1150:
1169:
2251:
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4177:
2026:
1177:
760:
1729:
2177:
2192:
768:
5259:
2228:
175:
2213:
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1528:
147:
1686:
802:
4768:
1673:
1572:
1097:
524:
121:
794:
810:
783:
1546:, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.
1641:
is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose
Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for
678:
are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the
3135:
The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century
Persian physician, distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz,
1076:
and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely during their domestication. This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of growth.
2161:
1420:
and sometimes indoors. They have also been used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.
4804:
1832:
The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases). The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals.
4797:
3651:
2034:
5180:
3545:
4790:
4671:
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2250:
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with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.
1168:
1052:
Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China. Among the old
Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.
2697:"A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada"
1969:
and states that the rose is red because
Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel
2227:
6320:
4525:
6541:
2176:
6359:
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The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as
3748:
654:. Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to
876:, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple
5290:
4743:
2313:
2108:
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The
Luxembourg-born
6268:
5299:
5166:
2191:
6333:
6281:
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4545:
980:. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as
3542:
6408:
411:
3961:
3286:
5027:
4813:
3615:
3576:
3492:
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2018:. The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation. The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the
1991:, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity. French writer
4136:
3921:
2011:
1848:
1844:, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
3966:
3073:
2212:
2821:
Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (2017).
6556:
4733:
4620:
4252:
2432:
2385:
2308:
2270:
1539:. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
3512:
1925:(Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses") is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
1026:
found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene. Blocking the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds.
6190:
4702:
4495:
2182:
2122:
was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
4121:
3304:
5220:
3194:
2998:
1136:
864:
is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five
3650:
Ugo
Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021,
3886:
6493:
4570:
4096:
3931:
3971:
2275:
Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the
6307:
5194:
5132:
4832:
4728:
3778:
2414:
2367:
1462:
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in
6195:
3826:
6457:
5283:
4999:
4630:
4555:
2823:"Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity – Scientific Reports"
1118:
4176:
4101:
4086:
4026:
3936:
3901:
1961:
praises a beautiful youth saying that
Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms". The second-century AD Greek travel writer
154:
6338:
829:; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are
6346:
5006:
4031:
3482:
2025:
1023:
6039:
4640:
4540:
4530:
3345:
1856:
651:
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3831:
3264:
6164:
6151:
5214:
5111:
5104:
5048:
4697:
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4520:
4343:
2424:
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969:
4131:
4126:
4046:
4041:
4036:
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pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
6462:
6421:
5125:
4847:
4575:
4277:
4161:
4111:
4091:
4051:
3841:
3816:
2465:
2460:
2420:
2373:
1783:
1721:, or brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce
5158:
4076:
3442:
1107:
424:
6536:
6364:
6013:
5963:
5276:
5076:
5041:
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illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German
6426:
4625:
4166:
4156:
3991:
3956:
3951:
6526:
6019:
5367:
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4615:
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which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in
977:
4610:
4141:
4081:
4021:
3996:
3876:
3846:
2113:
1184:
24:
5190:
6255:
5993:
5907:
4645:
4510:
3881:
3836:
3808:
3412:
2137:
have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of
1710:
1498:
821:
are borne alternately on the stem. In most species, they are 5 to 15 centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long,
174:
2873:
Li S, Zhong M, Dong X, Jiang X, Xu Y, Sun Y, Cheng F, Li DZ, Tang K, Wang S, Dai S, Hu JY (December 2018).
6531:
6242:
6094:
5881:
5860:
5803:
5139:
5083:
5069:
4402:
4350:
4298:
3606:
Cucciniello, Lisa (2008). "Rose to Rosary: The Flower of Venus in
Catholicism". In Hutton, Frankie (ed.).
3535:
2015:
1962:
1743:
1158:
28:
6169:
4151:
4146:
4066:
4016:
4006:
3916:
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6395:
6260:
6247:
6033:
5933:
5771:
5766:
5321:
5146:
4992:
4738:
4427:
2752:"Leaf Architecture of Extant Species of Rosa L. and the Paleogene Species Rosa lignitum Heer (Rosaceae)"
2238:
2134:
2075:
1996:
1494:
1114:
32:
20:
5787:
4061:
3856:
3184:
2082:. Subsequently roses of the corresponding colours have been used a emblems for the English counties of
1219:
6286:
6498:
6374:
6203:
5973:
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5792:
5674:
5546:
5477:
5435:
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4857:
4748:
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4392:
4319:
3986:
3911:
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2708:
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2030:
1632:
1086:
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993:
988:
909:
720:
330:
5613:
5209:
4953:
4707:
4600:
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4357:
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3771:
3282:
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2119:
2063:
1810:
1799:
1751:
1728:
1646:
1622:
1510:
4056:
3976:
3896:
6551:
6480:
6413:
6003:
5959:
5943:
5923:
5865:
5819:
5689:
5377:
5337:
4605:
4560:
4477:
4467:
4432:
4116:
2925:
2779:
2732:
2338:
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2071:
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1154:
973:
787:
342:
169:
6400:
4267:
3946:
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2152:
3084:
1621:
and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In
Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (
759:
6382:
6325:
6177:
5664:
5531:
5467:
5316:
5258:
5248:
5034:
5013:
4922:
4898:
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4442:
4412:
4272:
4227:
4191:
3941:
3621:
3611:
3572:
3568:
3488:
3448:
3200:
3190:
3155:
3055:
3004:
2994:
2941:
2906:
2852:
2771:
2724:
2654:
2603:
2328:
2257:
2079:
2058:
2038:
1984:
1722:
1061:
745:
3703:
3420:
3378:
2750:
Kellner, A.; Benner, M.; Walther, H.; Kunzmann, L.; Wissemann, V.; Ritz, C. M. (March 2012).
6387:
5834:
5829:
5740:
5721:
5684:
5521:
5392:
5387:
5226:
5062:
4960:
4681:
4590:
4565:
4452:
4364:
4001:
3592:
3126:
3045:
3035:
2933:
2896:
2886:
2842:
2834:
2763:
2716:
2644:
2636:
1934:
1471:
1413:
1268:
1245:
1240:
921:) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the
738:
731:
675:
667:
591:
561:
1705:, are, after the removal of the irritant hairs, edible raw, and occasionally are made into
5572:
5097:
4946:
4940:
4515:
4447:
4196:
4011:
3549:
3180:
2428:
2381:
1755:
1747:
1677:
1479:
1443:
1361:
1286:
1273:
1224:
888:
546:
543:
311:
212:
161:
129:
6472:
2130:
6234:
4782:
2712:
2649:
2057:
promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.
6521:
5999:
5953:
5856:
5756:
5735:
5731:
5597:
5582:
5511:
5451:
5418:
5055:
5020:
4912:
4882:
4862:
4771:
4650:
4585:
4462:
3906:
3764:
3050:
3023:
2987:
2901:
2874:
2847:
2822:
2797:
2751:
1971:
1940:
1818:
1527:
1208:
877:
850:
834:
704:
199:
146:
2624:
1685:
968:
The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically
801:
6515:
5983:
5969:
5850:
5705:
5680:
5578:
5562:
5487:
5268:
5236:
5118:
4917:
4303:
4287:
4232:
3737:
3110:
2696:
2596:
2318:
2167:
2145:
2098:
1992:
1939:
The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In
1837:
1718:
1606:
1463:
1393:) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
1256:
1251:
1162:
950:
663:
295:
78:
3742:
3322:
3130:
2783:
2736:
1672:
767:
6485:
6182:
6043:
5891:
5877:
5846:
5825:
5752:
4985:
4907:
4852:
4437:
4422:
4217:
2932:. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 719–767 See p. 720.
2126:
1609:
obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is
1550:
1455:
1449:
1430:
1320:
1213:
856:
712:
680:
635:
631:
303:
6143:
2625:"Convergent evolution of plant prickles by repeated gene co-option over deep time"
2097:
combines the colours of the roses of York and
Lancaster, and is an emblem of then
1571:
6156:
3562:
3149:
2937:
1381: – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
6449:
6351:
6294:
6126:
6029:
5619:
5383:
5198:
4487:
4407:
4212:
3851:
3704:"Giving Roses for Valentine's Day? Here's How the Flower Came to Symbolize Love"
3401:
3022:
Bendahmane, Mohammed; Dubois, Annick; Raymond, Olivier; Bris, Manuel Le (2013).
2452:
2323:
2054:
2046:
1771:
1732:
1691:
1661:
1653:
1536:
1522:
1437:
1351: – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
1293:) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
1096:
982:
930:
913:) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the
904:
523:
120:
53:
6132:
3218:
2838:
2067:(1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees.
793:
5711:
5701:
5654:
5363:
4837:
4550:
4472:
4309:
4242:
4071:
3008:
2924:
Leus, Leen; Van Laere, Katrijn; De Riek, Jan; Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (2018).
2891:
2720:
2532:
2234:
2094:
2087:
1922:
1806:
1791:
1739:
1610:
1566:
1543:
1073:
914:
809:
98:
63:
3625:
3151:
The Chemistry Of Essential Oils Made Simple: God's Love Manifest In Molecules
2775:
2728:
1642:
example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
1331: – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
6229:
6216:
5979:
5887:
5644:
5628:
5609:
5537:
5491:
5423:
4842:
4457:
4397:
3682:
2640:
2572:
2333:
2148:
signed legislation to make the rose the floral emblem of the United States.
2083:
1944:
1918:
1841:
1822:
1814:
1714:
1702:
1271:
for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia,
1172:
Various roses at Rose Garden at Huntington Library in San Marino, California
1046:
938:
917:, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called
838:
830:
268:
138:
103:
6439:
6117:
3059:
2910:
2856:
2658:
1821:
made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as
1019:. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
782:
3204:
6434:
6111:
6023:
5949:
5783:
5660:
5640:
5623:
5588:
5568:
5541:
5527:
5483:
5404:
5373:
5353:
4723:
4282:
4237:
4222:
3040:
2303:
2287:
2276:
2219:
1976:
1910:
1698:
1649:
1602:
1562:
1506:
1502:
1501:. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different
1478:
have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are
1475:
922:
896:
892:
772:
671:
639:
585:
258:
225:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
2559:
2003:
by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god
1987:, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a
1497:
of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at
992:
have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce
6273:
5989:
5939:
5650:
5497:
5414:
5347:
5343:
5312:
3487:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 209–210.
3243:
2875:"Comparative transcriptomics identifies patterns of selection in roses"
2138:
2116:
is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
2109:
2102:
2000:
1795:
1775:
1763:
1339: – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and
1228:
1121: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1001:
976:(the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are
954:
826:
822:
776:
248:
108:
83:
3111:"A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose (
1957:
using the "immortal oil of the rose" and the archaic Greek lyric poet
6299:
5815:
5670:
5517:
5463:
5440:
5333:
5242:
3523:
3024:"Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses"
2291:
2283:
2019:
2004:
1988:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1779:
1657:
1618:
1483:
1467:
1417:
1065:
1042:
1035:
1015:). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by
918:
900:
881:
865:
845:
659:
627:
278:
238:
134:
6088:
3447:. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 63, 96.
1549:
Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like
1505:, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by
650:, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp
2767:
2503:
1802:. The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea.
6221:
5919:
5715:
5592:
5558:
5501:
5473:
5408:
5357:
3508:
2024:
1949:
1826:
1767:
1759:
1727:
1684:
1671:
1570:
1526:
1487:
1340:
1175:
1167:
1148:
1009:
962:
942:
861:
808:
800:
792:
781:
766:
758:
700:
647:
643:
550:
522:
186:
6312:
2405:
2358:
6009:
5929:
5762:
5507:
1980:
1787:
1614:
1194:
is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:
1069:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
958:
946:
818:
655:
6092:
5272:
5162:
4786:
3760:
3287:"Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers"
1513:, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
1401: – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
996:
by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown
6208:
4877:
1706:
1319: – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and
1090:
618:
612:
1605:(also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile
3731:
2598:
The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants
1995:
invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named
1809:, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the
1207:, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from
903:
are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for
3741:
1725:, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.
786:
Rose thorns are actually prickles – outgrowths of the
606:
597:
576:
570:
3683:"National Flower of United States – Fresh from the Grower"
1999:("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of
1535:
Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial
2282:
Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from
1645:
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant
1470:, and China. It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose
1309: – three species, two from China and one from India.
3756:
3360:
1631:'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world
848:
of most species have five petals, with the exception of
4672:
Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle
615:
609:
603:
573:
3074:"ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses"
1542:
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in
907:. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g.
594:
567:
6101:
4970:
4933:
4891:
4820:
4716:
4690:
4664:
4486:
4385:
4328:
4260:
4251:
4205:
4184:
3807:
3608:
Rose Lore: Essays in Semiotics and Cultural History
3305:"St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search"
1943:, the rose was closely associated with the goddess
1782:. Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to
1373: – a single white flowered species from China.
1301: – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
600:
564:
3400:
2986:
2623:Satterlee, J.W.; Alonso, D.; Gramazio, P. (2024).
2595:
2533:"Rose | Description, Species, Images, & Facts"
813:Longitudinal section through a developing rose hip
534:), watercolor by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840)
3189:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 186.
2037:, where supporters of the rival factions in the
1664:is also a significant contributor to the scent.
1656:and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of
4526:Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden
3379:"Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database"
3361:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)"
891:of the rose is a berry-like structure called a
3175:
3173:
3171:
2022:and other devotional prayers in Christianity.
1742:has a very distinctive flavour and is used in
1359: – one species in western North America (
1034:The oldest remains of roses are from the Late
5284:
5174:
4798:
3772:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3365:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)
3115:) and its therapeutic and healing properties"
961:in their droppings. Some birds, particularly
8:
3752:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2490:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
1855:species, varieties, and parts are listed as
6547:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
3638:
2218:White rose pictured in the coat of arms of
1882:Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
6089:
5291:
5277:
5269:
5181:
5167:
5159:
4805:
4791:
4783:
4257:
3779:
3765:
3757:
3567:. Bath, United Kingdom: Elsevier. p.
3265:"Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals"
3109:Nikbakht, Ali; Kafi, M.A. (January 2004).
2575:. Encyclopaedia Iranica. February 9, 2012
145:
119:
39:
4744:List of rose cultivars named after people
3049:
3039:
2900:
2890:
2868:
2866:
2846:
2648:
2602:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2314:List of rose cultivars named after people
1794:. A sweet preserve of rose petals called
1137:Learn how and when to remove this message
1008:(both of these species grow naturally on
884:. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
825:, with (3–) 5–9 (−13) leaflets and basal
2962:"Rosa persica - Trees and Shrubs Online"
2798:"The History of Roses — Our Rose Garden"
2695:DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (July 2007).
4636:The Gardens of the American Rose Center
4546:Heritage Rose District of New York City
3484:Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis
2756:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2350:
2157:
2155:and is used often as a symbol of such.
1289:subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called
630:it bears. There are over three hundred
2014:, the rose became identified with the
2007:then transformed her into a rosebush.
1979:contains a scene in which the goddess
1965:associates the rose with the story of
6542:National symbols of the United States
4814:National symbols of the United States
3341:"Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)"
2051:Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary
945:. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating
860:, which usually have only four. Each
349:
7:
6463:1279f9a7-dc28-4f4d-bab1-3014d75852d6
6375:0f9e6ea5-35e5-41a3-8732-ffb0a962cfa2
3421:participating institution membership
2928:. In Van Huylenbroeck, Johan (ed.).
2483:
2481:
2029:Framed print after 1908 painting by
2012:Christianization of the Roman Empire
1849:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1453:) or for their showy fruit (such as
1119:adding citations to reliable sources
1022:Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of
4734:List of Award of Garden Merit roses
4621:Royal National Rose Society Gardens
3610:. Lexington Books. pp. 64–65.
3593:"Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism"
2433:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2386:Australian National Botanic Gardens
2309:List of Award of Garden Merit roses
2271:List of pests and diseases of roses
1660:, which separates from rose oil. β-
1223:, which are the only roses without
1041:of Colorado. Roses were present in
941:, among the richest sources of any
6427:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002432-2
6076:, beautification and conservation
5300:State flowers of the United States
5028:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)
4703:World Federation of Rose Societies
4496:Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden
3732:World Federation of Rose Societies
1277:(also known as the chestnut rose).
699:, which was perhaps borrowed from
14:
5221:Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
3665:"National Flower | The Rose"
3323:"rosepetal candy – Google Search"
3186:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
2674:"How Did Roses Get Their Thorns?"
1953:, Aphrodite protects the body of
679:development of the wide range of
658:, with smaller numbers native to
5257:
5189:
4767:
4766:
4571:Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden
4175:
3561:Watts, Donald C. (May 2, 2007).
2802:University of Illinois Extension
2249:
2226:
2211:
2190:
2175:
2160:
1805:In France, there is much use of
1095:
590:
560:
173:
5133:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
4729:American Garden Rose Selections
3131:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.790.36
2701:Plant Systematics and Evolution
2672:Zimmer, Carl (August 1, 2024).
2415:International Plant Names Index
2368:International Plant Names Index
2183:Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil
2151:The rose is often exchanged on
2125:Other impressionists including
2049:have had a Crown Rosary of the
1917:, is used as a minor source of
1486:having morphed into additional
1416:grown for their flowers in the
1106:needs additional citations for
466:Decne. ex Hurst, nom. illeg.
5000:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean
4901:Liberty Enlightening the World
4631:San Jose Municipal Rose Garden
4556:International Rose Test Garden
3244:"Rosewater recipes – BBC Food"
3083:. May 14, 2001. Archived from
3028:Journal of Experimental Botany
2993:. Cambridge University Press.
2185:with a rose in her hair (1849)
2053:. In the 1400s and 1500s, the
2041:pick either red or white roses
2035:the scene in the Temple Garden
1754:—especially in sweets such as
1493:In the early 19th century the
1447:), ornamental thorns (such as
1:
5614:Pink and white lady's slipper
5007:The Stars and Stripes Forever
2504:"Roses - Rosa | Plants | Kew"
2488:Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961).
1243:for "western rose") contains
1024:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
833:but a few (particularly from
763:A close-up of a climbing rose
514:(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg.
490:(Endl.) Rchb., nom. rejic.
387:(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg.
355:(Gand.) Gand., nom. illeg.
4641:Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild
4541:Government Rose Garden, Ooty
4531:Garden Society of Gothenburg
3346:Food and Drug Administration
2966:www.treesandshrubsonline.org
2938:10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0_27
1857:generally recognized as safe
1836:Rose creams (rose-flavoured
1601:Rose perfumes are made from
899:do not produce hips, as the
5112:Battle Hymn of the Republic
5049:The Army Goes Rolling Along
4698:Royal National Rose Society
4677:All-America Rose Selections
4521:Exposition Park Rose Garden
2425:Harvard University Herbaria
2378:Harvard University Herbaria
2078:in a conflict known as the
1879:L., and vars. of these spp.
1060:A study of the patterns of
6573:
6557:Constantly blooming plants
6064:, state children's flower
5563:White pine cone and tassel
3441:Cyrino, Monica S. (2010).
2839:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6
2466:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2461:Plants of the World Online
2421:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2374:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2268:
2256:Insignia of the Brazilian
2045:Ever since the 1400s, the
1932:
1560:
1520:
1428:
1084:
957:, which then disperse the
880:ovaries that develop into
805:Exterior view of rose buds
18:
6053:
6014:Bougainvillea spectabilis
5306:
5255:
5205:
5105:The Washington Post March
5042:Lift Every Voice and Sing
4762:
4754:Roses in Portland, Oregon
4656:Zakir Hussain Rose Garden
4372:Xiphinema diversicaudatum
4173:
3794:
3408:Oxford English Dictionary
2892:10.1186/s12870-018-1585-x
2721:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3
2594:Mabberley, D. J. (1997).
2199:The Roses of Heliogabalus
1983:, who is identified with
1851:, there are only certain
1786:, or combined with other
348:
341:
327:
322:
309:
302:
170:Scientific classification
168:
153:
144:
127:
118:
42:
5378:Rocky Mountain columbine
4979:The Star-Spangled Banner
4501:All-American Rose Garden
4315:Specific replant disease
4137:Souvenir de la Malmaison
3922:Diana, Princess of Wales
3564:Dictionary of Plant Lore
2237:is a combination of the
1617:and then spread through
1482:with many or all of the
1412:Roses are best known as
1068:of roses indicated that
868:(or in the case of some
771:A bright yellow rose in
719:), itself borrowed from
133:, a wild rose native to
5126:You're a Grand Old Flag
4646:White House Rose Garden
3749:Encyclopædia Britannica
3413:Oxford University Press
2641:10.1126/science.ado1663
2064:The Feast of the Rosary
1365:), others in east Asia.
895:. Many of the domestic
642:. They form a group of
482:Neck., nom. invalid.
6070:, state floral emblem
5348:Saguaro cactus blossom
5140:This Land Is Your Land
4351:Pratylenchus penetrans
4337:Helicotylenchus nannus
4299:Phragmidium mucronatum
2989:The Culture of Flowers
2492:. G. & C. Merriam.
2042:
1736:
1695:
1682:
1598:
1532:
1187:
1173:
1165:
1159:San Marino, California
965:, also eat the seeds.
814:
806:
798:
790:
779:
764:
535:
29:Roses (disambiguation)
6396:Paleobiology Database
5215:National coat of arms
5147:Battle Cry of Freedom
5098:National Emblem March
4993:America the Beautiful
4739:List of rose breeders
4428:Red Rose of Lancaster
3540:Description of Greece
2239:red rose of Lancaster
2135:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2114:Pierre-Joseph Redouté
2070:Roses symbolised the
2028:
1731:
1688:
1675:
1574:
1561:Further information:
1531:Bouquet of pink roses
1530:
1183:'Evêque', painted by
1179:
1171:
1152:
812:
804:
796:
785:
770:
762:
526:
33:Rosa (disambiguation)
25:Rosé (disambiguation)
21:Rose (disambiguation)
5908:Tennessee coneflower
5897:Purple passionflower
5835:Penngift crown vetch
5772:Large white trillium
5478:Syringa, mock orange
4868:Pledge of Allegiance
4858:General Grant (tree)
4749:Miracle of the roses
4581:Parnell Rose Gardens
4576:Parc de la Tête d'or
4511:Château de Bagatelle
4506:Berkeley Rose Garden
4393:Black rose symbolism
3967:Great Maiden's Blush
3481:Clark, Nora (2015).
3148:Stewart, D. (2005).
2985:Goody, Jack (1993).
2676:. The New York Times
2112:artist and botanist
1905:As a food ingredient
1784:flavour ordinary tea
1735:made with rose water
1115:improve this article
1087:List of Rosa species
1039:Florissant Formation
989:Rosa pimpinellifolia
972:, outgrowths of the
937:), are very rich in
910:Rosa pimpinellifolia
19:For other uses, see
6058:: state wildflower
5690:Pink lady's slipper
4954:Novus ordo seclorum
4899:Statue of Liberty (
4708:Portland Gold Award
4626:Różanka Rose Garden
4601:Rose Garden, Coburg
4536:Giardino delle Rose
4418:Kutno Rose Festival
4358:Pratylenchus vulnus
4185:Rose classification
4097:Princesse de Monaco
4027:Louis de Funès rose
3962:Général Jacqueminot
3932:Duchess of Cornwall
3685:. Growerflowers.com
3669:statesymbolsusa.org
3411:(Online ed.).
3349:. 6 September 2019.
3283:Samanth Subramanian
3219:"Rose Hip Benefits"
3081:FOODNET Uganda 2009
2713:2007PSyEv.266...45D
2556:The Free Dictionary
2120:Henri Fantin-Latour
1847:Under the American
1811:Indian subcontinent
1800:Indian subcontinent
1752:South Asian cuisine
1511:Abney Park Cemetery
158:'Precious Platinum'
5964:Coast rhododendron
5322:Oak-leaf hydrangea
5231:National flowers:
5077:The Air Force Song
4611:Rosendals Trädgård
4606:Rose trial grounds
4561:McGill Rose Garden
4478:White Rose of York
4468:Thousand-year Rose
4433:Rosalia (festival)
4122:Schoener's Nutkana
4117:Royal William rose
3548:2018-09-28 at the
3119:Acta Horticulturae
3041:10.1093/jxb/ers387
2827:Scientific Reports
2339:Rose trial grounds
2265:Pests and diseases
2243:white rose of York
2153:St. Valentines Day
2144:In 1986 President
2043:
1737:
1696:
1683:
1599:
1533:
1188:
1174:
1166:
1155:Huntington Library
1153:Blooming roses at
1004:and protect their
815:
807:
799:
791:
780:
765:
646:that can be erect
542:is either a woody
536:
528:Rosa hemisphaerica
6509:
6508:
6383:Open Tree of Life
6095:Taxon identifiers
6086:
6085:
5994:Indian paintbrush
5767:Scarlet carnation
5757:Wild prairie rose
5736:Flowering dogwood
5512:Wild prairie rose
5468:Hawaiian hibiscus
5266:
5265:
5219:National anthem:
5156:
5155:
5035:God Bless America
5014:Hail to the Chief
4923:West Potomac Park
4780:
4779:
4665:Rose competitions
4616:Roseraie de L'Haÿ
4596:Rosarium Uetersen
4443:Rose Hall of Fame
4413:Gold-dipped roses
4381:
4380:
4344:Meloidogyne hapla
4320:Verticillium wilt
4228:Rose hip seed oil
4206:Uses and products
4102:Princess of Wales
4087:Precious Platinum
3937:Duke of Edinburgh
3902:Chrysler Imperial
3617:978-0-7391-3015-5
3578:978-0-12-374086-1
3494:978-1-4438-7127-3
3454:978-0-415-77523-6
3419:(Subscription or
3285:(27 April 2012).
3161:978-0-934426-99-2
2947:978-3-319-90697-3
2609:978-0-521-41421-0
2329:Rose Hall of Fame
2258:Order of the Rose
2080:Wars of the Roses
2039:Wars of the Roses
1929:Art and symbolism
1891:Rose fruit (hips)
1817:, a concentrated
1798:is common in the
1723:rose hip seed oil
1495:Empress Josephine
1425:Ornamental plants
1414:ornamental plants
1220:Rosa berberifolia
1147:
1146:
1139:
1074:DNA damage repair
1062:natural selection
695:comes from Latin
636:tens of thousands
584:), in the family
521:
520:
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
414:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
298:
6564:
6537:Medicinal plants
6502:
6501:
6489:
6488:
6476:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6453:
6452:
6443:
6442:
6430:
6429:
6417:
6416:
6404:
6403:
6391:
6390:
6378:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6352:NHMSYS0000462442
6342:
6341:
6329:
6328:
6316:
6315:
6303:
6302:
6290:
6289:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6263:
6251:
6250:
6238:
6237:
6225:
6224:
6212:
6211:
6199:
6198:
6186:
6185:
6173:
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6160:
6159:
6147:
6146:
6137:
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6135:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6062:
5954:American dogwood
5915:
5914:
5904:
5903:
5873:
5872:
5861:Yellow jessamine
5842:
5841:
5811:
5810:
5800:
5799:
5779:
5778:
5748:
5747:
5697:
5696:
5636:
5635:
5605:
5604:
5573:Black-eyed susan
5554:
5553:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5431:
5430:
5400:
5399:
5393:Mirabilis jalapa
5368:California poppy
5329:
5328:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5241:National plant:
5237:Marguerite daisy
5227:St. Lucia amazon
5195:National symbols
5193:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5160:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4784:
4770:
4769:
4717:Related articles
4682:Rose of the Year
4591:Rome Rose Garden
4566:Mottisfont Abbey
4453:Rose of the Year
4365:Tylenchorhynchus
4258:
4179:
4032:Margaret McGredy
4002:Julia Child rose
3972:Harison's Yellow
3781:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3641:, pp. 65–67
3639:Cucciniello 2008
3636:
3630:
3629:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3558:
3552:
3533:
3527:
3526:, fragment 288.4
3521:
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3013:
3012:
2992:
2982:
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2975:
2973:
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2958:
2952:
2951:
2930:Ornamental Crops
2921:
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2904:
2894:
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2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2355:
2253:
2230:
2215:
2194:
2179:
2164:
1935:Rose (symbolism)
1596:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1378:Pimpinellifoliae
1246:Rosa minutifolia
1142:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1099:
1091:
668:Northwest Africa
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
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611:
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602:
599:
596:
583:
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513:
505:
498:(Gand.) Gand.
497:
489:
481:
474:(Gand.) Gand.
473:
465:
458:(Gand.) Gand.
457:
449:
442:(Gand.) Gand.
441:
433:
423:
420:
410:
402:
394:
386:
379:(Gand.) Gand.
378:
371:(Gand.) Gand.
370:
363:(Gand.) Gand.
362:
354:
294:
178:
177:
164:garden cultivar
149:
123:
113:
50:
46:Temporal range:
40:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6527:Catalan symbols
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6497:
6492:
6484:
6479:
6471:
6469:
6461:
6456:
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6407:
6399:
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6110:
6097:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6048:
6004:Paogo (Ulafala)
5912:
5911:
5901:
5900:
5870:
5869:
5839:
5838:
5830:Mountain laurel
5808:
5807:
5797:
5796:
5776:
5775:
5745:
5744:
5694:
5693:
5633:
5632:
5602:
5601:
5598:Dwarf lake iris
5551:
5550:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5428:
5427:
5397:
5396:
5388:Mountain laurel
5326:
5325:
5302:
5297:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5247:National tree:
5225:National bird:
5201:
5187:
5157:
5152:
4966:
4947:E pluribus unum
4941:In God We Trust
4929:
4887:
4816:
4811:
4781:
4776:
4758:
4712:
4686:
4660:
4516:Europa-Rosarium
4482:
4448:Rose (heraldry)
4377:
4324:
4247:
4201:
4197:Hybrid tea rose
4180:
4171:
4107:Queen Elizabeth
4012:Heidi Klum rose
3872:Bridge of Sighs
3832:American Beauty
3827:Albéric Barbier
3803:
3790:
3785:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3688:
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3663:
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3637:
3633:
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3605:
3604:
3600:
3595:. 20 July 2016.
3591:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3550:Wayback Machine
3534:
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2207:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
1937:
1931:
1913:, usually from
1907:
1869:Rosa centifolia
1863:Rose absolute:
1756:Turkish delight
1678:Rosa rubiginosa
1670:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1525:
1519:
1480:double-flowered
1444:Rosa rubiginosa
1433:
1427:
1410:
1362:Rosa gymnocarpa
1274:Rosa roxburghii
1225:compound leaves
1143:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1058:
1032:
889:aggregate fruit
757:
689:
593:
589:
563:
559:
547:flowering plant
421: Hulthemosa
418:
318:
315:
312:Rosa cinnamomea
293:
172:
130:Rosa rubiginosa
114:
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111:
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96:
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16:Genus of plants
12:
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6486:wfo-4000033476
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5936:
5926:
5924:Bluebonnet sp.
5916:
5884:
5874:
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5843:
5822:
5812:
5793:Indian blanket
5780:
5759:
5749:
5728:
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5708:
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5677:
5667:
5657:
5647:
5637:
5616:
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5547:Louisiana iris
5534:
5524:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5480:
5470:
5460:
5432:
5419:Orange blossom
5411:
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5370:
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5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5084:Semper Paratus
5080:
5073:
5070:Semper Fidelis
5066:
5059:
5056:Anchors Aweigh
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5021:Hail, Columbia
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4974:
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4968:
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4964:
4957:
4950:
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4931:
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4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4913:Mount Rushmore
4910:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
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4870:
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4863:American Creed
4860:
4855:
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4694:
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4679:
4674:
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4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4651:Wohl Rose Park
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4586:Peninsula Park
4583:
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4503:
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4492:
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4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Rose symbolism
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
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4378:
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4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4295:
4293:Powdery mildew
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Silver Jubilee
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4047:Mrs Fred Danks
4044:
4042:Mister Lincoln
4039:
4037:Marilyn Monroe
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Ingrid Bergman
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Double Delight
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Conquista rose
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Charles Austin
3889:
3887:Cécile Brünner
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Blush Noisette
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3809:Rose cultivars
3805:
3804:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3740:, ed. (1911).
3738:Chisholm, Hugh
3734:
3727:
3726:External links
3724:
3721:
3720:
3695:
3674:
3656:
3643:
3631:
3616:
3598:
3584:
3577:
3553:
3528:
3516:
3500:
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3453:
3426:
3392:
3370:
3352:
3332:
3314:
3296:
3274:
3256:
3235:
3223:Herbwisdom.com
3210:
3195:
3167:
3160:
3140:
3113:Rosa damascena
3101:
3065:
3034:(4): 847–857.
3014:
2999:
2977:
2953:
2946:
2916:
2879:BMC Plant Biol
2862:
2813:
2789:
2768:10.1086/663965
2762:(3): 239–250.
2742:
2707:(1–2): 45–57.
2687:
2664:
2635:(6708): 1663.
2615:
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2269:Main article:
2266:
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2261:
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2208:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2072:Houses of York
2059:Albrecht Dürer
2010:Following the
1972:The Golden Ass
1941:ancient Greece
1933:Main article:
1930:
1927:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1873:Rosa damascena
1744:Middle Eastern
1669:
1668:Food and drink
1666:
1607:essential oils
1590:
1581:
1558:
1555:
1521:Main article:
1518:
1515:
1429:Main article:
1426:
1423:
1409:
1406:
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1404:
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1402:
1394:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1352:
1344:
1332:
1324:
1310:
1302:
1278:
1260:
1232:
1209:Southwest Asia
1205:Simplicifoliae
1145:
1144:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1085:Main article:
1082:
1079:
1057:
1054:
1031:
1028:
1000:and so reduce
978:modified stems
870:Rosa omeiensis
851:Rosa omeiensis
841:or nearly so.
835:Southeast Asia
756:
753:
730:), related to
688:
685:
532:Rosa sulphurea
519:
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6532:Garden plants
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5921:
5917:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5882:Pasque flower
5880:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5844:
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5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5788:Oklahoma rose
5786:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5742:
5741:Carolina lily
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5668:
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5663:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5593:Apple blossom
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5453:
5452:Cherokee rose
5443:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5409:Peach blossom
5407:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:Apple blossom
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:Forget-me-not
5336:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5260:
5250:
5249:Calabash tree
5246:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:National flag
5208:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:Yankee Doodle
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:Marines' Hymn
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
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5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4961:Annuit cœptis
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:National Mall
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:Organizations
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Rose hip soup
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Violet Carson
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Queen Sirikit
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Princess Anne
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Mrs. Harkness
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Anne Harkness
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Abraham Darby
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3671:. 6 May 2014.
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3196:0-8117-0616-8
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3102:
3090:on 2012-06-30
3086:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3000:0-521-41441-5
2996:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2978:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Rose (colour)
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2168:Codex Manesse
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2146:Ronald Reagan
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:Tudor dynasty
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:Rose leaves:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:rainbow roses
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:Mediterranean
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:North America
1254:
1253:
1252:Rosa stellata
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1163:United States
1160:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1138:
1130:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:This section
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:by the early
1044:
1040:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
852:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
811:
803:
797:Rose leaflets
795:
789:
784:
778:
774:
769:
761:
754:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
684:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:North America
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
587:
581:
557:
556:
552:
548:
545:
541:
533:
529:
525:
512:
509:
504:
501:
496:
493:
488:
485:
480:
477:
472:
469:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
445:
440:
437:
432:
429:
426:
422:
416:
413:
409:
406:
401:
398:
393:
390:
385:
382:
377:
374:
369:
366:
361:
358:
353:
350:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:
334:
326:
321:
314:
313:
308:
305:
301:
297:
292:
291:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:Tracheophytes
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
117:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:Eocene–Recent
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
6102:
6055:
6044:Yellow elder
6038:
6028:
6018:
6008:
5998:
5988:
5978:
5974:Rhododendron
5968:
5958:
5948:
5938:
5928:
5918:
5906:
5895:
5886:
5876:
5864:
5855:
5845:
5833:
5824:
5820:Oregon grape
5814:
5802:
5791:
5782:
5770:
5761:
5751:
5739:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5716:Yucca flower
5710:
5700:
5688:
5685:Purple lilac
5679:
5669:
5659:
5649:
5639:
5627:
5618:
5608:
5596:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5545:
5536:
5526:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5450:
5439:
5434:
5422:
5413:
5403:
5391:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5342:
5332:
5320:
5311:
5232:
5091:Semper Supra
4959:
4952:
4945:
4908:Liberty Bell
4900:
4872:
4853:Phrygian cap
4488:Rose gardens
4438:Rose (color)
4423:Rainbow rose
4403:English rose
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4310:Sooty moulds
4297:
4283:Downy mildew
4218:Garden roses
4167:Wife of Bath
4157:Veilchenblau
4132:Soleil d'Or'
3992:Jeanie Deans
3957:Garden Party
3952:English Miss
3798:
3787:
3747:
3743:"Rose"
3712:. Retrieved
3710:. 2019-02-13
3707:
3698:
3687:. Retrieved
3677:
3668:
3659:
3646:
3634:
3607:
3601:
3587:
3563:
3556:
3539:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3503:
3483:
3443:
3406:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3373:
3364:
3355:
3344:
3335:
3327:google.co.uk
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3291:The National
3290:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3248:. Retrieved
3238:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:
3213:
3185:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3085:the original
3080:
3068:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2988:
2980:
2969:. Retrieved
2965:
2956:
2929:
2919:
2882:
2878:
2833:(1): 15437.
2830:
2826:
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2801:
2792:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2667:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2597:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:
2551:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2489:
2469:. Retrieved
2459:
2454:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2413:
2407:
2400:
2389:. Retrieved
2366:
2360:
2353:
2281:
2274:
2197:
2150:
2143:
2131:Paul Cézanne
2127:Claude Monet
2124:
2118:
2107:
2092:
2069:
2062:
2061:'s painting
2044:
2009:
1970:
1948:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1895:
1888:Rose flowers
1877:Rosa gallica
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1831:
1804:
1738:
1701:are high in
1697:
1690:
1676:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1600:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1509:nursery for
1492:
1461:
1456:Rosa moyesii
1454:
1450:Rosa sericea
1448:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1431:Garden roses
1411:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:(syn. sect.
1385:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1321:North Africa
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1236:Hesperrhodos
1235:
1234:
1218:
1214:Rosa persica
1212:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1181:Rosa gallica
1180:
1133:
1124:
1113:Please help
1108:verification
1105:
1059:
1051:
1033:
1021:
987:
981:
967:
934:
926:
908:
886:
874:Rosa sericea
873:
869:
857:Rosa sericea
855:
849:
843:
816:
748:
741:
734:
727:
723:
716:
708:
696:
692:
690:
681:garden roses
554:
553:
539:
537:
531:
527:
510:
503:Saintpierrea
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
417:
407:
403:Cockerell
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
332:
328:
310:
304:Type species
289:
288:
232:
219:
206:
193:
155:
128:
37:
6295:iNaturalist
6127:Wikispecies
6024:Flores mayo
5984:Wood violet
5199:Saint Lucia
4408:Golden Rose
4268:Anthracnose
4213:Cut flowers
4142:Spice Twice
4082:Pink Wonder
4022:Line Renaud
4007:'Just Joey'
3997:Joanna Hill
3877:Buff Beauty
3852:Beirut Rose
3847:Arthur Bell
3246:. Bbc.co.uk
2680:1 September
2508:www.kew.org
2324:Rose garden
2204:Alma-Tadema
2055:Carthusians
2047:Franciscans
2031:Henry Payne
2016:Virgin Mary
1840:covered in
1792:herbal teas
1772:gulab jamun
1733:Gulab jamun
1692:Rosa rugosa
1689:Farming of
1662:Damascenone
1654:citronellol
1544:greenhouses
1537:cut flowers
1523:Cut flowers
1517:Cut flowers
1466:countries,
1438:Rosa glauca
1391:Cinnamomeae
1356:Gymnocarpae
1264:Platyrhodon
1072:related to
983:Rosa rugosa
935:Rosa rugosa
931:rugosa rose
927:Rosa canina
905:pollination
721:Old Persian
670:. Species,
463:Platyrhodon
434:Chrshan.
431:Juzepczukia
400:Hesperhodos
265:Subfamily:
213:Angiosperms
6516:Categories
5944:Red clover
5655:Bitterroot
4838:Bald eagle
4833:Great Seal
4551:Hex Castle
4473:Tudor rose
4288:Grey mould
4273:Black spot
4243:Rose water
4192:Floribunda
4077:Perle d'Or
3882:Camp David
3837:Angel Face
3714:2024-02-14
3689:2021-02-26
3513:23.185–187
3423:required.)
3381:. Pfaf.org
3309:google.com
3250:2021-02-26
3228:17 January
3009:1148849511
2971:2024-05-19
2885:(1): 371.
2807:2021-02-26
2542:2023-02-24
2537:Britannica
2513:2024-05-03
2471:2024-01-20
2438:2010-06-27
2391:2010-06-27
2345:References
2235:Tudor rose
2095:Tudor rose
2088:Lancashire
1993:René Rapin
1923:Diarrhodon
1807:rose syrup
1740:Rose water
1638:centifolia
1611:rose water
1575:Geraniol (
1567:Rose water
1370:Laevigatae
1348:Gallicanae
1306:Bracteatae
1298:Banksianae
1267:(from the
1239:(from the
1203:(formerly
1190:The genus
1013:sand dunes
915:hypanthium
626:), or the
479:Rhodophora
392:Ernestella
162:hybrid tea
6552:Rosoideae
6230:FloraBase
5934:Sego lily
5866:Goldenrod
5804:Mistletoe
5675:Sagebrush
5665:Goldenrod
5583:Mayflower
5532:Goldenrod
5522:Sunflower
4892:Landmarks
4843:Uncle Sam
4458:Rose show
4398:Blue rose
4152:Sunsprite
4147:Sun Flare
4067:Old Blush
4017:La France
3917:De Rescht
3867:Bonica 82
3626:248733215
3536:Pausanias
3444:Aphrodite
3125:: 251–4.
2776:1058-5893
2729:0378-2697
2429:Libraries
2382:Libraries
2334:Rose show
2084:Yorkshire
2076:Lancaster
1997:Rhodanthe
1963:Pausanias
1947:. In the
1945:Aphrodite
1919:vitamin C
1915:R. canina
1885:Rose buds
1865:Rosa alba
1842:chocolate
1823:ice cream
1815:Rooh Afza
1715:marmalade
1703:vitamin C
1699:Rose hips
1628:damascena
1503:cultivars
1499:Malmaison
1476:cultivars
1398:Synstylae
1336:Chinensis
1328:Carolinae
1200:Hulthemia
1047:Oligocene
1030:Evolution
974:epidermis
939:vitamin C
897:cultivars
839:evergreen
831:deciduous
788:epidermis
691:The name
687:Etymology
672:cultivars
640:cultivars
544:perennial
511:Scheutzia
487:Rhodopsis
450:Lindl.
408:Hulthemia
360:Chabertia
269:Rosoideae
183:Kingdom:
139:West Asia
6458:VicFlora
6447:VASCAN:
6440:40026937
6435:Tropicos
6191:eFloraSA
6112:Wikidata
5645:Hawthorn
5629:Tickseed
5624:Magnolia
5542:Magnolia
5492:Milkweed
5424:Tickseed
5317:Camellia
4848:Columbia
4772:Category
4724:ADR rose
4261:Diseases
4238:Rose oil
4223:Rose hip
4062:Oklahoma
3977:'KORbin'
3857:Belmonte
3797:List of
3546:Archived
3385:13 March
3183:(1974).
3154:. Care.
3094:13 March
3060:23364936
2911:30579326
2857:29133839
2784:83909271
2737:10169419
2659:39088611
2650:11305333
2579:13 March
2304:ADR rose
2298:See also
2288:arachnid
2277:Rosaceae
2241:and the
2220:Viljandi
1977:Apuleius
1911:rose hip
1859:(GRAS).
1790:to make
1650:geraniol
1647:alcohols
1603:rose oil
1563:Rose oil
1507:Loddiges
1229:stipules
1127:May 2021
994:browsing
970:prickles
955:waxwings
951:thrushes
949:such as
923:dog rose
893:rose hip
878:superior
827:stipules
773:Radovanu
746:Parthian
652:prickles
586:Rosaceae
506:Germ.
495:Ripartia
455:Ozanonia
439:Laggeria
395:Germ.
384:Crepinia
376:Cottetia
368:Chavinia
343:Synonyms
331:List of
323:Species
259:Rosaceae
255:Family:
226:Eudicots
6326:1333135
6313:34015-1
6274:8395064
6056:Italics
4821:Symbols
4386:Culture
4253:Threats
3987:Ispahan
3912:Cupcake
3801:species
3652:La Rosa
3136:Persia.
3051:3594942
2902:6303930
2848:5684293
2709:Bibcode
2629:Science
2139:Trieste
2110:Belgian
2103:England
2101:and of
2001:Artemis
1875:Mill.,
1838:fondant
1796:gulkand
1764:baklava
1748:Persian
1658:alkanes
1557:Perfume
1484:stamens
1472:hybrids
1315:Caninae
1255:, from
1185:Redouté
1081:Species
1064:in the
1010:coastal
1002:erosion
963:finches
919:achenes
901:flowers
882:achenes
846:flowers
823:pinnate
777:Romania
739:Sogdian
732:Avestan
715:βρόδον
703:, from
676:hybrids
632:species
549:of the
530:(syn.:
471:Pugetia
412:Dumort.
352:Bakeria
335:species
285:Genus:
275:Tribe:
249:Rosales
245:Order:
187:Plantae
6499:425714
6409:PLANTS
6401:157343
6388:259066
6372:NZOR:
6261:128746
6248:128746
6170:121288
6144:194483
6141:APDB:
6118:Q34687
5851:Violet
5706:Violet
5488:Violet
5441:Azalea
5243:Bamboo
5235:&
4934:Mottos
4278:Canker
4057:Nevada
3897:Chopin
3624:
3614:
3575:
3543:6.24.7
3524:Ibycus
3491:
3451:
3402:"dia-"
3269:eCurry
3205:799792
3203:
3193:
3158:
3058:
3048:
3007:
2997:
2944:
2926:"Rose"
2909:
2899:
2855:
2845:
2782:
2774:
2735:
2727:
2657:
2647:
2606:
2427:&
2417:(IPNI)
2380:&
2370:(IPNI)
2292:fungal
2284:insect
2206:(1888)
2020:rosary
2005:Apollo
1989:donkey
1967:Adonis
1959:Ibycus
1955:Hector
1819:squash
1780:nougat
1778:, and
1776:knafeh
1750:, and
1717:, and
1652:and L-
1619:Arabia
1615:Persia
1488:petals
1468:Persia
1418:garden
1291:Eurosa
1066:genome
1056:Genome
1043:Europe
1036:Eocene
929:) and
866:sepals
837:) are
819:leaves
755:Botany
735:varəδa
717:wródon
713:Aeolic
709:rhódon
707:ῥόδον
666:, and
660:Europe
648:shrubs
644:plants
628:flower
279:Roseae
239:Rosids
135:Europe
31:, and
6522:Roses
6494:WoRMS
6470:WoI:
6414:ROSA5
6339:24807
6321:IRMNG
6300:53438
6287:10544
6235:21507
6222:1ROSG
6209:29911
6183:63S6D
6157:76081
5502:Peony
4986:Dixie
4971:Songs
4883:Bison
4329:Pests
4072:Peace
3947:Elina
3822:Alain
3788:Roses
3509:Iliad
3417:
3088:(PDF)
3077:(PDF)
2780:S2CID
2733:S2CID
2573:"GOL"
1985:Venus
1950:Iliad
1827:kulfi
1788:herbs
1768:halva
1760:barfi
1711:jelly
1341:Burma
1285:(the
1269:Greek
1241:Greek
1070:genes
1006:roots
959:seeds
947:birds
943:plant
862:petal
728:wurdi
705:Greek
701:Oscan
551:genus
447:Lowea
233:Clade
220:Clade
207:Clade
194:Clade
6450:1627
6422:POWO
6365:3764
6360:NCBI
6334:ITIS
6308:IPNI
6282:GRIN
6269:GBIF
6217:EPPO
6196:Rosa
6165:BOLD
6152:APNI
6133:Rosa
6103:Rosa
6034:Maga
5892:Iris
5726:Rose
5233:Rose
4873:Rose
4828:Flag
4304:rust
3942:Eden
3799:Rosa
3708:TIME
3622:OCLC
3612:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3489:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3387:2013
3230:2017
3201:OCLC
3191:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3096:2013
3056:PMID
3005:OCLC
2995:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2907:PMID
2853:PMID
2772:ISSN
2725:ISSN
2682:2024
2655:PMID
2604:ISBN
2581:2013
2560:rose
2455:Rosa
2408:Rosa
2361:Rosa
2290:and
2233:The
2133:and
2093:The
2086:and
2074:and
1981:Isis
1909:The
1899:spp.
1896:Rosa
1871:L.,
1867:L.,
1853:Rosa
1825:and
1719:soup
1681:hips
1634:Rosa
1624:Rosa
1565:and
1474:and
1441:and
1408:Uses
1386:Rosa
1287:type
1282:Rosa
1249:and
1217:and
1192:Rosa
1017:deer
998:sand
986:and
953:and
887:The
872:and
854:and
844:The
817:The
742:ward
724:wrd-
697:rosa
693:rose
674:and
656:Asia
634:and
555:Rosa
540:rose
425:Juz.
333:Rosa
329:See
290:Rosa
160:, a
156:Rosa
137:and
54:PreꞒ
43:Rose
6481:WFO
6473:517
6347:NBN
6256:FoC
6243:FNA
6204:EoL
6178:CoL
5197:of
4878:Oak
3569:322
3127:doi
3123:790
3046:PMC
3036:doi
2934:doi
2897:PMC
2887:doi
2843:PMC
2835:doi
2764:doi
2760:173
2717:doi
2705:266
2645:PMC
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2633:385
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2202:by
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5980:WI
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