1030:. The primary question that arises in applying the techniques of science to understand the differences and similarities between cultures is how the research strategy "treats the relationship between what people say and think as subjects and what they say and think and do as objects of scientific inquiry". In response to this cultural materialism makes a distinction between behavioral events and ideas, values, and other mental events.
2729:
1464:
25:
1075:. The essence of its materialist approach is that the infrastructure is in almost all circumstances the most significant force behind the evolution of a culture. Structure and superstructure are not considered "insignificant, epiphenomenal reflexes of infrastructural forces". The structure and symbolic/ideational aspects act as regulating mechanisms within the system as a whole.
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operations. Emic operations, within cultural materialism, are ones in which the descriptions and analyses are acceptable by the native as real, meaningful, and appropriate. Etic operations are ones in which the categories and concepts used are those of the observer and are able to generate scientific
1078:
The research strategy predicts that it is more likely that in the long term infrastructure probabilistically determines structure, which probabilistically determines the superstructures, than otherwise. Thus, much as in earlier
Marxist thought, material changes (such as in technology or environment)
1103:
During the 1980s, Marvin Harris had a productive interchange with behavioral psychologists, most notably Sigrid Glenn, regarding interdisciplinary work. Very recently, behavioral psychologists have produced a set of basic exploratory experiments in an effort toward this end. More recently young
910:, as a theoretical paradigm and research strategy. It is said to be the most enduring achievement of that work. Harris subsequently developed a full elaboration and defense of the paradigm in his 1979 book
2350:
1067:
Emic and mental
Superstructure, including "conscious and unconscious cognitive goals, categories, rules, plans, values, philosophies, and beliefs" (meaningful or ideological relations).
1050:
and behavioral infrastructure, comprising a society's relations to the environment, which includes their ethics and behavioral modes of production and reproduction (material relations).
931:
954:'s work encouraged Harris to consider reproduction of equal importance to production. The research strategy was also influenced by the work of earlier anthropologists including
42:
982:
were instrumental in the reemergence of evolutionist theories of culture in the 20th century and Harris took inspiration from them in formulating cultural materialism.
1064:, the ethics and behavioral symbolic and ideational aspects of a society, e.g. the arts, rituals, sports and games, and science (symbolic and ideational relations).
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Within this division of culture, cultural materialism argues for what is referred to as the principle of probabilistic infrastructural
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who, in the 19th century, first proposed that cultures evolved from the less complex to the more complex over time.
914:. To Harris social change is dependent of three factors: a society's infrastructure, structure, and superstructure.
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1365:"An Experimental Analysis of Cultural Materialism: The Effects of Various Modes of Production on Resource Sharing"
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In spite of the debt owed to the economic theories of Marx and Engels, cultural materialism rejects the
Marxist
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anthropologists have re-approached the work of Marvin Harris as part of a new anthropology of infrastructures.
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1057:, the ethics and behavioral domestic and political economies of a society (social relations).
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are seen as largely determining patterns of social organization and ideology in turn.
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Visions of
Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists
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Harris's concept of cultural materialism was influenced by the writings of
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theories. The research strategy prioritizes etic behavior phenomena.
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1292:(2nd ed.), Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, pp. 203–215,
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Ward, Todd.A.; Eastman, Raymond. & Ninness, Chris (2009),
1214:(Updated ed.), Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press,
18:
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Cultural
Materialism: the Struggle for a Science of Culture
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which in turn was based on the theories of the philosopher
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Oriental
Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1190:(2001), "Introduction", in Marvin Harris (ed.),
1252:Harris on the Universal structure of societies
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8:
1152:, Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press,
925:, as well as their theories as modified by
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1194:, 2001a (first published 1968), p. x
902:research orientation first introduced by
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
58:"Cultural materialism" anthropology
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1033:It also makes the distinction between
1284:"Marvin Harris: Cultural Materialism"
998:. Other important principles include
990:Cultural materialism is a scientific
7:
2740:
2341:Role of Christianity in civilization
47:adding citations to reliable sources
16:Anthropological research orientation
2752:
908:The Rise of Anthropological Theory
14:
2751:
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2728:
2727:
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140:
23:
2553:Culture and positive psychology
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34:needs additional citations for
1992:High- and low-context cultures
830:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
1093:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2558:Culture and social cognition
1543:Cross-cultural communication
2640:Intercultural communication
2818:
2083:Cross cultural sensitivity
1750:Resistance through culture
1369:Behavior and Social Issues
986:Epistemological principles
850:List of indigenous peoples
2723:
2695:Transformation of culture
2128:Cultural environmentalism
1558:Cross-cultural psychology
1553:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1548:Cross-cultural leadership
1460:
1083:Disagreement with Marxism
994:and as such utilizes the
948:philosophical materialism
595:Cross-cultural comparison
2655:Living things in culture
2645:Intercultural competence
2548:Culture and menstruation
2047:Trans-cultural diffusion
767:Historical particularism
2466:Cultural homogenization
1696:Individualistic culture
1630:Popular culture studies
1615:Intercultural relations
1413:An Anthropology of Road
1410:Dalakoglou, D. (2009),
1282:Moore, Jerry D (2004),
1026:and popularized by the
1000:operational definitions
944:dialectical materialism
600:Participant observation
2797:Historical determinism
2401:Archaeological culture
2148:Cultural globalization
2017:Organizational culture
1865:Cultural communication
1823:Cultural appropriation
1610:Intercultural learning
1538:Cross-cultural studies
1382:10.5210/bsi.v18i1.1950
1249:Frank, Elwell (2001),
1042:Theoretical principles
974:and their theories of
742:Cross-cultural studies
2670:Participatory culture
2461:Cultural evolutionism
2285:Multiracial democracy
2163:Cultural intelligence
2108:Cultural conservatism
2098:Cultural backwardness
2088:Cultural assimilation
1962:Cultural reproduction
1818:Cultural appreciation
1770:Far-right subcultures
1660:Transcultural nursing
1625:Philosophy of culture
1502:Cultural neuroscience
1482:Cultural anthropology
927:Karl August Wittfogel
2665:Oppositional culture
2635:Emotions and culture
2543:Cultural sensibility
2533:Cultural translation
2471:Cultural institution
2451:Cultural determinism
2173:Cultural nationalism
2158:Cultural imperialism
2118:Cultural deprivation
2012:Non-material culture
1645:Sociology of culture
1640:Semiotics of culture
1060:Etic and behavioral
1053:Etic and behavioral
912:Cultural Materialism
896:Cultural materialism
835:Anthropology by year
772:Boasian anthropology
747:Cultural materialism
732:Actor–network theory
330:Paleoanthropological
43:improve this article
2516:Culture speculation
2511:Cultural relativism
2441:Cultural competence
2331:Cultural Christians
2203:Cultural Revolution
2193:Cultural radicalism
2168:Cultural liberalism
2103:Cultural Bolshevism
2078:Consumer capitalism
2032:Relational mobility
1972:Cultural technology
1880:Cultural dissonance
1797:Culture by location
1760:Alternative culture
1676:Constructed culture
1655:Theology of culture
1595:Cultural psychology
1575:Cultural entomology
929:and his 1957 book,
787:Performance studies
680:Kinship and descent
620:Cultural relativism
270:Paleoethnobotanical
245:Ethnoarchaeological
2675:Permission culture
2608:Disability culture
2588:Children's culture
2456:Cultural diversity
2416:Circuit of culture
2198:Cultural retention
2178:Cultural pessimism
2133:Cultural exception
2123:Cultural diplomacy
2113:Cultural contracts
2073:Colonial mentality
2002:Manuscript culture
1977:Cultural universal
1947:Cultural pluralism
1927:Cultural landscape
1922:Cultural invention
1890:Cultural framework
1792:Vernacular culture
1590:Cultural mediation
1570:Cultural economics
1565:Cultural analytics
1497:Cultural geography
1487:Cultural astronomy
1188:Margolis, Maxine L
1124:Jerald T. Milanich
1022:first proposed by
976:cultural evolution
964:Lewis Henry Morgan
946:, as well as from
807:Post-structuralism
566:Research framework
2774:
2773:
2603:Death and culture
2496:Cultural movement
2486:Cultural literacy
2346:Eastern Orthodoxy
2258:Dominator culture
2253:Deculturalization
2153:Cultural hegemony
2143:Cultural genocide
2138:Cultural feminism
1957:Cultural property
1952:Cultural practice
1937:Cultural leveling
1932:Cultural learning
1917:Cultural industry
1912:Cultural identity
1895:Cultural heritage
1885:Cultural emphasis
1870:Cultural conflict
1843:Cultural behavior
1833:Cultural artifact
1745:Primitive culture
1721:Political culture
1299:978-0-7591-0410-5
1221:978-0-7591-0134-0
1159:978-0-7591-0132-6
996:scientific method
992:research strategy
939:is distinct from
906:in his 1968 book
893:
892:
792:Political economy
615:Thick description
412:Political economy
275:Zooarchaeological
235:Bioarchaeological
119:
118:
111:
93:
2809:
2755:
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2620:Drinking culture
2573:Culture industry
2521:Cultural tourism
2501:Cultural mulatto
2476:Cultural jet lag
2411:Cannabis culture
2368:Cultural Muslims
2290:Pluriculturalism
2273:Multiculturalism
2263:Interculturalism
2238:Culture minister
2228:Cultural Zionism
2223:Cultural subsidy
2218:Cultural silence
2093:Cultural attaché
2052:Transculturation
2007:Material culture
1997:Interculturality
1853:Cultural capital
1838:Cultural baggage
1775:Youth subculture
1716:Official culture
1681:Dominant culture
1620:Internet culture
1585:Cultural mapping
1580:Cultural history
1507:Cultural studies
1492:Cultural ecology
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980:cultural ecology
923:Friedrich Engels
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295:Anthrozoological
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19:
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2710:Western culture
2705:Welfare culture
2630:Eastern culture
2491:Cultural mosaic
2446:Cultural critic
2436:Cultural center
2384:
2358:Cultural Hindus
2304:
2295:Polyculturalism
2268:Monoculturalism
2243:Culture of fear
2213:Cultural safety
2208:Cultural rights
2188:Cultural racism
2183:Cultural policy
2061:
1967:Cultural system
1942:Cultural memory
1875:Cultural cringe
1801:
1733:Popular culture
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1600:Cultural values
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1119:Maxine Margolis
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1101:
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956:Herbert Spencer
900:anthropological
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797:Practice theory
737:Alliance theory
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714:Postcolonialism
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523:Anthropological
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2506:Cultural probe
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2431:Cross-cultural
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2426:Coffee culture
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2300:Transculturism
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1517:Culture theory
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1270:Harris (2001a)
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1206:Harris, Marvin
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1144:Harris, Marvin
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1062:Superstructure
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1008:falsifiability
987:
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2336:Protestantism
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2022:Print culture
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
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1987:Enculturation
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1828:Cultural area
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1813:Acculturation
1811:
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1787:Super culture
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1701:Legal culture
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1259:on 2015-09-30
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1114:Marvin Harris
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1035:emic and etic
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1028:Vienna Circle
1025:
1024:Auguste Comte
1021:
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904:Marvin Harris
901:
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833:
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802:Structuralism
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630:Emic and etic
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625:Ethnocentrism
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573:Anthropometry
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538:Ethnopoetical
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433:Institutional
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401:Environmental
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240:Environmental
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2787:Anthropology
2763:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2680:Rape culture
2625:Drug culture
2613:Deaf culture
2598:Cyberculture
2568:Culture hero
2481:Cultural lag
2421:Civilization
2321:Christianity
2027:Protoculture
1711:Microculture
1691:High culture
1686:Folk culture
1635:Postcritique
1412:
1405:
1396:10 September
1394:, retrieved
1372:
1368:
1358:
1353:, p. 72
1351:Harris 2001b
1346:
1341:, p. 54
1339:Harris 2001b
1334:
1329:, p. 29
1327:Harris 2001b
1322:
1305:10 September
1303:, retrieved
1288:
1277:
1265:
1257:the original
1251:
1244:
1227:10 September
1225:, retrieved
1210:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1165:10 September
1163:, retrieved
1148:
1138:
1102:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1032:
989:
968:Leslie White
960:Edward Tylor
935:. Yet this
930:
916:
911:
907:
895:
894:
840:Bibliography
782:Interpretive
757:Diffusionism
746:
726:Key theories
712: /
642:Key concepts
553:Sociological
533:Ethnological
320:Neurological
305:Evolutionary
250:Experiential
134:Anthropology
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2802:Materialism
2758:WikiProject
2690:Tea culture
2593:Culturalism
2563:Culture gap
2526:Pop-culture
2326:Catholicism
2248:Culture war
1706:Low culture
1605:Culturomics
1512:Culturology
1073:determinism
1012:Thomas Kuhn
1004:Karl Popper
937:materialism
710:Colonialism
653:Development
610:Reflexivity
578:Ethnography
528:Descriptive
386:Development
325:Nutritional
300:Biocultural
225:Battlefield
2781:Categories
1755:Subculture
1533:Bioculture
1310:Paperback
1232:Paperback
1208:(2001b) ,
1170:Paperback
1146:(2001a) ,
1130:References
1020:positivism
1018:, and the
690:Prehistory
543:Historical
516:Linguistic
428:Historical
396:Ecological
288:Biological
190:Linguistic
180:Biological
99:March 2023
69:newspapers
2583:Culturgen
2351:Mormonism
2309:Religions
1982:Cultureme
1900:Destroyed
1526:Subfields
1391:153865620
1375:: 58–80,
1089:dialectic
1055:Structure
1016:paradigms
919:Karl Marx
663:Evolution
658:Ethnicity
590:Ethnology
468:Political
376:Cognitive
315:Molecular
2734:Category
2316:Buddhism
2066:Politics
1475:Sciences
1108:See also
1099:Research
845:Journals
762:Feminism
548:Semiotic
488:Symbolic
483:Religion
418:Feminist
406:Economic
356:Cultural
310:Forensic
265:Maritime
260:Forensic
255:Feminist
230:Biblical
220:Aviation
185:Cultural
126:a series
124:Part of
2792:Ecology
2765:Changes
2746:Commons
2389:Related
2380:Sikhism
2375:Judaism
1806:Aspects
1468:Outline
1454:Culture
941:Marxist
700:Society
648:Culture
463:Musical
458:Museums
453:Medical
438:Kinship
391:Digital
366:Applied
158:History
153:Outline
83:scholar
1765:Fandom
1389:
1314:
1296:
1236:
1218:
1174:
1156:
898:is an
675:Gender
605:Holism
503:Visual
478:Public
381:Cyborg
351:Social
215:Aerial
195:Social
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2363:Islam
1738:Urban
1726:Civic
1669:Types
1387:S2CID
824:Lists
705:Value
583:cyber
498:Urban
448:Media
443:Legal
169:Types
90:JSTOR
76:books
1780:list
1398:2010
1312:ISBN
1307:2010
1294:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1229:2010
1216:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1167:2010
1154:ISBN
1048:Etic
978:and
970:and
962:and
921:and
695:Race
685:Meme
423:Food
62:news
1377:doi
1014:'s
1006:'s
371:Art
45:by
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112:)
106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
