815:
29:
1521:. Each ICRA also ensures that new names are formally established (i.e. published in hard copy, with a description in a dated publication). They record details about the plant, such as parentage, the names of those concerned with its development and introduction, and a basic description highlighting its distinctive characters. ICRAs are not responsible for assessing the distinctiveness of the plant in question. Most ICRAs can be contacted electronically and many maintain web sites for an up-to-date listing.
1103:
1473:
448:
212:
684:
1415:'King Edward', is a way of uniquely designating a particular kind of plant. This scientific name is in the public domain and cannot be legally protected. Plant retailers wish to maximize their share of the market and one way of doing this is to replace the Latin scientific names on plant labels in retail outlets with appealing marketing names that are easy to use, pronounce, and remember. Marketing names lie outside the scope of the
4731:
900:, is bounded by single quotation marks. For patented or trademarked plant product lines developed from a given cultivar, the commercial product name is typically indicated by the symbols "TM" or "®", or is presented in capital letters with no quotation marks, following the cultivar name, as in the following example, where "Bloomerang" is the commercial name and 'Penda' is the cultivar epithet:
174:) offers legal protection of plant cultivars to persons or organisations that introduce new cultivars to commerce. UPOV requires that a cultivar be "distinct", "uniform", and "stable". To be "distinct", it must have characters that easily distinguish it from any other known cultivar. To be "uniform" and "stable", the cultivar must retain these characters in repeated propagation.
580:
517:, but have not been formally denominated. A cultigen or a component of a cultigen can be accepted as a cultivar if it is recognisable and has stable characters. Therefore, all cultivars are cultigens, because they are cultivated, but not all cultigens are cultivars, because some cultigens have not been formally distinguished and named as cultivars.
1031:). As Group names are used with cultivar names it is necessary to understand their way of presentation. Group names are presented in normal type and the first letter of each word capitalised as for cultivars, but they are not placed in single quotes. When used in a name, the first letter of the word "Group" is itself capitalized.
2601:"International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. 8th ed., adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants"
1508:
Each ICRA produces an annual report and its reappointment is considered every four years. The main task is to maintain a register of the names within the group of interest and where possible this is published and placed in the public domain. One major aim is to prevent the duplication of cultivar and
794:
notes, "In practice such an assemblage is often marketed from one or more lines or multilines that have been genetically modified. These lines or multilines often remain in a constant state of development which makes the naming of such an assemblage as a cultivar a futile exercise." However, retired
1389:
expect legal protection for the cultivars they produce. According to proponents of such protections, if other growers can immediately propagate and sell these cultivars as soon as they come on the market, the breeder's benefit is largely lost. Legal protection for cultivars is obtained through the
613:
emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be regarded as the same cultivar. The production of cultivars generally entails considerable human involvement although in a few
373:
The cultigen is a species, or its equivalent, that has appeared under domestication – the plant is cultigenous. I now propose another name, cultivar, for a botanical variety, or for a race subordinate to species, that has originated under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a
755:
Seed-raised cultivars may be produced by uncontrolled pollination when characteristics that are distinct, uniform and stable are passed from parents to progeny. Some are produced as "lines" that are produced by repeated self-fertilization or inbreeding or "multilines" that are made up of several
751:
Some cultivars "come true from seed", retaining their distinguishing characteristics when grown from seed. Such plants are termed a "variety", "selection", or "strain" but these are ambiguous and confusing words that are best avoided. In general, asexually propagated cultivars grown from seeds
1513:. In this way, over the last 50 years or so, ICRAs have contributed to the stability of cultivated plant nomenclature. In recent times many ICRAs have also recorded trade designations and trademarks used in labelling plant material, to avoid confusion with established names.
1398:
The use of legal protection for cultivars can be controversial, particularly for food crops that are staples in developing countries, or for plants selected from the wild and propagated for sale without any additional breeding work; some people consider this practice
326:
In time the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with variations that had been cultivated increased. In the nineteenth century many "garden-derived" plants were given horticultural names, sometimes in Latin and sometimes in a vernacular language. From
378:
In that essay, Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, but it was obvious to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species, and that realization appears to have motivated the suggestion of the new category of
771:
plants, which retain their genetic composition and characteristics under reproduction. Occasionally cultivars are raised from seed of a specially selected provenance – for example the seed may be taken from plants that are resistant to a particular disease.
568:
A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that (a) has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters, (b) is distinct, uniform and stable in those characters, and (c) when propagated by appropriate means, retains those
1666:
877:(with some permitted exceptions such as conjunctions). It is permissible to place a cultivar epithet after a common name provided the common name is botanically unambiguous. Cultivar epithets published before 1 January 1959 were often given a
1516:
New names and other relevant data are collected by and submitted to the ICRA and in most cases there is no cost. The ICRA then checks each new epithet to ensure that it has not been used before and that it conforms with the
323:, such as α, β, and λ, before the varietal name, rather than using the abbreviation "var." as is the present convention. Most of the varieties that Linnaeus enumerated were of "garden" origin rather than being wild plants.
739:. Plants whose distinctive characters are derived from the presence of an intracellular organism may also form a cultivar provided the characters are reproduced reliably from generation to generation. Plants of the same
735:. The propagating material may be taken from a particular part of the plant, such as a lateral branch, or from a particular phase of the life cycle, such as a juvenile leaf, or from aberrant growth as occurs with
1663:
837:(ICRA). There are sometimes separate registration authorities for different plant types such as roses and camellias. In addition, cultivars may be associated with commercial marketing names referred to in the
3374:
1449:
163:
4561:
276:
124:
are almost exclusively cultivars that have been selected for characters such as improved yield, flavour, and resistance to disease, and very few wild plants are now used as food sources. Trees used in
1423:(PBR) may have a "true" cultivar name – the recognized scientific name in the public domain – and a "commercial synonym" – an additional marketing name that is legally protected. An example would be
151:, and there are differences in the rules for creating and using the names of botanical varieties and cultivars. In recent times, the naming of cultivars has been complicated by the use of statutory
2147:
743:(which have mutant tissues close to normal tissue) or graft-chimeras (which have vegetative tissue from different kinds of plants and which originate by grafting) may also constitute a cultivar.
2737:
Spencer, Roger D.; Cross, Robert G. (2007). "The
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and the cultigen".
4566:
1006:
791:
526:
183:
74:
343:, but these words could not be used internationally because, by international agreement, any new denominations had to be in Latin. In the twentieth century an improved international
1419:
which refers to them as "trade designations". If a retailer or wholesaler has the sole legal rights to a marketing name then that may offer a sales advantage. Plants protected by
1764:
1167:
4699:
493:
states that cultigens are "maintained as recognisable entities solely by continued propagation". Cultigens can have names at any of many taxonomic ranks, including those of
614:
cases it may be as little as simply selecting variation from plants growing in the wild (whether by collecting growing tissue to propagate from or by gathering seed).
1390:
use of Plant breeders' rights and plant
Patents but the specific legislation and procedures needed to take advantage of this protection vary from country to country.
1362:
465:. Many different cultivars have been created within this cultigen. Many other cultigens are not considered to be distinct species, and can be denominated otherwise.
873:. The cultivar epithet is enclosed by single quotes; it should not be italicized if the botanical name is italicized; and each of the words within the epithet is
1497:
of the
International Society of Horticultural Science. ICRAs are generally formed by societies and institutions specializing in particular plant genera such as
1467:
834:
4617:
1152:
988:
cv. 'Peace' (this is now incorrect for two reasons: firstly, the use of "cv."; secondly, "Peace" is a trade designation or "selling name" for the cultivar
1759:
2139:
885:
in botanical names; after that date, newly coined cultivar epithets must be in a modern vernacular language to distinguish them from botanical epithets.
3230:
2200:
4433:
2820:
2004:
1783:
250:(370–285 BC), the "Father of Botany", who was keenly aware of this difference. Botanical historian Alan Morton noted that Theophrastus in his
2237:
Chen, Guang; Liu, Chaolei; Gao, Zhenyu; Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Anpeng; Zhu, Li; Hu, Jiang; Ren, Deyong; Yu, Ling; Xu, Guohua; Qian, Qian (2018-01-05).
1270:
829:
Every unique cultivar has a unique name within its denomination class (which is almost always the genus). Names of cultivars are regulated by the
814:
535:
notes that the word cultivar is used in two different senses: first, as a "classification category" the cultivar is defined in
Article 2 of the
3357:
594:
Which plants are chosen to be named as cultivars is simply a matter of convenience as the category was created to serve the practical needs of
2815:
2727:
2619:
2321:
2123:
1704:
1228:
242:
originated from the need to distinguish between wild plants and those with characteristics that arose in cultivation, presently denominated
3179:
1285:
1187:
992:'Madame A. Meilland' and should therefore be printed in a different typeface from the rest of the name, without quote marks, for example:
3282:
2443:
2173:
1355:
760:
which are the result of a deliberate repeatable single cross between two pure lines. A few F2 hybrid seed cultivars also exist, such as
143:, which is defined as a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity. A cultivar is not the same as a
4623:
2708:
2208:
252:
1505:
and are currently located in Europe, North
America, China, India, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Puerto Rico.
1630:, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all plants that share the unique characteristics that define the cultivar.
3518:
3129:
1317:
1142:
786:
Genetically modified plants with characteristics resulting from the deliberate implantation of genetic material from a different
73:, but some originate from wild plants that have distinctive characteristics. Cultivar names are chosen according to rules of the
2179:
1265:
3957:
3309:
2860:
4438:
3294:
1445:
from country to country. Quoting the original cultivar name allows the correct identification of cultivars around the world.
1348:
2600:
2466:
28:
2532:
1647:
3888:
3146:
2550:"ISHS :: Commission Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration - International Cultivar Registration Authorities (ICRAs)"
1441:
Because a name that is attractive in one language may have less appeal in another country, a plant may be given different
978:
cv. 'Crimson Pygmy' (this once-common usage is now unacceptable, as it is no longer correct to use "cv." in this context;
514:
4607:
4194:
3709:
3289:
3069:
374:
recognized botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin.
307:, Linnaeus enumerated all plants known to him, either directly or from his extensive reading. He recognised the rank of
2418:
4689:
4443:
3299:
3245:
3213:
3174:
752:
produce highly variable seedling plants, and should not be labelled with, or sold under, the parent cultivar's name.
2353:
4770:
4423:
3196:
3167:
2251:
462:
2801:
4573:
3332:
3238:
3201:
3020:
2945:
2920:
2348:
1420:
1376:
1172:
233:
178:
156:
120:, for floral colour or size, plant form, or other desirable characteristics. Similarly, the world's agricultural
4711:
4556:
3606:
3304:
3191:
3136:
2475:
1770:
922:
2549:
4765:
4760:
3257:
3252:
3225:
3208:
3153:
3141:
3124:
2825:
2315:
1177:
1147:
1137:
716:
2699:
History of
Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day
1509:
Group epithets within a genus, as well as ensuring that names are in accord with the latest edition of the
4541:
4465:
3414:
3267:
3262:
2983:
2213:
1248:
882:
280:
2835:– The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database
2001:
4706:
3419:
3367:
3347:
3277:
3220:
3064:
3054:
3042:
3000:
2978:
2935:
1094:
196:
77:(ICNCP), and not all cultivated plants qualify as cultivars. Horticulturists generally believe the word
1458:, UPOV) and this organization maintains a database of new cultivars protected by PBR in all countries.
1102:
799:, which are no longer being developed, do not run into this obstacle and can be given a cultivar name.
1472:
4428:
4280:
3952:
3511:
3389:
3352:
3059:
3025:
3015:
2239:"Variation in the Abundance of OsHAK1 Transcript Underlies the Differential Salinity Tolerance of an
914:
697:
599:
433:
of 1953 subsequently commended its use, and by 1960 it had achieved common international acceptance.
541:
The basic category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this Code is the cultivar.
4598:
4143:
3342:
3106:
3010:
3005:
2853:
2583:
1655:
1535:
1385:
Since the 1990s there has been an increasing use of legal protection for newly produced cultivars.
1238:
781:
703:
544:
494:
447:
350:
216:
136:
70:
2310:
4755:
4536:
4401:
4270:
4179:
3871:
3657:
3553:
3037:
2988:
2973:
2940:
2889:
2756:
1530:
1322:
889:
354:
113:
1626:: it is a classification category and a taxonomic unit within the category. When referring to a
1132:
1112:
211:
4694:
3543:
3538:
3337:
2925:
2723:
2704:
2615:
2292:
2274:
2119:
1700:
949:
453:
293:
101:
58:
1694:
181:, and the correct naming of a cultivar is prescribed by the Rules and Recommendations of the
4480:
4386:
4381:
4335:
4228:
4213:
4174:
4099:
3940:
3864:
3761:
3703:
3101:
3096:
3076:
2950:
2781:
2748:
2282:
2264:
1640:
1573:
1233:
944:
937:
736:
683:
666:
618:
506:
358:
308:
299:
144:
89:
66:
54:
20:
896:'King Edward'. 'King Edward' is the cultivar epithet, which, according to the Rules of the
559:
as a "taxonomic unit within the classification category of cultivar". This is the sense of
513:, and cultivar; and they may be plants that have been altered in cultivation, including by
483:
is any plant that is deliberately selected for or altered in cultivation, as opposed to an
4734:
4716:
4578:
4407:
4357:
4345:
4325:
4307:
4243:
4070:
4038:
3999:
3972:
3801:
3796:
3687:
3623:
3504:
3424:
3362:
3160:
2965:
2739:
2536:
2470:
2422:
2260:
2008:
1670:
1651:
1243:
1074:
Where cited with a cultivar name the group should be enclosed in parentheses, as follows:
740:
724:
167:
61:. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root and stem cuttings, offsets,
2438:
Intellectual
Property Rights in Biotechnology and the Fate of Poor Farmers' Agriculture.
4628:
4593:
4546:
4528:
4492:
4248:
4075:
4053:
4019:
3994:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3844:
3662:
3647:
3601:
3596:
3470:
3450:
3116:
3081:
3047:
2846:
2697:
2287:
2238:
1386:
1290:
1253:
1182:
1127:
1018:
874:
854:
678:
548:
510:
502:
320:
117:
1009:
since the 1995 edition, it is still widely used and recommended by other authorities.
69:, or carefully controlled seed production. Most cultivars arise from deliberate human
4749:
4664:
4412:
4330:
4302:
4265:
4233:
4169:
4089:
3989:
3791:
3774:
3697:
3677:
3618:
3613:
3561:
3485:
3184:
3091:
3086:
2168:
1787:
1312:
1207:
866:
636:
362:
288:
4659:
4649:
4551:
4275:
4260:
3769:
3736:
3272:
2993:
2905:
2785:
1545:
1338:
1307:
1302:
1275:
1197:
1157:
689:
661:
628:
595:
344:
247:
105:
50:
34:
2625:
2587:
2463:
4475:
4460:
4455:
4391:
4253:
4033:
4004:
3903:
3898:
3746:
3586:
3581:
3566:
3429:
3394:
3030:
2930:
2810:
2529:
1644:
1297:
1223:
1192:
1056:
796:
768:
609:
Members of a particular cultivar are not necessarily genetically identical. The
4504:
4497:
4487:
4470:
4153:
4148:
4084:
3876:
3723:
3682:
3576:
3480:
2915:
2910:
1660:
to cultivate, to husband, to farm, to plant, to polish, to reclaim, to improve
316:
200:
148:
2278:
711:
Cultivars that are produced asexually are genetically identical and known as
563:
that is most generally understood and which is used as a general definition.
4612:
4509:
4238:
4043:
4024:
3935:
3859:
3731:
3672:
3652:
3591:
3434:
3409:
3399:
3384:
2412:
2269:
2116:
The Tree Book: Superior
Selections for Landscapes, Streetscapes, and Gardens
1380:
1258:
1202:
1122:
787:
757:
653:'Great Lakes' are lettuce cultivars propagated by seeds. Named cultivars of
579:
423:
405:
261:
121:
2296:
128:
are also special selections grown for their enhanced quality and yield of
4654:
4644:
4583:
4350:
4223:
4199:
4116:
3786:
3571:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3404:
3379:
2955:
1540:
1334:
1280:
1117:
1023:
Where several very similar cultivars exist they can be associated into a
728:
720:
640:
603:
586:
471:
458:
442:
191:). A cultivar is given a cultivar name, which consists of the scientific
140:
125:
97:
62:
2760:
2473:(article by nurseryman and plant hunter Michael Wickenden, published in
2343:
335:
were recognised in the
Scandinavian, Germanic, and Slavic literature as
3839:
3834:
3751:
3741:
3455:
3327:
2838:
1046:
902:
870:
858:
732:
712:
645:
498:
485:
312:
152:
2643:
Lawrence, George H.M. (1953). "Cultivar, Distinguished from
Variety".
4292:
4184:
4138:
4104:
4058:
4048:
4009:
3947:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3527:
2752:
1478:
1438:
is the trade designation, and 'Poulmax' is scientific cultivar name.
1400:
1162:
803:
332:
129:
109:
2669:
Lawrence, George H.M. (1957). "The Designation of Cultivar-names".
2656:
Lawrence, George H.M. (1955). "The Term and Category of Cultivar".
2557:
2435:
1493:(ICRA) is a voluntary, non-statutory organization appointed by the
806:
level of a plant which may produce more desirable characteristics.
4516:
4450:
4372:
4340:
4297:
4189:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4109:
4094:
4063:
3984:
3642:
3633:
2884:
2869:
2722:. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing (also Earthscan, UK.).
1627:
1471:
927:
878:
862:
813:
682:
655:
623:
578:
429:
was promoted as "euphonious" and "free from ambiguity". The first
284:
210:
192:
27:
16:
Plant or grouping of plants selected for desirable characteristics
1450:
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
543:
There are two other classification categories for cultigens, the
457:, is considered a cultigen, and is a distinct species from other
164:
International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
4367:
4362:
4014:
3854:
3829:
3824:
3808:
3779:
3667:
2401:
Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated?
2344:"What is the proper way to write a botanical name (Latin name)?"
1455:
Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales
172:
Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales
93:
3500:
2842:
408:
and it has been suggested that the word is actually a blend of
277:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
4287:
3849:
2832:
1696:
Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon
1612:
2415:
Plant breeding – The business and science of crop improvement
1055:
Botrytis Group (the group of cultivars including all typical
1045:
Capitata Group (the group of cultivars including all typical
2806:
The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
1600:
40:
A cultivar selected for its intriguing and colourful flowers
1643:
denoting "to farm, to cultivate, to grow, or to practice" (
264:) changes and of the importance of genetic constitution" (
3496:
2720:
Plant names: a guide to botanical nomenclature. (3rd ed.)
2682:
Lawrence, George H.M. (1960). "Notes on Cultivar Names".
2614:. International Society of Horticultural Science: 1–184.
1591:
1582:
1448:
The main body coordinating plant breeders' rights is the
824:
The specific epithet may be omitted from a cultivar name.
2770:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
1007:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
831:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
792:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
537:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
527:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
184:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
75:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
319:) and he indicated these varieties with letters of the
260:) "had an inkling of the limits of culturally induced (
2718:
Spencer, Roger; Cross, Robert; Lumley, Peter (2007).
1765:
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture
1606:
1594:
1579:
1495:
Commission for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration
802:
Cultivars may be selected because of a change in the
1609:
1597:
1588:
1585:
639:' are cultivars of apples propagated by cuttings or
4673:
4637:
4527:
4400:
4316:
4212:
4162:
3887:
3817:
3760:
3722:
3696:
3632:
3552:
3443:
3318:
3115:
2964:
2898:
2057:
2055:
1639:This ignored its prior use as a transitive verb in
1576:
1394:
Controversial use of legal protection for cultivars
2696:
2588:"Various cultigens, and transfers in nomenclature"
2500:
2488:
1898:
246:. This distinction dates to the Greek philosopher
177:The naming of cultivars is an important aspect of
19:For the taxonomic rank just below subspecies, see
2524:
2522:
1962:Cultivated Plant Code. Preamble & Principles
1718:
1716:
1821:
1819:
2811:International Cultivar Registration Authorities
2530:International Cultivar Registration Authorities
1462:International Cultivar Registration Authorities
1411:The formal scientific name of a cultivar, like
869:or intergeneric hybrid) followed by a cultivar
565:
371:
1484:A cultivar selected for flower form and colour
3512:
2854:
1491:International Cultivar Registration Authority
1468:International Cultivar Registration Authority
1356:
1087:Legal protection of cultivars and their names
1005:Although "cv." has not been permitted by the
835:International Cultivar Registration Authority
8:
4618:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1734:
1453:
53:plant that people have selected for desired
2032:Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.12–2.16
1153:Integrated circuit layout design protection
888:For example, the full cultivar name of the
390:. It is generally assumed to be a blend of
311:(botanical "variety", a rank below that of
3719:
3519:
3505:
3497:
2946:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection)
2861:
2847:
2839:
2146:. Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder.
2074:Cultivated Plant Code Recommendation 8A.1
2019:Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.17–2.18
1363:
1349:
1090:
972:"Elegans" (double quotes are unacceptable)
881:form and can be readily confused with the
756:closely related lines. Sometimes they are
2425:British Society of Plant Breeders booklet
2286:
2268:
1988:Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.5–2.11
4562:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2768:Trehane, Piers (2004). "50 years of the
2513:
2387:
2374:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2046:
2033:
2020:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1911:
1886:
1873:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1810:
1746:
446:
1861:
1685:
1557:
1271:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
1215:
1093:
910:Examples of correct text presentation:
404:but Bailey never explicitly stated the
199:. The cultivar epithet is usually in a
1798:
1722:
1622:
695:A cross performed in Tasmania between
279:uses as its starting point for modern
195:botanical name followed by a cultivar
2114:Dirr, Michael; Warren, Keith (2019).
2045:Cultivated Plant Code, Articles 2.19
1229:Artificial intelligence and copyright
841:as "trade designations" (see below).
715:; this includes plants propagated by
7:
1975:Cultivated Plant Code, Article 2.20
1620:) has two meanings, as explained in
1407:Trade designations and selling names
1188:Supplementary protection certificate
347:was proposed for cultivated plants.
57:and which retains those traits when
3375:Selection methods in plant breeding
2403:Plant Physiology 134, pp. 1295–1307
2174:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2087:Cultivated Plant Code Article 21.3
2061:Cultivated Plant Code Article 14.1
1664:Ectaco online Portuguese dictionary
479:may be confused with each other. A
112:are commonly cultivars produced by
1760:"HORT217 - Woody Landscape Plants"
1693:Stanley J. Kays (3 October 2011).
790:may form a cultivar. However, the
147:, which is a taxonomic rank below
14:
4567:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
2209:Food and Agriculture Organization
936:'Golden Wonder' (post-1959 name,
926:'Aureomarginata' (pre-1959 name,
795:transgenic varieties such as the
665:plants are cultivars produced by
187:(ICNCP, commonly denominated the
4730:
4729:
2501:Spencer, Cross & Lumley 2007
2489:Spencer, Cross & Lumley 2007
2440:Social Science Research Network"
1949:Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 2.2
1910:Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 2.1
1899:Spencer, Cross & Lumley 2007
1572:
1318:Outline of intellectual property
1143:Indigenous intellectual property
1101:
833:, and may be registered with an
539:(2009, 8th edition) as follows:
331:the 1900s, cultivated plants in
2446:from the original on 2021-07-15
2356:from the original on 2020-11-26
2324:from the original on 2020-07-17
2311:"Horticulture 202 Laboratory 3"
2182:from the original on 2021-03-12
2150:from the original on 2021-11-30
1885:Cultivated Plant Code Art. 2.3
1065:Groupe Hortensia (in French) =
584:A cultivar of the orchid genus
135:Cultivars form a major part of
2786:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.634.1
2386:Cultivated Plant Code Art. 15
2100:Cultivated Plant Code Art. 14
1936:Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 3
1923:Cultivated Plant Code. Art. 4
155:for plants and recognition of
81:was coined as a term meaning "
1:
2802:Latest Edition (October 2009)
2373:Cultivated Plant Code Art. 3
617:Cultivars generally occur as
219:(1858–1954) coined the words
4608:History of plant systematics
4195:Thorns, spines, and prickles
2816:The Language of Horticulture
2342:Finkle, Anita (2018-04-02).
2212:. 2020-06-10. Archived from
2201:"How to name a new cultivar"
1069:Hortensia Group (in English)
966:text presentation examples:
369:in 1923 when he wrote that:
2599:Brickell, Chris D. (2009).
1266:Idea–expression distinction
1080:(Hortensia Group) 'Ayesha'
982:'Crimson Pygmy' is correct)
948:'Akebono' (post-1959 name,
4787:
4424:Alternation of generations
2821:Opinion piece by Tony Lord
2703:. London: Academic Press.
2252:Frontiers in Plant Science
2169:"Naming a Cultivar ?"
1699:. Springer. pp. 15–.
1465:
1374:
1016:
779:
676:
524:
463:biological species concept
440:
231:
18:
4725:
4574:Cultivated plant taxonomy
4537:Biological classification
3534:
3333:Marker-assisted selection
2921:Marker-assisted selection
2880:
2349:New York Botanical Garden
1645:Online Spanish dictionary
234:Cultivated plant taxonomy
179:cultivated plant taxonomy
4434:Evolutionary development
2695:Morton, Alan G. (1981).
2316:Texas A&M University
1735:Spencer & Cross 2007
934:Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
923:Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
822:'Clear Crystals Apricot'
386:Bailey created the word
4085:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2270:10.3389/fpls.2017.02216
2002:Courses / RHS Gardening
1178:Plant genetic resources
1148:Industrial design right
1138:Geographical indication
4700:by author abbreviation
4624:Plant taxonomy systems
4542:Botanical nomenclature
3415:Outbreeding depression
2594:. 1 (Part 3): 113–136.
2512:Cultivated Plant Code
2176:- Botanical Web Portal
1486:
1454:
1430:= 'Poulmax', in which
1421:plant breeders' rights
1377:Plant breeders' rights
1249:Criticism of copyright
1173:Plant breeders' rights
826:
708:
591:
572:
466:
376:
281:botanical nomenclature
229:
171:
157:plant breeders' rights
139:'s broader group, the
114:breeding and selection
42:
4707:Botanical expeditions
3420:Inbreeding depression
2936:Preservation breeding
2608:Scripta Horticulturae
2118:. Timber Press, Inc.
1519:Cultivated Plant Code
1511:Cultivated Plant Code
1475:
1417:Cultivated Plant Code
1375:Further information:
1095:Intellectual property
1078:Hydrangea macrophylla
1067:Hydrangea macrophylla
1063:Hydrangea macrophylla
898:Cultivated Plant Code
839:Cultivated Plant Code
817:
686:
611:Cultivated Plant Code
582:
533:Cultivated Plant Code
491:Cultivated Plant Code
450:
431:Cultivated Plant Code
214:
189:Cultivated Plant Code
31:
4439:Evolutionary history
4429:Double fertilization
4281:Cellular respiration
2584:Bailey, Liberty Hyde
2516:, pp. 62, 67–83
2318:General Horticulture
970:Cryptomeria japonica
915:Cryptomeria japonica
906:'Penda' BLOOMERANG.
776:Genetically modified
515:genetic modification
303:(fifth edition). In
297:(tenth edition) and
3658:Non-vascular plants
3107:Designer crossbreed
2560:on 26 November 2014
2442:. 13 January 2005.
2144:'Penda' BLOOMERANG"
1767:- Purdue University
1536:Plant variety (law)
1239:Copyright abolition
980:Berberis thunbergii
976:Berberis thunbergii
782:Genetic engineering
767:Some cultivars are
351:Liberty Hyde Bailey
268:, Book 3, 2, 2 and
258:Enquiry into Plants
217:Liberty Hyde Bailey
137:Liberty Hyde Bailey
4163:Surface structures
3958:Flower development
2941:Selective breeding
2890:Lists of cultivars
2800:Sale point of the
2774:Acta Horticulturae
2535:2017-07-15 at the
2469:2011-09-11 at the
2464:'Who owns nature?'
2421:2011-09-11 at the
2007:2005-12-26 at the
1852:, pp. 179–180
1669:2023-04-07 at the
1650:2010-01-11 at the
1531:Lists of cultivars
1487:
1331:Higher categories:
1323:Outline of patents
1035:Presenting in text
890:King Edward potato
845:Presenting in text
827:
764:'Summer Berries'.
709:
592:
467:
355:Cornell University
266:Historia Plantarum
253:Historia Plantarum
230:
83:cultivated variety
43:
4771:Forest management
4743:
4742:
4382:Herbaceous plants
4208:
4207:
3494:
3493:
3338:Natural selection
3319:Selection methods
2926:Mutation breeding
2729:978-0-643-09440-6
2621:978-90-6605-662-6
2125:978-1-60469-714-8
1786:2 August 2012 at
1706:978-90-8686-720-2
1623:Formal definition
1413:Solanum tuberosum
1373:
1372:
1053:Brassica oleracea
1043:Brassica oleracea
950:Japanese language
894:Solanum tuberosum
883:specific epithets
521:Formal definition
461:according to the
454:Triticum aestivum
365:created the word
305:Species Plantarum
294:Species Plantarum
272:, Book 1, 9, 3).
145:botanical variety
90:ornamental plants
4778:
4733:
4732:
4712:Individual trees
4387:Secondary growth
4358:Succulent plants
4346:Prostrate shrubs
4229:Apical dominance
4214:Plant physiology
4175:Epicuticular wax
3720:
3713:
3704:Plant morphology
3521:
3514:
3507:
3498:
3102:Captive breeding
3097:Breeding program
3077:Backyard breeder
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2789:
2764:
2753:10.2307/25065875
2733:
2714:
2702:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2624:. Archived from
2605:
2595:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2556:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2526:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2491:, pp. 76–81
2486:
2480:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2399:P. Gepts (2004)
2397:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2377:, pp. 10–12
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2272:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:, pp. 10–12
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1801:, pp. 38–39
1796:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1756:
1750:
1749:, pp. 19–20
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1674:
1637:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1457:
1437:
1429:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1234:Brand protection
1168:Peasants' rights
1105:
1091:
998:
945:Pinus densiflora
938:English language
865:, interspecific
861:, infraspecific
693:'Scarlet Ribbon'
667:micropropagation
649:'Red Sails' and
621:and food crops:
300:Genera Plantarum
21:Variety (botany)
4786:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4721:
4690:Botanical terms
4683:
4669:
4633:
4579:Citrus taxonomy
4557:Author citation
4523:
4417:
4396:
4318:
4312:
4308:Turgor pressure
4216:
4204:
4158:
3973:Floral symmetry
3891:
3883:
3813:
3802:Vascular bundle
3797:Vascular tissue
3756:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3692:
3663:Vascular plants
3628:
3624:Plant pathology
3548:
3530:
3525:
3495:
3490:
3439:
3425:Recessive trait
3363:selective sweep
3320:
3314:
3117:Plant cultivars
3111:
2960:
2894:
2885:Lists of breeds
2876:
2867:
2797:
2792:
2767:
2736:
2730:
2717:
2711:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2603:
2598:
2592:Gentes Herbarum
2582:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2537:Wayback Machine
2527:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2471:Wayback Machine
2462:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2423:Wayback Machine
2411:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2261:Frontiers Media
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2009:Wayback Machine
2000:
1996:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1918:
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1905:
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1677:
1671:Wayback Machine
1652:Wayback Machine
1638:
1634:
1605:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1527:
1485:
1483:
1470:
1464:
1435:
1427:
1409:
1396:
1383:
1369:
1333:
1329:
1244:Copyright troll
1133:Farmers' rights
1113:Authors' rights
1089:
1037:
1021:
1015:
996:
955:Apple 'Sundown'
847:
825:
823:
812:
784:
778:
758:F1 hybrids
749:
707:
698:L. glabrum
694:
681:
675:
590:
577:
575:Different kinds
555:then defines a
529:
523:
445:
439:
270:Causa Plantarum
236:
228:
209:
41:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4766:Plant breeding
4763:
4761:Plant taxonomy
4758:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4680:Related topics
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4629:Taxonomic rank
4626:
4621:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Botanical name
4539:
4533:
4531:
4529:Plant taxonomy
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4505:Megasporangium
4502:
4501:
4500:
4493:Microsporangia
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
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4415:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4397:
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4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4331:Cushion plants
4322:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4266:Plant hormones
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4249:Photosynthesis
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
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4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
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4136:
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4129:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4082:
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4068:
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4041:
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4028:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Floral formula
3965:
3963:Floral diagram
3960:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3892:(incl. Flower)
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3792:Storage organs
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Spermatophytes
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3648:Archaeplastida
3645:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3602:Phytogeography
3599:
3597:Phytochemistry
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3554:Subdisciplines
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Heirloom plant
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Breed registry
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
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3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
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3285:
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3265:
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3255:
3250:
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3228:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3199:
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3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3158:
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3132:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Breed standard
3079:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
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3040:
3035:
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3033:
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3003:
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2968:
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2923:
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2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2877:
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680:
672:
670:
669:or division.
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
648:
647:
642:
638:
637:Red Delicious
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
589:
588:
581:
574:
571:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
473:
464:
460:
456:
455:
451:Bread wheat,
449:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
425:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
384:
382:
375:
370:
368:
364:
363:United States
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
235:
226:
222:
218:
213:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:rhododendrons
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:is a kind of
48:
37:
36:
30:
26:
22:
4660:Horticulture
4650:Floriculture
4588:
4552:Correct name
4402:Reproduction
4392:Woody plants
4317:Plant growth
4276:Gas Exchange
4261:Phytomelanin
4139:Plant embryo
3889:Reproductive
3737:Phragmoplast
3321:and genetics
3295:Sweet potato
3246:
3239:
3231:
3214:
3202:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
2906:Backcrossing
2873:
2824:
2805:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2744:
2738:
2719:
2698:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2633:. Retrieved
2626:the original
2611:
2607:
2591:
2576:Bibliography
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2553:
2543:
2508:
2503:, p. 78
2496:
2484:
2474:
2459:
2448:. Retrieved
2437:
2430:
2414:
2408:
2400:
2395:
2390:, p. 19
2382:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2347:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2314:
2305:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2221:. Retrieved
2214:the original
2207:
2195:
2184:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2152:. Retrieved
2141:
2134:
2115:
2109:
2104:, p. 19
2096:
2091:, p. 25
2083:
2078:, p. 15
2070:
2065:, p. 19
2041:
2028:
2015:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1966:, p. 19
1958:
1945:
1932:
1927:, p. 12
1919:
1906:
1901:, p. 47
1894:
1881:
1869:
1864:, p. 17
1862:Trehane 2004
1857:
1845:
1833:
1806:
1794:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1763:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1695:
1688:
1659:
1635:
1621:
1564:
1560:
1546:Hybrid fruit
1518:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:Rhododendron
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1477:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1339:Property law
1330:
1308:Pirate Party
1303:Patent troll
1286:Paraphrasing
1276:Fair dealing
1198:Trade secret
1158:Moral rights
1077:
1066:
1062:
1057:cauliflowers
1052:
1042:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1004:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
969:
963:
943:
933:
921:
913:
901:
897:
893:
887:
850:
848:
838:
830:
828:
819:
801:
785:
766:
761:
754:
750:
710:
702:
696:
690:Leucospermum
688:
662:Hemerocallis
660:
654:
650:
644:
632:
629:Granny Smith
622:
616:
610:
608:
596:horticulture
593:
585:
567:
566:
560:
556:
552:
540:
536:
532:
530:
490:
484:
480:
476:
470:
468:
452:
430:
426:
417:
416:
410:
409:
399:
398:
392:
391:
387:
385:
380:
377:
372:
366:
349:
345:nomenclature
340:
336:
328:
325:
304:
298:
292:
274:
269:
265:
257:
251:
248:Theophrastus
243:
239:
237:
224:
223:in 1918 and
220:
188:
182:
176:
161:
134:
87:
82:
78:
71:manipulation
46:
44:
35:Osteospermum
33:
25:
4476:Pollen tube
4471:Pollinators
4461:Pollination
4456:Germination
4271:Respiration
4254:Chlorophyll
4100:Pedicellate
4034:Gametophyte
3953:Aestivation
3904:Antheridium
3899:Archegonium
3747:Plasmodesma
3724:Plant cells
3587:Paleobotany
3582:Ethnobotany
3567:Astrobotany
3430:Sex linkage
3395:Codominance
3368:stabilizing
3348:directional
3234:(daffodils)
3148:Callistemon
2931:Outcrossing
1979:, p. 9
1953:, p. 6
1914:, p. 6
1889:, p. 1
1876:, p. 1
1799:Morton 1981
1723:Bailey 1923
1436:Fascination
1428:Fascination
1298:Orphan work
1224:Abandonware
1193:Trade dress
1013:Group names
875:capitalized
797:fish tomato
619:ornamentals
600:agriculture
569:characters.
4750:Categories
4498:Microspore
4488:Sporangium
4466:Artificial
4154:Sporophyte
4149:Sporophyll
4144:Receptacle
4039:Gynandrium
3909:Androecium
3818:Vegetative
3688:Angiosperm
3683:Gymnosperm
3577:Dendrology
3481:Rare breed
3353:disruptive
3290:Strawberry
3021:Guinea pig
2916:Inbreeding
2911:Crossbreed
2677:: 162–165.
2664:: 177–181.
2635:2011-02-07
2450:2020-07-23
2360:2020-12-26
2328:2020-12-26
2263:SA: 2216.
2223:2020-12-26
2186:2020-12-26
2154:2022-04-29
1777:2007-07-28
1681:References
1656:Portuguese
1654:), and in
1027:(formerly
469:The words
317:subspecies
262:phenotypic
203:language.
201:vernacular
149:subspecies
122:food crops
59:propagated
51:cultivated
4756:Cultivars
4695:Botanists
4613:Herbarium
4510:Megaspore
4408:Evolution
4351:Subshrubs
4319:and habit
4244:Nutrition
4239:Cellulose
4234:Bulk flow
4217:Materials
4180:Epidermis
4044:Gynoecium
4025:Endosperm
4020:Dispersal
3936:Staminode
3872:Sessility
3860:Cataphyll
3780:Mesophyll
3732:Cell wall
3673:Lycophyte
3653:Bryophyte
3607:Geobotany
3592:Phycology
3435:F1 hybrid
3410:Heterosis
3400:Epistasis
3390:Dominance
3385:Phenotype
3343:balancing
3300:Sweetcorn
3283:cultivars
3247:Nepenthes
3232:Narcissus
3215:Grevillea
3175:Cherimoya
2874:cultivars
2829:magazine)
2780:: 17–27.
2279:1664-462X
1658:denoting
1570:English:
1401:unethical
1381:Trademark
1259:Biopiracy
1203:Trademark
1123:Copyright
964:incorrect
918:'Elegans'
788:germplasm
437:Cultigens
424:neologism
406:etymology
287:names in
244:cultigens
238:The word
207:Etymology
102:daffodils
98:camellias
4735:Category
4655:Forestry
4645:Agronomy
4638:Practice
4589:Cultivar
4584:Cultigen
4444:timeline
4336:Rosettes
4224:Aleurone
4200:Trichome
4117:Perianth
3929:Filament
3787:Meristem
3710:glossary
3572:Bryology
3476:Landrace
3466:Germline
3461:Eugenics
3405:Dwarfing
3380:Genotype
3358:negative
3278:breeders
3197:Cucumber
3169:Capsicum
3162:Cannabis
3130:Japanese
3048:breeding
3031:breeding
2994:breeding
2956:Purebred
2833:Hortivar
2761:25065875
2651:: 19–20.
2586:(1923).
2554:ishs.org
2533:Archived
2467:Archived
2444:Archived
2419:Archived
2354:Archived
2322:Archived
2297:29354152
2245:japonica
2180:Archived
2148:Archived
2005:Archived
1784:Archived
1667:Archived
1648:Archived
1565:Cultivar
1525:See also
1482:'Akita'
1335:Property
1281:Fair use
1118:Copyleft
1047:cabbages
930:in form)
762:Achillea
725:cuttings
721:layering
717:division
641:grafting
604:forestry
587:Oncidium
561:cultivar
557:cultivar
547:and the
481:cultigen
477:cultivar
472:cultigen
443:Cultigen
427:cultivar
388:cultivar
381:cultivar
367:cultivar
359:New York
309:varietas
289:Linnaeus
240:cultivar
227:in 1923.
225:cultivar
221:cultigen
166:(UPOV –
141:cultigen
126:forestry
88:Popular
79:cultivar
63:grafting
47:cultivar
4413:Ecology
4170:Cuticle
4000:Capsule
3990:Anatomy
3941:Tapetum
3865:Petiole
3840:Rhizome
3835:Rhizoid
3762:Tissues
3752:Vacuole
3742:Plastid
3544:Outline
3539:History
3456:Breeder
3328:Culling
3240:Nemesia
3203:Gazania
3185:hybrids
2984:Chicken
2899:Methods
2684:Baileya
2671:Baileya
2658:Baileya
2645:Baileya
2564:5 March
2288:5760540
2142:Syringa
1641:Spanish
903:Syringa
871:epithet
859:species
741:chimera
733:budding
651:Lactuca
646:Lactuca
507:variety
499:species
486:indigen
313:species
197:epithet
153:patents
110:azaleas
4717:Plants
4620:(IAPT)
4373:Lianas
4341:Shrubs
4293:Starch
4185:Nectar
4105:Raceme
4071:Stigma
4059:Locule
4049:Carpel
4010:Pyrena
3948:Flower
3924:Anther
3919:Stamen
3914:Pollen
3636:groups
3528:Botany
3305:Tomato
3253:Olives
3192:Coffee
3180:Citrus
3137:Banana
3065:Turkey
3055:Rabbit
3043:Pigeon
3001:Donkey
2979:Cattle
2951:Hybrid
2870:Breeds
2823:(from
2759:
2726:
2707:
2690:: 1–4.
2618:
2295:
2285:
2277:
2243:and a
2241:indica
2122:
1703:
1499:Dahlia
1479:Dahlia
1163:Patent
867:hybrid
804:ploidy
731:, and
729:grafts
713:clones
673:Clones
631:' and
602:, and
551:. The
489:; the
459:wheats
422:. The
333:Europe
168:French
130:timber
118:sports
116:or as
108:, and
55:traits
4677:Lists
4594:Group
4517:Spore
4451:Flora
4368:Vines
4363:Trees
4326:Habit
4298:Sugar
4190:Stoma
4132:Sepal
4127:Petal
4122:Tepal
4110:Umbel
4095:Bract
4076:Style
4064:Ovule
4054:Ovary
3995:Berry
3985:Fruit
3978:Whorl
3845:Shoot
3643:Algae
3634:Plant
3444:Other
3258:Onion
3226:Mango
3209:Grape
3155:Canna
3142:Basil
3125:Apple
3060:Sheep
3026:Horse
3016:Goose
2757:JSTOR
2740:Taxon
2629:(PDF)
2604:(PDF)
2413:BSPB
2217:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
1782:Also
1628:taxon
1552:Notes
1025:Group
997:Peace
962:Some
928:Latin
879:Latin
863:taxon
820:Viola
656:Hosta
633:Malus
624:Malus
549:group
411:culti
395:vated
393:culti
341:sorte
337:stamm
329:circa
285:Latin
193:Latin
94:roses
92:like
4599:Grex
4481:Self
4015:Seed
3877:Stem
3855:Leaf
3830:Root
3825:Bulb
3809:Wood
3770:Cork
3668:Fern
3273:Rose
3268:Rice
3263:Pear
3011:Goat
3006:Duck
2872:and
2724:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2616:ISBN
2566:2011
2528:See
2293:PMID
2275:ISSN
2120:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1432:Rosa
1425:Rosa
1379:and
1337:and
994:Rosa
986:Rosa
701:and
659:and
553:Code
545:grex
531:The
511:form
495:grex
475:and
420:iety
415:and
402:iety
397:and
315:and
283:the
275:The
162:The
4288:Sap
4005:Nut
3850:Bud
3221:Hop
3038:Pig
2989:Dog
2974:Cat
2804:of
2782:doi
2778:634
2772:".
2749:doi
2283:PMC
2265:doi
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892:is
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413:gen
400:var
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