647:
42:
1166:, in the eighth year of Constantine's reign. This is followed by an undated entry which was formerly read as "In his time Domnall , king of the Britons died, and Domnall son of Ăed was elected". This was thought to record the election of a brother of Constantine named Domnall to the kingship of the Britons of Strathclyde and was seen as early evidence of the domination of Strathclyde by the kings of Alba. The entry in question is now read as "... Dyfnwal ... and Domnall son Ăed
937:
476:
1686:, and he seized a multitude of people and many herds of cattle: and the Scots called this the raid of Albidosorum, that is, Nainndisi. But others say that Constantine made this raid, asking of the king, Malcolm I, that the kingship should be given to him for a week's time so that he could visit the English. In fact, it was Malcolm I who made the raid, but Constantine incited him, as I have said.
1425:Ăthelstan followed up his advances in the north by securing the recognition of the Welsh kings. For the next seven years, the record of events in the north is blank. Ăthelstan's court was attended by the Welsh kings, but not by Constantine or Owain. This absence of record means that Ăthelstan's reasons for marching north against Constantine in 934 are unclear.
1233:
1071:
1513:, a king acknowledging Ăthelstan's overlordship, the only place there is any record of such a description. However, there is no record of Constantine having ever submitted to Ăthelstan's overlordship or that he considered himself such. The following year, Constantine was again in England at Ăthelstan's court, this time at
1106:
proposed that it should be read as "in conformity with the customs of the Gaels", relating it to the claims in the king lists that Giric liberated the church from secular oppression and adopted Irish customs. It has been read as "together with the Gaels", suggesting either public participation or the
1517:
where he appears as a witness, as the first of several kings, followed by Owain and Hywel Dda, who subscribed to the diploma. At
Christmas of 935, Owain was once more at Ăthelstan's court along with the Welsh kings, but Constantine was not. His return to England less than two years later would be in
1114:
of the lands east of Druim Alban. Others have proposed that the ceremony in some way endorsed
Constantine's kingship, prefiguring later royal inaugurations at Scone. Alternatively, if Bishop Cellach was appointed by Giric, it may be that the gathering was intended to heal a rift between king and
879:, but all other lists say that Giric ruled after Ăed and make great claims for him. Giric is not known to have been a kinsman of Kenneth's, although it has been suggested that he was related to him by marriage. The major changes in Pictland which began at about this time have been associated by
1609:
or son of the mormaer. Unlike the report of 918, on this occasion, the title mormaer is attached to a geographical area, but it is unknown whether the Angus of 938 was in any way similar to the later mormaerdom or earldom. The second death entered with that of Ăthelstan, is that of
Eochaid mac
1594:, then aged 18. Ăthelstan's realm, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when AmlaĂb returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw. Edmund spent the remainder of ConstantĂn's reign rebuilding his kingdom.
1500:
state that "the
Scottish men compelled to return without any great victory", while Henry of Huntingdon claims that the English faced no opposition. A negotiated settlement might have ended matters: according to John of Worcester, a son of Constantine was given as a hostage to Ăthelstan and
384:, a 13th-century compilation. Originally simply a list of kings with reign lengths, the other details contained in the Poppleton manuscript version were added in the 10th and 12th centuries. In addition to this, later king lists survive. The earliest
1290:
among the men of Alba were killed. This is the first surviving use of the word mormaer; other than the knowledge that
Constantine's kingdom had its own bishop or bishops and royal villas, this is the only hint to the institutions of the kingdom.
847:
in 876 but was killed in 878. Ăed's short reign is glossed as being of no importance by most king lists. Although the date of his birth is nowhere recorded, Constantine II cannot have been born any later than the year after his father's death,
1693:
Constantine's death in 952 is recorded by the Irish annals, who enter it among ecclesiastics. His son Indulf would become king on
Malcolm's death. The last of Constantine's certain descendants to be king in Alba was a great-grandson,
637:
Kenneth's son
Constantine died in 876, probably killed fighting against a Viking army that had come north from Northumbria in 874. According to the king lists, he was counted as the 70th and last king of the Picts in later times.
421:
describe events in 10th century
Britain, their value as sources of historical narrative, rather than documents of social history, is disputed. Mainland European sources rarely concern themselves with affairs in any part of the
1550:
a great battle, lamentable and terrible was cruelly fought... in which fell uncounted thousands of the
Northmen. ... And on the other side, a multitude of Saxons fell; but Ăthelstan, the king of the Saxons, obtained a great
824:, the seaward part of DĂĄl Riata, by Northmen in 849. In addition to these, the arrival of new groups of Vikings from northern and western Europe was still commonplace. Whether there were Viking or Norse-Gael kingdoms in the
392:
may date from the end of the 10th century, but their value lies more in their context, and the information they provide about the interests of those for whom they were compiled, than in the unreliable claims they contain.
2985:
describes
Constantine's "fair, long reign" as a time "with fruit upon slender branches, with ale, with music, with good cheer; with corn, with milk, with nimble cattle; with pride, with fortune, with "; Anderson,
1559:
abandons its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory. In this, the "hoary" Constantine, by now around 60 years of age, is said to have lost a son in the battle, a claim which the
919:
as "the rough one who will think relics and psalms of little worth". Wars with the Viking kings in Britain and Ireland continued during Donald's reign and he was probably killed fighting yet more Vikings at
722:, although whether these men ruled jointly or one after the other is uncertain. Northumbria may have been divided by this time between the Viking kings in York and the local rulers, perhaps represented by
4607:
279:. He ravaged southern Alba, but there is no record of any battles. He had withdrawn by September. Three years later, in 937, probably in retaliation for the invasion of Alba, King Constantine allied with
2722:
report the death of "Adulf mcEtulfe, king of the North Saxons" in the same year as Ăthelstan's campaign; Woolf suggests that this represents Ealdred, or some other son of Eadulf, ruling in Northumbria.
1107:
presence of Gaels from the western coasts as well as the people of the east coast. Finally, it is suggested that it was the ceremony that followed "the custom of the Gaels" and not the agreements.
536:, "and others almost innumerable" were killed. These deaths led to a period of instability lasting a decade as several families attempted to establish their dominance in Pictland. By around 848
1259:
since 913. Faced with Ragnall's invasion, Ealdred came north seeking assistance from Constantine. The two advanced south to face Ragnall, and this led to a battle somewhere on the banks of the
1491:, is probably intended. It is unlikely that Constantine's personal authority extended so far north, so the attacks were probably directed at his allies, comprising simple looting expeditions.
1640:, a verse history in the form of a supposed prophecy, states that it was not a voluntary decision â Constantine abdicated in 943 and entered a monastery, leaving the kingdom to Malcolm.
4031:
1667:(Culdee) movement. The CĂ©li DĂ© were subsequently to be entrusted with many monasteries throughout the kingdom of Alba until replaced in the 12th century by new orders imported from
1363:. Within the year he appears to have forsaken his new faith and repudiated his wife, but before Ăthelstan could respond, Sihtric died suddenly in 927. His kinsman, perhaps brother,
275:. At first, the southern rulers allied with him against the Vikings, but in 934, Ăthelstan, unprovoked, invaded Scotland both by sea and land with a huge retinue that included four
1709:
in the 12th century. As with his ecclesiastical reforms, his political legacy was the creation of a new form of Scottish kingship that lasted for two centuries after his death.
1414:, and Ealdred would "renounce all idolatry": that is, they would not ally with the Viking kings. William states that Ăthelstan stood godfather to a son of Constantine, probably
4600:
1582:, for all that it had been a famous and bloody battle, settled nothing. On 27 October 939 Ăthelstan, the "pillar of the dignity of the western world" in the words of the
902:. Giric died in 889. If he had been in exile, Constantine may have returned to Pictland where his cousin Donald II became king. Donald's reputation is suggested by the
890:
Woolf suggests that Constantine and his younger brother Donald may have passed Giric's reign in exile in Ireland where their aunt MĂĄel Muire was wife of two successive
4593:
1702:
was married to a daughter of Constantine. It is possible that Constantine had other children, but like the name of his wife, or wives, this has not been recorded.
1630:, probably baptised in 927, would have been too young to be a serious candidate for the kingship in the early 940s, and the obvious heir was Constantine's nephew,
765:. They are reported to have been divided between two rival leaders. In 894 one group left Dublin, perhaps settling on the Irish Sea coast of Britain between the
1314:
states that these kings "chose Edward as father and lord". Among the other kings present were Constantine, Ealdred son of Eadwulf, and the king of Strathclyde,
4024:
1337:
who had been raised at ĂthelflĂŠd's court. Ălfweard died within weeks of his father and Ăthelstan was inaugurated as king of all of Edward's lands in 925.
859:(Domnall mac ConstantĂn) in 900 during which nothing is reported in the Irish annals. The entry for the reign between Ăed and Donald II is corrupt in the
1526:
Following his departure from Ăthelstan's court after 935, there is no further report of Constantine until 937. In that year, together with Owain and
1221:. ĂthelflĂŠd had been negotiating with the Northumbrians to obtain their submission, but her death put an end to this and her successor, her brother
1634:. As Malcolm was born no later than 901, by the 940s he was no longer a young man and may have been impatient. Willingly or not â the 11th century
5400:
3560:
3749:
5370:
4017:
1346:
334:, in which his patronage of the Irish CĂ©li DĂ© monastic reformers was a significant factor. During his reign, the words "Scots" and "Scotland" (
3909:
3092:
1213:
and retook Dublin in 917. The following year Ragnall appears to have returned across the Irish Sea intent on establishing himself as king at
3929:
1622:
was too new to be said to have a customary rule of succession, but Pictish and Irish precedents favoured an adult successor descended from
1294:
After Corbridge, Ragnall enjoyed only a short respite. In the south, Alfred's son Edward had rapidly secured control of Mercia and had a
2805:
650:
Some locations in northern Britain, late 9th and early 10th centuries. The dotted line marked A represents the southern boundary of the
1310:
led by Ragnall's kinsman Sihtric struck at north-western Mercia in 919, but in 920 or 921 Edward met with Ragnall and other kings. The
518:(Ăengus son of Fergus), from around 730. The dominance of Fortriu came to an end in 839 with a defeat by Viking armies reported by the
1475:, before resuming the march accompanied by a fleet of ships. Owain was defeated and Symeon states that the army went as far north as
3888:
3870:
3852:
3834:
3816:
3798:
3698:
3680:
3616:
3598:
3580:
3554:
3435:
3417:
3396:
3375:
3355:
3337:
3312:
3291:
3219:
3194:
3165:
3129:
3061:
2583:
687:
582:("the Clan of Kenneth MacAlpin") â lay to the south of the previously dominant kingdom of Fortriu, centred in the lands around the
559:
agree that Kenneth was a Pictish king, and call him "king of the Picts" at his death. The same style is used of Kenneth's brother
3639:
3504:
3458:
3242:
1110:
The idea that this gathering agreed to uphold Irish laws governing the church has suggested that it was an important step in the
646:
453:
and Atlantic coasts â the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland â are non-existent, and
5405:
2703:
1690:
Woolf suggests that the association of Constantine with the raid is a late addition, one derived from a now-lost saga or poem.
555:
and inaugurated a new era. The historical record for 9th century Scotland is meagre, but the Irish annals and the 10th century
1457:
970:
470:
368:
276:
237:
754:
1568:
give his name as Cellach. For all its fame, the site of the battle is uncertain and several sites have been advanced, with
3790:
1660:
1022:
304:
514:(Constantine son of Fergus). ConstantĂn's family dominated Fortriu after 789 and perhaps, if ConstantĂn was a kinsman of
5395:
5267:
5230:
4553:
2532:
1059:
and pledged themselves that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be kept
793:
377:
5375:
4992:
4364:
3052:
Grant, Alexander (2000), "The Construction of the Early Scottish State", in Maddicott, J. R.; Palliser, D. M. (eds.),
1695:
4981:
4923:
4354:
4303:
844:
564:
312:
1655:
portray Constantine as a devout king. The monastery to which Constantine retired, and where he is said to have been
5277:
4048:
3211:
3174:
2575:
1636:
1395:
1315:
915:
491:
288:
5272:
5067:
5012:
4620:
4444:
4384:
4283:
4040:
3991:
3405:
3149:
884:
186:
4248:
1326:, from which Scots derives, to describe the inhabitants of Constantine's kingdom in its report of these events.
525:
5410:
5390:
5073:
5062:
4768:
4624:
4616:
4449:
4439:
1954:, pp. 72â75, s.a. 875. For Constantine as the last Pictish king, the original count being 66 kings, see Woolf,
1501:
Constantine himself accompanied the English king on his return south. He witnessed a charter with Ăthelstan at
852:, 879. His name may suggest that he was born a few years earlier, during the reign of his uncle Constantine I.
715:
366:, few records of 9th and 10th century events in Scotland survive. The main local source from the period is the
169:
4233:
4213:
2714:, pp. 355â356. The following year Gofraid died and was succeeded by his son AmlaĂb, Constantine's son-in-law;
1555:
The battle was remembered in England a generation later as "the Great Battle". When reporting the battle, the
1419:
1159:
1026:
contain an account of the battle, and this attributes the defeat of the Norsemen to the intercession of Saint
1020:, the grandsons of Ămar, to be reported; three more grandsons of Ămar appear later in ConstantĂn's reign. The
774:
515:
511:
5365:
5042:
5037:
5022:
4997:
4704:
4419:
4414:
4394:
4369:
4193:
3082:
1360:
1218:
52:
960:
shown here, which held relics of Columba, is known to have been carried into battle from the reign of King
5221:
5106:
5052:
5027:
5002:
4987:
4859:
4694:
4548:
4488:
4429:
4409:
4399:
4374:
4359:
2197:
2160:
1496:
1384:
800:
781:
659:
442:
346:. The earliest evidence for the ecclesiastical and administrative institutions which would last until the
5211:
5121:
5101:
5032:
4970:
4960:
4950:
4829:
4824:
4797:
4758:
4753:
4533:
4503:
4483:
4404:
4344:
4334:
4324:
2775:
1437:
1399:
1256:
1252:
1217:. The only precisely dated event in the summer of 918 is the death of Queen ĂthelflĂŠd on 12 June 918 at
891:
723:
699:
398:
4930:
4916:
4668:
4308:
4298:
3541:
2336:, pp. 188â189, writes that "it marks the final triumph of the Gaelic order over the old Pictish order".
1732:
1699:
1330:
840:
568:
438:
at the end of the 10th century, provides plausible details of the saint's early life in north Britain.
3925:
3046:
Broun, "Constantine II". The nature of that kingdom is, however, still a matter of debate, see Woolf,
1717:
The name of Constantine's wife is not known, however, they are known to have had at least 3 children:
5189:
5136:
5126:
5116:
5089:
5007:
4864:
4819:
4809:
4803:
4792:
4786:
4736:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4478:
4467:
4455:
4379:
4183:
3726:
1725:
1535:
1099:
529:
381:
335:
296:
2572:
The Kingdom of the Scots. Government, Church and Society from the eleventh to the fourteenth century
2425:, pp. 222â223, is typical of the interpretation found in older works. The phrase in question reads "
1387:
had become by far the greatest power in Britain and Ireland, perhaps stretching as far north as the
41:
5380:
5216:
5169:
5111:
5047:
4844:
4834:
4814:
4780:
4538:
4493:
4424:
1706:
1705:
The form of kingdom which appeared in Constantine's reign continued in much the same way until the
1441:
1364:
1272:
1198:
1171:
872:
719:
548:
363:
347:
323:
292:
2445:
record the death of Flann on 25 May 916 and that of Niall on 14 September 919; Woolf, pp. 127â129.
1123:
Following the events at Scone, there is little of substance reported for a decade. A story in the
1013:
5253:
4891:
4839:
4763:
4572:
4568:
4543:
4173:
4128:
3325:
3279:
3203:
3182:
1698:(ConstantĂn mac CuilĂ©in). Another son had died at Brunanburh and according to John of Worcester,
1032:
957:
816:
595:
411:
268:
1648:
1601:. The death of Ăthelstan is reported, as are two others. The first of these, in 938, is that of
551:, the founding of which was dated from 843, the year in which he was said to have destroyed the
427:
156:
17:
1406:
fled north and received refuge from Constantine, which led to war with Ăthelstan. A meeting at
909:, a word used of violent madmen and mad bulls, attached to him in the 11th-century writings of
4886:
4747:
4699:
4073:
3905:
3884:
3866:
3848:
3830:
3812:
3794:
3694:
3676:
3612:
3594:
3576:
3550:
3431:
3413:
3392:
3371:
3351:
3333:
3308:
3287:
3215:
3190:
3161:
3125:
3117:
3057:
2579:
2518:
There is disagreement as to whether there was one battle at Corbridge in the 910s or two. The
2083:
1527:
1472:
1433:
1240:
1103:
910:
808:
578:
to describe them but descent from Kenneth was the defining factor, Irish sources referring to
533:
280:
256:
225:
198:
124:
2813:
5385:
5204:
5194:
5084:
5057:
4909:
4741:
4661:
4654:
4473:
4434:
4293:
4228:
3938:
3741:
3644:
3509:
3463:
3247:
1623:
1606:
1602:
1573:
1445:
1329:
Edward died in 924. His realms appear to have been divided with the West Saxons recognising
1222:
1194:
1183:
1175:
961:
895:
789:
757:, was dominant. The years around 900 represented a period of weakness among the Vikings and
675:
667:
586:. The extent of Kenneth's nameless kingdom is uncertain, but it certainly extended from the
537:
520:
389:
319:
2035:, pp. 275â311, especially 286â289; Ă Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"; Crawford,
758:
5199:
4944:
4774:
4726:
4716:
4710:
4318:
4113:
2567:
1619:
1468:
1163:
1056:
1016:
and many others at the hands of the men of Fortriu in 904. This Ămar was the first of the
651:
599:
194:
4585:
3710:
The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to A.D. 1408
3708:
3139:
1394:
John of Worcester's chronicle suggests that Ăthelstan faced opposition from Constantine,
1128:
683:
5297:
5184:
5141:
5095:
4880:
4523:
4068:
3952:
3384:
3154:
1388:
1202:
1167:
1017:
829:
821:
770:
587:
575:
480:
284:
252:
146:
3768:
3305:
The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
936:
5359:
4078:
3365:
1407:
1303:
1111:
993:
which until then describes the lands ruled by the descendants of CinĂĄed as Pictavia.
925:
825:
619:
544:
423:
327:
248:
224:(CinĂĄed mac AilpĂn, died 858) was the first of the family recorded as a king, but as
2116:, pp. 117â121, 137â138 and 320â322. For an alternative view of all this, see Smyth,
1664:
1618:
By the early 940s, Constantine was an old man in his late sixties or seventies. The
978:"and all Albania" in his third year. This is the first use of the word Albania, the
300:
197:, a name which first appears in Constantine's lifetime, was situated in what is now
5322:
5079:
4461:
4138:
3540:: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries", in Taylor, Simon (ed.),
3321:
3300:
3275:
3178:
1356:
1136:
766:
695:
679:
475:
403:
229:
4674:
4238:
3663:
3528:
3482:
3266:
2421:, pp. 127â129, 152â157; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 77. Smyth,
1352:
1334:
1067:
The meaning of this entry, and its significance, have been the subject of debate.
804:
594:
in the north. Whether it extended beyond the mountainous spine of north Britain â
507:
5327:
5312:
4897:
4218:
4198:
4158:
4123:
4009:
3934:
3904:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
1811:, pp. 277â285; Ă Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"; Sawyer and Sawyer,
1569:
1514:
1403:
1380:
1268:
1248:
1236:
1179:
1140:
899:
750:
739:
711:
703:
603:
499:
454:
431:
415:
272:
213:
209:
3648:
3513:
3467:
5302:
5292:
5282:
4869:
4731:
4268:
4223:
4168:
4153:
4148:
4093:
3897:
3631:
3496:
3450:
3251:
1683:
1587:
1579:
1502:
1488:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1260:
1036:
under the year 904 may possibly contain a corrupted reference to this battle.
880:
785:
735:
731:
631:
611:
487:
373:
179:
104:
3234:
3124:, vol. I (1990 revised and corrected ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins,
1597:
For Constantine's last years as king, there is only the meagre record of the
5317:
5287:
4874:
4849:
4263:
4258:
4188:
4178:
4143:
4103:
4083:
4001:
3984:
3100:
3086:
1631:
1484:
1476:
1460:
1411:
1264:
1190:
1075:
1048:
983:
921:
856:
583:
450:
385:
308:
221:
217:
205:
80:
70:
4975:
4349:
2702:, pp. 161â165. The previous year had seen the death of Ăthelstan's brother
773:. The remaining Dubliners were expelled in 902 by Flann Sinna's son-in-law
318:
Constantine's reign of 43 years, exceeded in Scotland only by that of King
243:
His reign, like those of his predecessors, was dominated by the actions of
3807:
Scragg, Donald (1999), "Battle of Brunanburh", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
3589:
Keynes, Simon (1999), "Rulers of the English", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
3177:(1999), "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba", in
658:
890â950. The dotted line marked B represents the southern boundary of the
5307:
4854:
4679:
4243:
4208:
4203:
4163:
4118:
4098:
4088:
4063:
3745:
3274:
Broun, Dauvit (1999), "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity", in
2221:, pp. 444â446, where Albania is translated as Scotland; Broun, "Dunkeld".
1721:
Ildulb mac CausantĂn (Indulf or Indulph)(died 962), king of Alba 954â962;
1591:
1299:
1210:
727:
598:â is unclear. The core of the kingdom was similar to the old counties of
560:
528:
of Fortriu and his brother Bran, ConstantĂn's nephews, together with the
458:
343:
331:
233:
1232:
426:, and even less commonly with events in Scotland, but the life of Saint
5225:
5131:
4513:
4273:
4133:
4108:
4058:
2618:
Keynes, "Rulers of the English", p. 514; Miller, "Ăthelstan"; Stenton,
2201:
1480:
1372:
1287:
1206:
1027:
975:
949:
941:
903:
812:
746:
707:
623:
574:
The kingdom ruled by Kenneth's descendants â older works used the name
495:
435:
407:
359:
141:
3387:(2000), "The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", in Taylor, Simon (ed.),
2565:, pp. 219â220. For the later institutions of the kingdom of Alba, see
1070:
259:). During Constantine's reign, the rulers of the southern kingdoms of
5017:
4965:
4689:
4684:
4389:
4339:
3673:
The Saints of Scotland: Essays in Scottish Church History AD 450â1093
2086:, Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 75; see also Woolf,
1668:
1627:
1610:
AilpĂn, who might, from his name, have been a kinsman of ConstantĂn.
1531:
1448:
add detail to that bald account. Ăthelstan's army began gathering at
1415:
1368:
1307:
1226:
1132:
997:
974:
in Constantine's reign is an attack by Vikings and the plundering of
762:
691:
671:
607:
591:
264:
260:
244:
129:
2530:, report only one battle. The idea that there were two rests on the
1139:
and northern rulers against the Norsemen on the Irish sea coasts of
1127:, perhaps referring to events sometime after 911, claims that Queen
996:
These Norsemen could have been some of those who were driven out of
271:, extended their authority northwards into the disputed kingdoms of
220:, while its western limits are uncertain. Constantine's grandfather
3787:
Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation circa 800â1500
1410:
on 12 July 927 was sealed by an agreement that Constantine, Owain,
1201:, said to be grandsons of Ămar (that is, they belonged to the same
1000:
in 902 or were the same group who had defeated Domnall in 900. The
843:, Constantine's father, succeeded Constantine's uncle and namesake
807:
in western Scotland is uncertain. No kings are known by name after
4937:
4313:
4253:
1663:. This had been refounded in his reign and given to the reforming
1656:
1231:
1148:
1091:
1069:
979:
935:
876:
645:
622:. Among the chief ecclesiastical centres named in the records are
552:
503:
446:
418:
510:(Dalriada) were subject to the kings of Fortriu of the family of
4721:
3961:
1376:
1295:
1214:
1205:
kindred as the Ămar who was killed in 904), were very active in
875:, a grandson of Kenneth MacAlpin, who is somehow connected with
855:
After Ăed's death, there is a two-decade gap until the death of
777:, and soon afterwards appeared in western and northern Britain.
615:
307:
where he died in 952. He was succeeded by his predecessor's son
116:
4589:
4013:
3410:
The Kingship of the Scots 842â1292: Succession and Independence
3330:
Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
3284:
Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
3187:
Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
1306:
from which his armies could easily strike north. An army from
441:
While the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the
299:. In 943, Constantine abdicated the throne and retired to the
3689:
Miller, Sean (1999), "Ăthelstan", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.),
1456:
by 7 June. He was accompanied by many leaders, including the
706:, but no dates can reliably be assigned to the successors of
3228:
Broun, Dauvit (2004). "Constantine II (CausantĂn mac Ăeda) (
2647:, pp. 105 and 107, Ms. D, s.a. 925, 926, Ms. E, F, s.a. 927.
1251:, and perhaps the whole kingdom, had probably been ruled by
867:
is at variance with every other king list. According to the
2302:
Driscoll, p. 37, translates the phrase in this way; Woolf,
944:
and its relics were associated with victory in battle. The
414:
provides occasional insight into events in Scotland. While
326:
in 1603, is believed to have played a defining part in the
204:
The core of the kingdom was formed by the lands around the
3727:"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century"
3141:
Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286
2803:, pp. 166â168; only a part of this charter survives, see
1643:
Although his retirement might have been involuntary, the
1151:
by Vikings "on the coast of England" at about this time.
1755:, pp. 87â93; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba".
1147:
record the defeat of an Irish fleet from the kingdom of
1402:
writes that Gofraid, together with Sihtric's young son
3054:
The Medieval State: Essays presented to James Campbell
626:, probably the seat of the bishop of the kingdom, and
372:, a list of kings from Kenneth MacAlpin (died 858) to
1975:
Keynes, "Rulers of the English", pp. 504â505; Woolf,
1899:"; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 76.
1768:, reproduces these lists and discusses their origins.
1379:
but failed. Ăthelstan moved quickly, seizing much of
1318:. Here, again, a new term appears in the record, the
465:
Pictland from ConstantĂn mac Fergusa to Constantine I
396:
For narrative history, the principal sources are the
173:
3160:(2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press,
2417:. For the re-reading by Benjamin Hudson, see Woolf,
1874:, pp. 8â10; Bannerman, "Scottish takeover"; Foster,
1209:. Sihtric inflicted a heavy defeat on the armies of
486:
The dominant kingdom in eastern Scotland before the
4282:
4047:
449:, are limited and late, those for the areas on the
152:
140:
123:
111:
98:
90:
86:
76:
66:
58:
51:
34:
3881:Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500â1297
3630:
3543:Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500â1297
3495:
3449:
3389:Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500â1297
3233:
3153:
3122:Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286
2159:, pp. 395â398. The account of the conquest of the
228:. This change of title, from king of the Picts to
3847:(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3809:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3713:, Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
3691:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3609:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3591:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3286:, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 96â111,
2706:, perhaps drowned on the king's orders; Swanton,
1891:, pp. 93â117, 320â322; Broun, "Dunkeld"; Duncan,
1428:Ăthelstan's invasion is reported in brief by the
1178:who died on 21 March 915. Finally, the deaths of
642:Britain and Ireland at the end of the 9th century
185:; born no later than 879; died 952) was an early
3625:Hudson, Benjamin T. (2004). "ĂlĂĄf Guthfrithson (
3367:Alba: The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland AD 800â1124
3189:, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 71â94,
3091:. Translated by Mac Airt; Mac Niocaill. Dublin:
2710:, p. 107, Ms. E, s.a. 933 and note 11; Stenton,
2163:in Domnall's time given by, for example, Smyth,
1505:on 13 September 934 in which he is described as
780:To the southwest of Constantine's lands lay the
3428:Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland
2973:, pp. 431â444; Broun, "Constantine II"; Woolf,
2103:, pp. 251â252, 254, 263, 267, 274, 283 and 288.
1680:
1548:
1189:There are more reports of Viking fleets in the
1045:
3370:, The Making of Scotland, Edinburgh: Birlinn,
2454:Hart, "Sihtric CĂĄech"; Hart "Ragnall"; Woolf,
1030:following fasting and prayer. An entry in the
788:, east to the River Forth, and south into the
714:. It is known that Guthfrith was succeeded by
4601:
4025:
3549:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 62â72,
3391:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 73â86,
2540:, p. 64. The question is discussed by Woolf,
2289:, p. 135. This version is followed by Smyth,
1534:, Constantine invaded England. The resulting
342:) are first used to mean part of what is now
8:
3643:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3508:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3462:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3246:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2082:On this, note Dumville's comments regarding
1279:is alone in giving Constantine the victory.
952:or staff, has been lost but the 8th century
5168:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2739:, pp. 67â69; Miller, "Ăthelstan"; Stenton,
1992:Annals of Ulster, s.a. 893 and 902; Woolf,
928:in 900. Constantine succeeded him as king.
5345:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
5244:
5160:
4638:
4633:
4608:
4594:
4586:
4032:
4018:
4010:
3943:
3827:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80â1000
2868:, pp. 106â110, Ms. A, s.a. 937; Anderson,
1351:By 926 Sihtric had evidently acknowledged
40:
31:
3829:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
3412:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
3350:, Leicester: Leicester University Press,
1487:, by which a much larger area, including
1483:, while the fleet is said to have raided
547:made Kenneth MacAlpin the creator of the
232:, is part of a broader transformation of
3105:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003
2505:Keynes, "Rulers of the English"; Woolf,
2204:to which similar powers were attributed.
1225:, was occupied with securing control of
1004:states that the Northmen were killed in
479:Recorded relationships within the early
474:
3640:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3633:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3611:, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 500â516,
3593:, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 500â516,
3505:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3498:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3459:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3452:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3243:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3236:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2960:, pp. 444â448; Broun, "Constantine II".
1744:
1731:A daughter, name not recorded, married
792:. In 900 it was probably ruled by King
698:of eastern England is less clear. King
3785:Sawyer, Peter; Sawyer, Birgit (1993),
3573:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350â1100
3208:An introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
2272:Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", p. 79.
2167:, pp. 217â218, is rejected by Duncan,
2018:Woolf, pp. 99â100, 286â289; Anderson,
1359:and marrying a sister of Ăthelstan at
1193:from 914 onwards. By 916 fleets under
380:, died 995). The list survives in the
240:are traced to Constantine's lifetime.
3811:, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 54â55,
3755:from the original on 16 February 2005
3693:, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 16â17,
3566:from the original on 29 February 2008
3093:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2735:, p. 107, Ms. D, s.a. 934; Anderson,
2056:, pp. 116â117, 124, and 166, note 84.
1471:. From Mercia, the army continued to
1452:by 28 May 934 and travelled north to
1275:appears to have been indecisive; the
1098:has been translated in several ways.
212:, northwards it extended towards the
7:
3930:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3490:Hart, Cyril (2004). "Sihtric CĂĄech (
3156:Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland
1937:, pp. 8 fig. 1, 39 fig. 24, 110â111.
1682:plundered the English as far as the
1367:, who had remained as his deputy in
1043:is dated to 906. This records that:
690:ruling the western, English part of
255:('Grandsons/Descenants of Ămar', or
2676:, pp. 201â202; Miller, "Ăthelstan".
2664:, p.107, Ms. D, s.a. 926; Stenton,
2413:Domnall's death is recorded by the
968:The earliest event recorded in the
3773:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
3430:(2nd ed.), London: Batsford,
2605:, p. 104, Ms. A, s.a. 924; Woolf,
2234:, pp. 127â128, 130â131; Anderson,
1590:. He was succeeded by his brother
1322:for the first time using the word
730:who controlled the lands from the
25:
3088:The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131)
678:as ruler of England south of the
3332:, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark,
1432:, and later chroniclers such as
1347:Ăthelstan's invasion of Scotland
1282:The report of the battle in the
753:, married to Constantine's aunt
295:, but they were defeated at the
189:, known then by the Gaelic name
18:CustantĂn mac Ăeda, King of Alba
4645:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
3937:at the official website of the
3902:From Pictland to Alba, 789â1070
2496:, p. 105, Ms. C, s.a. 918, 919.
1912:, pp. 220â221, 256â257; Broun,
1286:says that none of the kings or
1039:The next event reported by the
913:, echoed by his description in
820:may record the conquest of the
5401:10th-century Scottish monarchs
4642:Monarchs of England until 1603
3607:Lapidge, Michael, ed. (1999),
3444:Hart, Cyril (2004). "Ragnall (
2672:, pp 150â152, 192â193; Smyth,
2528:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1676:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1626:. Constantine's surviving son
1599:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1562:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1518:very different circumstances.
1277:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1156:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
1041:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
971:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
861:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
563:(Domnall mac AilpĂn) and sons
557:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
471:Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
369:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
238:origins of the Kingdom of Alba
46:Fictional 17th-century drawing
1:
5371:9th-century Scottish monarchs
4041:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
3883:, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
3791:University of Minnesota Press
3770:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
3767:Radner, Joan N., ed. (1975),
3725:Ă CorrĂĄin, Donnchadh (1998),
3307:, Woodbridge: Boydell Press,
3033:, p. 345, table A; Anderson,
3029:, pp. 171, 175, 177; Duncan,
2524:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
2427:et Dunenaldus filius Ede elig
2381:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1383:. In less than a decade, the
1239:; Corbridge is just south of
1125:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
1023:Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
655:
567:(ConstantĂn mac CinĂĄeda) and
208:. Its southern limit was the
3707:Murphy, Dennis, ed. (1896),
3664:UK public library membership
3529:UK public library membership
3483:UK public library membership
3267:UK public library membership
2810:Anglo-Saxon Charters Website
2533:Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
1724:Cellach, died in 937 in the
1576:the most favoured location.
1047:King Constantine and Bishop
1008:, which is confirmed by the
27:King of Alba from 900 to 943
5252:British monarchs after the
3948:Constantine II of Scotland
3879:Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000),
3138:Anderson, Alan Orr (1908),
2574:(2nd ed.), Edinburgh:
2400:states that Cormac died on
2069:, pp. 357â358, 395; Woolf,
1866:, pp. 57â67, 93â98; Smyth,
1012:which records the death of
784:. This extended north into
540:had emerged as the winner.
461:are of primary importance.
350:also appears at this time.
102:952 (aged 73–74)
5427:
3843:Stenton, Frank M. (1971),
3675:, Edinburgh: John Donald,
3364:Driscoll, Stephen (2002),
3346:Crawford, Barbara (1987),
3212:Cambridge University Press
2576:Edinburgh University Press
2536:, for which see Anderson,
2319:, p. 136; see also Smyth,
2112:Duncan, pp. 11â16; Woolf,
1798:, pp. 2â3, 87â88, 357â359.
1422:), during the conference.
1344:
502:. By the 9th century, the
468:
5340:
5263:
5247:
5243:
5180:
5163:
5159:
4636:
4632:
4562:
3998:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3946:
3863:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3861:Swanton, Michael (1996),
3825:Smyth, Alfred P. (1984),
3671:MacQuarrie, Alan (1997),
3426:Foster, Sally M. (2004),
2718:, s.a. 934. Finally, the
2557:For Mormaers, see Woolf,
2285:, p. 445, note 1; Woolf,
2238:, pp. 398, 399, 444â446;
2217:, pp. 122â126; Anderson,
2186:The Conversion of Britain
2155:Woolf, p. 125; Anderson,
1962:, pp. 168â169; Anderson,
1333:while the Mercians chose
832:at this time is debated.
580:Clann CinĂĄeda meic AilpĂn
358:Compared to neighbouring
39:
3536:Herbert, MĂĄire (2000), "
2888:, pp. 342â343; Scragg, "
2884:, pp. 203â204; Stenton,
2635:, pp. 186â190; Stenton,
2601:, pp. 333â335; Swanton,
2544:, pp. 142â144; Stenton,
2492:, pp. 186â188; Swanton,
2404:908; Woolf, pp. 127â129.
2146:, pp. cxlix and 397â398.
1950:, pp. 106â116; Swanton,
1929:, pp. 98â101; Driscoll,
1614:Abdication and posterity
1243:in the centre of the map
863:, and in this case, the
313:MĂĄel Coluim mac Domnaill
3865:, New York: Routledge,
2983:The Prophecy of BerchĂĄn
2909:, pp. 356â359; Higham,
2872:, pp. 69â73; Anderson,
2643:, pp.148â151; Swanton,
2188:, pp. 190â191; Alcock,
1895:, pp. 13â14; Herbert, "
1870:, pp. 180â185; Duncan,
1659:, was probably that of
1653:The Prophecy of BerchĂĄn
1637:The Prophecy of BerchĂĄn
1398:, and the Welsh kings.
1271:crosses the river. The
1219:Tamworth, Staffordshire
1055:near the royal city of
916:The Prophecy of BerchĂĄn
702:was probably ruling in
694:. The situation in the
674:, died leaving his son
339:
305:monastery of St Andrews
53:King of Alba (Scotland)
5406:Monarchs who abdicated
4049:Monarchs of the Picts
3649:10.1093/ref:odnb/20670
3571:Higham, N. J. (1993),
3514:10.1093/ref:odnb/25543
3468:10.1093/ref:odnb/49264
2977:, p. 175; MacQuarrie,
2911:Kingdom of Northumbria
2747:, pp. 160â166; Smyth,
2720:Annals of Clonmacnoise
2668:, pp. 339â340; Woolf,
2660:, pp. 66â67; Swanton,
2639:, pp. 339â340; Woolf,
2633:Kingdom of Northumbria
2490:Kingdom of Northumbria
2377:Kingdom of Northumbria
2198:Cathach of St. Columba
2196:, p.136. See also the
2192:, pp. 327â329; Smyth,
2161:Kingdom of Strathclyde
1979:, pp. 138â139; Blair,
1958:, pp. 124â126; Broun,
1935:Picts, Gaels and Scots
1876:Picts, Gaels and Scots
1781:, pp. 133â164; Woolf,
1688:
1674:Seven years later the
1566:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1553:
1497:Annals of Clonmacnoise
1385:kingdom of the English
1355:as overlord, adopting
1244:
1119:Return of the UĂ Ămair
1083:
1078:at Scone, perhaps the
1065:
965:
871:, Ăed was followed by
782:Kingdom of Strathclyde
663:
660:Kingdom of Strathclyde
483:
443:kingdom of Northumbria
388:of the descendants of
378:CinĂĄed mac MaĂl Coluim
174:
4284:Monarchs of the Scots
3348:Scandinavian Scotland
3252:10.1093/ref:odnb/6115
3056:, London: Hambeldon,
3031:Kingship of the Scots
2882:Warlords and Holy Men
2866:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2749:Warlords and Holy Men
2733:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2708:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2674:Warlords and Holy Men
2662:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2645:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2603:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2563:Warlords and Holy Men
2561:, pp 342â350; Smyth,
2494:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2423:Warlords and Holy Men
2351:Kingship of the Scots
2334:Warlords and Holy Men
2321:Warlords and Holy Men
2291:Warlords and Holy Men
2194:Warlords and Holy Men
2169:Kingship of the Scots
2165:Warlords and Holy Men
2118:Warlords and Holy Men
2041:Warlords and Holy Men
2037:Scandinavian Scotland
1952:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1893:Kingship of the Scots
1872:Kingship of the Scots
1868:Warlords and Holy Men
1557:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1542:â is reported in the
1438:William of Malmesbury
1430:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1420:Ildulb mac ConstantĂn
1400:William of Malmesbury
1320:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1312:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1247:The northern part of
1235:
1160:Cormac mac CuilennĂĄin
1158:reports the death of
1073:
1014:Ămar grandson of Ămar
939:
892:High Kings of Ireland
799:The situation of the
775:Cerball mac MuirecĂĄin
649:
516:Ăengus I of the Picts
512:CausantĂn mac Fergusa
498:on the shores of the
478:
399:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
136:one or more daughters
5222:William III & II
4787:Henry the Young King
4737:Edward the Confessor
4705:Ăthelred the Unready
4365:Constantine III (IV)
4330:Constantine II (III)
3746:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334
3083:GearĂłid Mac Niocaill
2956:, p. 175; Anderson,
2890:Battle of Brunanburh
2768:, pp. 67â69; Woolf,
2764:, p. 426; Anderson,
2171:, p. 40, and Woolf,
2039:, pp. 39â62; Smyth,
1813:Medieval Scandinavia
1726:Battle of Brunanburh
1536:battle of Brunanburh
1522:Brunanburh and after
1100:William Forbes Skene
887:with Giric's reign.
590:in the south to the
406:. The evidence from
386:genealogical records
382:Poppleton manuscript
297:battle of Brunanburh
5396:10th-century abbots
5170:Union of the Crowns
4395:Malcolm III Canmore
3845:Anglo-Saxon England
3538:Ri Ăirenn, Ri Alban
3326:Clancy, Thomas Owen
3280:Clancy, Thomas Owen
3204:Blair, Peter Hunter
3183:Clancy, Thomas Owen
2930:, pp. 175, 211â212.
2915:Anglo-Saxon England
2907:Anglo-Saxon England
2905:, p. 174; Stenton,
2886:Anglo-Saxon England
2816:on 27 February 2009
2741:Anglo-Saxon England
2712:Anglo-Saxon England
2687:Anglo-Saxon England
2666:Anglo-Saxon England
2637:Anglo-Saxon England
2620:Anglo-Saxon England
2599:Anglo-Saxon England
2546:Anglo-Saxon England
1981:Anglo-Saxon England
1933:pp. 33â51; Foster,
1897:Ri Ăirenn, Ri Alban
1707:Davidian Revolution
1442:Henry of Huntingdon
1273:Battle of Corbridge
1154:In this period the
1088:pariter cum Scottis
1061:pariter cum Scottis
932:Vikings and bishops
571:(Ăed mac CinĂĄeda).
549:Kingdom of Scotland
364:Anglo-Saxon England
348:Davidian Revolution
324:Union of the Crowns
293:King of Strathclyde
251:, particularly the
159:, King of the Picts
5376:9th-century births
5254:Acts of Union 1707
5217:James II & VII
4910:Kenneth I MacAlpin
4695:Edgar the Peaceful
4468:Second Interregnum
4435:William I the Lion
4304:Constantine I (II)
4294:Kenneth I MacAlpin
3575:, Stroud: Sutton,
3118:Anderson, Alan Orr
3102:Chronicon Scotorum
2979:Saints of Scotland
2880:, 168â173; Smyth,
2248:Fragmentary Annals
2244:Chronicon Scotorum
2190:Kings and Warriors
2101:Kings and Kingship
1996:, pp 131, 138â139.
1964:Kings and Kingship
1826:Saints of Scotland
1766:Kings and Kingship
1733:AmlaĂb mac Gofraid
1700:AmlaĂb mac Gofraid
1245:
1135:, allied with the
1084:
1033:Chronicon Scotorum
966:
958:Monymusk Reliquary
940:The cult of Saint
817:Annales Bertiniani
664:
484:
412:Kingdom of England
269:Kingdom of England
166:CausantĂn mac Ăeda
5353:
5352:
5336:
5335:
5239:
5238:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
4700:Edward the Martyr
4583:
4582:
4456:First Interregnum
4008:
4007:
3999:Succeeded by
3911:978-0-7486-1234-5
3662:(Subscription or
3527:(Subscription or
3481:(Subscription or
3265:(Subscription or
3144:, London: D. Nutt
2913:, p. 193; Blair,
2876:, p. 429; Woolf,
2743:, p. 342; Woolf,
2578:, pp. 1â67,
2349:, p. 37; Duncan,
2246:, s.a. 902, 904;
2242:, s.a. 902, 904;
2084:damnatio memoriae
1528:Olaf Guthfrithson
1473:Chester-le-Street
1434:John of Worcester
1375:to take power in
1104:Alan Orr Anderson
911:Flann Mainistrech
708:Guthfrith of York
682:and his daughter
530:king of DĂĄl Riata
490:was the northern
340:Scottas, Scotland
281:Olaf Guthfrithson
257:Ivar the Boneless
226:king of the Picts
199:Northern Scotland
175:CĂČiseam mac Aoidh
163:
162:
94:no later than 879
16:(Redirected from
5418:
5245:
5205:Richard Cromwell
5195:The Protectorate
5185:James I & VI
5161:
4742:Harold Godwinson
4662:Edward the Elder
4655:Alfred the Great
4639:
4634:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4587:
4576:
4567:also monarch of
4034:
4027:
4020:
4011:
3982:Preceded by
3972:
3965:
3944:
3939:British monarchy
3914:
3893:
3875:
3857:
3839:
3821:
3803:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3685:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3636:
3621:
3603:
3585:
3567:
3565:
3548:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3501:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3455:
3440:
3422:
3406:Duncan, A. A. M.
3401:
3380:
3360:
3342:
3317:
3296:
3270:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3239:
3224:
3199:
3170:
3159:
3145:
3134:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3096:
3068:
3066:
3048:Pictland to Alba
3044:
3038:
3027:Pictland to Alba
3023:
3017:
3014:Pictland to Alba
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2975:Pictland to Alba
2967:
2961:
2954:Pictland to Alba
2950:
2944:
2941:Pictland to Alba
2937:
2931:
2928:Pictland to Alba
2924:
2918:
2903:Pictland to Alba
2899:
2893:
2878:Pictland to Alba
2862:
2856:
2853:Annals of Ulster
2845:
2839:
2836:Pictland to Alba
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2812:. Archived from
2806:"Charter S 1792"
2801:Pictland to Alba
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2780:Anglo-Saxons.net
2770:Pictland to Alba
2758:
2752:
2745:Pictland to Alba
2729:
2723:
2716:Annals of Ulster
2700:Pictland to Alba
2696:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2670:Pictland to Alba
2654:
2648:
2641:Pictland to Alba
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2607:Pictland to Alba
2595:
2589:
2588:
2568:Barrow, G. W. S.
2559:Pictland to Alba
2555:
2549:
2542:Pictland to Alba
2522:, s.a. 918, the
2520:Annals of Ulster
2516:
2510:
2507:Pictland to Alba
2503:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2477:Annals of Ulster
2473:Pictland to Alba
2469:
2463:
2460:Annals of Ulster
2456:Pictland to Alba
2452:
2446:
2443:Annals of Ulster
2439:
2433:
2419:Pictland to Alba
2415:Annals of Ulster
2411:
2405:
2403:
2398:Annals of Ulster
2394:
2388:
2385:Annals of Ulster
2373:
2367:
2364:Pictland to Alba
2360:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2317:Pictland to Alba
2313:
2307:
2304:Pictland to Alba
2300:
2294:
2287:Pictland to Alba
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2259:After Anderson,
2257:
2251:
2240:Annals of Ulster
2232:Pictland to Alba
2228:
2222:
2215:Pictland to Alba
2211:
2205:
2200:, a 7th century
2182:
2176:
2173:Pictland to Alba
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2131:Pictland to Alba
2127:
2121:
2114:Pictland to Alba
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2088:Pictland to Alba
2080:
2074:
2071:Pictland to Alba
2063:
2057:
2054:Pictland to Alba
2050:
2044:
2033:Pictland to Alba
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2007:Pictland to Alba
2003:
1997:
1994:Pictland to Alba
1990:
1984:
1977:Pictland to Alba
1973:
1967:
1956:Pictland to Alba
1948:Pictland to Alba
1944:
1938:
1927:Pictland to Alba
1923:
1917:
1910:Pictland to Alba
1906:
1900:
1889:Pictland to Alba
1885:
1879:
1864:Pictland to Alba
1860:
1854:
1851:Annals of Ulster
1848:
1842:
1839:Pictland to Alba
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1809:Pictland to Alba
1805:
1799:
1796:Pictland to Alba
1792:
1786:
1783:Pictland to Alba
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1753:Pictland to Alba
1749:
1624:Kenneth MacAlpin
1607:mormaer of Angus
1584:Annals of Ulster
1544:Annals of Ulster
1446:Symeon of Durham
1316:Owain ap Dyfnwal
1284:Annals of Ulster
1223:Edward the Elder
1145:Annals of Ulster
1010:Annals of Ulster
962:William the Lion
790:Southern Uplands
676:Edward the Elder
668:Alfred the Great
657:
538:Kenneth MacAlpin
521:Annals of Ulster
390:Kenneth MacAlpin
320:William the Lion
289:Owain ap Dyfnwal
187:King of Scotland
177:
44:
32:
21:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5411:Burials in Iona
5391:Scottish abbots
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5332:
5259:
5235:
5200:Oliver Cromwell
5176:
5151:
5146:
4993:Constantine III
4902:
4727:Harold Harefoot
4717:Edmund Ironside
4628:
4623: and
4614:
4584:
4579:
4566:
4558:
4285:
4278:
4234:Constantine (I)
4114:Galam Cennalath
4050:
4043:
4038:
4004:
3995:
3987:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3896:
3891:
3878:
3873:
3860:
3855:
3842:
3837:
3824:
3819:
3806:
3801:
3789:, Minneapolis:
3784:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3688:
3683:
3670:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3624:
3619:
3606:
3601:
3588:
3583:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3546:
3535:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3489:
3480:
3472:
3470:
3443:
3438:
3425:
3420:
3404:
3399:
3385:Dumville, David
3383:
3378:
3363:
3358:
3345:
3340:
3320:
3315:
3299:
3294:
3273:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3227:
3222:
3202:
3197:
3175:Bannerman, John
3173:
3168:
3150:Anderson, M. O.
3148:
3137:
3132:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3099:
3085:, eds. (1983).
3081:SeĂĄn Mac Airt;
3080:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3051:
3050:, pp. 342â350;
3045:
3041:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2981:, pp. 199â210.
2968:
2964:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2900:
2896:
2870:Scottish Annals
2863:
2859:
2851:, pp. 428â429;
2846:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2776:"Charter S 426"
2773:
2772:, pp. 166â168;
2766:Scottish Annals
2759:
2755:
2737:Scottish Annals
2730:
2726:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2658:Scottish Annals
2655:
2651:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2613:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2538:Scottish Annals
2517:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2470:
2466:
2462:, s.a. 914â917.
2458:, pp. 138â141;
2453:
2449:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2379:, pp. 185â186;
2374:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2208:
2183:
2179:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1945:
1941:
1924:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1886:
1882:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1715:
1696:Constantine III
1649:CathrĂłe of Metz
1620:kingdom of Alba
1616:
1524:
1469:Morgan ab Owain
1349:
1343:
1298:constructed at
1174:being a son of
1164:king of Munster
1131:, who ruled in
1121:
934:
838:
801:Gaelic kingdoms
696:Danish kingdoms
686:and son-in-law
652:Kingdom of Alba
644:
492:Pictish kingdom
473:
467:
447:former Pictland
428:CathrĂłe of Metz
410:created in the
356:
216:and perhaps to
195:Kingdom of Alba
135:
133:
119:
103:
62:April 900 â 943
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5424:
5422:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5366:House of Alpin
5358:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5096:Edward Balliol
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Constantine II
4953:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4748:Edgar Ătheling
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4629:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:Regnal titles
3974:
3973:
3953:House of Alpin
3950:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3935:Constantine II
3932:
3921:
3920:External links
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3894:
3889:
3876:
3871:
3858:
3853:
3840:
3835:
3822:
3817:
3804:
3799:
3782:
3764:
3722:
3704:
3699:
3686:
3681:
3668:
3622:
3617:
3604:
3599:
3586:
3581:
3568:
3555:
3533:
3487:
3441:
3436:
3423:
3418:
3402:
3397:
3381:
3376:
3361:
3356:
3343:
3338:
3318:
3313:
3297:
3292:
3271:
3225:
3220:
3200:
3195:
3171:
3166:
3146:
3135:
3130:
3114:
3097:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3039:
3018:
3016:, pp. 178â181.
3005:
3003:, pp. 452â453.
2992:
2990:, pp. 447â448.
2962:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2894:
2857:
2840:
2838:, pp. 167â168.
2827:
2792:
2774:Miller, Sean.
2753:
2724:
2691:
2689:, pp. 340â341.
2678:
2649:
2624:
2611:
2609:, pp. 145â147.
2590:
2584:
2550:
2548:, pp. 332â333.
2511:
2509:, pp. 138â141.
2498:
2481:
2464:
2447:
2434:
2428:
2406:
2389:
2368:
2366:, pp. 137â138.
2355:
2338:
2325:
2308:
2306:, pp. 135â136.
2295:
2293:, pp. 188â189.
2274:
2265:
2252:
2223:
2206:
2177:
2175:, pp. 152â157.
2148:
2135:
2133:, pp. 122â125.
2122:
2120:, pp. 215â218.
2105:
2092:
2090:, pp. 117â121.
2075:
2073:, pp. 117â118.
2058:
2045:
2043:, pp. 141â174.
2024:
2011:
2009:, pp. 153â157.
1998:
1985:
1968:
1960:Irish Identity
1939:
1918:
1914:Irish Identity
1901:
1880:
1878:, pp. 107â108.
1855:
1843:
1830:
1828:, pp. 199â210.
1817:
1800:
1787:
1785:, pp. 220â221.
1779:Irish Identity
1770:
1757:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1615:
1612:
1564:confirms. The
1523:
1520:
1389:Firth of Forth
1342:
1339:
1263:, probably at
1241:Hadrian's Wall
1186:are recorded.
1168:king of Ailech
1120:
1117:
1080:Hill of Belief
1053:Hill of Belief
933:
930:
837:
834:
830:Northern Isles
822:Inner Hebrides
809:Ăed mac Boanta
771:Firth of Clyde
742:in the north.
643:
640:
628:Cell RĂgmonaid
588:Firth of Forth
576:House of Alpin
534:Ăed mac Boanta
524:in which King
481:House of Alpin
469:Main article:
466:
463:
355:
352:
285:King of Dublin
247:rulers in the
183:Constantine II
161:
160:
154:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:, King of Alba
127:
121:
120:
115:
113:
109:
108:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
35:Constantine II
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5423:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5068:Alexander III
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:Constantine I
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Alexander III
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4286:(traditional)
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Galan Erilich
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4051:(traditional)
4046:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:Constantine 2
3924:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:1-85182-516-9
3886:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3872:0-415-92129-5
3868:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3854:0-19-280139-2
3850:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3836:0-7486-0100-7
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3818:0-631-22492-0
3814:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3800:0-8166-1739-2
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:0-631-22492-0
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3682:0-85976-446-X
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3618:0-631-22492-0
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3600:0-631-22492-0
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3582:0-86299-730-5
3578:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3556:1-85182-516-9
3552:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3437:0-7134-8874-3
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3419:0-7486-1626-8
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:1-85182-516-9
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:1-84158-145-3
3373:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:0-7185-1282-0
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3339:0-567-08682-8
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:Broun, Dauvit
3319:
3316:
3314:0-85115-375-5
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:Broun, Dauvit
3298:
3295:
3293:0-567-08682-8
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3276:Broun, Dauvit
3272:
3268:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3221:0-521-29219-0
3217:
3213:
3210:, Cambridge:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:0-567-08682-8
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:Broun, Dauvit
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:0-7011-1604-8
3163:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:1-871615-03-8
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3063:1-85285-195-3
3059:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:Early Sources
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:Early Sources
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:Early Sources
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Early Sources
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:Early Sources
2955:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:Early Sources
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:Early Sources
2844:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Early Sources
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2585:0-7486-1803-1
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:Early Sources
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:Early Sources
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:Early Sources
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:Early Sources
2216:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Early Sources
2152:
2149:
2145:
2144:Early Sources
2139:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Early Sources
2062:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:Early Sources
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1916:, pp. 173â174
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Eamont Bridge
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Peak District
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Sihtric CĂĄech
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:Niall GlĂșndub
1181:
1177:
1176:Ăed Findliath
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:gaelicisation
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
918:
917:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
896:Ăed Findliath
893:
888:
886:
885:Archie Duncan
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
846:
845:Constantine I
842:
835:
833:
831:
827:
826:Western Isles
823:
819:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:, c. 925â945.
661:
653:
648:
641:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
565:Constantine I
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:national myth
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
477:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:British Isles
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Gaelicisation
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:British Isles
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
176:
171:
170:Modern Gaelic
167:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
131:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5344:
5323:Elizabeth II
5251:
5167:
5094:
5072:
5063:Alexander II
4980:
4955:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4890:
4879:
4802:
4785:
4773:
4746:
4709:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4466:
4454:
4440:Alexander II
4329:
4139:Gartnait III
3992:King of Alba
3990:
3968:
3958:
3951:
3901:
3880:
3862:
3844:
3826:
3808:
3786:
3775:, retrieved
3769:
3757:, retrieved
3737:
3733:
3715:, retrieved
3709:
3690:
3672:
3652:. Retrieved
3638:
3632:
3626:
3608:
3590:
3572:
3542:
3537:
3517:. Retrieved
3503:
3497:
3491:
3471:. Retrieved
3457:
3451:
3448:. 920/21)".
3445:
3427:
3409:
3388:
3366:
3347:
3329:
3304:
3283:
3255:. Retrieved
3241:
3235:
3229:
3207:
3186:
3155:
3140:
3121:
3107:, retrieved
3101:
3087:
3053:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2917:, pp. 87â89.
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:the original
2809:
2800:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2402:13 September
2397:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2353:, pp. 15â16.
2350:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1983:, pp. 75â79.
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:, pp. 78â79.
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1824:MacQuarrie,
1820:
1815:, pp. 21â26.
1812:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1617:
1598:
1596:
1583:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1546:as follows:
1543:
1539:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1493:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1393:
1371:, came from
1357:Christianity
1350:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1246:
1188:
1170:died", this
1155:
1153:
1144:
1124:
1122:
1109:
1095:
1094:text of the
1087:
1085:
1079:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
990:
986:
982:form of the
969:
967:
954:Breccbennach
953:
948:, Columba's
945:
914:
906:
889:
868:
864:
860:
854:
849:
839:
815:
798:
779:
767:River Mersey
744:
680:River Thames
665:
636:
627:
579:
573:
556:
542:
519:
485:
440:
430:, a work of
416:Scandinavian
404:Irish annals
397:
395:
367:
357:
317:
267:, later the
242:
230:king of Alba
203:
190:
182:
165:
164:
29:
5328:Charles III
5313:Edward VIII
5043:Alexander I
5023:Malcolm III
4998:Kenneth III
4898:Elizabeth I
4860:Richard III
4420:Alexander I
4370:Kenneth III
4321:(uncertain)
4219:Talorgan II
4184:Nechtan III
4159:Gartnait IV
4124:Gartnait II
3898:Woolf, Alex
3777:10 February
3740:: 296â339,
2855:, s.a. 937.
2820:28 November
2785:28 November
2479:, s.a. 918.
2387:, s.a. 913.
1853:, s.a. 838.
1570:Bromborough
1515:Cirencester
1458:Welsh kings
1404:Olaf Cuaran
1381:Northumbria
1269:Dere Street
1249:Northumbria
1237:Dere Street
1180:Flann Sinna
1141:Northumbria
1086:The phrase
1051:met at the
1006:Srath Erenn
900:Flann Sinna
759:NorseâGaels
751:Flann Sinna
726:, based at
712:Northumbria
704:East Anglia
604:Forfarshire
596:Druim Alban
500:Moray Firth
455:archaeology
434:written in
432:hagiography
336:Old English
322:before the
277:Welsh kings
273:Northumbria
214:Moray Firth
210:River Forth
67:Predecessor
5381:952 deaths
5360:Categories
5303:Edward VII
5293:William IV
5283:George III
5212:Charles II
5107:Robert III
5053:Malcolm IV
5028:Donald III
5003:Malcolm II
4988:Kenneth II
4870:Henry VIII
4830:Richard II
4825:Edward III
4759:William II
4732:Harthacnut
4549:William II
4534:Charles II
4489:Robert III
4430:Malcolm IV
4410:Donald III
4400:Donald III
4375:Malcolm II
4360:Kenneth II
4269:Bridei VII
4224:Drest VIII
4169:Bridei III
4154:Talorgan I
4149:Talorc III
4129:Nechtan II
4094:Gartnait I
3759:1 December
3717:1 December
3666:required.)
3654:25 October
3531:required.)
3519:25 October
3485:required.)
3473:25 October
3269:required.)
3257:5 December
3109:29 October
2999:Anderson,
2969:Anderson,
2847:Anderson,
2760:Anderson,
2656:Anderson,
2526:, and the
2475:, p. 142;
2383:, FA 429;
2345:Driscoll,
2281:Anderson,
2142:Anderson,
2099:Anderson,
2065:Anderson,
1764:Anderson,
1740:References
1684:river Tees
1661:St Andrews
1588:Malmesbury
1586:, died at
1580:Brunanburh
1540:DĂșn Brunde
1507:subregulus
1503:Buckingham
1489:Sutherland
1465:Idwal Foel
1454:Nottingham
1450:Winchester
1345:See also:
1261:River Tyne
907:dasachtach
881:Alex Woolf
836:Early life
786:The Lennox
755:MĂĄel Muire
736:River Tees
732:River Tyne
670:, king of
632:St Andrews
488:Viking Age
374:Kenneth II
180:anglicised
107:, Scotland
105:St Andrews
5318:George VI
5288:George IV
5278:George II
5190:Charles I
5172:from 1603
5122:James III
5102:Robert II
5058:William I
5033:Duncan II
4961:Malcolm I
4951:Donald II
4875:Edward VI
4865:Henry VII
4850:Edward IV
4820:Edward II
4810:Henry III
4793:Richard I
4754:William I
4675:Ăthelstan
4539:James VII
4529:Charles I
4504:James III
4484:Robert II
4405:Duncan II
4335:Malcolm I
4325:Donald II
4264:Ciniod II
4259:Bridei VI
4239:Ăengus II
4189:Drest VII
4179:Bridei IV
4144:Bridei II
4104:Talorc II
4084:Drest III
4069:Nechtan I
4002:Malcolm I
3985:Donald II
3629:. 941)".
3494:. 927)".
3232:. 952)".
3037:, p. 451.
2943:, p. 175.
2864:Swanton,
2751:, p. 203.
2731:Swanton,
2685:Stenton,
2622:, p. 339.
2597:Stenton,
2323:, p. 188.
2263:, p. 445.
2250:, FA 429.
2022:, p. 277.
1632:Malcolm I
1485:Caithness
1477:Dunnottar
1461:Hywel Dda
1412:Hywel Dda
1353:Ăthelstan
1341:Ăthelstan
1335:Ăthelstan
1265:Corbridge
1191:Irish Sea
1129:ĂthelflĂŠd
1096:Chronicle
1076:moot hill
1002:Chronicle
991:Chronicle
989:, in the
984:Old Irish
946:Cathbuaid
922:Dunnottar
869:Chronicle
865:Chronicle
857:Donald II
805:DĂĄl Riata
716:Siefredus
684:ĂthelflĂŠd
584:River Tay
508:DĂĄl Riata
451:Irish Sea
309:Malcolm I
303:(Culdee)
222:Kenneth I
218:Caithness
206:River Tay
81:Malcolm I
77:Successor
71:Donald II
5308:George V
5298:Victoria
5273:George I
5142:James VI
5127:James IV
5117:James II
5090:David II
5085:Robert I
5074:Margaret
5008:Duncan I
4917:Donald I
4855:Edward V
4845:Henry VI
4835:Henry IV
4815:Edward I
4781:Henry II
4680:Edmund I
4669:Ălfweard
4627:monarchs
4621:Scottish
4524:James VI
4509:James IV
4499:James II
4479:David II
4474:Robert I
4450:Margaret
4380:Duncan I
4299:Donald I
4244:Drest IX
4214:AlpĂn II
4209:Ciniod I
4204:Bridei V
4199:Ăengus I
4164:Drest VI
4119:Bridei I
4099:Cailtram
4089:Drest IV
4074:Drest II
4064:Talorc I
3996:900â943
3900:(2007),
3750:archived
3561:archived
3408:(2002),
3328:(1999),
3303:(1999),
3282:(eds.),
3206:(1995),
3185:(eds.),
3152:(1980),
3120:(1922),
2631:Higham,
2570:(2003),
2488:Higham,
2375:Higham,
1841:, p. 12.
1551:victory.
1361:Tamworth
1331:Ălfweard
1300:Bakewell
1288:mormaers
1211:Leinster
1203:UĂ Ămair
1115:church.
1018:UĂ Ămair
964:onwards.
813:Frankish
769:and the
728:Bamburgh
688:Ăthelred
630:(modern
561:Donald I
459:toponymy
445:and the
408:charters
402:and the
344:Scotland
332:Pictland
253:UĂ Ămair
236:and the
234:Pictland
5386:Culdees
5226:Mary II
5132:James V
5112:James I
5048:David I
5013:Macbeth
4945:Eochaid
4840:Henry V
4775:Matilda
4769:Stephen
4764:Henry I
4625:British
4619:,
4617:English
4573:Ireland
4569:England
4544:Mary II
4514:James V
4494:James I
4425:David I
4385:Macbeth
4319:Eochaid
4274:Drest X
4194:AlpĂn I
4134:Cinioch
4109:Drest V
4059:Drest I
3734:Peritia
3074:Sources
3025:Woolf,
3012:Woolf,
2952:Woolf,
2939:Woolf,
2926:Woolf,
2901:Woolf,
2834:Woolf,
2799:Woolf,
2698:Woolf,
2471:Woolf,
2362:Woolf,
2332:Smyth,
2315:Woolf,
2230:Woolf,
2213:Woolf,
2202:psalter
2184:Yorke,
2129:Woolf,
2052:Woolf,
2031:Woolf,
2005:Woolf,
1946:Woolf,
1925:Woolf,
1908:Woolf,
1887:Woolf,
1862:Woolf,
1837:Woolf,
1807:Woolf,
1794:Woolf,
1777:Broun,
1751:Woolf,
1665:CĂ©li DĂ©
1603:Dubacan
1572:on the
1481:Fortriu
1373:Ireland
1365:Gofraid
1324:scottas
1302:in the
1255:son of
1253:Ealdred
1207:Ireland
1199:Ragnall
1172:Domnall
1090:in the
1049:Cellach
1028:Columba
976:Dunkeld
950:crozier
942:Columba
924:in the
904:epithet
873:Eochaid
828:or the
794:Dyfnwal
747:Ireland
738:to the
666:In 899
624:Dunkeld
620:Kinross
496:Fortriu
436:Germany
360:Ireland
354:Sources
301:CĂ©li DĂ©
134:Cellach
5137:Mary I
5018:Lulach
4982:AmlaĂb
4976:Cuilén
4966:Indulf
4892:Philip
4887:Mary I
4690:Eadwig
4685:Eadred
4390:Lulach
4355:AmlaĂb
4350:Cuilén
4340:Indulf
4229:Conall
3967:
3908:
3887:
3869:
3851:
3833:
3815:
3797:
3697:
3679:
3660:
3615:
3597:
3579:
3553:
3525:
3479:
3434:
3416:
3395:
3374:
3354:
3336:
3311:
3290:
3263:
3218:
3193:
3164:
3128:
3060:
2582:
1713:Family
1678:says:
1669:France
1628:Indulf
1592:Edmund
1574:Wirral
1532:Dublin
1416:Indulf
1369:Dublin
1308:Dublin
1267:where
1257:Eadulf
1227:Mercia
1143:. The
1133:Mercia
1082:of 906
998:Dublin
926:Mearns
811:. The
763:Dublin
724:Eadulf
700:Eohric
692:Mercia
672:Wessex
618:, and
608:Forfar
600:Mearns
592:Mounth
543:Later
287:, and
265:Mercia
261:Wessex
245:Viking
193:. The
153:Father
130:Indulf
112:Burial
5038:Edgar
4938:Giric
4804:Louis
4711:Sweyn
4415:Edgar
4314:Giric
4254:Uurad
4174:Taran
3969:Died:
3959:Born:
3753:(PDF)
3730:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3547:(PDF)
2704:Edwin
1657:abbot
1396:Owain
1149:Ulaid
1137:Irish
1092:Latin
1057:Scone
980:Latin
877:Giric
740:Forth
612:Perth
553:Picts
504:Gaels
419:sagas
147:Alpin
142:House
125:Issue
59:Reign
5268:Anne
5231:Anne
5224:and
5080:John
4889:and
4881:Jane
4798:John
4722:Cnut
4571:and
4554:Anne
4519:Mary
4462:John
4249:Uuen
3906:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3813:ISBN
3795:ISBN
3779:2007
3761:2007
3719:2007
3695:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3656:2007
3613:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3577:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3521:2007
3475:2007
3432:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3393:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3259:2007
3216:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3111:2007
3058:ISBN
2822:2007
2787:2007
2580:ISBN
2441:The
2396:The
2347:Alba
1931:Alba
1651:and
1645:Life
1511:i.e.
1494:The
1479:and
1467:and
1444:and
1377:York
1296:burh
1215:York
1197:and
1182:and
1102:and
1074:The
987:Alba
898:and
883:and
850:i.e.
720:Cnut
718:and
616:Fife
457:and
362:and
263:and
191:Alba
117:Iona
99:Died
91:Born
4971:Dub
4931:Ăed
4345:Dub
4309:Ăed
3971:952
3964:879
3928:at
3742:doi
3645:doi
3510:doi
3464:doi
3248:doi
1647:of
1530:of
956:or
841:Ăed
803:of
761:of
745:In
734:or
710:in
634:).
569:Ăed
526:Uen
506:of
494:of
330:of
315:).
157:Ăed
5362::
3793:,
3748:,
3738:12
3736:,
3732:,
3637:.
3559:,
3502:.
3456:.
3324:;
3278:;
3240:.
3214:,
3181:;
2892:".
2808:.
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1671:.
1605:,
1538:â
1509:,
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1440:,
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1391:.
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1162:,
894:,
796:.
749:,
656:c.
654:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
532:,
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291:,
283:,
201:.
178:,
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4026:t
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3962:Ă
3744::
3658:.
3647::
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3523:.
3512::
3492:d
3477:.
3466::
3446:d
3261:.
3250::
3230:d
3095:.
3067:.
2824:.
2789:.
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1735:.
1728:;
1418:(
1063:.
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168:(
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