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with communist values. The Cubans brought over doctors, teachers and engineers. Cuban medical assistance was so great that
Spanish became known as the language of medicine in Angola. This key aspect of Angolan-Cuban relations still lasts to this day. Besides providing teachers to Angola, Cuba also provided bursaries for Angolans to study at Cuban universities. A clear positive and good intention was shown by Cuba in the sectors of medicine and health. Unfortunately Cuban intervention in the other sectors (agriculture and civil infrastructure) was undermined by the Marxist ideals and Cuban experiments. Cuban sugarcane is bigger and has a higher yield than Angolan sugarcane. Based on this simple principle, Cuba exterminated all Angolan sugarcane and substituted it with the 'better' Cuban sugarcane. Unfortunately, the Cuban sugarcane did not adapt to the Angolan environment and failed. It a fell swoop, Cuba had wiped out all Angolan sugarcane. With the Angolan sugarcane industry decimated, Cuba cannibalized the Angolan sugarcane mills and took the parts back to Cuba. Cuba built many houses as part of a widespread housing program using an industrialized construction technique that was also experimental and turned to failure. Today, Angolans refer to the dilapidated houses as the "Cuban Cages".
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oil tumbled (eventually leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union) and Angola's ability to fund Cuban ventures was severely cut to the point that Angola could no longer afford to pay for any foreign assistance and went into debt. With no money to go around and internal strains between the
Angolans and Cubans, by the mid to late 1980s the bi-lateral relationship changed dramatically. For Cuba there were no longer any revenues from Angola but instead a very expensive operation of funding a military and civilian force in Angola. Cuba was also suffering their own hardships based on a command economy that had systematically become too expensive to run. Although the two sides still had a respectful relationship the soon departure of the Cuban occupiers was a foregone conclusion.
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the MPLA no longer had a major backer, they faced a military impasse and a world where multi-party democracy with
Capitalistic economies were showing success. The MPLA realized that a new political and economic vision was needed to answer both their military woes and their economic aspirations. At the third congress of the People the MPLA decided that the Marxist–Leninist policy had brought more suffering than relief and was dropped. The MPLA changed their course and opened the door for a multi-party democracy based on a capitalistic economy. Renewed peace negotiations were held with UNITA which this time lead to an election. However following the
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and as in 1985, the South
Africans intervened and the attack was again a disastrous failure with the MPLA/Soviet troops being halted at the Lomba river by the South Africans. It was at the battle at the Lomba river that MPLA realized that impending departure of both the Cubans and Soviets would leave them alone and severely weakened. The MPLA decided to enter negotiations with the prime objective of getting the South Africans out of Angola and hopefully battle UNITA without foreign intervention. In a number of follow-up battles, the South African and UNITA troops drove the MPLA/Soviet troops back to Cuito Cuanavale and
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would normally believe to belong to individuals now belong to the state. However, due to the conflict and social upheavals many
Portuguese citizens fled Angola, abandoning their cars. Many high ranking Cuban soldiers came across these abandoned cars and helped themselves to them. Senior Angolan officials were insulted to find many Angolan cars with Angolan license plates driving the streets of Havana. Many similar incidents such as the Cuban plundering of rare woods in Cabinda began to show strain in the relationship between Angola and Cuba.
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MPLA through his control of the nation's newspapers and state-run television. Alves visited the Soviet Union in
October 1976. When he returned, Neto began taking steps to neutralize the threat he saw in the Nitistas, followers of Alves. Ten armored cars with the FAPLA's 8th Brigade broke into São Paulo prison at 4 a.m. on May 27, killing the prison warden and freeing more than 150 supporters, including 11 who had been arrested only a few days before. The brigade took control of the radio station in
863:" to help fight UNITA. The MPLA as an elected government fully recognized in the entire international community teamed up with military forces from their previous foe to oust UNITA. With superior training and bushwar tactics from the South Africans coupled with the impressive Soviet military weaponry still in stock, the MPLA were able to eventually drive UNITA back. The eventual defection of one of Savimbi's senior generals also helped to corner and eradicate Savimbi.
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border in an attempt of a last honourable attack. Again the South
African G5 gun was used to terrifying results halting the advance. Without consulting the MPLA and the Soviets, Castro launched his MiG fighter jets, initially trying to remove the G5 guns, but on the same flight, they turned and attacked the Caluque hydro scheme. This attack almost undermined the peace negotiations and again strained the relationship between Cuba and Angola (and the Soviet Union).
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589:(located in Zaire/DRC) was a separate colony of Portugal that was for a short while place the governorship of the Portuguese Angolan governor. At the time of liberation, Cabinda was lumped into the Angolan custodianship and quickly absorbed by the MPLA as being part of Angola. The self-determination rights of the people of Cabinda, a geographically separate nation, was ignored by the MPLA and Cuban government. The
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China (and later from the West) and MPLA from the
Soviets and Cuba. Although many exhaustive attempts were made (by Portugal) to get the three movements to agree to a peaceful democratic system of power sharing (with multi-party democracy), the specter of being the sole ruler of Angola seemed to undermine any peaceful solution. Cuba added to the failure of the
326:(MINFAR) and the Air Force between August 20 and September 5 so they could put all their energy into planning and orchestrating Cuba's invasion of Angola. The Soviets, aware of Castro's plans, opposed Castro's invasion plans (as the Soviets correctly believed the Cubans could set off greater discord in the cold war détente) but stood by him. Castro asked
593:, a Cabindan separatist rebel group, attacked a Cuban base near Tshiowa on August 11. The Cuban forces repelled any attacks on the oil fields of Cabinda and placed over 2,000 soldiers guarding oil production facilities owned by American companies creating a stark irony in the Cuban publicized propaganda.
313:(the capital city) on 11 November 1975 would be recognized as the governing party. This put the MPLA (who had a base following in Luanda) at a natural advantage. The other two parties then sought foreign military assistance to take on the Cuban-backed MPLA and make an attempt to gain control of Luanda.
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Fidel Castro realized that his dream of having Angola as a strong
Marxist state in Africa and a spring board to spread Marxism in Africa would quickly evaporate if he did not lend assistance to MPLA. Castro reacted in support of the MPLA by sending 35,000 troops to the Cuito Cuanavale stage. However,
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and make a move on UNITA's stronghold of
Mavinga. The Cuban military correctly raised concern on the whole attack process as the Cubans had made a similar attempt in 1985 when the South African forces intervened and the entire attack turned into a disastrous failure. Nonetheless, the attack proceeded
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Portugal set Angola's independence date for 11 November 1975. Three prominent liberation movements contended for the role of leading the newly formed independent country, namely: UNITA, FNLA and the MPLA. Each of the three movements received foreign assistance, UNITA from Western countries, FNLA from
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Cuba's relationship with Angola altered, the military command would transfer to the Soviets and the Cubans would focus on a more humanitarian and infrastructure program. During this time period Cuba implemented some impressive assistance to the MPLA in setting the foundation for a true Marxist state
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at 7 a.m. and announced their coup, calling themselves the MPLA Action Committee. The brigade asked citizens to show their support for the coup by demonstrating in front of the presidential palace. The Nitistas captured Bula and Dangereaux, generals loyal to Neto, but Neto had moved his base of
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and the Active Revolt during Angola's War of Independence. Factionalism within the MPLA became a major challenge to Neto's power by late 1975 and he gave Alves the task of once again clamping down on dissension. Alves shut down the Cabral and Henda committees while expanding his influence within the
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Initially with Cuba, the Soviets and South Africa out of Angola, the MPLA thought they could use the left over advanced Soviet Military equipment and deliver the final blow to UNITA on their own. None of the parties contended with the USA providing support to UNITA, causing a power shift. This time
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Cuba attempted to break the siege of Cuito Cuanavale but found that the South African G5 Howitzer gun had created havoc, severely disrupting the supply route to Cuito (the supply route became known as the "Road of Death"). Castro turned his troops southward and made a direct advance on the Namibian
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to destroy villages in a 2.6-kilometre-wide (1.6 mi) area along the Angola-Namibia border. Only women and children passed through this area, the "Castro Corridor", because Cuban troops had shot all males ten years of age or older to prevent them from joining the UNITA. The napalm killed cattle
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principles (the MPLA also dropped the "Labour Party" extension to its name as a clear sign of dropping their communist aspirations). From an economic standpoint, Cuba has lost its preferred status among Angolans and South Africa has become the biggest single investor and trading partner with Angola
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The relationship between Angola, Cuba and the Soviet Union was ironically heavily funded by sales of oil to capitalistic countries. Both the Soviet Union and Angola were large scale exporters of oil providing funds for the various Cuban initiatives. During the years 1984 to 1988 the world price of
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For this reason in a blatant intervention in domestic affairs of Angola, Cuban troops retook the palace at Neto's request and marched to the radio station. After an hour of fighting, the Cubans succeeded and proceeded to the barracks of the 8th brigade, recaptured by 1:30 p.m. While the Cuban
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joined the Cubans on November 12. The Soviet leadership expressly forbade the Cubans from intervening in Angola's civil war, focusing the mission on containing South Africa. Cuba ignored Soviet pleas and undertook a full large-scale invasion with a staggering 35,000 troops landing in Angola at the
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and Angola. Of these African colonies, Angola has vast amounts of oil and an abundance of other natural resources. Given that the 1970s became the awakening of the oil age and knowing that Angola's large oil reserves would serve well to make it a rich and strong backer of a Marxist expansion, Cuba
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Probably the biggest downfall in the relation between Angola and Cuba (during this period) was the systematic plundering of Angolan property by the Cubans. Under the Marxist principle all property belonged to the state. As an example, under the definition of 'all property' domestic cars that one
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The accumulation of small incidents began to strain the relationship between Cuba and Angola: Cuban forces were to be seen as the saviors of Angola and were given special privileges over Angolans. Privileges which the Cubans appear to have abused. Any minor dispute would normally be resolved in
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Amendment passed forbidding the US from participating in Angola. Without US official support the South African military commenced their withdrawal in February 1976. On the other hand, Cuba's troop force in Angola increased from 5,500 in December 1975 to 11,000 in February 1976. FNLA forces were
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UNITA rejected the election results and turned to arms. UNITA and other opposition parties claimed the elections were rigged. However this time the USA did not support UNITA and both parties returned to war. The MPLA did not turn to Cuba for renewed assistance but in a twist of irony, the MPLA
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With the Peace Accord complete, the South African forces withdrew from Angola and went about enacting the democratic hand over of Namibia. Cuba withdrew all its troops and now faced the full brunt of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Having focused so much of its finite resources to the Second
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Angolan government and Cuban troops had control over all southern cities by 1977. Savimbi expressed his willingness for rapprochement with the MPLA and the formation of a unity, socialist government, but he insisted on Cuban withdrawal first. "The real enemy is Cuban colonialism", Savimbi told
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The imminent collapse of the Soviet Union lead to a desperate attempt to severely weaken the military foes in preparation for the MPLA to 'go it alone'. Under the leadership of the Soviet General, in late 1987 an attack was planned to break the back of UNITA. The attack would be launched from
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favour of the Cubans, and a growing sense that Angolans were second class citizens in their own country raised resentment. After all the Angolans originally fought to gain liberation from the Portuguese colonials only to be subjected to a Cuban system of discrimination.
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Mobutu accused the Angolan government, as well as the Cuban and Soviet governments, of complicity in the war. While Neto did support the FNLC, the Angolan government's support came in response to Mobutu's continued support for Angola's anti-communists. The
357:, the First Deputy Minister of the FAR, traveled with 480 soldiers from Cuba to Lisbon, Portugal and then to Luanda. They escaped detection, arriving on August 21, by posing as tourists. None of them carried weapons. Many carried luggage packed with cash.
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The intense effort by the Cubans made the MPLA the leading military power. Seeing the mass of Soviet-made military weapons arriving in Angola (destined for Cuban forces and MPLA cadres), Savimbi made a desperate appeal to the West for assistance. The US
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sent an additional four thousand troops to prevent further dissension within the MPLA's ranks and met with Neto in August in a display of solidarity. In contrast, Neto's distrust in the Soviet leadership increased and relations with the USSR worsened.
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At the time, Cuba had already in place an agreement with Neto to receive approximately $ 1,000 per Cuban (in Angola) making the Angolan invasion a very profitable venture for the Cubans. Any upset to this venture would not be tolerated by the Cubans.
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With the failure of the Alvor Accord, the stage was set for a high-noon shoot-out among the three parties in a win-all competition. The victor would become the leader of Angola. It seemed a foregone conclusion that the party which held control over
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in 1965. Guevara told his superiors he did not trust Savimbi, and Savimbi possibly presented a danger. This was probably linked to the fact that Savimbi did not have any notable aspirations towards Marxism–Leninism. However, to Cuba's surprise,
369:) severely restricted the CIA intervention in undeclared wars. The CIA attempted to circumvent their own legislation and employed a limited number of mercenaries engaged in Angola. The CIA also turned to South Africa (at the time an
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peace negotiations had progressed and Cuba needed to become a participant in the negotiations to ensure at least a form of honourable departure from Angola. With Cuban presence at the table, the negotiations became known as the "
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activity in southern Angola, flew Cuban soldiers into Luanda one week before November 11, the declared date of independence. While Cuban officers led the mission and provided the bulk of the troop force, 60 Soviet officers in
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The two concession points made by Cuba and the MPLA allowed South Africa to deal with the ANC in its own way and allowed the US to continue support to UNITA in producing a power shift once the foreign forces had left Angola.
268:(the then leader of the MPLA) had a very strong Marxist leaning which suited the Cuban agenda. In the 1960s Cuba mobilized a task force to assist Agostinho Neto to build an army and carry out a terror campaign against the
488:, from eastern Angola on March 7, 1977. The FNLC wanted to overthrow Mobutu and the Angolan government, suffering from Mobutu's support for the FNLA and UNITA, did not try to stop the invasion. The FNLC failed to capture
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in Southern Angola (which fed into Namibia) and had a natural fear of the effects of instability in Angola – thus South Africa initially sent troops to protect the Hydro Scheme (and later intervened in the civil war).
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to feed government troops and to retaliate against UNITA sympathizers. Angolans fled from their homeland; 10,000 going south to Namibia and 16,000 east to Zambia, where they lived in refugee camps. Foreign Secretary
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withdrew in 1975. The US found themselves in a political impasse with internal government support and discord over the Angola issue (of which Cuba and the USSR took advantage). Eventually in February 1976 the
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Cuba's relationship with Angola started in the 1960s as part of the "Second Revolution" movement announced by Fidel Castro. The movement intended to bring Marxism–Leninism to Africa starting primarily in
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210:(FNLA) guerrillas who were aided by the South-African army. The present day outcome of the war resulted in the MPLA changing from a Marxist–Leninist party to a multi-party democratic system based on
249:). The failed attempt to make a foothold in the Zaire presented various lessons to Cuba which were used in identifying better candidate nations, leaders and better opportunities for success.
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focused on primarily supporting Angolan Marxist rebel movements over the liberation movements of other Portuguese colonies, thus beginning the special relationship between Cuba and Angola.
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365:(CIA) had been tracking the communist build-up in Angola and understood the gravity of the situation. Although the CIA wanted to intervene in a large scale, the US laws (
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Soon after the negotiations and the accord was reached, Cuba implemented their prescribed program of removing their troops from Angola which was completed by May 1991.
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fighter aircraft to beat back the FNLC. The counter-invasion force pushed the last of the militants, along with a number of refugees, into Angola and Zambia in April.
492:, Zaire's economic heartland, but took Kasaji, and Mutshatsha. Zairian troops were defeated without difficulty and the FNLC continued to advance. Mobutu appealed to
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305:(to bring the three parties together) by inducing MPLA to believe that with Cuba's backing they could dominate any military confrontation and win Angola's rule.
524:, unconvinced of Cuban involvement, responded by offering a meager $ 15 million-worth of non-military aid. American timidity during the war prompted a shift in
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decided to pull out of its African colonies. By this time Cuba had already infiltrated and commenced large scale activities in the Portuguese colonies of
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from the US to France, which became Zaire's largest supplier of arms after the intervention. Neto and Mobutu signed a border agreement on July 22, 1977.
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334:(FAPLA) fighters and transportation for Cuban soldiers, requests the USSR ignored. The Soviets did send military advisers to council MPLA leaders in
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force captured the palace and radio station, the Nitistas kidnapped seven leaders within the government and the military, shooting and killing six.
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Although Cuba bargained hard for various concessions, related to the Angola situation there were some instrumental points that Cuba conceded:
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reporters, warning, "The Cubans have taken over the country". UNITA accused Cuban troops of using flame throwers, bulldozers, and planes with
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on January 30, 1976. By mid-November, the Huambo government had gained control over southern Angola and began pushing north.
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Cuba's leaders appointed Raúl Diaz Argüelles as commander of the Cuban Military Mission in Angola. Argüelles, subordinate to
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Revolution primarily in Africa with the main focus on Angola, Cuba's own economy was in a state of tatters.
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508:. This troop force worked in conjunction with the Zairian army and the FNLA of Angola with air cover from
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In 1975 and 1976 most foreign forces, with the exception of Cuba, withdrew. The last elements of the
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forces fought alongside the Marxist–Leninist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (
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state) for assistance in response to the Cuban build-up. South Africa had invested in the
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Political Liberalization and Democratization in Africa: Lessons from Country Experiences
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The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale
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operations from the palace to the Ministry of Defence in fear of such an uprising.
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soldiers actively helped Neto put down the coup, Alves and Neto both believed the
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UNITA would be allowed to get support from the US after the process was complete.
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leaders with the intent of gaining independence and installing a Marxist state.
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United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis and Change
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Castro dismissed the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the heads of
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on November 13, 1978, detailing an anti-UNITA attack by 20,000 troops from
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The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars
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The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
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Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
880:"Angola: Cuban Ambassador Considers Announcement of Polls Date Important"
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The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito
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government employed the services of a South African mercenary group "
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Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976
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Gleijeses, Piero. "Moscow's Proxy? Cuba and Africa 1975–1988."
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Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
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The Political Role of the Military: An International Handbook
338:. The Cuban government gave the MPLA 12,000 M-52 rifles from
202:-backed National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (
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Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity
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Danopoulos, Constantine Panos; Watson, Cynthia Ann (1996).
882:. Angola Press Agency via allAfrica. 2007. Archived from
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expressed similar concerns over British involvement in
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963:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001).
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
332:People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola
950:SAT Subject Tests: World History 2005–2006
1329:Angola/Cuba Chronology of Relations (2008-2009)
1172:Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict
948:Martin, Peggy J.; Kaplan; Kaplan Staff (2005).
591:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Cabinda
478:Front for the National Liberation of the Congo
350:, mortars, light artillery, and machine guns.
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1284:Kalley, Jacqueline A.; Elna Schoeman (1999).
743:Their support for the (then) Marxist-leaning
221:is the current ambassador of Cuba to Angola.
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800:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
280:In 1975, in response to the demands of the
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255:, the future president of UNITA, met with
820:Learn how and when to remove this message
683:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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980:The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa
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1045:"Angola: 'Absolute Hell Over There'"
994:"Angolan War: Left claims victories"
798:adding citations to reliable sources
719:besieged the town of Cuito Cuanavale
661:adding citations to reliable sources
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1265:George (2005). Pages 129–131.
208:National Liberation Front of Angola
1107:Garthoff, Raymond Leonard (1985).
1053:. January 17, 1977. Archived from
412:, a joint Cuban–Angolan attack on
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2180:Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs
601:UNITA released a communiqué from
324:Cuba's Revolutionary Armed Forces
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1391:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1202:Culture and Customs of the Congo
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247:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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42:needs additional citations for
1625:Minister of External Relations
1217:Politics in Francophone Africa
1200:Mukenge, Tshilemalema (2002).
843:"Special Period in Peace Time"
762:Post-Peace Accord relationship
355:General Abelardo Colomé Ibarra
318:Angolan Civil War § 1970s
1:
2204:Bilateral relations of Angola
2071:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
1605:Diplomatic missions in Angola
978:Mazrui, Ali Al 'Amin (1977).
845:and a 34% drop in their GDP.
585:The oil producing exclave of
502:Organization of African Unity
1155:; Mbaku, John Mukum (2003).
1153:Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo
1122:Schraeder, Peter J. (1999).
544:, had successfully put down
448:Lancaster House negotiations
330:for staff officers to train
231:Cuban intervention in Angola
2209:Bilateral relations of Cuba
2142:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2122:Diplomatic missions of Cuba
1372:Foreign relations of Angola
1303:Journal of Cold War Studies
1215:Vine, Victor T. Le (2004).
363:Central Intelligence Agency
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259:'s ally and revolutionary
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198:) government; against the
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1674:Foreign relations of Cuba
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1233:; Mango, Anthony (2003).
745:African National Congress
577:supported Neto's ouster.
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1252:. p. 127–128.
1078:"Carrington on Rhodesia"
1029:Porter, Bruce D (1986).
937:. p. 230–235.
395:peak of their invasion.
1274:Kalley (1999). Page 12.
1248:George, Edward (2005).
1170:Tanca, Antonio (1993).
915:George, Edward (2005).
66:"Angola–Cuba relations"
1231:Osmâanczyk, Edmund Jan
1185:Dunn, Kevin C (2003).
1126:. p. 87–88.
526:Zaire's foreign policy
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381:The government of the
2199:Angola–Cuba relations
2169:Foreign interventions
1305:8.4 (2006): 98–146.
897:Kukkuk, Leon (2005).
522:Carter administration
512:pilots flying French
476:1,500 members of the
462:Shaba Province, Zaire
461:
229:Further information:
215:(outside oil sales).
133:Angola-Cuba relations
18:Cuba Angola relations
899:Letters to Gabriella
794:improve this section
657:improve this section
375:Caluque Hydro Scheme
282:Carnation Revolution
245:(today known as the
51:improve this article
2115:Diplomatic missions
1813:Trinidad and Tobago
400:Portuguese military
270:Portuguese colonial
134:
129:Bilateral relations
1773:Dominican Republic
1311:Gleijeses, Piero.
1057:on 3 February 2009
999:The Canberra Times
861:Executive Outcomes
856:Halloween Massacre
500:, chairman of the
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188:Angola's civil war
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2153:Internationalism
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1006:. 31 January 1976
919:. pp. 65–70.
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779:This section
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642:This section
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494:William Eteki
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290:Guinea-Bissau
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253:Jonas Savimbi
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68: –
67:
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62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2052:Multilateral
2037:Soviet Union
1713:South Africa
1687:
1584:Soviet Union
1455:
1416:South Africa
1312:
1302:
1288:. p. 9.
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1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1081:
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1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1048:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1014:– via
1008:. Retrieved
997:
988:
979:
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958:
949:
943:
934:
925:
916:
898:
892:
884:the original
874:
852:
840:
831:
816:
810:January 2024
807:
792:Please help
780:
756:
753:
738:
735:
731:
723:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
679:
670:
655:Please help
643:
619:East Germany
600:
584:
575:Soviet Union
568:
564:
560:
535:
518:
475:
423:
397:
383:Soviet Union
380:
359:
352:
321:
307:
303:Alvor Accord
299:
279:
257:Fidel Castro
251:
239:
217:
185:
113:
107:January 2024
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1914:South Korea
1909:Philippines
1894:North Korea
1092:29 December
579:Raúl Castro
446:during the
408:crushed by
336:Brazzaville
261:Che Guevara
2193:Categories
2042:Yugoslavia
1849:Bangladesh
1844:Azerbaijan
1589:Yugoslavia
1401:Mozambique
1386:Cape Verde
1061:4 February
1010:4 February
867:References
849:For Angola
673:April 2022
542:Nito Alves
294:Mozambique
212:neoliberal
77:newspapers
2101:Rio Group
2054:relations
1919:Sri Lanka
1904:Palestine
1864:Indonesia
1828:Venezuela
1783:Guatemala
1738:Argentina
1609:of Angola
1497:Indonesia
1446:Argentina
781:does not
644:does not
450:in 1980.
392:the Congo
371:apartheid
2157:Military
2147:Minister
2006:Kiribati
1960:Holy See
1899:Pakistan
1889:Malaysia
1808:Suriname
1748:Barbados
1731:Americas
1693:Ethiopia
1598:Missions
1553:Portugal
1439:Americas
1421:Zimbabwe
933:(2005).
837:For Cuba
607:Portugal
510:Egyptian
506:Kinshasa
498:Cameroon
472:Shaba II
444:Bush War
440:Rhodesia
348:Bulgaria
286:Portugal
2162:Medical
2126:in Cuba
2106:UNECLAC
2091:Oceania
2021:Vanuatu
1999:Oceania
1950:Germany
1929:Vietnam
1823:Uruguay
1793:Jamaica
1778:Grenada
1753:Bolivia
1743:Bahamas
1703:Namibia
1538:Germany
1517:Vietnam
1471:Uruguay
1411:Nigeria
1406:Namibia
1315:(2002)
802:removed
787:sources
665:removed
650:sources
615:Katanga
587:Cabinda
536:Neto's
490:Kolwezi
468:Shaba I
434:of the
225:History
200:Western
186:During
91:scholar
2030:Former
2016:Tuvalu
1980:Serbia
1975:Russia
1970:Poland
1965:Kosovo
1955:Greece
1945:France
1938:Europe
1924:Turkey
1879:Israel
1798:Mexico
1763:Canada
1758:Brazil
1688:Angola
1681:Africa
1577:Former
1563:Serbia
1558:Russia
1548:Norway
1533:France
1526:Europe
1512:Turkey
1502:Israel
1461:Mexico
1451:Brazil
1379:Africa
1317:online
1307:online
569:While
555:Luanda
514:Mirage
427:napalm
414:Huambo
405:Tunney
342:, 133
311:Luanda
206:) and
164:Angola
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2076:CELAC
1985:Spain
1884:Japan
1859:India
1854:China
1788:Haiti
1768:Chile
1698:Kenya
1568:Spain
1543:Italy
1507:Japan
1492:India
1487:China
1396:Kenya
1016:Trove
625:1980s
603:Paris
571:Cuban
486:Zaire
482:Shaba
346:from
243:Zaire
236:1960s
204:UNITA
192:Cuban
98:JSTOR
84:books
2066:ALBA
1874:Iraq
1869:Iran
1837:Asia
1803:Peru
1480:Asia
1456:Cuba
1094:2007
1082:Time
1063:2023
1050:Time
1012:2023
785:any
783:cite
648:any
646:cite
611:Cuba
597:1978
470:and
420:1977
344:RPGs
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