781:hizzeːtú
2707:tsɨ́kka
2667:sʼɨ́kʼa
2664:sʼájtʃʼa
2636:Xamtanga
2600:lax / la
2517:Language
2504:Numerals
2396:dubbattu
2373:aʤʤeesuu
2350:ɗugaaiti
2298:diw/nari
2284:fadhiiso
2249:'father'
2226:'mother'
2180:'sister'
2140:diraangw
2114:ʃ'a/yiwe
2091:yas/mani
2042:'donkey'
1890:gurraʧʧa
1838:ɖefa/yaf
1755:guri/min
1706:dabbasaa
1703:seʔeengw
1611:Central
1608:Eastern
1523:Blemmyes
1488:Blemmyes
1206:Omo-Tana
1197:Lowland
1094:Arboroid
1087:Somaloid
1030:Cushitic
944:Cushitic
889:Omo–Tana
868:Highland
818:Cushitic
798:Cushitic
792:Overview
751:keen-aan
730:keen-taa
698:singular
657:keen-taa
651:singular
631:keen-naa
604:singular
558:and the
536:suffixes
406:and the
348:Blemmyes
346:and the
296:Djibouti
261:Ethiopia
222:Kambaata
155:cush1243
73:Cushitic
33:Cushitic
18:Cushitic
6508:Italics
6452:Central
6432:Semitic
6365:Oromoid
6358:Western
6152:Western
6113:Eastern
5995:5679310
5039:16 July
4046:2 March
3976:ɡwaleél
3930:fâanqʼw
3921:tsʼiyáħ
3896:ɡweleli
3884:koːʔani
3875:t͡ʃʼada
3868:Burunge
3850:faanqʼw
3841:tsʼiɡaħ
3775:t'ómon
3772:s'áákal
3744:El Molo
3735:t̪òmòn
3714:sɛ̀d̪ɛ̀
3684:todobɑ́
3596:toddóbo
3559:siddèed
3556:toddobá
3525:tommon
3516:toddobe
3482:saːɡáːl
3464:sɛ́jːaħ
3443:tammán
3437:siyyéèd
3361:tàbana
3358:saɡaàla
3355:baħaàra
3349:leħeèyi
3344:konoòyu
3339:fereèyi
3329:nammàya
3273:kuɗenī
3067:ħúɗɗan
3036:Gawwada
2876:Hadiyya
2864:sallane
2821:hiditta
2787:tɔnnsú
2592:Central
2587:ˈtamin
2494:dɨngulí
2465:t'innoo
2456:'small'
2451:wäfär-
2436:dah/l'a
2405:gämär-
2387:'speak'
2341:'drink'
2321:tam/'am
2295:'sleep'
2169:waraabe
2166:waraabo
2157:'hyena'
2152:gämäna
2083:damiya
2080:anguʧʧa
2060:dɨɣora
2048:daqwaay
1982:waraana
1973:'spear'
1910:daaʕaat
1899:ʃämäna
1881:'black'
1858:'grass'
1844:balbala
1812:'water'
1795:fuʔnaay
1743:'house'
1738:lɨbäka
1720:'heart'
1680:siħinoo
1674:'tooth'
1599:Branch
1420:Nilotic
1387:Hetzron
1347:Kw'adza
1245:Sidamic
1209:Oromoid
1122:Sandawe
894:Oromoid
873:Lowland
709:keen-aa
694:person
647:person
610:keen-aa
600:person
587:"bring"
524:dəmmura
443:Grammar
424:or the
315:Eritrea
288:Somalia
279:in the
218:Hadiyya
102:Central
6496:Ongota
6489:Coptic
6475:Others
6400:Dizoid
6387:Omotic
6321:Dullay
6262:Zumaya
6162:Chadic
6147:Tuareg
6128:Zenati
6105:Berber
6002:
5992:
5984:
5866:
5810:
5724:
5701:
5673:
5647:
5455:
5430:
5405:
5344:
5338:183030
5336:
5164:
5015:
4945:Halshs
4922:
4888:
4858:
4760:
4724:
4453:
4389:
4198:
4135:"Afar"
3973:dakaát
3967:laħoóʔ
3961:tsíyáħ
3933:dakáat
3927:laħóoʔ
3924:kooʔán
3893:daɡati
3890:faɴqʼu
3887:laħaʔu
3856:ɡwelen
3847:laħooʔ
3844:kooʔan
3799:saʕála
3784:Dahalo
3751:l'ááma
3729:síɪ̀t̚
3720:t͡ʃɛ̀n
3717:ʔàfʊ̀ɾ
3711:nàːmə̀
3693:tómon
3687:siddéd
3669:lɑ́ɑmɑ
3646:ˈsaɡal
3614:Arbore
3605:tómon
3602:saɡáal
3599:siyéed
3584:síddiʔ
3565:toban
3562:saɡaal
3544:sáddeħ
3534:Somali
3522:saɡaal
3519:siyeed
3504:siddeh
3485:tomón
3456:kôːw /
3440:saaɡal
3434:toddóu
3422:síddéh
3401:taman
3392:malħin
3313:kuɗan
3307:saddet
3270:saɡalī
3233:kuɗan
3193:hunda
3148:kollan
3142:caħħan
3128:ezzaħ,
3107:kuŋko
3104:ɡolːan
3101:sezːen
3098:taħːan
3095:tabːen
3083:laːkːi
3080:doːkːo
3064:kóllan
3061:sétten
3027:tonne
3018:lamala
2987:tommo
2978:lamara
2956:Libido
2938:lamála
2907:tommo
2898:lamara
2867:tomme
2855:dʒaane
2827:tanna
2818:lamala
2812:umutta
2800:mitʃːa
2778:lamalá
2756:Alaaba
2741:səɣəta
2738:ləŋəta
2701:sóɢéta
2698:láŋéta
2695:wɨ́lta
2661:sə́wta
2621:səxəta
2618:ləŋəta
2569:ˈfaɖiɡ
2497:fɨraq
2474:ʃigey
2442:furdaa
2419:hap'ii
2410:'thin'
2364:'kill'
2327:ɲaaʧʧu
2313:gänʤ-
2310:ɣur\y-
2287:ɨnʤik-
2281:taa'uu
2146:libaax
2143:lenʧ'a
2134:'lion'
2106:gɨzɨŋ
2094:seeaay
2071:maytsí
2057:dɨɣarí
2054:dameer
2037:wɨzɨŋ
2028:ibidda
2019:'fire'
2014:kɨnbɨ
1959:tuullu
1956:tɬooma
1945:gorwa
1927:'road'
1922:säraɣ
1913:diimaa
1876:ʃanka
1867:ʧ'itaa
1864:gitsoo
1841:piindo
1835:'door'
1792:ʃa/dof
1789:'meat'
1766:'wood'
1715:ʃibka
1712:ʧiʧifí
1697:'hair'
1651:'foot'
1635:Somali
1484:Medjay
1397:Omotic
1370:Ongota
1355:Ongota
1339:Dahalo
1236:Omotic
1212:Dullay
1164:Omotic
1118:Hadza-
1078:Dullay
1049:Dahalo
1005:": -->
990:Dahalo
985:Dullay
930:": -->
909:Dullay
852:Dahalo
771:Basic
767:Syntax
745:plural
672:plural
625:plural
592:"come"
579:prefix
574:suffix
564:Somali
532:ablaut
528:dəmmut
462:gender
458:number
422:Somali
344:Medjay
269:Harari
265:Oromia
250:Sidamo
242:Somali
226:Sidama
224:, and
206:Somali
107:Dullay
6464:South
6420:Ometo
6415:Gonga
6410:North
6395:Aroid
6377:South
6280:Mesme
6273:South
6256:Musey
6251:Massa
6246:Marba
6239:North
6189:Angas
6123:Atlas
5885:(PDF)
5769:UCLA.
5342:S2CID
5334:JSTOR
4822:48–49
4758:JSTOR
4422:(PDF)
4415:(PDF)
4387:S2CID
4344:(PDF)
4337:(PDF)
4309:(PDF)
4302:(PDF)
4285:(PDF)
4278:(PDF)
4227:(PDF)
4220:(PDF)
4009:Notes
3970:faaɴw
3964:kooán
3948:Iraqw
3944:South
3915:tsʼar
3904:South
3899:mili
3864:South
3853:dakat
3835:ndʒad
3824:South
3819:kumi
3796:kʼaba
3793:líima
3754:séépe
3675:ɑ́fɑr
3581:lámma
3501:lamma
3476:tɛːbá
3470:t͡ʃán
3467:áfːar
3461:lámːa
3398:saɡal
3395:baħar
3377:lam:a
3310:saɡal
3304:torba
3301:dʒaha
3292:sadii
3286:tokko
3264:torbā
3255:afurī
3246:tokkō
3230:saɡal
3227:sette
3224:tappa
3212:sessa
3209:lakki
3206:takka
3202:Konso
3184:tappa
3169:lakki
3139:cappi
3136:xúpin
3133:salaħ
3130:siséħ
3125:lamay
3092:χobin
3089:salaħ
3058:táʔan
3055:tappi
3052:xúpin
3049:sálaħ
3046:ízzaħ
3043:lákke
3040:tóʔon
3024:honse
3021:sette
3009:ʃoole
2984:honso
2972:ʔonto
2969:sooro
2944:hónso
2929:ʃóolo
2904:honso
2889:sooro
2849:ʃoole
2840:mitte
2836:Gedeo
2824:wonfa
2809:foola
2806:fadia
2796:Burji
2784:hɔnsú
2772:ʔɔntú
2769:ʃɔːlú
2747:ʃɨka
2744:səssa
2735:wəlta
2729:sədʒa
2704:sésta
2689:sedza
2676:Awngi
2655:wálta
2627:ʃɨka
2624:səssa
2615:wəlta
2612:ʔanka
2609:sədʒa
2566:mheːj
2563:ˈmale
2552:North
2479:'big'
2433:'fat'
2422:caato
2402:dibs-
2399:hadal
2359:ʤax-
2318:'eat'
2307:hurud
2304:rafuu
2278:iwiit
2272:'sit'
2264:tablí
2261:aabbe
2258:aabba
2255:taata
2244:gäna
2238:hooyo
2235:haaɗa
2186:ħoʔoo
2175:wäya
2129:käma
2126:ɨllwa
2111:'cow'
2103:gɨséŋ
2097:seere
2088:'dog'
2074:adure
2065:'cat'
2051:haare
2002:*ħada
1988:werém
1985:waran
1968:dɨba
1933:loohi
1930:darab
1919:dɨmmí
1904:'red'
1896:ʧárkí
1893:madow
1853:bäla
1821:biʃan
1818:maʔay
1807:sɨya
1784:kana
1775:mukha
1769:hindi
1732:wadne
1729:onnee
1726:muuná
1723:gin'a
1683:ilkee
1677:kwire
1657:yaaee
1630:Oromo
1625:Iraqw
1616:Gloss
1504:Sudan
1455:Sudan
1412:ta/ne
1391:Ehret
1359:Mbugu
1343:Aasax
1335:Yaaku
1215:Yaaku
1082:SAOK
1018:Yaaku
981:Yaaku
904:Yaaku
808:Tosco
781:focus
703:masc.
546:Verbs
520:dəmmu
516:Bilin
466:Awngi
448:Nouns
397:Oromo
238:Oromo
202:Oromo
122:South
97:North
48:Sudan
44:Egypt
6447:West
6441:East
6316:Agaw
6290:Peve
6231:Masa
6194:Bade
6184:West
6179:East
6000:PMID
5982:ISSN
5966:Cell
5864:ISBN
5808:ISBN
5735:2020
5722:ISBN
5699:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5658:2020
5645:ISBN
5453:ISBN
5428:ISBN
5403:ISBN
5303:2020
5162:ISBN
5041:2011
5013:ISBN
4980:2017
4920:ISBN
4899:2017
4886:ISBN
4856:ISBN
4735:2016
4722:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4430:2017
4398:2017
4375:2008
4352:2017
4317:2017
4293:2017
4261:2021
4235:2017
4170:2021
4143:2017
4121:2017
4099:2017
4077:2021
4048:2021
3955:tsár
3878:tami
3859:mib
3813:nane
3757:áfur
3732:sàːl
3672:sédi
3587:áfar
3547:áfar
3541:labá
3507:afar
3425:áfar
3419:lába
3410:Boni
3386:ko:n
3383:afar
3380:adoħ
3374:inik
3370:Saho
3322:Afar
3298:ʃani
3295:afur
3289:lama
3258:ʃanī
3252:sadi
3249:lamā
3242:Orma
3221:lehi
3215:afur
3181:lehi
3175:afur
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