186:
358:, had been the last king of Iudaea before the province was placed under Roman procurators. Whether influenced by court politics or not, Claudius decided in favour of the Jewish side. The Samaritan leaders were executed and Cumanus was sent into exile. Felix succeeded him as procurator of Iudaea. Cumanus' life and career after his banishment are unknown.
320:
of Iudaea. One, from the
Samaritans, protested the Jewish attacks on Samaritan villages. The Jewish counter-embassy held the Samaritans responsible for the violence and accused Cumanus of siding with them. Agreeing to investigate, Quadratus proceeded in 52 to Iudaea, where he had all of Cumanus'
254:
portico to maintain order among the crowds, but one caused chaos by exposing himself to the Jews in the courtyard while calling out insults. Some of the Jews brought their complaints to
Cumanus, but others began to retaliate by hurling stones at the soldiers. Some openly accused Cumanus of being
286:
The events that would cost
Cumanus his office began with the murder of one or more Galilean pilgrims who had been travelling through Samaria on their way to Jerusalem. A Galilean embassy asked Cumanus to investigate but received little attention; Josephus alleges that he had been bribed by the
228:
This conflict has led historians to take a number of positions on political arrangements in the province. Some have argued that
Josephus' greater knowledge of Jewish affairs justifies favouring his account. M. Aberbach believes that there was a division of power, but that Tacitus reversed the
255:
responsible for the provocation – a sign that relations between governor and provincials may already have been poor. Finding himself unable to calm the angry crowd, Cumanus called for fully armed reinforcements, who assembled either in the Temple courtyard or on the roof of the
291:, Eleazar and Alexander, they invaded Samaria and began a massacre. Cumanus led most of his troops against the militants, killing many and taking others prisoner, and the Jewish leaders from Jerusalem were subsequently able to calm most of the others, but a state of
241:
Under
Alexander, the province of Iudaea had enjoyed a period of relative peace, but that proved to be transient, as Cumanus' governorship was marked by a series of serious public disturbances. Trouble started while Jewish pilgrims were gathered in
154:, makes it unclear whether his authority was over some or all of the province. Cumanus' time in office was marked by disputes between his troops and the Jewish population. Ventidius Cumanus failed to respond to an anti-Jewish murder in
263:' estimates, between twenty and thirty thousand people were crushed to death. These numbers may be exaggerated, but the loss of life was substantial; the feast, says Josephus, "became the cause of mourning to the whole nation".
278:, demanding that the guilty party should be punished. This time the governor acted decisively and ordered that the soldier responsible should be beheaded in front of his accusers, temporarily restoring the calm.
274:, destroyed it in view of the villagers while shouting blasphemies. Angered by this insult to God and to the Jewish religion, a crowd of Jews confronted Cumanus at
229:
governors' areas of authority and that
Cumanus actually governed the south and Felix the north; this fits better with Josephus, who describes Cumanus as active in
1064:
287:
Samaritans to turn a blind eye. The result was that a crowd of Jews decided to take the law into their own hands. Under the leadership of two
328:
Perhaps after hearing a case against
Cumanus in Iudaea, Quadratus sent him, along with several Jewish and Samaritan leaders including the
270:. Troops sent by Cumanus to arrest the leading men of the nearby villages began plundering the area. One of them, finding a copy of the
1054:
932:
913:
558:
495:
163:
213:
Josephus, the main source for
Cumanus' career, presents him as governing the whole of Iudaea until 52, when he was succeeded by
250:
feast. Cumanus, following the precedent set by earlier governors, assembled a detachment of Roman soldiers on the roof of the
1049:
949:
864:
Aberbach, M. (July 1949). "The
Conflicting Accounts of Josephus and Tacitus concerning Cumanus' and Felix' Terms of Office".
233:
and nearby. Another suggestion is that part of the province was transferred to Felix after disturbances under
Cumanus' rule.
511:
M. Aberbach (July 1949). "The Conflicting Accounts of Josephus and Tacitus concerning Cumanus' and Felix' Terms of Office".
158:
territory which led to the violent conflict between Jews and Samaritans. Following an investigation by the governor of
1059:
1004:
202:
84:
332:
303:
833:
405:
367:
325:
and ordered the beheading of several other Jews and Samaritans who had been involved in the fighting.
851:
822:
458:
396:
308:
266:
Further unrest was triggered when an Imperial slave named Stephanus was robbed while travelling near
45:
953:
962:
837:
796:
773:
750:
727:
704:
681:
642:
619:
584:
435:
409:
881:
826:
789:
766:
743:
720:
697:
674:
658:
635:
612:
577:
528:
428:
400:
317:
194:
135:
185:
1069:
928:
909:
554:
546:
491:
292:
275:
251:
225:
to the north (see map). Tacitus does not mention who controlled other areas of the province.
987:
873:
847:
520:
454:
387:
256:
1015:
908:
and Matthew Black (revised English ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 458–460.
198:
139:
893:
471:
1029:
1011:
978:
McKechnie, Paul (2005). "Judaean Embassies and Cases before Roman Emperors, AD 44–66".
957:
214:
96:
1043:
905:
487:
483:
340:
299:
171:
925:
The Jews Under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian: A Study in Political Relations
551:
The Jews Under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian: A Study in Political Relations
901:
479:
329:
322:
490:(revised English ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 459–460, n. 15.
351:
267:
355:
243:
230:
155:
142:
from AD 48 to c. AD 52. A disagreement between the surviving sources, the
991:
817:
391:
347:
343:
288:
260:
247:
174:
147:
72:
350:
officials took the side of Cumanus. However, the Jews were supported by
177:, who held him responsible for the violence and sentenced him to exile.
885:
842:
532:
222:
218:
151:
130:
17:
898:
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume I
476:
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume I
877:
524:
313:
271:
184:
159:
336:
259:, overlooking the Temple. In the ensuing stampede, according to
167:
143:
217:. However, Tacitus states that Felix was already governing
966:. Vol. IV. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 383
298:
Meanwhile, two separate embassies had been dispatched to
927:(2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 263–269.
553:(2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 266–267.
193:
Nothing is known about Cumanus before he was appointed
346:. At the hearing, several of Claudius' influential
111:
106:
90:
78:
66:
43:
32:
368:Prefects, Procurators, and Legates of Roman Judaea
386:At approximately the same time as the death of
595:
593:
872:(1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 1–14.
519:(1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 1–14.
8:
221:before 52, while Cumanus had authority over
998:
316:had some authority over the lower-ranking
29:
448:
446:
444:
27:1st century AD Roman procurator of Iudaea
420:
418:
379:
1065:1st-century Roman governors of Judaea
354:, a friend of Claudius whose father,
7:
730:. See also Smallwood, pp. 267–268.
189:Iudaea Province in the 1st century
25:
164:Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus
980:Journal of Theological Studies
134:1st century AD) was the Roman
1:
923:Smallwood, E. Mary (1981).
1086:
335:, to plead their cases in
1055:Roman governors of Judaea
1026:
1009:
1005:Tiberius Julius Alexander
1001:
282:Jewish-Samaritan conflict
203:Tiberius Julius Alexander
170:for a hearing before the
119:
102:
85:Tiberius Julius Alexander
51:
39:
900:. revised and edited by
615:(the Temple courtyard);
478:. revised and edited by
304:Ummidius Caius Quadratus
201:in 48, in succession to
181:Procuratorship of Iudaea
866:Jewish Quarterly Review
513:Jewish Quarterly Review
960:; et al. (eds.).
190:
166:, Cumanus was sent to
1050:Ancient Roman equites
1030:Marcus Antonius Felix
237:Roman-Jewish conflict
215:Marcus Antonius Felix
188:
97:Marcus Antonius Felix
954:"Cumanus, Ventidius"
309:legatus pro praetore
46:Procurator of Iudaea
963:Jewish Encyclopedia
1060:1st-century Romans
992:10.1093/jts/fli106
599:Smallwood, p. 264.
209:Scope of Authority
191:
1036:
1035:
1027:Succeeded by
950:Gottheil, Richard
547:E. Mary Smallwood
321:Jewish prisoners
293:guerrilla warfare
276:Caesarea Maritima
126:Ventidius Cumanus
123:
122:
34:Ventidius Cumanus
16:(Redirected from
1077:
1002:Preceded by
999:
995:
974:
972:
971:
938:
919:
889:
800:
783:
777:
760:
754:
737:
731:
714:
708:
691:
685:
668:
662:
652:
646:
629:
623:
606:
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597:
588:
571:
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564:
543:
537:
536:
508:
502:
501:
468:
462:
450:
439:
422:
413:
388:Herod of Chalcis
384:
257:Antonia Fortress
107:Personal details
93:
81:
69:
56:
30:
21:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1019:
1007:
977:
969:
967:
948:
945:
943:Further reading
935:
922:
916:
892:
878:10.2307/1453002
863:
860:
814:
809:
804:
803:
784:
780:
761:
757:
738:
734:
715:
711:
692:
688:
669:
665:
653:
649:
630:
626:
622:(the Fortress).
607:
603:
598:
591:
572:
568:
561:
545:
544:
540:
525:10.2307/1453002
510:
509:
505:
498:
470:
469:
465:
451:
442:
423:
416:
385:
381:
376:
364:
312:or governor of
284:
239:
211:
183:
140:Iudaea Province
91:
79:
67:
57:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1008:
1003:
997:
996:
986:(2): 339–361.
975:
958:Isidore Singer
944:
941:
940:
939:
933:
920:
914:
890:
859:
856:
855:
854:
840:
829:
813:
810:
808:
805:
802:
801:
778:
755:
732:
709:
686:
663:
647:
624:
601:
589:
566:
559:
538:
503:
496:
463:
440:
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378:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
363:
360:
283:
280:
238:
235:
210:
207:
182:
179:
150:and the Roman
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
58:48 –
49:
48:
41:
40:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1082:
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1047:
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1031:
1023:
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1013:
1006:
1000:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
965:
964:
959:
955:
952:(1901–1906).
951:
947:
946:
942:
936:
934:90-04-06403-6
930:
926:
921:
917:
915:0-567-02242-0
911:
907:
906:Fergus Millar
903:
899:
895:
894:Schürer, Emil
891:
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883:
879:
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637:
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628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
605:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
570:
567:
562:
560:90-04-06403-6
556:
552:
548:
542:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
504:
499:
497:0-567-02242-0
493:
489:
488:Matthew Black
485:
484:Fergus Millar
481:
477:
473:
467:
464:
460:
457:
456:
449:
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441:
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430:
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357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
331:
326:
324:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
302:to appeal to
301:
296:
294:
290:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
253:
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245:
236:
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127:
118:
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89:
86:
83:
77:
74:
71:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
31:
19:
1037:
1021:
1010:
983:
979:
968:. Retrieved
961:
924:
897:
869:
865:
846:
832:
821:
793:
786:
781:
770:
763:
758:
747:
740:
735:
724:
717:
712:
701:
694:
689:
678:
671:
666:
655:
650:
639:
632:
627:
616:
609:
604:
581:
574:
569:
550:
541:
516:
512:
506:
475:
472:Emil Schürer
466:
453:
432:
425:
404:
395:
382:
327:
307:
297:
285:
265:
240:
227:
212:
192:
129:
125:
124:
115:1st century?
92:Succeeded by
68:Appointed by
59:
53:
902:Geza Vermes
834:Antiquities
794:Antiquities
771:Antiquities
748:Antiquities
725:Antiquities
702:Antiquities
679:Antiquities
640:Antiquities
617:Antiquities
582:Antiquities
480:Geza Vermes
433:Antiquities
406:Antiquities
339:before the
330:High Priest
295:persisted.
80:Preceded by
1044:Categories
1012:Procurator
970:2007-01-20
838:20.103-137
831:Josephus,
807:References
797:20.131-136
785:Josephus,
774:20.128-131
762:Josephus,
751:20.125-127
739:Josephus,
728:20.120-124
716:Josephus,
705:20.118-119
693:Josephus,
682:20.111-117
670:Josephus,
654:Josephus,
643:20.111-112
631:Josephus,
620:20.109-110
608:Josephus,
585:20.105-108
573:Josephus,
424:Josephus,
410:20.103-104
352:Agrippa II
318:procurator
268:Beth-horon
195:procurator
146:historian
136:procurator
1020:48–
827:2.223-247
790:2.243-246
767:2.241-242
744:2.239-240
721:2.234-238
698:2.232-233
675:2.228-231
578:2.224-225
452:Tacitus,
356:Agrippa I
323:crucified
306:, who as
244:Jerusalem
231:Jerusalem
156:Samaritan
54:In office
1070:Ventidii
896:(1973).
818:Josephus
549:(1981).
474:(1973).
392:Josephus
362:See also
348:freedmen
344:Claudius
261:Josephus
248:Passover
246:for the
175:Claudius
148:Josephus
73:Claudius
44:3rd
886:1453002
843:Tacitus
812:Ancient
533:1453002
341:Emperor
333:Ananias
289:Zealots
223:Galilee
219:Samaria
172:Emperor
152:Tacitus
18:Cumanus
1016:Iudaea
931:
912:
884:
858:Modern
848:Annals
557:
531:
494:
455:Annals
436:20.137
390:; see
252:Temple
199:Iudaea
144:Jewish
956:. In
882:JSTOR
852:12.54
659:2.227
636:2.227
613:2.226
529:JSTOR
459:12.54
429:2.247
401:2.223
374:Notes
314:Syria
272:Torah
160:Syria
929:ISBN
910:ISBN
555:ISBN
492:ISBN
486:and
337:Rome
300:Tyre
168:Rome
112:Born
1024:52
1014:of
988:doi
874:doi
823:War
787:War
764:War
741:War
718:War
695:War
672:War
656:War
633:War
610:War
575:War
521:doi
426:War
397:War
197:of
138:of
131:fl.
1046::
1022:c.
984:56
982:.
904:,
880:.
870:40
868:.
845:,
820:,
792:;
769:;
746:;
723:;
700:;
677:;
638:;
592:^
580:;
527:.
517:40
515:.
482:,
443:^
431:;
417:^
403:;
394:,
205:.
162:,
62:52
60:c.
994:.
990::
973:.
937:.
918:.
888:.
876::
799:.
776:.
753:.
707:.
684:.
661:.
645:.
587:.
563:.
535:.
523::
500:.
461:.
438:.
412:.
128:(
20:)
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