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foreign one we incorrectly assume that our previous world has not changed. We expect things to remain exactly the same as when we left them. The realization that life back home is now different, that the world has continued without us, and the process of readjusting to these new conditions as well as actualizing our new perceptions about the world with our old way of living causes discomfort and psychological anguish.
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155:. Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger as one continues to experience unfavorable events that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one's cultural attitude. Language barriers, stark differences in public hygiene, traffic safety, food accessibility and quality may heighten the sense of disconnection from the surroundings.
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experienced by culture shock has long-lasting effects therefore, universities with well-rounded programs that support students throughout the study abroad program, including preparation and post-program assistance, can alleviate challenges posed by culture shock, allow for global development and assist with the transition back into the home culture.
123:, people will initially have (1) a honeymoon period, followed by (2) a transition period, that is, cultural shock. Over time people will begin to (3) adapt (the dotted line depicted some people hated by new cultures instead), before in some cases (4) returning to their own places and re-adapting to the old culture.
260:
and psychological consequences of the readjustment process to the primary culture. The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock. This phenomenon, the reactions that members of the re-entered culture exhibit toward the re-entrant, and
106:
Culture shock is experienced by students who participate in study abroad programs. Research considering the study abroad experiences states that in-country support for students may assist them in overcoming the challenges and phases of culture shock. As stated in a study by Young et al., the distress
218:
Again, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more "normal". One starts to
197:
In the case of students studying abroad, some develop additional symptoms of loneliness that ultimately affect their lifestyles as a whole. Due to the strain of living in a different country without parental support, international students often feel anxious and feel more pressure while adjusting to
138:
During this period, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light. For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new food, the pace of life, and the locals' habits. During the first few weeks, most people are fascinated by the new culture. They
274:
Reverse culture shock is generally made up of two parts: idealization and expectations. When an extended period of time is spent abroad we focus on the good from our past, cut out the bad, and create an idealized version of the past. Secondly, once removed from our familiar setting and placed in a
63:
is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or
244:
Gary R. Weaver wrote that culture shock has "three basic causal explanations": loss of familiar cues, the breakdown of interpersonal communications, and an identity crisis. Peter S. Adler emphasized the psychological causes. Tema
Milstein wrote that it can have positive effects.
334:
Culture shock is a subcategory of a more universal construct called transition shock. Transition shock is a state of loss and disorientation predicated by a change in one's familiar environment that requires adjustment. There are many symptoms of transition shock, including:
64:
simply transition to another type of life. One of the most common causes of culture shock involves individuals in a foreign environment. Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaptation.
185:
and homesick because they are not yet used to the new environment and meet people with whom they are not familiar every day. The language barrier may become a major obstacle in creating new relationships: special attention must be paid to one's and others' culture-specific
231:
In the mastery stage individuals are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Mastery does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. It is often referred to as the
305:
Some people manage to adapt to the aspects of the host culture they see as positive, while keeping some of their own and creating their unique blend. They have no major problems returning home or relocating elsewhere. This group can be thought to be
317:
There is evidence to suggest that the psychological influence of culture shock might also have physiological implications. For example, the psycho-social stress experienced during these circumstances is correlated with an early onset of puberty.
295:" and see return to their own culture as the only way out. This group is sometimes known as "Rejectors" and describes approximately 60% of expatriates. These "Rejectors" also have the greatest problems re-integrating back home after return.
256:(also known as "re-entry shock" or "own culture shock") may take place—returning to one's home culture after growing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above. These are results from the
885:
A New Model of Cross
Cultural Communication: Critically Reviewing, Combining and Further Developing the Basic Models of Permutter, Yoshikawa, Hall, Hofstede, Thomas, Hallpike, and the Social Constructivism
713:
Oberg, Kalervo. "Culture Shock and the problem of
Adjustment to the new cultural environments". World Wide Classroom Consortium for International Education & Multicultural studies. 29 Sept 2009.
2934:
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levels and concentrations in food and water; difficulty in seeking treatment for illness, as medicines may have different names from the native country's and the same
722:
Mavrides, Gregory PhD "Culture Shock and
Clinical Depression". Foreign Teachers Guide to Living and Working in China. Middle Kingdom Life, 2009. Web. 29 Sept. 2009.
314:
Culture shock has many different effects, time spans, and degrees of severity. Many people are hampered by its presence and do not recognize why they are bothered.
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While being transferred into a different environment puts special pressure on communication skills, there are practical difficulties to overcome, such as
834:
151:
After some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create
620:
103:). There is no true way to entirely prevent culture shock, as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts differently.
971:
Huff, Jennifer L. (2001). "Parental attachment, reverse culture shock, perceived social support, and college adjustment of missionary children".
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302:. They normally remain in the host country forever. This group is sometimes known as "Adopters" and describes approximately 10% of immigrants.
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291:. They isolate themselves from the host country's environment, which they come to perceive as hostile, withdraw into an (often mental) "
41:
The encounter with the conquerors with steel and horses shocked the Aztecs, so they confused the
Europeans with prophets from the east.
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492:
Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. "Chapter 3 - Culture." Sociology. 7th edition ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc., 2010. 54. Print.
2028:
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Houghton, Lauren C.; Troisi, Rebecca; Sommer, Marni; Katki, Hormuzd A.; Booth, Mark; Choudhury, Osul A.; Hampshire, Kate R. (2020).
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Some people integrate fully and take on all parts of the host culture while losing their original identity. This is called
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1166:"You Cannot Go Home Again: A Phenomenological Investigation of Returning to the Sojourn Country After Studying Abroad"
1124:"You Cannot Go Home Again: A Phenomenological Investigation of Returning to the Sojourn Country After Studying Abroad"
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Weaver, G.R. (1994). "Understanding and coping with cross-cultural adjustment stress". In Weaver, G.R. (ed.).
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Still, the most important change in the period is communication: People adjusting to a new culture often feel
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develop problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture and begins to accept the culture's ways with a
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first proposed his model of cultural adjustment in a talk to the Women's Club of Rio de
Janeiro in 1954.
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223:. The culture begins to make sense, and negative reactions and responses to the culture are reduced.
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the inevitability of the two are encapsulated in the following saying, also the title of a book by
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associate with nationals who speak their language, and who are polite to the foreigners. Like most
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Experience one may have when moving to a cultural environment which is different from one's own
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1970:
1918:
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1682:
1481:
405:
307:
790:
Adler, P.S. (1975). "The
Transitional Experience: an Alternative View of Culture Shock".
1199:""I'm not a freshi": Culture shock, puberty and growing up as British-Bangladeshi girls"
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888:. Comparative cultural science. Vol. 1. Bochum/Berlin: European University Press.
463:
80:
76:
330:
A local woman does a double-take at a foreigner during the evening rush hour in Japan.
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1965:
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191:
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127:
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1975:
1960:
1829:
1637:
1507:
1438:
1421:
1368:
1327:
850:
430:
262:
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signs, linguistic faux pas, conversation tone, linguistic nuances and customs, and
84:
54:
1091:
835:"Transformation abroad: Sojourning and the perceived enhancement of self-efficacy"
671:
Oberg, Kalervo (1960). "Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New
Cultural Environments".
883:
859:
764:
503:
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2095:
1995:
1950:
1464:
1400:
1260:
Management Entity: Office of
International Research, Education, and Development
984:
803:
684:
198:
new cultures—even more so when the cultural distances are wide, as patterns of
17:
2338:
2116:
1632:
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182:
96:
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523:
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1980:
1406:
1363:
1346:
1342:
450:
167:
140:
88:
50:
1240:
1985:
1443:
766:
Culture, Communication, and
Conflict: Readings in Intercultural Relations
508:. Contributions in Psychology, no. 25. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
220:
207:
171:
163:
2037:
1933:
1716:
1597:
661:
Presented to the Women's Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 August 1954.
573:
Young, Jennifer T.; Natrajan-Tyagi, Rajeswari; Platt, Jason J. (2014).
152:
2348:
1990:
1955:
1557:
1395:
505:
The Five Stages of Culture Shock: Critical Incidents Around the World
440:
292:
203:
287:
Some people find it impossible to accept the foreign culture and to
554:
1532:
1351:
199:
114:
531:
2010:
1285:
1015:
575:"Identity in Flux: Negotiating Identity While Studying Abroad"
1281:
1029:
Winkelman, Michael (1994). "Cultural Shock and Adaptation".
2006:
1164:
Christofi, Victoria; Thompson, Charles L. (January 2007).
283:
There are three basic outcomes of the adjustment phase:
310:. Approximately 30% of immigrants belong to this group.
769:. Needham Heights, MA: Ginn Press. pp. 169–189.
2972:
2892:
2649:
2389:
2252:
2109:
2058:
1874:
1843:
1777:
1735:
1495:
1452:
1326:
1319:
1122:Christofi, Victoria; Thompson, Charles L. (2007).
1090:
83:, skill interdependence, formulation dependency,
839:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
206:are different and a special emphasis is put on
946:"Expat culture shock boomerangs in the office"
2022:
1297:
8:
1056:
1054:
1052:
919:"How expats cope with losing their identity"
2029:
2015:
2007:
1323:
1304:
1290:
1282:
1765:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
1230:
1181:
858:
655:
622:Four Common Stages of Cultural Adjustment
325:
44:
36:
1170:Journal of Counseling & Development
1131:Journal of Counseling & Development
1031:Journal of Counseling & Development
547:How Culture Shock Affects Communication
485:
357:Feelings of helplessness and withdrawal
166:and daylight drowsiness; adaptation of
345:Compulsive eating/drinking/weight gain
87:(cultural), boredom (job dependency),
1097:. New York, NY: Basic Books. p.
944:Garone, Elizabeth (3 November 2014).
143:periods, this stage eventually ends.
7:
3324:
2925:Role of Christianity in civilization
1753:Right-wing authoritarian personality
1008:"Dealing with Reverse Culture Shock"
973:Journal of Psychology & Theology
3336:
734:"Adjust To New Cultures Like A Pro"
1183:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00444.x
1143:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00444.x
1043:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01723.x
952:. British Broadcasting Corporation
925:. British Broadcasting Corporation
351:Excessive concern over cleanliness
25:
917:Clarke, Laura (6 November 2016).
679:(4). SAGE Publications: 177–182.
628:(Factsheet), n.d., archived from
579:Journal of Experiential Education
110:
3335:
3323:
3312:
3311:
2046:
792:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
369:Hostility towards host nationals
3137:Culture and positive psychology
2047:
1215:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113058
798:(4). SAGE Publications: 13–23.
387:Suicidal or fatalistic thoughts
348:Desire for home and old friends
162:disruption that often leads to
2576:High- and low-context cultures
1748:Authoritarian leadership style
851:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.005
381:Physiological stress reactions
32:Culture shock (disambiguation)
1:
1653:Social construction of gender
1203:Social Science & Medicine
3142:Culture and social cognition
2127:Cross-cultural communication
1648:Rally 'round the flag effect
1256:"Dealing with culture shock"
360:Getting "stuck" on one thing
178:might be hard to recognize.
3224:Intercultural communication
1851:Asch conformity experiments
1568:Identification (psychology)
845:(2). Elsevier BV: 217–238.
436:Intercultural communication
384:Stereotyping host nationals
3412:
2667:Cross cultural sensitivity
2334:Resistance through culture
1866:Stanford prison experiment
1608:Normative social influence
985:10.1177/009164710102900307
804:10.1177/002216787501500403
685:10.1177/009182966000700405
446:Lost In Translation (film)
29:
3376:Cross-cultural psychology
3307:
3279:Transformation of culture
2712:Cultural environmentalism
2142:Cross-cultural psychology
2137:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2132:Cross-cultural leadership
2044:
1815:Normalization of deviance
1743:Authoritarian personality
111:Oberg's four phases model
67:Common problems include:
53:visiting a small farm in
3239:Living things in culture
3229:Intercultural competence
3132:Culture and menstruation
2631:Trans-cultural diffusion
1825:Preference falsification
591:10.1177/1053825914531920
545:Barna, LaRay M. (1976),
469:Student exchange program
3050:Cultural homogenization
2280:Individualistic culture
2214:Popular culture studies
2199:Intercultural relations
1487:Tyranny of the majority
833:Milstein, Tema (2005).
646:Oberg, Kalervo (1954),
268:You Can't Go Home Again
2985:Archaeological culture
2732:Cultural globalization
2601:Organizational culture
2449:Cultural communication
2407:Cultural appropriation
2194:Intercultural learning
2122:Cross-cultural studies
1790:Communal reinforcement
1543:False consensus effect
673:Practical Anthropology
416:Cultural schema theory
331:
124:
57:
42:
3381:Cultural assimilation
3254:Participatory culture
3045:Cultural evolutionism
2869:Multiracial democracy
2747:Cultural intelligence
2692:Cultural conservatism
2682:Cultural backwardness
2672:Cultural assimilation
2546:Cultural reproduction
2402:Cultural appreciation
2354:Far-right subcultures
2244:Transcultural nursing
2209:Philosophy of culture
2086:Cultural neuroscience
2066:Cultural anthropology
1894:Anti-social behaviour
1889:Anti-authoritarianism
1628:Pluralistic ignorance
1475:National conservatism
1470:Left-wing nationalism
1453:Governmental pressure
1093:The World Is A Ghetto
1012:Breaking Trail Online
860:1959.4/unsworks_77066
732:Sarah (25 May 2016).
502:Pedersen, P. (1995).
411:Cultural intelligence
329:
300:cultural assimilation
254:Reverse culture shock
249:Reverse culture shock
118:
48:
40:
3391:Sociology of culture
3249:Oppositional culture
3219:Emotions and culture
3127:Cultural sensibility
3117:Cultural translation
3055:Cultural institution
3035:Cultural determinism
2757:Cultural nationalism
2742:Cultural imperialism
2702:Cultural deprivation
2596:Non-material culture
2229:Sociology of culture
2224:Semiotics of culture
1856:Breaching experiment
1643:Operant conditioning
1588:Mere exposure effect
882:Woesler, M. (2006).
738:thewanderlanders.com
99:, response ability (
69:information overload
30:For other uses, see
3100:Culture speculation
3095:Cultural relativism
3025:Cultural competence
2915:Cultural Christians
2787:Cultural Revolution
2777:Cultural radicalism
2752:Cultural liberalism
2687:Cultural Bolshevism
2662:Consumer capitalism
2616:Relational mobility
2556:Cultural technology
2464:Cultural dissonance
2381:Culture by location
2344:Alternative culture
2260:Constructed culture
2239:Theology of culture
2179:Cultural psychology
2159:Cultural entomology
1736:Individual pressure
1613:Passing (sociology)
1548:Fear of missing out
1513:Closure (sociology)
1427:Enemy of the people
1137:(1). Wiley: 53–63.
121:acculturation model
3259:Permission culture
3192:Disability culture
3172:Children's culture
3040:Cultural diversity
3000:Circuit of culture
2782:Cultural retention
2762:Cultural pessimism
2717:Cultural exception
2707:Cultural diplomacy
2697:Cultural contracts
2657:Colonial mentality
2586:Manuscript culture
2561:Cultural universal
2531:Cultural pluralism
2511:Cultural landscape
2506:Cultural invention
2474:Cultural framework
2376:Vernacular culture
2174:Cultural mediation
2154:Cultural economics
2149:Cultural analytics
2081:Cultural geography
2071:Cultural astronomy
1904:Civil disobedience
1861:Milgram experiment
1800:Creeping normality
1702:Social integration
1638:Psychosocial issue
1578:Invented tradition
1432:Enemy of the state
426:Fresh off the boat
332:
176:active ingredients
125:
101:cultural skill set
58:
43:
3386:Cultural concepts
3358:
3357:
3187:Death and culture
3080:Cultural movement
3070:Cultural literacy
2930:Eastern Orthodoxy
2842:Dominator culture
2837:Deculturalization
2737:Cultural hegemony
2727:Cultural genocide
2722:Cultural feminism
2541:Cultural property
2536:Cultural practice
2521:Cultural leveling
2516:Cultural learning
2501:Cultural industry
2496:Cultural identity
2479:Cultural heritage
2469:Cultural emphasis
2454:Cultural conflict
2427:Cultural behavior
2417:Cultural artifact
2329:Primitive culture
2305:Political culture
2004:
2003:
1884:Alternative media
1773:
1772:
1712:Spiral of silence
1583:Memory conformity
1523:Consensus reality
1416:Persona non grata
1337:Damnatio memoriae
1266:on 28 August 2009
895:978-3-89966-188-0
776:978-0-536-58482-3
744:on 4 October 2017
515:978-0-313-03073-4
401:Cultural conflict
221:positive attitude
16:(Redirected from
3403:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3314:
3204:Drinking culture
3157:Culture industry
3105:Cultural tourism
3085:Cultural mulatto
3060:Cultural jet lag
2995:Cannabis culture
2952:Cultural Muslims
2874:Pluriculturalism
2857:Multiculturalism
2847:Interculturalism
2822:Culture minister
2812:Cultural Zionism
2807:Cultural subsidy
2802:Cultural silence
2677:Cultural attaché
2636:Transculturation
2591:Material culture
2581:Interculturality
2437:Cultural capital
2422:Cultural baggage
2359:Youth subculture
2300:Official culture
2265:Dominant culture
2204:Internet culture
2169:Cultural mapping
2164:Cultural history
2091:Cultural studies
2076:Cultural ecology
2050:
2049:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2008:
1929:Devil's advocate
1899:Auto-segregation
1795:Countersignaling
1722:Toxic positivity
1697:Social influence
1658:Social contagion
1503:Bandwagon effect
1460:Authoritarianism
1324:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1262:. Archived from
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1064:. Archived from
1058:
1047:
1046:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:. Archived from
1003:
997:
996:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
914:
908:
907:
879:
873:
872:
862:
830:
824:
823:
787:
781:
780:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
740:. Archived from
729:
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
704:
668:
662:
660:
659:
643:
637:
636:
634:
627:
617:
611:
610:
570:
564:
563:
542:
536:
535:
499:
493:
490:
322:Transition shock
160:circadian rhythm
73:language barrier
21:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3303:
3294:Western culture
3289:Welfare culture
3214:Eastern culture
3075:Cultural mosaic
3030:Cultural critic
3020:Cultural center
2968:
2942:Cultural Hindus
2888:
2879:Polyculturalism
2852:Monoculturalism
2827:Culture of fear
2797:Cultural safety
2792:Cultural rights
2772:Cultural racism
2767:Cultural policy
2645:
2551:Cultural system
2526:Cultural memory
2459:Cultural cringe
2385:
2317:Popular culture
2248:
2184:Cultural values
2105:
2054:
2040:
2035:
2005:
2000:
1971:Insubordination
1919:Culture jamming
1909:Cosmopolitanism
1870:
1839:
1810:Internalization
1769:
1731:
1491:
1482:Totalitarianism
1448:
1315:
1310:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1062:"Culture Shock"
1060:
1059:
1050:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1005:
1004:
1000:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
916:
915:
911:
896:
881:
880:
876:
832:
831:
827:
789:
788:
784:
777:
762:
761:
757:
747:
745:
731:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
708:
670:
669:
665:
657:10.1.1.461.5459
645:
644:
640:
632:
625:
619:
618:
614:
572:
571:
567:
544:
543:
539:
516:
501:
500:
496:
491:
487:
482:
406:Cultural cringe
397:
354:Excessive sleep
324:
281:
251:
242:
229:
216:
149:
136:
113:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Culture barrier
15:
12:
11:
5:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Cultural probe
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Cross-cultural
3012:
3010:Coffee culture
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Animal culture
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2884:Transculturism
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Culture change
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2641:Visual culture
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Safety culture
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:Cross-cultural
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2101:Culture theory
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Counterculture
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:Anticonformity
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1835:Social reality
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1727:Untouchability
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Milieu control
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Indoctrination
1570:
1565:
1563:Herd mentality
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1496:Group pressure
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1374:Cancel culture
1371:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1246:
1189:
1156:
1114:
1107:
1087:Winant, Howard
1078:
1048:
1037:(2): 121–126.
1021:
1018:on 2016-02-24.
1006:Martin, Hank.
998:
979:(3): 246–264.
963:
936:
909:
894:
874:
825:
782:
775:
755:
724:
715:
706:
663:
638:
612:
585:(2): 175–188.
565:
537:
514:
494:
484:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
464:Paris syndrome
461:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
396:
393:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
323:
320:
312:
311:
303:
296:
280:
277:
250:
247:
241:
238:
228:
225:
215:
212:
148:
145:
135:
132:
112:
109:
81:technology gap
77:generation gap
49:Traveler from
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3408:
3397:
3396:Urban society
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3300:
3299:Youth culture
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Urban culture
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Remix culture
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Media culture
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Languaculture
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Culture shock
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Cultural turn
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Bennett scale
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Protestantism
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:Biculturalism
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Technoculture
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:Print culture
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Enculturation
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Cultural icon
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Cultural bias
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Cultural area
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Acculturation
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Super culture
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Legal culture
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Sound culture
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2009:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Individualism
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:Herd behavior
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Control freak
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Socialization
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Peer pressure
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:Normalization
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Culture shock
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
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61:Culture shock
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3371:Anthropology
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3264:Rape culture
3209:Drug culture
3197:Deaf culture
3182:Cyberculture
3161:
3152:Culture hero
3065:Cultural lag
3005:Civilization
2905:Christianity
2611:Protoculture
2295:Microculture
2275:High culture
2270:Folk culture
2219:Postcritique
1976:Pueblo clown
1961:Idiosyncrasy
1946:Eccentricity
1830:Social proof
1538:Echo chamber
1527:
1518:Collectivism
1508:Brainwashing
1439:Scapegoating
1422:Public enemy
1414:
1405:
1369:Blacklisting
1356:
1335:
1328:Proscription
1270:29 September
1268:. Retrieved
1264:the original
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1176:(1): 53–63.
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431:Future Shock
375:Irritability
366:Homesickness
363:Glazed stare
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263:Thomas Wolfe
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85:homesickness
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55:Sierra Leone
3342:WikiProject
3274:Tea culture
3177:Culturalism
3147:Culture gap
3110:Pop-culture
2910:Catholicism
2832:Culture war
2290:Low culture
2189:Culturomics
2096:Culturology
1996:Shock value
1951:Eclecticism
1844:Experiments
1465:Nationalism
1401:Civil death
1320:Enforcement
950:BBC Capital
923:BBC Capital
378:Mood swings
372:Impulsivity
240:Development
147:Negotiation
3365:Categories
2339:Subculture
2117:Bioculture
1785:Compliance
1778:Conformity
1678:Hysterical
1668:Behavioral
1633:Propaganda
1618:Patriotism
1553:Groupthink
1379:Censorship
1358:Homo sacer
1313:Conformity
1209:: 113058.
1072:2019-08-08
956:5 December
929:5 December
480:References
474:Xenophobia
457:Outsourced
421:Expatriate
390:Withdrawal
234:bicultural
227:Adaptation
214:Adjustment
97:skin color
3167:Culturgen
2935:Mormonism
2893:Religions
2566:Cultureme
2484:Destroyed
2110:Subfields
1981:Rebellion
1939:Political
1820:Obedience
1690:Emotional
1663:Addiction
1407:Vogelfrei
1364:Ostracism
1347:Dissenter
1343:Dissident
1223:1873-5347
1151:0748-9633
993:142635674
904:180723503
869:0147-1767
820:142937260
812:0022-1678
701:140936758
693:0032-633X
652:CiteSeerX
607:145667333
599:1053-8259
524:0736-2714
451:Neophobia
289:integrate
168:gut flora
141:honeymoon
134:Honeymoon
89:ethnicity
51:Australia
3318:Category
2900:Buddhism
2650:Politics
2059:Sciences
1986:Red team
1924:Deviance
1444:Shunning
1241:32504913
1089:(2001).
748:19 March
555:ED184909
532:93-49711
395:See also
279:Outcomes
208:rhetoric
172:bacteria
164:insomnia
3349:Changes
3330:Commons
2973:Related
2964:Sikhism
2959:Judaism
2390:Aspects
2052:Outline
2038:Culture
1934:Dissent
1717:Teasing
1683:Suicide
1598:Mobbing
1391:Outcast
1232:7369632
561:5380387
342:Boredom
236:stage.
153:anxiety
2349:Fandom
1991:Satire
1956:Hermit
1558:Hazing
1396:Outlaw
1254:CESA.
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459:(film)
441:Jetlag
293:ghetto
204:speech
183:lonely
2947:Islam
2322:Urban
2310:Civic
2253:Types
1673:Crime
1533:Dogma
1352:Exile
1127:(PDF)
989:S2CID
816:S2CID
697:S2CID
633:(PDF)
626:(PDF)
603:S2CID
339:Anger
200:logic
2364:list
1272:2009
1237:PMID
1219:ISSN
1147:ISSN
1103:ISBN
958:2017
931:2017
900:OCLC
890:ISBN
865:ISSN
808:ISSN
771:ISBN
750:2018
689:ISSN
677:os-7
595:ISSN
551:ERIC
528:LCCN
520:ISSN
510:ISBN
202:and
93:race
1227:PMC
1211:doi
1207:258
1178:doi
1139:doi
1099:258
1039:doi
981:doi
855:hdl
847:doi
800:doi
681:doi
587:doi
558:NLA
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