196:
31:
502:
330:, where it is also given to those born on Monday. Cudjoe or Kudzo is the alternate name besides Kodzo, given to male children among the Gbe speaking tribes stretching from South eastern Ghana to south western Nigeria. His captors were Fon, a branch of that language cluster. Historian Diouf posits that the surname "Lewis" was a corruption of his father's name Oluale, sharing the "lu" sound; in his homeland, the closest analog to what speakers of
352:
428:-style "family compound." Another son, Cudjoe FeĂŻchtan, was fatally shot by a black sheriff's deputy in 1902. Lewis outlived his wife and all of his children. He allowed his daughter-in-law Mary Wood Lewis, his grandchildren and eventually her second husband Joe Lewis (no relation) to remain in their house in the compound.
392:
captives tried to raise money to return to their homeland. The men worked in lumber mills and the women raised and sold produce, but they could not acquire sufficient funds. After realizing that they would not be able to return to Africa, the group deputized Lewis to ask
Timothy Meaher for a grant of
380:
captives were located at an area north of Mobile known as
Magazine Point, the Plateau, or "Meaher's hammock," where the Meahers owned a mill and a shipyard. Although only three miles from the town of Mobile, it was isolated, separated from the city by a swamp and a forest, and easily accessible only
400:
as a self-contained, independent black community. The group appointed leaders to enforce communal norms derived from their shared
African background. They also developed institutions including a church, a school, and a cemetery. Diouf explains that Africatown was unique because it was both a "black
306:
had been alerted to its activities, and
Timothy Meaher, his brother Burns, and their associate John Dabney were arrested and charged with illegal possession of the captives. However, there was a gap of almost five months between the end of July 1860, when summonses and writs of seizure were issued
431:
Lewis worked as a farmer and laborer until 1902, when his buggy was damaged and he was injured in a collision with a train in Mobile. As he was unable to work at heavy labor, the community appointed him as sexton of the church. In 1903 it took the name of the Union
Missionary Baptist Church.
404:
Writing in 1914, Emma
Langdon Roche noted that the surviving founders of Africatown preferred to speak in their own language among themselves. She described the English of adults as "very broken and not always intelligible even to those who have lived among them for many years." However, the
520:
In 1928 Hurston returned with additional resources; she conducted more interviews with
Kossula, took photographs, and recorded what was thought to be the only known film footage of an African who had been trafficked to the United States through the slave trade (though one other
238:, and those who used their work, referred to Lewis and his fellow-captives as "Tarkars," based on his account. Diouf believes that the term "Tarkar" might have come from a misunderstanding of the name of their local king, or the name of their village.
393:
land. When he refused, the members of the community continued to raise money and began to purchase land around
Magazine Point. On September 30, 1872, Lewis bought about two acres of land in the Plateau area for $ 100.00 (~$ 2,543 in 2023).
318:
slaves of Meaher, his brothers, or their associates. Lewis was purchased by James Meaher, for whom he worked as a deckhand on a steamer. During this time he became known as "Cudjo Lewis." He later explained that he suggested "Cudjo," a
986:
307:
against the
Meahers and Dabney, and mid-December when they received them. During the intervening period the captives were dispersed and hidden, and without their physical presence as evidence, the case was dismissed in January 1861.
479:
She described their capture in Africa, enslavement, and lives in
Africatown. They requested that she use their African names in her work, in the hope that it might reach their homeland "where some might remember them."
401:
town," inhabited exclusively by people of African ancestry, and an enclave of people born in another country. She writes, "Black towns were safe havens from racism, but African Town was a refuge from Americans."
569:
1965:
513:, then a graduate student in anthropology who became a folklorist. The next year she published an article, "Cudjoe's Own Story of the Last African Slaver" (1928). According to her biographer
978:
595:
excavated Lewis' homesite in Africatown, along with those of two other residents, to search for artifacts and evidence of African practices in the founders' daily lives in the United States.
1542:
606:
In 2016, Kazoola Eatery & Entertainment opened in downtown Mobile. The jazz and blues venue serves not only as a tribute to Lewis, but a symbol of cultural unity in the downtown area.
1572:
1511:
417:
survivor, Abile (Americanized as "Celia"). They formally married on March 15, 1880, along with several other couples from Africatown. They remained together until Abile's death in 1905.
420:
They had six children, five sons and a daughter, to each of whom they gave both an African name and an American name. Their eldest son, Aleck (or Elick) Iyadjemi (which translated from
764:
441:
1773:
599:
541:
211:(Americans would later transcribe his given name as "Kazoola"), around 1841 in West Africa. Analyzing names and the other words attributed to the Africatown founders, historian
148:
group became free. A number of them founded a community at Magazine Point, north of Mobile, Alabama. They were joined there by others born in Africa. Now designated as the
1960:
1079:
280:
Some reports allege that Meaher fully intended to break the law, and that he had bet a businessman $ 100,000 that he could successfully evade the prohibition on the
1955:
1481:
979:"Descendant of last survivor of final slave ship to travel from Africa to US tells of pride as forefather's story is published – 87 years after it was written"
1850:
227:. Lewis's father was Oluwale (or Oluale) and his mother Fondlolu; he had five full siblings and twelve half-siblings through his father's other two wives.
1870:
656:, where she became known also as Sally Smith. She married, had a daughter, and lived to 1937 in Bogue Chitto. She is considered the last survivor of the
621:
561:
In 1959 a memorial bust of Lewis was erected in front of Africatown's Union Missionary Baptist Church atop a pyramid of bricks that had been made by the
553:
Cudjo Lewis died on July 17, 1935, and was buried at the Plateau Cemetery in Africatown. Since his death, his status as one of the last survivors of the
1728:
1945:
1017:
1880:
459:
refused to pay damages, he hired an attorney, sued the railroad, and won a significant settlement of $ 650.00. The award was overturned on appeal.
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1534:
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magic dipper and whip" and "T'appin fooled by Billy Goat's eyes," and "Lion Hunt," his autobiographical account about hunting in Africa, in the
536:, learned of Lewis and began to send him money for his support. Lewis was also interviewed by journalists for local and national publications.
1915:
1855:
772:
1935:
1900:
1865:
153:
467:
In the first quarter of the 20th century, Lewis began to serve as an informant for scholars and other writers, sharing the history of the
517:, this piece largely plagiarized Emma Roche's work, although Hurston added information about daily life in Lewis' home village of Banté.
1046:
1860:
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925:
588:
In 2007 two African filmmakers donated a bust of Lewis to the Africatown Welcome Center. It was severely damaged by vandalism in 2011.
424:
means "I suffered"), became a grocer; he took his wife to live in a house on his father's land. Diouf describes this arrangement as a
127:
between Africa and the United States. Together with 115 other African captives, he was brought to the United States on board the ship
323:
commonly given to boys born on a Monday, as an alternative to his given name when James Meaher had difficulty pronouncing "Kossola."
1885:
1782:
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1940:
691:
303:
273:. The importation of slaves into the United States had been illegal since 1808, but slaves were still routinely smuggled in from
1950:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1890:
1845:
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residents also adopted some American customs, including Christianity. Lewis converted in 1869, joining a Baptist church.
592:
1910:
1400:
825:
Durkin, Hannah (2020-03-19). "Uncovering The Hidden Lives of Last Clotilda Survivor Matilda McCrear and Her Family".
1473:
1071:
1905:
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and the written record created by his interviewers, have made him a public figure of the history of the community.
385:
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which Hemenway described as "a highly dramatic, semifictionalized narrative intended for the popular reader."
195:
1720:
1895:
716:
Durkin, Hannah (2019). "Finding last middle passage survivor Sally 'Redoshi' Smith on the page and screen".
686:
1602:
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survivor, who outlived him, has also been filmed briefly). Based on this material, she wrote a manuscript,
163:
captives by providing accounts of the history of the group to visitors, including Mobile artist and author
1875:
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1835:
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Lewis used the American legal system in 1902 after being injured in the buggy-train collision. When the
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129:
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950:
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281:
124:
96:
1290:
Fauset, Arthur Huff (1927). "Negro Folk Tales from the South. (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana)".
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475:, a Mobile-based writer and artist, interviewed Lewis and the other survivors for her 1914 book
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which had illegally brought enslaved people to Georgia in 1858, were indicted and tried for
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has concluded that he and most other members of the Africatown community belonged to the
603:, Zora Neale Hurston's account of Lewis' life, was published for the first time in 2018.
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Although native-born American former slaves became citizens upon the passage of the
1813:
1401:"She Survived a Slave Ship, the Civil War and the Depression. Her Name Was Redoshi"
274:
838:
729:
295:
in a U.S. Federal court in Savannah in May 1860, but were acquitted by the jury.
1474:"One of the Last Slave Ship Survivors Describes His Ordeal in a 1930s Interview"
1809:
241:
In April or May 1860, his village was attacked and Lewis was taken prisoner by
1819:
413:
During the mid-1860s Lewis established a common-law relationship with another
397:
335:
320:
149:
75:
1412:
1356:
Hurston, Zora Neale (1927). "Cudjoe's Own Story of the Last African Slaver".
846:
138:
1626:"Busts of Cudjoe Lewis, John Smith vandalized at Africatown Welcome Center"
920:(2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 47–48.
351:
585:
sorority erected a commemorative marker for Lewis in the Plateau Cemetery.
532:
After this round of interviews, Hurston's literary patron, philanthropist
568:
In 1977 the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the
492:
220:
133:
in 1860. The captives were landed in backwaters of the Mobile River near
57:
565:
captives. It was made on behalf of the Progressive League of Africatown.
444:
in July 1868, this change in status did not apply to the members of the
171:. He lived to 1935 and was long thought to be the last survivor of the
1377:
645:
491:
of Philadelphia. In 1927 Fauset published two of Lewis' animal tales, "
180:
1311:
1669:"Dig reveals story of America's last slave ship -- and its survivors"
292:
258:
144:
After the Civil War and emancipation, Lewis and other members of the
16:
One of the last known survivors of the Atlantic slave trade (d. 1935)
1594:
1369:
1303:
1747:
Felix Kuadugah- contributor Child naming among Gbe speaking tribes
500:
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By 1925, Lewis was thought to be the last African survivor of the
350:
327:
246:
224:
194:
61:
1504:"Bust of Last Survivor of Slave Ship "Clotilde" stolen in Mobile"
1331:. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press. pp.
257:. Along with other captives, he was taken to the slaving port of
1016:. Georgia Humanities Council & University of Georgia Press.
326:
The name "Cudjo" sounds similar to "Kodjoe", a popular name in
570:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History
141:
to evade discovery, and remained undiscovered until May 2019.
581:
Around 1990 the City of Mobile and Mobile alumnae chapter of
175:, until historian Hannah Durkin identified two longer-lived
1822:(first 40 seconds may depict Cudjo Kossola Lewis), YouTube.
1129:
1127:
943:"Question of the Month: Cudjo Lewis: Last Slave in the US?"
505:
Lewis' commemorative marker in Plateau Cemetery, Africatown
448:
group, who were foreign-born. Cudjo Kazoola Lewis became a
796:"American slaves' origins live on in Alabama's Africatown"
376:
During their time in slavery, Lewis and many of the other
1721:"Kazoola brings unity to Mobile through food and music"
1443:
1441:
545:
was not published until 2018, in an annotated edition.
1078:. Library of Congress American Folklife Center. 2000.
442:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1764:
and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America
1966:
Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States
1599:
Dora Franklin Finley African American Heritage Trail
368:. By then there were eight surviving members of the
159:
In old age Kossola preserved the experiences of the
765:"Last American slave ship is discovered in Alabama"
91:
83:
68:
46:
21:
1565:"Escaped slaves formed "African town" near Mobile"
152:Historic District, the community was added to the
487:; he was interviewed by educator and folklorist
302:reached the Mississippi coast in July 1860, the
1774:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
600:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
542:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
199:A map drawn by Lewis to illustrate his capture
123:, was the third-to-last adult survivor of the
711:
709:
471:Africans, and traditional stories and tales.
8:
1760:Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship
284:. In a similar situation, the owners of the
179:survivors, who made the voyage as children:
137:, and hidden from authorities. The ship was
1076:Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots
622:List of the last surviving American slaves
334:understood as a surname would have been a
314:(1861–65), Lewis and his fellows lived as
261:and sold to Captain William Foster of the
29:
18:
1961:Naturalized citizens of the United States
949:. Ferris State University. Archived from
1328:Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography
680:Diouf, Sylviane A. (October 20, 2009).
672:
638:
1605:from the original on February 21, 2016
1008:Rohrer, Katherine E. (June 18, 2010).
436:Participation in American institutions
1654:
1533:Lautier, Lewis (September 12, 1959).
1459:
1447:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1118:
972:
970:
968:
947:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
903:
891:
879:
867:
771:. National Geographic. Archived from
750:
265:, an American ship recently built in
7:
1956:20th-century African-American people
1766:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1624:Pickett, Rhoda A. (March 23, 2011).
1020:from the original on August 22, 2016
763:JOEL K. BOURNE, JR. (May 22, 2019).
154:National Register of Historic Places
99:between Africa and the United States
1851:American people of Beninese descent
1698:"The Last Slave (with excerpt from
1052:from the original on March 14, 2015
1731:from the original on July 26, 2019
1679:from the original on June 11, 2016
1636:from the original on June 11, 2016
1575:from the original on July 22, 2021
1545:from the original on July 22, 2021
1514:from the original on July 22, 2021
1082:from the original on June 11, 2016
388:and the end of the Civil War, the
14:
1871:American people of Yoruba descent
989:from the original on May 22, 2018
806:from the original on May 25, 2016
591:In 2010, archaeologists from the
509:In 1927 Lewis was interviewed by
463:Role as storyteller and historian
457:Louisville and Nashville Railroad
1946:20th-century American historians
1798:. New York: Knickerbocker Press.
1719:Dumas, Michael (April 3, 2017).
1484:from the original on May 4, 2018
1399:Garcia, Sandra E. (2019-04-03).
1292:The Journal of American Folklore
1045:. National Archives at Atlanta.
918:Africa's Ogun: Old World and New
794:Teague, Matthew (June 6, 2015).
694:from the original on 9 June 2020
304:United States Federal Government
1881:People from Collines Department
1667:Hoffman, Roy (August 9, 2010).
916:Barnes, Sandra T., ed. (1997).
477:Historic Sketches of the South.
361:survivor Abaché (Clara Turner)
1795:Historic Sketches of the South
253:, during an annual dry-season
87:Farmer, laborer, church sexton
1:
1472:Little, Becky (May 3, 2018).
1040:"The Clotilda: A Finding Aid"
839:10.1080/0144039X.2020.1741833
730:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1596397
572:) commemorated Lewis and the
497:Journal of American Folklore.
362:
109:
36:
1916:19th-century American people
1856:19th-century American slaves
1792:Roche, Emma Langdon (1914).
1771:Hurston, Zora Neale (2018).
1595:"Plateau Historic Graveyard"
1325:Hemenway, Robert E. (1980).
977:Lusher, Adam (May 4, 2018).
941:Pilgrim, David (June 2005).
450:naturalized American citizen
1936:African-American Christians
1901:African-American historians
1866:People from Mobile, Alabama
1758:Diouf, Sylviane A. (2007).
652:, was sold to a planter in
593:College of William and Mary
347:Establishment of Africatown
269:, and owned by businessman
1982:
191:Early life and enslavement
167:and author and folklorist
72:July 17, 1935 (aged 94/95)
1861:Beninese-American history
1220:, pp. 136, 180, 217.
648:, another captive on the
28:
1886:African-American farmers
1358:Journal of Negro History
1014:New Georgia Encyclopedia
409:Marriage and family life
183:, who died in 1937, and
1941:Yoruba-American history
1708:. 2018. pp. 32–39.
827:Slavery & Abolition
718:Slavery & Abolition
687:Encyclopedia of Alabama
115:– July 17, 1935), born
1951:Academics from Alabama
654:Dallas County, Alabama
534:Charlotte Osgood Mason
506:
373:
200:
1931:20th-century Baptists
1926:19th-century Baptists
1921:Baptists from Alabama
504:
452:on October 24, 1868.
354:
310:Until the end of the
198:
78:, Mobile, Alabama, US
1891:Farmers from Alabama
1846:Atlantic slave trade
1818:Zora Neale Hurston,
1184:, pp. 157, 184.
775:on February 20, 2021
386:abolition of slavery
282:Atlantic slave trade
187:, who died in 1940.
125:Atlantic slave trade
119:, and also known as
106:Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis
97:Atlantic slave trade
1571:. October 2, 1977.
1535:"Capital Spotlight"
1510:. January 8, 2002.
1280:, pp. 120–121.
1268:, pp. 211–214.
1232:, pp. 217–219.
1196:, pp. 125–126.
1160:, pp. 116–117.
1148:, pp. 114–115.
1136:, pp. 92, 134.
769:National Geographic
1911:Burials in Alabama
1725:The Press-Register
1673:The Press-Register
1630:The Press-Register
1433:Zora Neale Hurston
1405:The New York Times
1121:, pp. 86, 93.
1103:Dreams of Africa,
515:Robert E. Hemenway
511:Zora Neale Hurston
507:
489:Arthur Huff Fauset
473:Emma Langdon Roche
374:
342:Life in Africatown
236:Zora Neale Hurston
232:Emma Langdon Roche
201:
169:Zora Neale Hurston
165:Emma Langdon Roche
1906:Yoruba historians
1820:1928 film footage
1777:. Amistad Press.
1705:New York Magazine
1539:The Afro-American
882:, pp. 40–43.
800:Los Angeles Times
583:Delta Sigma Theta
355:Lewis and fellow
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1298:(157): 213–303.
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1072:"AfricaTown USA"
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627:Yoruba Americans
367:
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332:American English
298:By the time the
219:people from the
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95:survivor of the
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38:
33:
19:
1981:
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1569:Tuscaloosa News
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1370:10.2307/2714041
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983:The Independent
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539:Hurston's book
465:
438:
411:
396:They developed
365:
349:
344:
267:Mobile, Alabama
255:raid for slaves
243:female warriors
203:He was born as
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185:Matilda McCrear
135:Mobile, Alabama
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1836:1840s births
1814:Find a Grave
1810:Cudjoe Lewis
1794:
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1752:Bibliography
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
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991:. Retrieved
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955:. Retrieved
951:the original
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808:. Retrieved
799:
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773:the original
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23:Cudjoe Lewis
1841:1935 deaths
366: 1914
121:Cudjo Lewis
113: 1841
40: 1914
1830:Categories
1655:Diouf 2007
1460:Diouf 2007
1448:Diouf 2007
1431:Hemenway,
1418:2023-11-24
1278:Roche 1914
1266:Diouf 2007
1254:Diouf 2007
1242:Diouf 2007
1230:Diouf 2007
1218:Diouf 2007
1206:Diouf 2007
1194:Roche 1914
1182:Diouf 2007
1170:Diouf 2007
1158:Roche 1914
1146:Roche 1914
1134:Diouf 2007
1119:Diouf 2007
1010:"Wanderer"
904:Diouf 2007
892:Diouf 2007
880:Diouf 2007
868:Diouf 2007
751:Roche 1914
668:References
527:Barracoon,
398:Africatown
384:After the
381:by water.
336:patronymic
223:region of
150:Africatown
76:Africatown
1700:Barracoon
1413:0362-4331
1386:150096354
1105:chapter 4
1024:August 9,
855:216497607
847:0144-039X
738:150975893
555:Clotilda,
493:T'appin's
312:Civil War
156:in 2012.
1762:Clotilda
1729:Archived
1677:Archived
1634:Archived
1603:Archived
1573:Archived
1543:Archived
1512:Archived
1482:Archived
1080:Archived
1047:Archived
1018:Archived
987:Archived
804:Archived
692:Archived
658:Clotilda
650:Clotilda
611:See also
575:Clotilda
563:Clotilda
523:Clotilda
485:Clotilda
469:Clotilda
446:Clotilda
415:Clotilda
390:Clotilda
378:Clotilda
370:Clotilda
358:Clotilda
321:day-name
316:de facto
300:Clotilda
287:Wanderer
263:Clotilda
177:Clotilda
173:Clotilda
161:Clotilda
146:Clotilda
139:scuttled
130:Clotilda
1735:May 27,
1683:May 27,
1640:May 27,
1609:May 27,
1579:May 27,
1549:May 27,
1518:May 27,
1478:History
1378:2714041
1101:Diouf.
1086:May 27,
1056:May 29,
993:May 21,
957:May 27,
810:May 27,
779:May 23,
646:Redoshi
251:Dahomey
205:Kossola
181:Redoshi
54:c. 1841
1781:
1488:May 8,
1411:
1384:
1376:
1339:
1312:534988
1310:
924:
853:
845:
736:
578:group.
549:Legacy
426:Yorùbá
422:Yorùbá
372:group.
293:piracy
259:Ouidah
217:Yoruba
35:Lewis
1382:S2CID
1374:JSTOR
1333:96–99
1308:JSTOR
1050:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
851:S2CID
734:S2CID
698:1 May
633:Notes
328:Ghana
247:Glele
225:Benin
221:Banté
62:Benin
58:Bantè
1779:ISBN
1737:2016
1702:)".
1685:2016
1642:2016
1611:2016
1581:2016
1551:2016
1520:2016
1490:2018
1409:ISSN
1337:ISBN
1088:2016
1058:2016
1026:2016
995:2018
959:2016
922:ISBN
843:ISSN
812:2016
781:2019
700:2018
234:and
69:Died
47:Born
1812:at
1366:doi
1300:doi
835:doi
726:doi
249:of
207:or
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708:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
