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itself from its own explosions at the front and from the possibility of attack from the rear. Nonetheless, the machine would be lighter and very much simpler than
Cultivator. Also, Clarke's machine could simply blow its way through minefields and anti-tank obstacles that Cultivator could not deal with and when it came to a block house, Clarke's machine would push explosives under its floor and blow it up – whereas Cultivator was entirely unarmed. A significant disadvantage of Clarke's machine was its modest speed, estimated by Clarke to be only 250 yards per hour.
485:
6 inches (0.76 m), raising the excavated soil and pushing it to the sides of the trench. The lower part of the trench was cut to a depth of 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m) by a cylindrical cutter superficially resembling the cutting blade of a cylinder lawnmower. Conveyors raised the excavated soil which was added to the plough's deposits at the side of the trench. The overall depth of the trench was 5 feet (1.5 m) and the spoil provided an additional cover of about 2 feet (0.61 m).
33:
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371:, in the United States – the latter of which had operational control. On 6 December 1939, Churchill was told that Ruston-Bucyrus would be able to build 200 trench-cutting machines by March 1941, and they proposed a wider version that would produce a trench in which tanks could drive. Churchill gave the go-ahead for the production of a prototype but deferred a decision as to the final quantities for the time being.
247:. At that time, Churchill had also conceived the idea of an armoured vehicle that would dig its own trench as it advanced upon an enemy position, a trench sufficiently deep and wide to protect the machine itself, as well as infantry and vehicles following in its wake. The idea did not catch on at the time but he resurrected it. The development of the trench-digging machine was initially undertaken by the
299:. In October 1939, the project was handed over to J.H. Hopkins. Hopkins, who had had a distinguished career in ship design, was given the temporary rank of assistant director and was tasked with bringing together a team of designers who would make Churchill's machine – his mole as he sometimes called it – a reality. A top secret department was set up under the
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side of the trench, wings on the plough blade pushing the spoil away from the edge of the trench to prevent it from falling back in. Hopkins presented this conception together with a static model to
Churchill via Sir Stanley Goodall. Churchill approved the scheme and gave permission for development of a prototype to begin with an initial grant of £1,000,000.
382:– Bath being the temporary home of the Naval Construction department at the time. As soon as it was complete, Churchill ordered that it be taken to London. The model together with its accessories was packed into a mahogany box resembling a coffin; as it was carried to the station in Bath, many bystanders respectfully bowed their heads.
420:
Churchill used the model (or possibly another static model) to persuade the French to support the project, to which they somewhat reluctantly agreed. An official order was placed with Ruston-Bucyrus on 22 January 1940. On 7 February 1940 the government gave approval for the construction of 200 narrow
197:
Cultivator No. 6 was an enormous machine and was planned to be built in substantial numbers. The overall weight was 130 tons and the length was 77 feet 6 inches (23.62 m). The machine's development and production was enthusiastically backed by
Winston Churchill and work on it continued
558:
The number of units was soon even more significantly reduced to just 33 machines and by July
Churchill was finding other tasks to assign to Mr Hopkins. Even so, the project was not completely cancelled – with Britain facing invasion and desperately short of conventional tanks it does seem remarkable
553:
The change which has come over the war affects decisively the usefulness of "Cultivator No. 6". It may play its part in various operations, defensive and offensive, but it can no longer be considered the only method of breaking a fortified line. I suggest that the
Minister of Supply should to-day be
415:
At 7 p.m. I went over to see
Winston Churchill at the Admiralty. He told me that he wanted to show me his "Cultivator". I found that he had invented and reduced to a model a machine that would go through the earth at a good pace... I thought that we could make a great deal of these machines and they
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removing the top 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m) of soil and a cutting cylinder rotating perpendicular to the line of the trench for digging out the lower 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m). The trench profile was then squared off by a number of blades. The spoil was deposited on either
258:
Although
Churchill lacked mechanical knowledge, he had a clear understanding of what he wanted. He saw this machine as one of very few aggressive initiatives by the Allies during the Phoney War. The machine he envisioned would be capable of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare that had developed
602:
character from Lewis
Carroll's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland who famously disappears down a hole. An echo of the original code name remained in the "WR" drawing numbers used by Ruston-Bucyrus. Possibly by coincidence, when recording a demonstration of Cultivator in 1941, General Alan Brooke
532:
On 30 June 1940, Clarke resigned from NLE. The design of the Clarke
Machine had "got beyond him", but it seems equally likely that Clarke was now disenchanted with the whole idea and thought he could contribute to the war in other ways. Although Clarke's ideas were not immediately abandoned at NLE,
528:
Clarke's idea was to use an armoured vehicle of some sort equipped with a hydraulic ram to insert explosive charges into the ground ahead. The resulting explosion would form a crater into which the machine would move before repeating the cycle. Clarke's machine would require thick armour to protect
484:
The head of the machine was 30 feet 6 inches (9.30 m) long and 7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m) wide and 8 feet 7 inches (2.62 m) high and weighted about 30 tons. The head had a plough blade for cutting the top part of the trench to a depth of about 2 feet
323:
The machine had a simple task to perform. Essentially, the requirement was to cut a trench with a section of about six feet (2 m) square and for this some sort of cutter was required. Correctly estimating the power required to perform this feat was essential to the success of the project, but
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on the gear-box output shafts. When digging, only small changes in direction were possible by means of hydraulically operated steering doors, one on each side of the machine. There was an arrangement to draw an adjustable amount of soil back into the trench and under the vehicle's tracks so as to
488:
The body of the machine came in two halves so that it could be divided for transportation, the front portion of the body was 23 ft 4 in (7.11 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) wide and 10 ft 5 in (3.18 m) high and weighed about 45 tons; the rear portion was
242:
which was at least water-borne, but
Churchill was a man of ideas and his position at the Admiralty did not constrain him to strictly naval matters. When Churchill had served as the First Lord of the Admiralty in the First World War and he had been largely responsible for the establishment of the
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Cultivator was designed to cut a trench 7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m) wide and 5 feet (1.5 m) deep, and it would dispose of the spoil on banks either side of the cut trench. It could dig at 0.42 or 0.67 miles per hour (0.68 or 1.08 km/h) or travel at 3.04 miles per hour
194:. It was lightly armoured and carried no weapons. It was designed to advance upon an enemy position largely below ground level in a trench that it was itself excavating. On reaching the enemy's front line, it would serve as a ramp for the troops and possibly tanks following in its trench.
452:. The change meant a great deal of redesign work, but the new arrangement had some advantages. Now one engine would be used for the cutter and one for moving the machine, which simplified some aspects of the design, and diesel fuel was safer than the petrol required by the Merlin engine.
332:. The key feature of such machines was that the cutting was a continuous process that required a fairly constant power, and from this comparison the trenching machine power requirement was estimated at 1,000 hp, half of which was for cutting and half for driving the machine forward.
237:
Churchill had no doubts as to Hitler's true character. He saw no hope of peace and was appalled by the Allies' lack of initiative. He had a number of ideas for taking the war to the enemy, two of which required the invention of entirely new weapons. One idea was for a riverine mine for
174:; this code name was never officially recognised, but it was said to be derived from Churchill's metaphorical ability to pull ideas out of a hat. The codename was changed to the less suggestive Cultivator Number Six to conceal its identity. The name was later changed to
480:
When configured in digging order, the overall length of the machine was 77 feet 6 inches (23.62 m). The machine came in two parts that were hinged together. The head of the machine did the excavating and could be raised or lowered for ascent or descent.
279:...I knew that the carnage of the previous war had bitten deeply into the soul of the French people. The Germans had been given time to build the Siegfried Line. How frightful to hurl the remaining manhood of France against this wall of fire and concrete!
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well past the point when there was no obvious use for it. In the end, only a small number of machines were constructed and none were used in combat. In his memoirs, Churchill said about it: "I am responsible but impenitent".
218:. Britain despatched an expeditionary force to France, which took up positions on the northernmost portion of the French border with Belgium. A line of inter-supporting fortifications and defensive position, known as the
389:. The demonstration went so well that Churchill's smile of pleasure "almost dislodged his cigar" and he ordered that a further demonstration should be arranged for that evening, to which Churchill was accompanied by the
259:
during World War I, and would thereby avoid the atrocious conditions and high casualty rate that resulted. The prospect of such fighting in World War II was made even worse by the construction by the Germans of the
267:), a continuous belt of barbed-wire entanglements, minefields, anti-tank obstacles, forts and trenches, the strength of which was greatly exaggerated by German propaganda. Churchill's trench cutters would cross
521:. In strict confidence, Lindemann told Clarke about work already in progress and he was sufficiently impressed to pass Clarke's suggestions up to Churchill himself. Clarke accepted a job as a temporary
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In April 1940, there came a huge surprise: someone else had invented a high-speed trenching machine envisaged to be used in a similar way but working by quite different means. The inventor was
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that was given to the prototype machine. At the start of the war, much of the Admiralty was moved away from London. It was for this reason that the trench digger project began in the
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so that technicians could determine the most suitable places for the Cultivators to advance. However, the production of Cultivator almost immediately faced a problem as the
517:. His ideas filtered through the wartime bureaucracy and eventually reached the Cultivator project team. Clarke was interviewed by Churchill's scientific advisor,
234:. To the British and French public, this was a conflict between professional fighting forces and there was little appetite for an all-out ideological war.
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instructed to reduce the scheme by one half. Probably in a few days it will be to one-quarter. The spare available capacity could be turned over to tanks.
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28 ft 4 in (8.64 m) long, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) wide and 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m) high and weighed about 55 tons.
222:, helped to defend France's border with Germany, and much of the Allies' effort went into extending those defences to the north. Trenches were dug,
513:. Clarke had prepared a paper "A Consideration of New Offensive Means" and followed this with "Notes on Design of Trench Forming Machines" for the
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The working model was demonstrated to Churchill on 12 December 1939. For this a simulated soil had been developed from a mixture of sawdust and
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Initial designs envisaged a large circular cutter the diameter of the trench to be dug and operating in the manner of modern
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The body was driven by two tracks that were 2 feet (0.61 m) wide, and on the surface steering was possible by means of
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in Bath. There, Hopkins put the initial investigation into the hands of the brilliant, but inexperienced, Frank Spanner.
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that the project continued. Historian John Turner attributes this dogged persistence to Churchill's failure to get his
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engines being produced. Ruston-Bucyrus had intended to use the Merlin, but now had to change tack. They called in Sir
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275:, the attacking force would advance in the relative safety of the cut trench and burst upon the surprised defenders.
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company specialising in excavating equipment. Ruston-Bucyrus had been established in 1930 and was jointly owned by
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Royal Navy's Landships Committee, which sponsored experiments with armoured tractors that eventually resulted in
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in May 1940, it was clearly time to reconsider the usefulness of Cultivator No. 6. Churchill wrote to
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The brilliant but inexperienced young marine engineer Frank Spanner, who prepared the initial design
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There were various problems with the development, and the prototype machine, officially known as
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on 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany, Winston Churchill was appointed
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accepted during the First World War. It was at this point that the original code name of
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In the following weeks, the Germans noticed intense patrol activity in front of the
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the nearest comparable machine the designers could take figures from were the giant
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were built, but hardly a shot was fired in anger. This period became known as the
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was the code name of a military trench-digging machine developed by the British
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and a member of the War Cabinet, just as he had been during the first part of
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1263:. Occasional Papers in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology. Vol. 7.
339:. However, the design evolved to a more efficient arrangement with a huge
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1308:
Strange Vehicles of Pre-War Germany & The Third Reich (1928–1945)
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1261:'Nellie' The History of Churchill's Lincoln-Built Trenching Machine
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A scale model about four feet long was prepared by the firm of
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The Amazing Story of Excavators: Volume 1. Peter N Grimshaw
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it is clear that little progress with them was made.
378:; they worked secretly in the cellars of a hotel in
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and was abbreviated to NLE, giving rise to the name
255:, it was planned to build a fleet of such machines.
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Military engineering vehicles of the United Kingdom
1287:"N.L.E Trenching Machine Mark I \ Cultivator No. 6"
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1214:(17 March 1956). "Churchill's Forgotten Monster".
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416:present the first of any possible offensive idea.
603:likened another meeting earlier that day to the
549:, his chief staff officer and General Ironside:
598:This codename is also highly suggestive of the
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413:
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153:3.04 miles per hour (4.89 km/h) on surface
1337:Trial and research tanks of the United Kingdom
541:With Germany using fast mobile warfare in the
8:
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464:Nellie above ground rear three quarters view
291:Churchill explained what he had in mind to
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20:
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182:sometimes referred to the machine as his
112:77 feet 6 inches (23.62 m)
1084:'Nobby' Clarke: Churchill's Backroom Boy
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328:used in Germany for open cast mining of
251:. Despite a lack of enthusiasm from the
141:Two, Davey, Paxman and Co Diesel engines
128:10 feet 5 inches (3.18 m)
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120:7 feet 3 inches (2.21 m)
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170:. The machine was originally known as
1304:"Ritter Midgard-Schlange (1934–1935)"
188:and the prototype machine was dubbed
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497:counter any tendency to heel over.
406:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
305:Department of Naval Land Equipment
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509:, who had recently worked on the
477:(4.89 km/h) on the surface.
271:in the dark and, protected by an
249:Department of Naval Constructors
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1248:The National Archives Catalogue
1232:The National Archives Catalogue
1204:The Ironside diaries, 1937–1940
1228:"Mr. C. V. Clarke's invention"
1061:Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord
576:N.L.E Trenching Machine Mark I
297:Director of Naval Construction
1:
864:, Entry for 12 December 1939.
582:, was completed in May 1941.
436:reserved for RAF use all the
143:600 horsepower (450 kW)
50:Experimental assault vehicle
18:Experimental assault vehicle
472:Nellie's engine compartment
411:. Ironside later recalled:
399:Chancellor of the Exchequer
326:bucket and chain excavators
212:First Lord of the Admiralty
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1244:"PREM 3/320/7 NLE Various"
1082:O'Connor, Bernard (2010).
710:, Appendix O. pp. 644–645.
656:, Entry: 8 September 1941.
567:was dropped in favour of
303:, which was known as the
245:the invention of the tank
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55:Place of origin
30:
1222:(11). Hulton: 21–23, 52.
428:as the French collected
1357:Ruston (engine builder)
1259:Turner, John T (1988).
172:White Rabbit Number Six
1101:Carr, Richard (2010).
605:Mad Hatter's Tea Party
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507:Cecil Vandepeer Clarke
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337:tunnel boring machines
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240:Operation Royal Marine
226:was stretched out and
206:After the outbreak of
1252:The National Archives
1236:The National Archives
1065:War Diaries 1939–1945
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313:Grand Pump Room Hotel
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1156:The Second World War
1130:The Second World War
1107:Paxman History Pages
1103:"The Nellie Project"
450:Davey, Paxman and Co
166:at the beginning of
1352:History of the tank
1180:Hitler's Scientists
1126:The Gathering Storm
1045:, pp. 218–219.
644:, pp. 170–176.
519:Professor Lindemann
409:Sir Edmund Ironside
395:Neville Chamberlain
347:The Navy turned to
1148:Churchill, Winston
1122:Churchill, Winston
1021:, pp. 560–61.
501:Alternative design
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438:Rolls-Royce Merlin
357:Ruston and Hornsby
349:Ruston-Bucyrus Ltd
301:Ministry of Supply
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73:Production history
1165:978-0-14-144172-6
1152:Their Finest Hour
1139:978-0-14-144172-6
1093:978-1-4478-3101-3
1067:. Phoenix Press.
1009:, pp. 28–29.
943:, pp. 47–49.
849:, pp. 21–22.
751:, pp. 20–21.
695:, pp. 44–45.
273:artillery barrage
180:Winston Churchill
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996:
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985:
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960:, p. 73.
959:
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922:
919:, p. 53.
918:
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904:, p. 31.
903:
898:
896:
892:
889:, p. 22.
888:
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875:
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871:
867:
863:
862:Ironside 1962
858:
856:
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837:, p. 30.
836:
831:
828:
822:
819:
816:, p. 26.
815:
810:
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804:, p. 24.
803:
798:
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791:
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779:
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766:
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727:, p. 11.
726:
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547:General Ismay
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442:Harry Ricardo
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1362:Bucyrus-Erie
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1291:. Retrieved
1289:(in Russian)
1260:
1247:
1231:
1219:
1216:Picture Post
1215:
1206:. Constable.
1203:
1179:
1151:
1125:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1083:
1064:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
995:PREM 3/320/1
970:PREM 3/320/7
965:
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600:White Rabbit
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531:
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494:dog clutches
491:
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434:Air Ministry
430:soil samples
423:
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384:
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365:Bucyrus-Erie
346:
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220:Maginot Line
208:World War II
205:
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168:World War II
159:
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86:Manufacturer
38:
15:
1302:Rob Arndt.
1031:Turner 1988
958:Turner 1988
941:Turner 1988
917:Turner 1988
902:Turner 1988
887:Newman 1956
847:Newman 1956
835:Turner 1988
814:Turner 1988
802:Turner 1988
790:Turner 1988
778:Newman 1956
749:Turner 1988
725:Turner 1988
693:Turner 1988
681:Turner 1988
669:Turner 1988
642:Newman 1956
537:Persistence
511:limpet mine
353:engineering
319:Development
224:barbed wire
216:World War I
1326:Categories
1184:. Viking.
1112:4 November
624:References
387:Plasticine
253:War Office
232:Phoney War
164:Royal Navy
1293:18 August
929:Carr 2010
629:Citations
448:built by
367:based in
359:based in
228:pillboxes
202:Inception
1313:19 April
1202:(1962).
1176:(2003).
1150:(1949).
1124:(1948).
1086:. Lulu.
1063:(2001).
404:and the
265:Westwall
104:130 tons
78:Designed
1053:Sources
361:Lincoln
330:lignite
1267:
1188:
1162:
1136:
1090:
1071:
580:Nellie
456:Design
397:, the
341:plough
309:Nellie
191:Nellie
138:Engine
125:Height
109:Length
64:
586:Notes
351:, an
117:Width
1315:2011
1295:2011
1265:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1114:2010
1088:ISBN
1069:ISBN
561:mole
380:Bath
185:mole
101:Mass
81:1939
47:Type
1328::
1306:.
1250:.
1246:.
1234:.
1230:.
1220:70
1218:.
1154:.
1128:.
1105:.
977:^
948:^
909:^
894:^
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854:^
768:^
715:^
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661:^
607:.
571:.
393:,
263:(
178:.
1317:.
1297:.
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1254:.
1194:.
1168:.
1142:.
1116:.
1096:.
1077:.
997:.
972:.
931:.
763:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
