1630:
875:
327:
678:
1157:
746:
299:
334:
3147:
Rodríguez-Reyes, Oris; Falcon-Lang, Howard; Gasson, Peter; Collinson, Margaret; Jaramillo, Carlos (October 2014). "Fossil woods (Malvaceae) from the lower
Miocene (early to mid-Burdigalian) part of the Cucaracha Formation of Panama (Central America) and their biogeographic implications".
3350:"Fossil legume woods of the Prioria-clade (subfamily Detarioideae) from the lower Miocene (early to mid-Burdigalian) part of the Cucaracha Formation of Panama (Central America) and their systematic and palaeoecological implications"
2324:
2297:
3439:
Kirby, Michael Xavier; Jones, Douglas S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2008), "Lower
Miocene Stratigraphy along the Panama Canal and Its Bearing on the Central American Peninsula",
3516:
Geology and
Paleontology of Canal Zone and Adjoining Parts of Panama - 306A Geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (Gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae)
3238:
Graham, Alan; Montiel, Olga Martha; Raven, Peter H.; Stevens, Warren
Douglas (2014). "Fruits of Oreomunnea (Juglandaceae) in the early Miocene of Panama".
3601:
3546:
326:
2463:"A new early Miocene bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Panama confirms middle Cenozoic chiropteran dispersal between the Americas"
2891:
Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Moreno-Bernal, Jorge W.; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2019-06-18).
2414:
MacFadden, Bruce J.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Evans, Helen; Foster, David A.; Morgan, Gary S.; Rincon, Aldo; Wood, Aaron R. (March 2014).
2667:
Macfadden, Bruce J.; Kirby, Michael X.; Rincon, Aldo; Montes, Camilo; Moron, Sara; Strong, Nikki; Jaramillo, Carlos (March 2010).
3586:
3193:"Biogeographic Implications of Mammea paramericana sp. nov. from the Lower Miocene of Panama and the Evolution of Calophyllaceae"
3576:
3523:
3499:
3033:
Jud, Nathan A.; Allen, Sarah E.; Nelson, Chris W.; Bastos, Carolina L.; Chery, Joyce G. (2021-04-07). Wong, William Oki (ed.).
2669:"Extinct peccary "Cynorca" occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America"
1629:
2940:"Fossil evidence for earliest Neogene American faunal interchange: Boa (Serpentes, Boinae) from the early Miocene of Panama"
3581:
205:
3606:
251:
212:
3596:
3591:
2844:
Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Rincon, Aldo F.; Macfadden, Bruce J. (2013).
2340:
1720:
397:
146:
132:
3255:
Rodriguez-Reyes, Oris; Gasson, Peter; Thornton, Carolyn; Falcon-Lang, Howard J.; Jud, Nathan A. (2017-12-06).
2524:
3561:
142:
3571:
183:
2070:
874:
3107:"19-Million-Year-Old Spondioid Fruits from Panama Reveal a Dynamic Dispersal History for Anacardiaceae"
3348:
Rodríguez-Reyes, Oris; Gasson, Peter; Falcon-Lang, Howard J.; Collinson, Margaret E. (November 2017).
2154:
627:
3551:
3450:
3361:
3157:
3046:
3007:
2951:
2904:
2857:
2791:
2744:
2680:
2622:
2567:
2427:
1195:
550:
2126:
677:
3566:
2938:
Head, Jason J.; Rincon, Aldo F.; Suarez, Catalina; Montes, Camilo; Jaramillo, Carlos (2012-10-31).
2732:
1980:
1105:
824:
410:
The
Cucaracha Formation is approximately 125 metres (410 ft) thick, and dated to 19 to 14 Ma.
356:
3390:
2939:
851:
314:
3220:
2823:
2815:
2646:
2591:
2536:
1894:
1703:
1275:
1035:
3257:"Panascleroticoxylon crystallosa gen. et sp. nov.: a new Miocene malpighialean tree from Panama"
903:
286:
3256:
2994:
Cadena, E.; Bourque, J.R.; Rincón, A.F.; Bloch, J.I.; Jaramillo, C.A.; MacFadden, B.J. (2012).
2462:
3556:
3478:
3418:
3410:
3330:
3322:
3276:
3212:
3173:
3126:
3082:
3064:
2967:
2920:
2873:
2807:
2760:
2696:
2638:
2583:
2528:
2461:
Morgan, Gary S.; Czaplewski, Nicholas; Rincon, Aldo F.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan (November 2023).
2443:
156:
3105:
Herrera, Fabiany; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Manchester, Steven R. (July 2019).
2731:
Rincon, Aldo F.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Macfadden, Bruce J.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2015-09-03).
1016:
885:
3468:
3458:
3402:
3369:
3314:
3268:
3204:
3165:
3118:
3072:
3054:
3015:
2996:"New turtles (Chelonia) from the late Eocene through Late Miocene of the Panama Canal Basin"
2959:
2912:
2865:
2799:
2752:
2688:
2630:
2575:
2520:
2474:
2435:
2144:
2116:
1843:
1423:
391:
378:
1078:
841:
814:
2416:"Temporal Calibration and Biochronology of the Centenario Fauna, Early Miocene of Panama"
3454:
3365:
3161:
3050:
3011:
2955:
2908:
2861:
2795:
2748:
2684:
2626:
2571:
2431:
3473:
3192:
3077:
2032:
1830:
1801:
1687:
1680:
1609:
1156:
745:
575:
571:
244:
3540:
3298:
3239:
3106:
3034:
2995:
2892:
2827:
2668:
2415:
2281:
1970:
1952:
1942:
1548:
1372:
1368:
1167:
985:
699:
386:
82:
39:
27:
3224:
3374:
3349:
3169:
2579:
2088:
2060:
1823:
1794:
1713:
1488:
1476:
1460:
1352:
1240:
1046:
954:
687:
3035:"Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)"
2916:
3463:
3059:
2963:
2869:
2756:
2717:
THE SYSTEMATICS OF NORTH AMERICAN PECCARIES (MAMMALIA: ARTIODACTYLA: TAYASSUIDAE)
2715:
2346:
2328:
2253:
1922:
1912:
1784:
1766:
1697:
1601:
1222:
738:
654:
474:
403:
57:
31:
3391:"A liana from the lower Miocene of Panama and the fossil record of Connaraceae"
2478:
3272:
2893:"New Miocene Caribbean gavialoids and patterns of longirostry in crocodylians"
2042:
1543:
1391:
1150:
1068:
868:
797:
460:
364:
102:
67:
43:
3490:
3414:
3326:
3280:
3216:
3177:
3130:
3068:
2971:
2924:
2877:
2811:
2764:
2700:
2642:
2611:"Three-Toed Browsing Horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama"
2587:
2532:
2447:
266:
253:
227:
214:
3514:
3241:
Paleobotany and biogeography :a festschrift for Alan Graham in his 80th year
2172:
1998:
1755:
1733:
1569:
1132:
999:
720:
644:
595:
193:
179:
107:
51:
3482:
3422:
3334:
3303:
from the early
Miocene of Panama and the fossil record of Chrysobalanaceae"
3086:
3441:
2846:"Systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama"
2803:
2263:
2098:
1936:
1814:
1528:
1519:
1497:
1185:
922:
671:
565:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
35:
3406:
3318:
2819:
2779:
2650:
2610:
2595:
2555:
2540:
2508:
2182:
2003:
1293:
1212:
1122:
1095:
969:
467:
382:
375:
371:
112:
87:
2733:"New early Miocene protoceratids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Panama"
2692:
3019:
2780:"A large eagle (Aves, Accipitridae) from the early Miocene of Panama"
2634:
2556:"A New Genus of Geomyoid Rodent from the Miocene of Texas and Panama"
2231:
2221:
2200:
2014:
1649:
1466:
1441:
765:
360:
304:
2845:
433:
3208:
3122:
2439:
2249:
1862:
1233:
Gaillard Cut, Centenario Bridge, Hodges Hill & Cartagena Hill
1061:
1006:
975:
438:
368:
3297:
Jud, Nathan A.; Nelson, Chris W.; Herrera, Fabiany (2016-02-10).
1622:
1321:
710:
703:
518:
1628:
1155:
873:
744:
676:
2525:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[720:NAMLMF]2.0.CO;2
1857:
1644:
1564:
1386:
1316:
917:
760:
590:
513:
3489:
Stewart, R.H.; Stewart, J.L.; Woodring, W.P. (1980),
2720:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
2298:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama
310:
292:
282:
243:
204:
199:
189:
175:
170:
162:
152:
138:
128:
21:
1286:Gaillard Cut, Centenario Bridge & Hodges Hill
1027:Gaillard Cut, Centenario Bridge & Hodges Hill
2778:Steadman, David. W.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2016).
2509:"North American Miocene Land Mammals from Panama"
1552:, but crocodilian osteoderms are non-diagnostic
3191:Nelson, Chris W.; Jud, Nathan A. (2017-03-01).
574:, first reported as a new "large insectivorous
3244:. Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 124–133.
3492:Geologic Map of the Panama Canal and Vicinity
3389:Jud, Nathan A.; Nelson, Chris W. (May 2017).
8:
1367:A large eagle, talon resembles those of the
1261:Skull elements, teeth & limb fragments
1236:Skull elements, teeth & limb fragments
968:Mandible fragment, upper cheek tooth &
333:
18:
3472:
3462:
3373:
3076:
3058:
2109:Lirio East, Gold Hill & Empire sites
1546:comparable to those of gavialids such as
1860:
1647:
1567:
1389:
1319:
920:
763:
593:
516:
3197:International Journal of Plant Sciences
3111:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2308:
1748:Centenario Bridge & Culebra Reach
3354:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3292:
3290:
3150:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3142:
3140:
3100:
3098:
3096:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2839:
2837:
2662:
2660:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
1865:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
1652:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
1572:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
1394:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
1324:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
965:Gaillard Cut & Centenario Bridge
925:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
896:Pedro Miguel Lock & Gaillard Cut
768:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
598:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
521:reported from the Cucaracha Formation
7:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
561:Centenario Bridge & Hodges Hill
2897:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
490:Uncertain or tentative taxa are in
2944:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2850:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2737:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2714:PROTHERO, DONALD R. (2021-05-28).
2560:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2513:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
407:have been found in the formation.
14:
1615:Cartagena Hill & Hodges Hill
450:Taxon falsely reported as present
1033:Species reassigned to the genus
332:
325:
297:
455:Dubious taxon or junior synonym
3375:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.06.005
3170:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.05.006
2580:10.1080/02724634.1981.10011884
2467:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1361:West side of the Panama Canal
389:). Fossils of the crocodylian
1:
3547:Geologic formations of Panama
2917:10.1080/14772019.2018.1495275
3602:Geography of Panamá Province
3464:10.1371/journal.pone.0002791
3060:10.1371/journal.pone.0248369
2964:10.1080/02724634.2012.694387
2870:10.1080/02724634.2012.713814
2757:10.1080/02724634.2015.970688
2609:MacFadden, Bruce J. (2009).
2507:Macfadden, Bruce J. (2006).
341:Cucaracha Formation (Panama)
245:Approximate paleocoordinates
16:Geologic formation in Panama
417:
3623:
3395:American Journal of Botany
3307:American Journal of Botany
2554:Slaughter, Bob H. (1981).
2479:10.1007/s10914-023-09690-4
1810:Shell & limb elements
1146:Teeth & limb elements
3273:10.1163/22941932-20170178
2242:Northern Lirio East site
2180:
1780:Peripheral part of shell
1711:
1474:
1421:
1220:
424:
420:
320:
166:~125 m (410 ft)
26:
2367:Kirby et al., 2008, p.11
1289:Jaw elements with teeth
1030:Jaw elements with teeth
564:Partial jaw & right
422:
398:Rhinoclemmys panamaensis
3587:Conglomerate formations
3000:Journal of Paleontology
2784:Journal of Paleontology
2673:Journal of Paleontology
2615:Journal of Paleontology
2358:Kirby et al., 2008, p.9
383:Early to Middle Miocene
3577:Paleontology in Panama
3513:Woodring, W.P (1957),
2420:The Journal of Geology
1633:
1264:Remains reassigned to
1160:
878:
749:
681:
498:taxa are discredited.
1632:
1618:Incomplete vertebrae
1159:
877:
748:
680:
3582:Sandstone formations
3299:"Fruits and wood of
2804:10.1017/jpa.2016.103
2025:Northern Lirio East
1243:, first reported as
401:and the artiodactyl
3455:2008PLoSO...3.2791K
3407:10.3732/ajb.1700080
3366:2017RPaPa.246...44R
3319:10.3732/ajb.1500425
3162:2014RPaPa.209...11R
3051:2021PLoSO..1648369J
3012:2012JPal...86..539C
2956:2012JVPal..32.1328H
2909:2019JSPal..17.1049S
2862:2013JVPal..33..239H
2796:2016JPal...90.1012S
2749:2015JVPal..35E0688R
2685:2010JPal...84..288M
2627:2009JPal...83..489M
2572:1981JVPal...1..111S
2432:2014JG....122..113M
2325:Cucaracha Formation
2071:Panascleroticoxylon
1487:East margin of the
1298:Cynorca occidentale
1296:, originally named
374:dating back to the
353:Cucaracha Formation
263: /
224: /
28:Stratigraphic range
22:Cucaracha Formation
2315:Geologic Map, 1980
1836:Centenario Bridge
1777:Centenario Bridge
1726:Centenario Bridge
1704:side-necked turtle
1693:Centenario Bridge
1634:
1540:Headless skeleton
1537:Panama Canal Zone
1512:Centenario Bridge
1456:Centenario Bridge
1161:
1060:Jaws, teeth &
879:
750:
682:
445:Reclassified taxon
357:geologic formation
147:La Boca Formations
3607:Panama Canal Zone
2903:(12): 1049–1075.
2693:10.1666/09-064R.1
2289:
2288:
2252:belonging to the
1851:
1850:
1638:
1637:
1558:
1557:
1515:Partial mandible
1380:
1379:
1305:
1304:
911:
910:
754:
753:
584:
583:
502:
501:
493:
481:
480:
477:
470:
463:
456:
451:
446:
441:
349:
348:
157:Culebra Formation
32:Early Burdigalian
3614:
3597:Deltaic deposits
3592:Shale formations
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:, pp. 1–186
3521:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3485:
3476:
3466:
3427:
3426:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3062:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3020:10.1666/11-106.1
2991:
2976:
2975:
2950:(6): 1328–1334.
2935:
2929:
2928:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2790:(5): 1012–1015.
2775:
2769:
2768:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2635:10.1666/08-155.1
2606:
2600:
2599:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2504:
2483:
2482:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2411:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2342:Centenariosuchus
2338:
2332:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2155:Periplanetoxylon
2145:Chrysobalanaceae
2117:Chrysobalanaceae
1858:
1844:softshell turtle
1645:
1565:
1437:Skull & jaw
1424:Centenariosuchus
1387:
1317:
918:
761:
734:Jaw & teeth
628:Bassaricyonoides
591:
514:
491:
473:
466:
459:
454:
449:
444:
437:
434:
418:
392:Centenariosuchus
336:
335:
329:
303:
301:
300:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
124:
54:
19:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3488:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3045:(4): e0248369.
3032:
3031:
3027:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2506:
2505:
2486:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2413:
2412:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2339:
2335:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2021:M. paramericana
1856:
1751:Isolated bones
1729:Shell elements
1643:
1563:
1385:
1315:
1310:
1282:T. occidentalis
1196:Parablastomeryx
1181:Skull elements
1079:Floridatragulus
916:
842:flying squirrel
815:ground squirrel
759:
727:T. brevirostris
589:
551:Americanycteris
512:
507:
489:
432:
416:
363:. It preserves
345:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
337:
298:
296:
287:Panamá Province
271:
269:
265:
262:
257:
254:
252:
250:
249:
232:
230:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
211:
210:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
49:
48:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Neogene Panama
3559:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3510:
3486:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3401:(5): 685–693.
3381:
3340:
3313:(2): 277–289.
3286:
3267:(4): 437–455.
3247:
3230:
3209:10.1086/689618
3203:(3): 241–257.
3183:
3136:
3123:10.1086/703551
3117:(6): 479–492.
3092:
3025:
3006:(3): 539–557.
2977:
2930:
2883:
2833:
2770:
2743:(5): e970688.
2723:
2706:
2679:(2): 288–298.
2656:
2621:(3): 489–492.
2601:
2566:(1): 111–115.
2546:
2519:(3): 720–734.
2484:
2473:(4): 963–993.
2453:
2440:10.1086/675244
2426:(2): 113–135.
2369:
2360:
2351:
2333:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2127:Parinarioxylon
2122:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:P. crystallosa
2074:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:Calophyllaceae
2029:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2007:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1929:A. panamaensis
1926:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:A. heteroxylon
1898:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:Incertae sedis
1827:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:Culebra Reach
1805:
1802:Incertae sedis
1798:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:R. panamaensis
1717:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1688:Incertae sedis
1684:
1681:Podocnemididae
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:B. constrictor
1605:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:Indeterminate
1532:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:Partial snout
1491:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:Indeterminate
1356:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:C. occidentale
1020:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1003:
997:
994:
989:
981:
980:
978:
972:
966:
963:
958:
950:
949:
946:
943:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
915:
912:
909:
908:
906:
900:
897:
894:
889:
881:
880:
871:
865:
863:
860:
855:
847:
846:
844:
838:
836:
833:
828:
820:
819:
817:
811:
809:
806:
801:
793:
792:
789:
786:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
758:
755:
752:
751:
742:
735:
732:
729:
724:
716:
715:
713:
707:
697:
694:
693:Indeterminate
691:
684:
683:
674:
668:
666:
663:
658:
650:
649:
647:
641:
639:
636:
631:
623:
622:
619:
616:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:
588:
585:
582:
581:
579:
572:leaf-nosed bat
568:
562:
559:
554:
546:
545:
542:
539:
534:
531:
528:
524:
523:
511:
508:
506:
503:
500:
499:
484:
482:
479:
478:
471:
464:
457:
452:
447:
442:
426:
425:
423:
421:
415:
414:Fossil content
412:
347:
346:
340:
331:
330:
324:
323:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
294:
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
247:
241:
240:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
55:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3619:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Hemingfordian
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3525:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2282:Anacardiaceae
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:S. rothwellii
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:P. canalensis
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:P. panamensis
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:P. panamensis
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:, similar to
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1981:Guazumaoxylon
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Anacardiaceae
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:Dracontomelon
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Anacardiaceae
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1839:Right costal
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:Gavialosuchus
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1373:martial eagle
1370:
1369:crowned eagle
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:Gaillard Cut
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:Gaillard Cut
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:Gaillard Cut
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:Merycochoerus
1165:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:Gaillard Cut
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1116:Gaillard Cut
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:Machaeromeryx
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1089:Gaillard Cut
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1057:Gaillard Cut
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:Gaillard Cut
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:
986:Archaeohippus
983:
982:
979:
977:
973:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
952:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
919:
913:
907:
905:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:
883:
882:
876:
872:
870:
866:
864:
862:Gaillard Cut
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:
849:
848:
845:
843:
839:
837:
835:Gaillard Cut
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:
825:Petauristodon
822:
821:
818:
816:
812:
810:
808:Gaillard Cut
807:
805:
802:
800:
799:
795:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
767:
762:
756:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
731:Gaillard Cut
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
696:Gaillard Cut
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
679:
675:
673:
669:
667:
665:Gaillard Cut
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:
652:
651:
648:
646:
642:
640:
638:Gaillard Cut
637:
635:
632:
630:
629:
625:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
597:
592:
586:
580:
577:
576:phyllostomine
573:
569:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
552:
548:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
520:
515:
509:
504:
497:
488:
485:
483:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
453:
448:
443:
440:
436:
435:
431:
428:
427:
419:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:
400:
399:
395:, the turtle
394:
393:
388:
387:Hemingfordian
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
328:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
276:
248:
246:
242:
237:
209:
207:
203:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
45:
41:
40:Hemingfordian
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3528:, retrieved
3515:
3504:, retrieved
3491:
3446:
3440:
3433:Bibliography
3398:
3394:
3384:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3264:
3261:IAWA Journal
3260:
3250:
3240:
3233:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3153:
3149:
3114:
3110:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3003:
2999:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2853:
2849:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2709:
2676:
2672:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2516:
2512:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2423:
2419:
2363:
2354:
2341:
2336:
2320:
2311:
2280:A member of
2269:
2262:
2237:
2230:
2214:Hodges Hill
2209:
2193:Hodges Hill
2188:
2181:
2171:A member of
2165:Hodges Hill
2161:P. panamense
2160:
2153:
2143:A member of
2132:
2125:
2115:A member of
2104:
2097:
2089:Malpighiales
2087:A member of
2081:Hodges Hill
2076:
2069:
2061:Juglandaceae
2059:A member of
2048:
2041:
2031:A member of
2020:
2013:
2002:
1997:A member of
1991:Hodges Hill
1987:G. miocenica
1986:
1979:
1969:A member of
1958:
1951:
1941:A member of
1928:
1921:
1911:A member of
1905:Culebra Cut
1900:
1893:
1880:
1861:
1829:
1824:Trionychidae
1800:
1795:Testudinidae
1772:
1765:
1743:
1719:
1714:Rhinoclemmys
1712:
1686:
1667:
1648:
1607:
1600:
1587:
1568:
1547:
1507:
1489:Panama Canal
1482:
1477:Dadagavialis
1475:
1451:
1434:Hodges Hill
1429:
1422:
1409:
1392:Crocodilians
1390:
1383:Crocodilians
1353:Accipitridae
1339:
1320:
1297:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1253:
1244:
1241:protoceratid
1228:
1221:
1201:
1194:
1173:
1166:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1104:
1085:cf. F. nanus
1084:
1077:
1052:
1047:Floridaceras
1045:
1034:
1022:
1015:
1002:& tooth
991:
984:
961:A. clarencei
960:
955:Anchitherium
953:
940:
921:
891:
884:
857:
852:Proheteromys
850:
830:
823:
803:
796:
783:
764:
726:
719:
688:Hemicyonidae
660:
653:
633:
626:
613:
594:
556:
549:
536:
517:
495:
486:
429:
409:
402:
396:
390:
352:
350:
315:Panama Basin
267:8.4°N 77.5°W
228:9.0°N 79.6°W
184:conglomerate
143:Pedro Miguel
36:Mid Langhian
3552:Burdigalian
3502:, p. 1
3449:(7): 1–14,
2347:Fossilworks
2329:Fossilworks
2274:Lirio East
2254:Connaraceae
2210:P. hodgesii
2137:Lirio East
2053:Lirio East
2049:O. grahamii
1963:Lirio East
1959:D. montesii
1933:Lirio East
1923:Antrocaryon
1913:Paullinieae
1895:Ampelorhiza
1785:kinosternid
1767:Staurotypus
1698:epiplastron
1452:C. gilmorei
1430:C. gilmorei
1276:Tedfordhyus
1223:Paratoceras
1174:M. matthewi
1139:M. barbouri
1036:Tedfordhyus
892:T. stewarti
739:borophagine
655:Daphoenodon
596:Carnivorans
587:Carnivorans
557:A. cyrtodon
496:crossed out
475:Morphotaxon
404:Paratoceras
355:(Tca) is a
270: /
231: /
206:Coordinates
50:19–14
3567:Barstovian
3541:Categories
3530:2019-02-09
3506:2019-02-09
2856:(2): 239.
2304:References
2277:Endocarps
2112:Endocarps
2043:Oreomunnea
1966:Endocarps
1773:S. moschus
1544:Osteoderms
1266:P. coatesi
1229:P. coatesi
1202:cf. P. sp.
1151:rhinoceros
1112:cf. M. sp.
1069:rhinoceros
869:heteromyid
798:Nototamias
661:cf. D. sp.
492:small text
461:Ichnotaxon
365:vertebrate
272:8.4; -77.5
233:9.0; -79.6
44:Barstovian
3415:0002-9122
3360:: 44–61.
3327:0002-9122
3281:0928-1541
3217:1058-5893
3178:0034-6667
3156:: 11–34.
3131:1058-5893
3069:1932-6203
2972:0272-4634
2925:1477-2019
2878:0272-4634
2828:132732768
2812:0022-3360
2765:0272-4634
2701:0022-3360
2643:0022-3360
2588:0272-4634
2533:0272-4634
2448:0022-1376
2238:R. blatta
2173:Malvaceae
1999:Malvaceae
1937:Endocarps
1877:Presence
1756:geoemydid
1734:geoemydid
1664:Presence
1584:Presence
1570:Squamates
1561:Squamates
1406:Presence
1336:Presence
1133:Menoceras
1064:fragment
1053:F. whitei
1000:Calcaneus
937:Presence
923:Ungulates
914:Ungulates
780:Presence
721:Tomarctus
706:fragment
645:procyonid
610:Presence
533:Presence
430:Color key
194:Claystone
180:Sandstone
171:Lithology
163:Thickness
139:Underlies
133:Formation
3557:Langhian
3483:18665219
3442:PLoS ONE
3423:28500228
3335:26865122
3301:Parinari
3225:89714823
3087:33826635
3039:PLOS ONE
2820:48572611
2651:29739113
2292:See also
2264:Spondias
2099:Parinari
1881:Material
1815:tortoise
1668:Material
1588:Material
1529:Eusuchia
1520:gavialid
1508:D. gunai
1498:gavialid
1483:D. gunai
1410:Material
1340:Material
1308:Reptiles
1254:P. wardi
1245:P. wardi
1186:oreodont
941:Material
904:jimomyid
784:Material
672:bear dog
614:Material
566:premolar
537:Material
385:epochs (
200:Location
153:Overlies
3474:2464738
3451:Bibcode
3362:Bibcode
3158:Bibcode
3078:8026063
3047:Bibcode
3008:Bibcode
2952:Bibcode
2905:Bibcode
2858:Bibcode
2792:Bibcode
2745:Bibcode
2681:Bibcode
2623:Bibcode
2596:4522841
2568:Bibcode
2541:4524616
2428:Bibcode
2183:Prioria
2004:Guazuma
1888:Images
1874:Species
1826:indet.
1797:indet.
1787:turtle
1758:turtle
1736:turtle
1683:indet.
1675:Images
1661:Species
1650:Turtles
1641:Turtles
1608:B. cf.
1595:Images
1581:Species
1531:indet.
1461:angular
1417:Images
1403:Species
1355:indet.
1347:Images
1333:Species
1294:peccary
1213:moschid
1123:moschid
1096:camelid
1017:Cynorca
970:maxilla
948:Images
934:Species
886:Texomys
791:Images
777:Species
766:Rodents
757:Rodents
690:indet.
621:Images
607:Species
544:Images
530:Species
505:Mammals
468:Ootaxon
376:Neogene
372:fossils
293:Country
258:77°30′W
219:79°36′W
176:Primary
119:↓
3481:
3471:
3421:
3413:
3333:
3325:
3279:
3223:
3215:
3176:
3129:
3085:
3075:
3067:
2970:
2923:
2876:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2763:
2699:
2649:
2641:
2594:
2586:
2539:
2531:
2446:
2232:Rourea
2222:legume
2201:legume
2015:Mammea
1908:Roots
1863:Plants
1854:Plants
1744:R. sp.
1696:Right
1625:snake
1467:caiman
1459:Right
1442:caiman
1364:Talon
992:A. sp.
899:Teeth
858:P. sp.
831:P. sp.
804:N. sp.
702:&
700:Radius
634:B. sp.
379:period
361:Panama
311:Extent
305:Panama
302:
283:Region
255:8°24′N
216:9°00′N
145:&
3520:(PDF)
3496:(PDF)
3221:S2CID
2824:S2CID
2816:JSTOR
2647:JSTOR
2592:JSTOR
2537:JSTOR
2250:liana
2245:Wood
2217:Wood
2196:Wood
2168:Wood
2140:Wood
2084:Wood
2056:Nuts
2028:Stem
1994:Wood
1885:Notes
1871:Genus
1672:Notes
1658:Genus
1592:Notes
1578:Genus
1414:Notes
1400:Genus
1344:Notes
1330:Genus
1322:Birds
1313:Birds
1062:femur
1007:equid
976:equid
945:Notes
931:Genus
788:Notes
774:Genus
618:Notes
604:Genus
541:Notes
527:Genus
487:Notes
439:Taxon
369:plant
190:Other
3524:USGS
3500:USGS
3479:PMID
3419:PMID
3411:ISSN
3331:PMID
3323:ISSN
3277:ISSN
3213:ISSN
3174:ISSN
3127:ISSN
3083:PMID
3065:ISSN
2968:ISSN
2921:ISSN
2874:ISSN
2808:ISSN
2761:ISSN
2697:ISSN
2639:ISSN
2584:ISSN
2529:ISSN
2444:ISSN
2349:.org
2331:.org
1623:boid
1506:cf.
1450:cf.
1371:and
741:dog
711:bear
704:ulna
519:Bats
510:Bats
367:and
351:The
129:Type
58:PreꞒ
3469:PMC
3459:doi
3403:doi
3399:104
3370:doi
3358:246
3315:doi
3311:103
3269:doi
3205:doi
3201:178
3166:doi
3154:209
3119:doi
3115:180
3073:PMC
3055:doi
3016:doi
2960:doi
2913:doi
2866:doi
2800:doi
2753:doi
2689:doi
2631:doi
2576:doi
2521:doi
2475:doi
2436:doi
2424:122
2345:at
2327:at
1602:Boa
1184:An
1005:An
974:An
359:in
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3522:,
3498:,
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108:Pg
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