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908:". Adam S. Wilkins wrote that " in his lifetime... was widely perceived primarily as a critic of Neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory. His criticisms ... were focused on what he saw as unrealistic, 'atomistic' models of both gene selection and trait evolution." In particular, according to Wilkins, Waddington felt that the Neo-Darwinians badly neglected the phenomenon of extensive gene interactions and that the "randomness" of mutational effects, posited in the theory, was false. Even though Waddington became critical of the neo-darwinian synthetic theory of evolution, he still described himself as a Darwinian, and called for an
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591:. In 1910, at the age of four, he was sent to live with family in England including his aunt, uncle, and Quaker grandmother. His parents remained in India until 1928. During his childhood, he was particularly attached to a local druggist and distant relation, Dr. Doeg. Doeg, whom Waddington called "Grandpa", introduced Waddington to a wide range of sciences from chemistry to geology. During the year following the completion of his entrance exams to university, Waddington received an intense course in chemistry from
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634:, earning a First in Part II in geology in 1926. In 1928, he was awarded an Arnold Gerstenberg Studentship in the University of Cambridge, whose purpose was to promote "the study of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics among students of Natural Science, both men and women." He took up a Lecturership in Zoology and was a Fellow of
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did not describe himself as a
Lamarckian, but by revealing mechanisms of inheritance of acquired characteristics, I think he should be regarded as such. The reason he did not do so is that Lamarck could not have conceived of the processes that Waddington revealed. Incidentally, it is also true to say
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to represent this cellular developmental process. The idea was based on experiment: Waddington found that one effect of mutation (which could modulate the epigenetic landscape) was to affect how cells differentiated. He also showed how mutation could affect the landscape, and used this metaphor in
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In the early 1930s, Waddington and many other embryologists looked for the molecules that would induce the amphibian neural tube. The search was beyond the technology of that time, and most embryologists moved away from such deep problems. Waddington, however, came to the view that the answers to
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A remarkable number of his contemporary colleagues in
Edinburgh became Fellows of the Royal Society during his time there, or shortly thereafter. Waddington was an old-fashioned intellectual who lived in both the arts and science milieus of the 1950s and wrote widely. His 1969 book
1958:
Ritterbush, P. C. (1970). "Behind
Appearance. A Study of the Relations between Painting and the Natural Sciences in This Century. C. H. Waddington. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969. xii, 258 pp., illus. (71 color plates and 136 black-and-white illustrations)".
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wing. In a period of great creativity at the end of the 1930s, he also discovered mutations that affected cell phenotypes and wrote his first textbook of "developmental epigenetics", a term that then meant the external manifestation of genetic activity.
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that
Lamarck did not invent the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. But, whether historically correct or not, we are stuck today with the term 'Lamarckian' for inheritance of a characteristic acquired through an environmental influence.
873:. This trait occurs with high frequency in heat-treated flies. After a few generations, the trait can be found in the population, without the application of heat, based on hidden genetic variation that Waddington asserted had been "assimilated".
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modulates development. Among other metaphors, Waddington asks us to imagine a number of marbles rolling down a hill. The marbles will sample the grooves on the slope, and come to rest at the lowest points. These points represent the eventual
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Waddington was very active in advancing biology as a discipline. He contributed to a book on the role of the sciences in times of war, and helped set up several professional bodies representing biology as a discipline.
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Waddington co-founded The
Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities at the University of Edinburgh in 1969 with Professor John MacQueen, Professor of Scottish Literature and Oral Tradition.
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mechanism that allows certain acquired characteristic to become heritable. According to Navis, (2007) "Waddington focused his genetic assimilation work on the crossveinless trait of
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which would allow an animal's response to an environmental stress to become a fixed part of its developmental repertoire, and then went on to show that the mechanism would work.
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laboratory in
California, even though this was a time when most embryologists felt that genes were unimportant and just played a role in minor phenomena such as eye colour.
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In the late 1930s, Waddington produced formal models about how gene regulatory products could generate developmental phenomena, showed how the mechanisms underpinning
700:. He would stay at Edinburgh for the rest of life with the exception of one year (1960–1961) when he was a Fellow on the faculty in the Center for Advanced Studies at
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942:(MIT press) not only has wonderful pictures but is still worth reading. Waddington was, without doubt, the most original and important thinker about
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Huang, Sui (2012). "The molecular and mathematical basis of
Waddington's epigenetic landscape: A framework for post-Darwinian biology?".
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His family moved to India and until nearly three years of age, Waddington lived in India, where his father worked on a tea estate in the
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inheritance, the acquisition of inherited characteristics through the effects of the environment during an organism's lifetime.
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inheritance. They denied that genetic assimilation had taken place, and asserted that
Waddington had simply observed the
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Induction and the Origin of
Developmental Genetics - works by Salome Gluecksohn-Schoenhimer and Conrad Hal Waddington
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disagree, writing that "genetic assimilation, looks, but is not
Lamarckian. It is a special case of the evolution of
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Waddington was married twice. His first marriage produced a son, C. Jake Waddington, professor of physics at the
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Behind Appearance : A Study in the Relationship Between Painting and the Natural Sciences in this Century
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development could be studied through a systematic analysis of mutations that affected the development of the
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Allen, Matthew. 2015. "Compelled by the Diagram: Thinking through C. H. Waddington’s Epigenetic Landscape."
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in Middletown, Connecticut. His personal papers are largely kept at the University of Edinburgh library.
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Yoxen, Edward. 1986. "Form and Strategy in Biology: Reflections on the Career of C. H. Waddington." In
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Behind Appearance; a Study of the Relations Between Painting and the Natural Sciences in This Century
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Wilkins, Adam S (2015). "Waddington's Unfinished Critique of Neo-Darwinian Genetics: Then and Now".
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Waddington, C. H. (1942). Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters.
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before him) that evolution mainly occurred through mutations that affected developmental anatomy.
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A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology: Volume 7: A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology
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1862:"In search of evolutionary developmental mechanisms: The 30-year gap between 1944 and 1974"
1557:"Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard: Collaborating to Find Developmental Genes"
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of genetic variants that already existed in the study population. Other biologists such as
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1438:"White [married name Waddington], (Margaret) Justin Blanco (1911–2001), architect"
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Pages from a photograph album, given to Waddington by his colleagues on his 50th birthday.
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Robertson, Alan. 1977. "Conrad Hal Waddington. 8 November 1905–26 September 1975."
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Robertson, Alan. 1977. "Conrad Hal Waddington. 8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975."
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Robertson, Alan. 1977. "Conrad Hal Waddington. 8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975."
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despite variation in genotype or environment. He also identified a mechanism called
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Robertson, Alan. 1977. Conrad Hal Waddington. 8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975.
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This was the essence of the approach that won the 1995 Nobel prize in medicine for
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and the medal of the British Society for Developmental Biology is named after him.
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Biological Organisation Cellular and Subcellular : Proceedings of a Symposium
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Conrad Waddington, known as "Wad" to his friends and "Con" to family, was born in
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considered that Waddington was using genetic assimilation to support so-called
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1662:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 220–222.
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The Life Organic: the Theoretical Biology Club and the Roots of Epigenetics
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systems. Waddington reflected that this early education prepared him for
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Supplement, Historical Register of the University of Cambridge, 1921-30
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both thought that Waddington was using genetic assimilation to support
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1202:––– (1952). Selection of the Genetic Basis for an Acquired Character.
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1248:. Ed. John B. Cobb and David R. Griffin. University Press of America.
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1244:––– (1977).(published posthumously). Whitehead and Modern Science.
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Waddington's theory of genetic assimilation was controversial. The
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1607:(2007). Epigenetics: A landscape takes shape. Cell, 128, 635-638.
1160:–––, & Jantsch, E. (Eds.). (1976). (published posthumously).
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In 1972, Waddington founded the Centre for Human Ecology in the
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2016:
1411:"Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958 - 1969"
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to Hal and Mary Ellen (Warner) Waddington, on 8 November 1905.
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and development of living things. He also studied philosophy.
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1142:–––, Kenny, A., Longuet-Higgins, H. C., Lucas, J. R. (1973).
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Presidents of the International Union of Biological Sciences
1911:"Conrad Hal Waddington, 8 November 1905 - 26 September 1975"
1223:––– (1956). Genetic assimilation of the bithorax phenotype.
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O.R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-Boat
1209:––– (1953). Genetic assimilation of an acquired character.
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and became scientific advisor to the Commander in Chief of
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based on his research. Reviewing the debate in 2015, the
1714:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 23.
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Evolution and Consciousness: Human Systems in Transition
1246:
Mind in Nature: The Interface of Science and Philosophy
556:, as well as left-wing political leanings. In his book
1346:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932, p. 63.
727:, with whom he had two daughters, the anthropologist
1915:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
486:(8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975) was a British
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1386:"Good Fellowship - The Repository - Royal Society"
1997:. British Society for Developmental Biology. 2015
1821:"Conrad Waddington and the origin of epigenetics"
817:his discussions on evolution—he emphasised (like
772:, the ability of an organism to produce the same
1635:Navis, Adam R. (2007). "Conrad Hal Waddington".
1131:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1971-3
1112:. 4 vols. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
744:embryology lay in genetics, and in 1935 went to
719:, but ended in 1936. He then married architect
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1237:––– (1974). A Catastrophe Theory of Evolution.
1218:Symposia of the Society of Experimental Biology
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560:(1941), he touched on political topics such as
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1318:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Pg. 2.
1038:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
859:Waddington proposed an evolutionary process, "
2671:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
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1188:--- (1946). Human Ideals and Human Progress.
1096:Principles of Development and Differentiation
8:
548:Waddington had wide interests that included
1084:. London : George, Allen, & Unwin.
707:He died in Edinburgh on 26 September 1975.
611:'s philosophy in the 1920s and 30s and the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2666:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
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1239:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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2636:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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1712:Evolution : a developmental approach
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1066:. London : George Allen & Unwin.
1052:. London : George Allen & Unwin.
1045:. London : George Allen & Unwin.
1024:. London : George Allen & Unwin.
1003:. London : George Alien & Unwin.
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2606:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
2045:NAHSTE Project Record of C.H. Waddington
1089:New Patterns in Genetics and Development
1010:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
186:This article includes a list of general
1442:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1258:
1216:––– (1953). Epigenetics and evolution.
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696:as Professor of Animal Genetics at the
568:as a "profound scientific philosophy".
2626:Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
2572:Index of evolutionary biology articles
1091:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1603:Goldberg, A. D., Allis, C. D., &
1450:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.112261
1167:––– (1977) (published posthumously).
768:Waddington introduced the concept of
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692:After the war, in 1947, he replaced
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2646:People educated at Clifton College
2382:Evolutionary developmental biology
1230:––– (1961). Genetic assimilation.
1075:Darwinism and the Study of Society
1001:An Introduction to Modern Genetics
812:types. Waddington coined the term
516:evolutionary developmental biology
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2023:from the original on 4 March 2020
638:until 1942. His friends included
45:This article has multiple issues.
2339:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1316:The Evolution of an Evolutionist
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628:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
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2621:Extended evolutionary synthesis
2616:20th-century British zoologists
1866:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1825:Journal of Experimental Biology
910:extended evolutionary synthesis
877:Neo-Darwinism versus Lamarckism
630:. He took the Natural Sciences
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2651:British operations researchers
2110:Genotype–phenotype distinction
1413:. Wesleyan.edu. Archived from
1098:. New York: Macmillan Company.
1:
2367:Regulation of gene expression
1110:Towards a Theoretical Biology
1071:The Human Evolutionary System
506:who laid the foundations for
286:Conrad Hal Waddington in 1934
2641:Fellows of the Royal Society
2537:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2317:Evolution of genetic systems
2125:Gene–environment correlation
2120:Gene–environment interaction
1973:10.1126/science.169.3947.751
1073:. In: Michael Banton (Ed.),
721:Margaret Justin Blanco White
2631:Wesleyan University faculty
2516:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2019:. University of Edinburgh.
1637:Embryo Project Encyclopedia
1498:"Edward B. Lewis 1918-2004"
1436:Darling, Elizabeth (2019).
1267:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1017:, George Allen & Unwin.
662:. His interests began with
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2392:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2269:Developmental architecture
1683:Gilbert, Scott F. (2013).
1658:Peterson, Erik L. (2016).
1585:. Centre for Human Ecology
1559:. iBiology. Archived from
999:Waddington, C. H. (1939).
852:
731:(1943–) and mathematician
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2219:Transgressive segregation
1752:10.1162/biot.2008.3.3.224
1689:. Springer. p. 205.
1526:10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.007
1496:Winchester, Guil (2004).
1059:. London: Pergamon Press.
1050:The Strategy of the Genes
723:, daughter of the writer
619:and others in the 1940s.
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403:
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2611:British palaeontologists
1909:Robertson, Alan (1977).
1710:Arthur, Wallace (2011).
1314:Waddington, C. H. 1975.
1171:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1043:Principles of Embryology
1036:The Epigenetics of birds
694:Francis Albert Eley Crew
449:Centre for Human Ecology
2397:Notch signaling pathway
2372:Gene regulatory network
2255:Dual inheritance theory
1373:A History of Embryology
1362:, 575-622. Pp. 579-580.
1298:, 575-622. pp. 575-76.
1157:. London: Elek Science.
1144:The Development of Mind
1029:The Scientific Attitude
1013:––– and others (1942).
883:evolutionary biologists
785:University of Edinburgh
717:University of Minnesota
698:University of Edinburgh
558:The Scientific Attitude
531:evolutionary biologists
521:Although his theory of
488:developmental biologist
437:University of Cambridge
433:University of Edinburgh
338:University of Cambridge
207:more precise citations.
2661:Theoretical biologists
2445:cis-regulatory element
2353:Control of development
2233:Non-genetic influences
2199:evolutionary landscape
1995:"The Waddington Medal"
1928:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0022
1860:Hall, Brian K (2004).
1787:10.1002/bies.201100031
1390:blogs.royalsociety.org
1304:10.1098/rsbm.1977.0022
1008:Organisers & Genes
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799:is a metaphor for how
609:Alfred North Whitehead
2556:Nature versus nurture
2460:Cell surface receptor
2377:Evo-devo gene toolkit
2276:Developmental biology
2214:Polygenic inheritance
2140:Quantitative genetics
1121:Longuet-Higgins, H.C.
944:developmental biology
906:phenotypic plasticity
886:Theodosius Dobzhansky
832:
535:Theodosius Dobzhansky
529:explanation, leading
471:Conrad Hal Waddington
415:Developmental biology
259:Conrad Hal Waddington
2465:Transcription factor
2180:Genetic assimilation
2167:Genetic architecture
1232:Advances in Genetics
1108:–––, ed. (1968–72).
1077:. London: Tavistock.
919:writes however that
861:genetic assimilation
855:Genetic assimilation
835:genetic assimilation
825:Genetic assimilation
797:epigenetic landscape
791:Epigenetic landscape
778:genetic assimilation
746:Thomas Hunt Morgan's
679:operational research
666:but moved on to the
523:genetic assimilation
356:genetic assimilation
348:Epigenetic landscape
95:improve this article
2596:People from Evesham
2561:Morphogenetic field
2478:Influential figures
1887:10.1002/jez.b.20002
1878:2004JEZ...302....5H
1583:"Conrad Waddington"
1517:2004CBio...14.R740W
1185:150 (3811):563–565.
1022:How Animals Develop
843:Darwinian evolution
702:Wesleyan University
689:from 1944 to 1945.
677:he was involved in
660:John Desmond Bernal
445:Wesleyan University
370:Justin Blanco White
2656:Systems biologists
2250:Genomic imprinting
1838:10.1242/jeb.120071
1563:on 13 October 2016
1334:, 575-622. Pg 577.
1129:The Nature of Mind
1082:The Nature of Life
1064:The Ethical Animal
1015:Science and Ethics
851:
599:" and the "Arabic
110:"C. H. Waddington"
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2511:Eric F. Wieschaus
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2472:
2291:Pattern formation
2195:Fitness landscape
1967:(3947): 751–752.
1740:Biological Theory
1696:978-1-4615-6823-0
1486:, 575-622. P. 578
1459:978-0-19-861412-8
1271:Eric F. Wieschaus
1199:169 (4288):27-28.
1169:Tools for Thought
1164:. Addison-Wesley.
1101:––– (1970). 72).
948:pre-molecular age
914:systems biologist
898:natural selection
729:Caroline Humphrey
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455:Doctoral students
405:Scientific career
381:Caroline Humphrey
314:26 September 1975
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16:(Redirected from
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2490:Richard Lewontin
2485:C. H. Waddington
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2334:Neutral networks
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819:Ernst Haeckel
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112: –
111:
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106:Find sources:
100:
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84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2535:
2484:
2428:eyeless gene
2324:Evolvability
2298:Segmentation
2175:Canalisation
2145:Heterochrony
2135:Heritability
2103:Key concepts
2025:. Retrieved
2017:"IASH at 50"
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1989:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1828:
1824:
1817:Noble, Denis
1811:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1743:
1739:
1711:
1705:
1685:
1678:
1659:
1653:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1551:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1328:
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1292:
1287:
1261:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1190:World Review
1189:
1182:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1143:
1128:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1094:––– (1966).
1088:
1087:––– (1962).
1081:
1080:––– (1961).
1074:
1070:
1069:––– (1961).
1063:
1062:––– (1960).
1056:
1055:––– (1959).
1049:
1048:––– (1957).
1042:
1041:––– (1956).
1035:
1034:––– (1953).
1028:
1027:––– (1948).
1021:
1020:––– (1946).
1014:
1007:
1006:––– (1940).
1000:
952:
939:
936:
932:
922:
880:
868:
858:
837:compared to
794:
782:
770:canalisation
767:
759:
755:
753:
748:
742:
725:Amber Reeves
714:
706:
691:
675:World War II
672:
622:He attended
621:
582:
575:
557:
547:
520:
500:embryologist
470:
469:
429:Institutions
423:paleontology
404:
395:Mendel Medal
352:canalisation
252:
237:
219:
210:
191:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2601:1975 deaths
2591:1905 births
2526:Mike Levine
2435:Distal-less
2260:Polyphenism
2240:Epigenetics
2092:development
1921:: 575–622.
1872:(1): 5–18.
1234:10:257–290.
1153:––– (1973)
1125:Lucas, J.R.
917:Denis Noble
733:Dusa McDuff
613:cybernetics
512:epigenetics
504:philosopher
385:Dusa McDuff
205:introducing
2585:Categories
2504:Lac operon
2329:Robustness
2308:Modularity
2303:Metamerism
2209:Plasticity
2204:Pleiotropy
2157:Heterotopy
1589:9 November
1567:13 October
1465:18 January
1280:References
1241:231:32–42.
1220:7:186–199.
1213:7:118–126.
894:Lamarckian
890:Ernst Mayr
870:Drosophila
845:, and the
839:Lamarckism
761:Drosophila
756:Drosophila
749:Drosophila
648:C. P. Snow
601:Alchemists
543:Lamarckian
539:Ernst Mayr
533:including
496:geneticist
328:, Scotland
318:1975-09-27
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2455:Morphogen
2440:Engrailed
2423:Pax genes
2344:Tinkering
2190:Epistasis
2185:Dominance
2096:phenotype
2001:7 October
1981:0036-8075
1775:BioEssays
1645:1940-5030
1225:Evolution
1211:Evolution
1117:Kenny, A.
865:Darwinian
774:phenotype
739:Evolution
735:(1945–).
681:with the
527:Darwinian
326:Edinburgh
305:, England
56:talk page
2418:Hox gene
2406:Elements
2387:Homeobox
2021:Archived
1945:11615737
1896:14760651
1847:25788723
1819:(2015).
1803:19632484
1795:22102361
1760:84217300
1543:32648995
1535:15380080
1395:23 April
1227:10:1–13.
1127:(1972).
863:", as a
668:heredity
605:holistic
597:Gnostics
554:painting
419:genetics
376:Children
2549:Debates
2360:Systems
2286:Eyespot
2150:Neoteny
2027:24 July
1961:Science
1874:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1421:4 April
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