Bird nest - Knowledge (XXG)

1430: 971: 980: 1018: 384: 528: 1337: 248: 1076: 172:—lay their eggs directly onto the narrow rocky ledges they use as breeding sites. The eggs of these species are dramatically pointed at one end, so that they roll in a circle when disturbed. This is critical for the survival of the developing eggs, as there are no nests to keep them from rolling off the side of the cliff. Presumably because of the vulnerability of their unprotected eggs, parent birds of these auk species rarely leave them unattended. Nest location and architecture is strongly influenced by local topography and other abiotic factors. 44: 755: 549:, which lives in more open forest than do other megapodes, uses the sun to help warm its nest as well—opening the mound at midday during the cool spring and autumn months to expose the plentiful sand incorporated into the nest to the sun's warming rays, then using that warm sand to insulate the eggs during the cold nights. During hot summer months, the malleefowl opens its nest mound only in the cool early morning hours, allowing excess heat to escape before recovering the mound completely. One recent study showed that the sex ratio of 481: 1021: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1026: 1023: 890: 1121: 814:, some ducks and some flycatchers—use natural cavities, or those abandoned by species able to excavate them; they also sometimes usurp cavity nests from their excavating owners. Those species that excavate their own cavities are known as "primary cavity nesters", while those that use natural cavities or those excavated by other species are called "secondary cavity nesters". Both primary and secondary cavity nesters can be enticed to use 1317: 699: 1088: 929: 6380: 580:-shaped pile which can measure as much as 4 m (43 sq ft) at the bottom and 1 m (11 sq ft) at the top, and 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in height. The total combined weight of the mound's stones may approach 1.5 tons (1,400 kg). Once the mound has been completed, a sizable platform of aquatic vegetation is constructed on top. The entire structure is typically reused for many years. 589: 999: 6404: 1264: 86:—that is too restrictive a definition. For some species, a nest is simply a shallow depression made in sand; for others, it is the knot-hole left by a broken branch, a burrow dug into the ground, a chamber drilled into a tree, an enormous rotting pile of vegetation and earth, a shelf made of dried saliva or a mud dome with an entrance tunnel. The smallest bird nests are those of some 6416: 6392: 1448:, are an important conservation tool for many species, however nest box programs rarely compare their effectiveness with individuals not using nest boxes. Red-footed falcons using nest boxes in heavily managed landscapes produced fewer fledglings than those nesting in natural nests, but also than pairs nesting in nest boxes in more natural habitats. 831: 340: 1047: 150: 1382:, long considered a delicacy in China. Collection of the swiftlet nests is big business: in one year, more than 3.5 million nests were exported from Borneo to China, and the industry was estimated at $ 1 billion US per year (and increasing) in 2008. While the collection is regulated in some areas (at the 863:

wall up part of their entrance holes with mud, decreasing the size and sometimes extending the tunnel part of the chamber. Most female hornbills seal themselves into their cavity nests, using a combination of mud (in some species brought by their mates), food remains and their own droppings to reduce

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layer rises to mere centimeters below the nest. Studies have shown that an egg within a scrape nest loses heat 9% more slowly than an egg placed on the ground beside the nest; in such a nest lined with natural vegetation, heat loss is reduced by an additional 25%. The insulating factor of nest lining

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winter, and their mobility allows them to form huge huddled masses which help them to withstand the extremely high winds and low temperatures of the season. Without the ability to share body heat (temperatures in the centre of tight groups can be as much as 10C above the ambient air temperature), the

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starts by dabbing two globs of saliva onto the wall of a chimney or tree trunk. In flight, it breaks a small twig from a tree and presses it into the saliva, angling the twig downwards so that the central part of the nest is the lowest. It continues adding globs of saliva and twigs until it has made

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believe that megapodes may use sensitive areas in their mouths to assess mound temperatures; each day during the breeding season, the male digs a pit into his mound and sticks his head in. If the mound's core temperature is a bit low, he adds fresh moist material to the mound, and stirs it in; if it

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relationship. Nest walls are constructed with an adequate quantity of nesting material so that the nest will be capable of supporting the contents of the nest. Nest thickness, nest mass and nest dimensions therefore correlate with the mass of the adult bird. The flow-on consequence of this is that

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sites are taller on average than those on dry or sandy sites. The height of the nest and the circular, often water-filled trench which surrounds it (the result of the removal of material for the nest) help to protect the egg from fluctuating water levels and excessive heat at ground level. In East

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is an exception; it takes far longer—up to two years—to excavate its nest cavity, and may reuse it for more than two decades. The typical woodpecker nest has a short horizontal tunnel which leads to a vertical chamber within the trunk. The size and shape of the chamber depends on species, and the

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Woodpeckers use their chisel-like bills to excavate their cavity nests, a process which takes, on average, about two weeks. Cavities are normally excavated on the downward-facing side of a branch, presumably to make it more difficult for predators to access the nest, and to reduce the chance that

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Not all burrow-nesting species incubate their young directly. Some megapode species bury their eggs in sandy pits dug where sunlight, subterranean volcanic activity, or decaying tree roots will warm the eggs. The crab plover also uses a burrow nest, the warmth of which allows it to leave the eggs

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Birds use a combination of their beaks and feet to excavate burrow nests. The tunnel is started with the beak; the bird either probes at the ground to create a depression, or flies toward its chosen nest site on a cliff wall and hits it with its bill. The latter method is not without its dangers;

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also do not build nests; instead, they tuck their eggs and chicks between their feet and folds of skin on their lower bellies. They are thus able to move about while incubating, though in practice only the emperor penguin regularly does so. Emperor penguins breed during the harshest months of the

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Some birds have been shown to choose aromatic green plant material for constructing nests that may have insecticidal properties, while others may use materials such as carnivore scat to repel smaller predators. Some urban birds, house sparrows and house finches in Mexico, have adopted the use of

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Cavity-dwelling species have to contend with the danger of predators accessing their nest, catching them and their young inside and unable to get out. They have a variety of methods for decreasing the likelihood of this happening. Red-cockaded woodpeckers peel bark around the entrance, and drill

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Species which use natural cavities or old woodpecker nests sometimes line the cavity with soft material such as grass, moss, lichen, feathers or fur. Though a number of studies have attempted to determine whether secondary cavity nesters preferentially choose cavities with entrance holes facing

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or bell-shaped pile. This process can take five to seven hours a day for more than a month. While mounds are typically reused for multiple breeding seasons, new material must be added each year to generate the appropriate amount of heat. A female will begin to lay eggs in the nest only when the

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than those in more sheltered nests; they are on the ground and typically in the open, with little to hide them. The eggs of most ground-nesting birds (including those that use scrape nests) are cryptically coloured to help camouflage them when the adult is not covering them; the actual colour

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in the construction of their nests. The lightweight material is strong and extremely flexible, allowing the nest to mold to the adult during incubation (reducing heat loss), then to stretch to accommodate the growing nestlings; as it is sticky, it also helps to bind the nest to the branch or

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is too high, he opens the top of the mound to allow some of the excess heat to escape. This regular monitoring also keeps the mound's material from becoming compacted, which would inhibit oxygen diffusion to the eggs and make it more difficult for the chicks to emerge after hatching. The

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there are reports of kingfishers being fatally injured in such attempts. Some birds remove tunnel material with their bills, while others use their bodies or shovel the dirt out with one or both feet. Female paradise-kingfishers are known to use their long tails to clear the loose soil.

407:, heat rather than cold can kill the developing embryos. In such places, scrapes are shallower and tend to be lined with non-vegetative material (including shells, feathers, sticks and soil), which allows convective cooling to occur as air moves over the eggs. Some species, such as the 415:, help reduce the nest's temperature by placing it in partial or full shade. Others, including some shorebirds, cast shade with their bodies as they stand over their eggs. Some shorebirds also soak their breast feathers with water and then sit on the eggs, providing moisture to enable 1022: 1168:

nest is a roundish structure; it is completely enclosed, except for a small opening which allows access. Most spherical nests are woven out of plant material. Spider webs are also frequently used, upon which other material such as lichens may be stuck for camouflage. The

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build their scrapes with their feet, kicking sand backwards while resting on their bellies and turning slowly in circles. The ostrich also scratches out its scrape with its feet, though it stands while doing so. Many tinamous lay their eggs on a shallow mat of dead

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Both the temperature and the moisture content of the mound are critical to the survival and development of the eggs, so both are carefully regulated for the entire length of the breeding season (which may last for as long as eight months), principally by the male.

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certain directions, the results remain inconclusive. While some species appear to preferentially choose holes with certain orientations, studies (to date) have not shown consistent differences in fledging rates between nests oriented in different directions.

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to pull material towards them, they fashion a cone-shaped pile of mud between 15–46 cm (6–18 in) tall, with a small depression in the top to house their single egg. The height of the nest varies with the substrate upon which it is built; those on

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lay theirs in the nests of other birds, letting unwitting "foster parents" do the work of rearing the young. Although nests are primarily used for breeding, they may also be reused in the non-breeding season for roosting and some species build special

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population during a single breeding season in 1977. There is some evidence that increased vulnerability may lead some burrow-nesting species to form colonies, or to nest closer to rival pairs in areas of high predation than they might otherwise do.

843:—construct more open niches. In most trogon species, both sexes help with nest construction. The process may take several months, and a single pair may start several excavations before finding a tree or stump with wood of the right consistency. 280:. These materials may help to camouflage the eggs or may provide some level of insulation; they may also help to keep the eggs in place, and prevent them from sinking into muddy or sandy soil if the nest is accidentally flooded. Ostriches, most 827:

entrance hole is typically only as large as is needed to allow access for the adult birds. While wood chips are removed during the excavation process, most species line the floor of the cavity with a fresh bed of them before laying their eggs.

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nest; here, the eggs and young—and in most cases the incubating parent bird—are sheltered under the earth. Most burrow-nesting birds excavate their own burrows, but some use those excavated by other species and are known as secondary nesters;

511:. The size of some of these mounds can be truly staggering; several of the largest—which contain more than 100 cubic metres (130 cu yd) of material, and probably weigh more than 50 tons (45,000 kg)—were initially thought to be 1308:—gather together in sizeable colonies. Birds that nest colonially may benefit from increased protection against predation. They may also be able to better use food supplies, by following more successful foragers to their foraging sites. 343: 685:

digs a vertical tunnel shaft more than a meter (39 in) deep, with its nest chamber excavated off to the side at some height above the shaft's bottom; this arrangement helps to keep the nest from being flooded during heavy rain.

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Most burrow nesting species dig a horizontal tunnel into a vertical (or nearly vertical) dirt cliff, with a chamber at the tunnel's end to house the eggs. The length of the tunnel varies depending on the substrate and the species;

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In most mound-building species, males do most or all of the nest construction and maintenance. Using his strong legs and feet, the male scrapes together material from the area around his chosen nest site, gradually building a

576:'s enormous nest is a mound built of stones, gathered one at a time by the pair, using their beaks. These stones, which may weigh as much as 450 g (about a pound) each, are dropped into the shallow water of a lake, making a 366:

or at high elevations), the depth of a scrape nest can be critical to both the survival of developing eggs and the fitness of the parent bird incubating them. The scrape must be deep enough that eggs are protected from the

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rain floods the nest. There is also some evidence that fungal rot may make the wood on the underside of leaning trunks and branches easier to excavate. Most woodpeckers use a cavity for only a single year. The endangered

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Many species of bird conceal their nests to protect them from predators. Some species may choose nest sites that are inaccessible or build the nest so as to deter predators. Bird nests can also act as habitats for other

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are able to identify their own burrows within dense colonies by smell. Sand martins learn the location of their nest within a colony, and will accept any chick put into that nest until right before the young fledge.

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stomp a grassy area flat with their feet, then lay their eggs, while other grass-nesting waders bend vegetation over their nests so as to avoid detection from above. Many female ducks, particularly in the northern

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Trogons excavate their nests by chewing cavities into very soft dead wood; some species make completely enclosed chambers (accessed by upward-slanting entrance tunnels), while others—like the extravagantly plumed

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are among the species that weave pendent nests. In weaver birds, this is pendant, suspended from a single point hanging from branch while many other birds incorporate more than one branch to support the nest.

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nest is a large structure, often many times the size of the (typically large) bird which has built it. Depending on the species, these nests can be on the ground or elevated. In the case of raptor nests, or

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dig their nests into the compacted mud of active termite mounds, either on the ground or in trees. Specific soil types may favour certain species and it is speculated that several species of bee-eater favor

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generally corresponds to the substrate on which they are laid. Brooding adults also tend to be well camouflaged, and may be difficult to flush from the nest. Most ground-nesting species have well-developed

1386:, for example, where nests can be collected only from February to April or July to September), it is not in others, and the swiftlets are declining in areas where the harvest reaches unsustainable levels. 268:, which is merely a shallow depression in soil or vegetation. This nest type, which typically has a rim deep enough to keep the eggs from rolling away, is sometimes lined with bits of vegetation, small 1238:

of young at a distance or consume them. This is believed to help prevent ground predators from detecting nests. Young birds of prey however usually void their excreta beyond the rims of their nests.

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Cup-shaped nest insulation has been found to be related to nest mass, nest wall thickness, nest depth, nest weave density/porosity, surface area, height above ground and elevation above sea level.

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In the majority of nest-building species the female does most or all of the nest construction, in others both partners contribute; sometimes the male builds the nest and the hen lines it. In some

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incorporates false entrances, the parent bird carefully making sure to close the actual entrance when leaving the nest. The entrances are lined with spider webs which help seal the openings.

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lay their single egg directly atop a broken stump, or into a shallow depression on a branch—typically where an upward-pointing branch died and fell off, leaving a small scar or knot-hole.

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Bonadonna, Francesco; Cunningham, Gregory B.; Jouventin, Pierre; Hesters, Florence; Nevitt, Gabrielle A. (2003), "Evidence for nest-odour recognition in two species of diving petrel",

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Nests can become home to many other organisms including parasites and pathogens. The excreta of the fledglings also pose a problem. In most passerines, the adults actively dispose the

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occasionally nest in rabbit burrows. Burrow nests are particularly common among seabirds at high latitudes, as they provide protection against both cold temperatures and predators.

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The technique used to construct a scrape nest varies slightly depending on the species. Beach-nesting terns, for instance, fashion their nests by rocking their bodies on the

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cooling caused by cold winds, but shallow enough that they and the parent bird are not too exposed to the cooling influences of ground temperatures, particularly where the

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nest is smoothly hemispherical inside, with a deep depression to house the eggs. Most are made of pliable materials—including grasses—though a small number are made of

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by providing a sheltered microclimate and concentrated food sources for invertebrates. A global checklist lists eighteen invertebrate orders that occur in bird nests.

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A human-made nest platform in Poland built as a conservation measure and to prevent storks disrupting electricity supplies through nesting on pylons. Three young

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nests made of soil, branches, sticks, twigs and leaves, and lay their eggs within the rotting mass. The heat generated by these mounds, which are in effect giant

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species which may not affect the bird directly. Birds have also evolved nest sanitation measures to reduce the effects of parasites and pathogens on nestlings.

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Reid, J. M.; Cresswell, W.; Holt, S.; Mellanby, R. J.; Whitby, D. P.; Ruxton, G. D (2002), "Nest scrape design and clutch heat loss in the Pectoral Sandpiper (

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are very careful when approaching and leaving the nest so as not to reveal the location. Some species will use leaves to cover up the nest prior to leaving.

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wells above and below the hole; since they nest in live trees, the resulting flow of resin forms a barrier that prevents snakes from reaching the nests.

380:, will restore experimentally altered levels of insulation to their pre-adjustment levels (adding or subtracting material as necessary) within 24 hours. 818:(also known as bird houses); these mimic natural cavities, and can be critical to the survival of species in areas where natural cavities are lacking. 1429: 4626:

Short, Lester L.; Horne, Jennifer F. M. (2002b), "Family Indicatoridae (Honeyguides)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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De Marchi, G.; Chiozzi, G.; Fasola, M. (2008), "Solar incubation cuts down parental care in a burrow nesting tropical shorebird, the crab plover

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Africa, for example, temperatures at the top of the nest mound average some 20 °C (36 °F) cooler than those of the surrounding ground.

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Short, Lester L.; Horne, Jennifer F. M. (2002a), "Family Capitonidae (Barbets)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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Small bird species in more than 20 passerine families, and a few non-passerines—including most hummingbirds, kinglets and crests in the genus

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Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Collar, Nigel J. (2002), "Family Bucconidae (Puffbirds)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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which are often used to encourage cavity nesting birds (see below), other species have been specially encouraged : for example nesting

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Some birds use pieces of snake slough in their nests. It has been suggested that these may deter some nest predators such as squirrels.

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measure more than 11 m (36 ft) in diameter and stand nearly 5 m (16 ft) tall. The study of birds' nests is known as

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A few birds are known to use the nests of insects within which they create a cavity in which they lay their eggs. These include the

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species, however, the male does most or all of the nest building. The nest may also form a part of the courtship display such as in

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Heenan, Caragh; Seymour, R. (2011), "Structural support, not insulation, is the primary driver for avian cup-shaped nest design",

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Szentirmai, István; Székely, Tamás (2002), "Do Kentish plovers regulate the amount of their nest material? An Experimental Test",

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Clark, L.; Mason, J. Russell (1985), "Use of nest material as insecticidal and anti-pathogenic agents by the European Starling",

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Howell, Thomas R.; Bartholomew, George A (1962), "Temperature Regulation in the Red-tailed Tropicbird and the Red-footed Booby",

681:, prefer flat or gently sloping land, digging their entrance tunnels into the ground at an angle. In a more extreme example, the 782:. In tropical areas, cavities are sometimes excavated in arboreal insect nests. A relatively small number of species, including 332:, which are used to draw (or drive) potential predators from the area around the nest. Most species with this type of nest have 4831: 3374:"Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: New ingredients for an old recipe?" 35: 1404:, has been nicknamed "The Bird Nest" because of its architectural design, which its designers likened to a bird's woven nest. 4801: 4727: 4627: 4607: 4485: 4412: 4175: 4132: 4112: 4027: 4007: 3096:

Kern, M. D.; Van Riper, C. (1984), "Altitudinal variations in nests of the Hawaiian honeycreeper Hemignathus virens virens",

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del Hoyo, Josep (1992), "Family Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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Woodall, Peter F. (2001), "Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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Jaramillo, Alvaro (2001), "Blackbirds, Orioles and Allies", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),

3828: 118:) that are used only for roosting. Most birds build a new nest each year, though some refurbish their old nests. The large 4666:

Ward, P.; Zahavi, A. (1973), "The importance of certain assemblages of birds as "information centers" for food finding",

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hatchlings correlated strongly with mound temperatures; females hatched from eggs incubated at higher mean temperatures.

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Elliott, Andrew (1994), "Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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while they are incubating, frequently exchanging incubation duties, and standing in water when they are not incubating.

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Only a relatively small number of species, including the woodpeckers, are capable of excavating their own cavity nests.

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More recently, nest insulation has been found to be related to the mass of the incubating parent. This is known as an

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Cohn-Haft, Mario (1999), "Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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Bragin, E. A.; Bragin, A. E.; Katzner, T. E. (2017). "Demographic consequences of nestbox use for Red-footed Falcons

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Kemp, A. C. (2001), "Family Bucerotidae (Hornbills)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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Reed, J. Michael (2001), "Woodpeckers and Allies", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),

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Collar, N. J. (2001), "Family Trogonidae (Trogons)", in del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.),

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nest is an elongated sac woven of pliable materials such as grasses and plant fibers and suspended from a branch.

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in and around their nesting sites, which is a valuable fertilizer from the Andean Pacific coast and other areas.

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plucked from their own breasts, as well as with small amounts of vegetation. Among scrape-nesting birds, the

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Behrstock, Robert A. (2001), "Typical Owls", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),

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cigarette butts which contain nicotine and other toxic substances that repel ticks and other ectoparasites.

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Not all bird species build nests. Some species lay their eggs directly on the ground or rocky ledges, while

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nest, though superficially similar to a cup nest, has at most only a shallow depression to house the eggs.

507:, warms and incubates the eggs. The nest heat results from the respiration of thermophilic fungi and other 6447: 5272: 5084: 5034: 4785: 673:

make relatively short tunnels ranging from 50–90 cm (20–35 in), for example, while those of the

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Boersma, P. Dee; Wheelwright, Nathaniel T.; Nerini, Mary K.; Wheelwright, Eugenia Stevens (April 1980),

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Whittow, F.N.; Berger, A.J. (1977), "Heat loss from the nest of the Hawaiian honeycreeper, 'Amakihi'",

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Whittow, F.N.; Berger, A.J. (1977), "Heat loss from the nest of the Hawaiian honeycreeper, 'Amakihi'",

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have specialized to become obligate nest parasites with the maggots feeding on the blood of nestlings.

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can extend for more than three meters (nearly 10 ft). Some species, including the ground-nesting

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penguins would expend far more energy trying to stay warm, and breeding attempts would probably fail.

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Seng, William J. (2001), "Flamingos", in Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.),

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Some species of birds are considered nuisances when they nest in the proximity of human habitations.

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can peck hard enough to draw blood. In Australia, a bird attacking a person near its nest is said to

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Heneberg, P. (2009). "Soil penetrability as a key factor affecting nesting of burrowing birds".

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Goodenough, Judith; McGuire, Betty; Wallace, Robert A.; Jacob, Elizabeth (22 September 2009),

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Skowron, C; Kern, M. (1980), "The insulation in nests of selected North-American songbirds",

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Skowron, C; Kern, M. (1980), "The insulation in nests of selected North-American songbirds",

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smithsonianscience.org 2015-04-20 Bird nests: Variety is Key for the world's avian Architects

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Many swifts and some hummingbirds use thick, quick-drying saliva to anchor their nests. The

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Bird nests are also built by humans to help in the conservation of certain birds (such as

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scrape, may provide some level of insulation for the eggs, or may help to camouflage them.

355: 179: 102: 91: 3807: 2377:"Loess and bee-eaters I: Ground properties affecting the nesting of European bee-eaters ( 3975: 3334: 3175: 2441: 2396: 2276: 2138: 702:

Increased vulnerability to predators may have led some burrow-nesting species, like the

698: 472:

are unique in their habit of partially burying their eggs in the sand of their scrapes.

358:. Both sexes contribute to the creation of a bare, shallow depression in soil or gravel. 6384: 6314: 6266: 6200: 6139: 6094: 6081: 5955: 5918: 5769: 5543: 5380: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5104: 5089: 4984: 4979: 4959: 4954: 4936: 4884: 4817: 4679: 4294: 3398: 3373: 3023: 2857: 2121:

Göth, Anne (2007), "Incubation temperatures and sex ratios in Australian brush-turkey (

1512: 1140: 941: 452: 431: 377: 269: 212: 83: 71: 3695:

They Eat That?: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Weird and Exotic Food from Around the World

1087: 928: 6436: 6322: 6306: 6229: 6221: 6055: 5853: 5703: 5590: 5548: 5348: 5340: 5262: 5226: 5144: 5068: 4195: 4155: 3251: 2549: 2375:

Smalley, Ian; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; Nugent, Hugh (2013).

2146: 1823: 1390: 1239: 1007: 873: 606: 541: 508: 4769:

Point Reyes Bird Observatory Teacher Resource Packet—Activity 4: Building Bird Nests

3999: 3556: 3497: 2671: 2457: 770:

nest is a chamber, typically in living or dead wood, but sometimes in the trunks of

319:

Eggs and young in scrape nests, and the adults that brood them, are more exposed to

247: 6408: 6152: 5997: 5813: 5651: 5599: 5471: 5432: 5201: 5189: 5179: 5169: 4866: 4081:

Conner, Richard N. (1975), "Orientation of entrances to woodpecker nest cavities",

998: 795: 722: 670: 504: 461: 175: 161: 4753: 3183: 1415:

is now illegal in many jurisdictions worldwide; the study of bird nests is called

4768: 4526:"Red-cockaded woodpeckers vs. Rat Snakes: The effectiveness of the resin barrier" 4339:, Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment, archived from 2404: 488:

acts like a compost heap, warming and incubating the eggs as it rots around them.

6213: 6060: 5866: 5845: 5834: 5799: 5666: 5656: 5614: 5505: 5372: 5174: 4999: 4994: 4926: 4911: 4879: 4550:) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in North America with notes on the Palearctic species 3825: 1357: 1341: 1275: 1263: 1220: 954: 922: 898: 715: 654: 610: 593: 573: 493: 231: 87: 4251: 4238:

Haag-Wackernagel, D; Moch, H. (2004), "Health hazards posed by feral pigeons",

3792: 1850: 1441:). Swallow nests are generally built with plaster, wood, terracotta or stucco. 1411:

often collected bird's eggs and their nests. The practice of egg-collecting or

1360:

have been protected and held in reverence in many cultures, and the nesting of

480: 6330: 6192: 6131: 6110: 5942: 5926: 5861: 5806: 5778: 5710: 5675: 5553: 5401: 5236: 5211: 4969: 2449: 1408: 1136: 1039: 783: 650: 638: 546: 485: 372: 368: 313: 253: 223: 3595: 3548: 3358: 3191: 1083:, use the same huge platform nest for years, adding new material each season. 451:

lay theirs on a pile of dead leaves against a log, tree trunk or vegetation.

6290: 6245: 6034: 5827: 5744: 5728: 5717: 5627: 5563: 5522: 5221: 5022: 5009: 4889: 4763: 4719: 4575: 2754:"Cavity Entry Orientation and Nest-site Use by Secondary Hole-nesting Birds" 1417: 1297: 1235: 1183: 1148: 918: 779: 771: 662: 333: 305: 285: 227: 216: 184: 169: 134: 4778: 4659: 4259: 3991: 3407: 3389: 3061: 3032: 3014: 2494: 1316: 260:

scrape, may help to prevent the eggs from sinking into muddy or sandy soil.

4177:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl

6258: 5988: 5963: 5909: 5820: 5792: 5682: 5646: 5638: 5620: 5515: 5500: 5484: 5231: 5194: 5027: 4794: 4559:"Common waxbills use carnivore scat to reduce the risk of nest predation" 2952:

Kern, M (1984), "Racial differences in nests of white-crowned sparrows",

1690: 1445: 1353: 1216: 1208: 815: 811: 807: 803: 791: 678: 658: 622: 556: 496: 457: 320: 297: 273: 63: 3572:"Checklist and Bibliography on the Occurrence of Insects in Birds Nests" 17: 6168: 6021: 5900: 5785: 5751: 5689: 5510: 5364: 5356: 5049: 4921: 4906: 4896: 4459: 4104: 4074: 3983: 3638: 3603: 3449: 3253:

Checklist and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds' nests

3117: 2973: 1917: 1858: 1438: 1281: 1152: 830: 799: 798:, can excavate their own cavities. Far more species—including parrots, 376:

is apparently so critical to egg survival that some species, including

324: 309: 281: 277: 219: 66:

and raises its young. Although the term popularly refers to a specific

4809: 4701:"The use of green plant material in bird nests to avoid ectoparasites" 3861: 3539: 3522: 3350: 2485: 2413: 1364:

on tall modern or historical buildings has captured popular interest.

1207:

Many species attack predators or apparent predators near their nests.

733:

Predation levels on some burrow-nesting species can be quite high; on

6298: 6237: 6013: 6005: 5934: 5874: 5758: 5696: 5579: 5246: 5241: 5119: 3936: 3571: 1412: 1301: 1080: 914: 787: 775: 734: 718: 642: 634: 618: 436: 400: 388: 363: 293: 257: 234: 4451: 4095: 4066: 3630: 3587: 3523:"Ecology of Lepidoptera associated with bird nests in mid-Wales, UK" 3441: 3109: 2965: 2785:

Perrins, Christopher M; Attenborough, David; Arlott, Norman (1987),

2302: 1909: 1393:

are often unwelcome and sometimes also considered as a health risk.

1046: 4009:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds

3471: 6184: 5971: 5534: 1691:"On the standardization of nest descriptions of neotropical birds" 1428: 1368: 1335: 1315: 1285: 1262: 1190: 1119: 1092: 1086: 1074: 1045: 1016: 927: 888: 829: 753: 697: 692: 587: 526: 479: 440: 382: 338: 301: 246: 208: 148: 42: 4729:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills

4629:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers

4609:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers

4487:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers

4414:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills

4048:"On the origin and evolution of nest building by passerine birds" 4029:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills

2284: 492:

Burying eggs as a form of incubation reaches its zenith with the

6160: 5527: 5490: 5460: 4874: 4840: 4131:

del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (1996),

3768:. Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning. Archived from 3672:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 85–86, 3472:"An experimental test of snake skin use to deter nest predation" 3372:

Suarez-Rodriguez, M.; Lopez-Rull, I.; MacIas Garcia, C. (2012).

3333:

Suárez-Rodríguez, Monserrat; Garcia, Constantino Macías (2017).

2844:

Moreau, R. E. (1936). "XXVI.-Bird-Insect Nesting Associations".

1293: 1289: 959: 646: 565: 560: 448: 444: 427: 289: 149: 31: 5324: 4813: 4387:

Australian Magpie: Biology and Behaviour of an Unusual Songbird

4215: 1352:

Many birds may nest close to human habitations. In addition to

6282: 5139: 4901: 4544:

Sabrosky, Curtis W.; Bennett, G. F.; Whitworth, T. L. (1989),

3617:

Kushlan, James A. (1997), "The Conservation of Wading Birds",

3423:"On the use, by birds, of snakes' sloughs as nesting material" 910: 157: 4197:

Animal Architects: Building and the Evolution of Intelligence

3729:, New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House, p. 129, 2902:

Erickson, Laura (Spring 2008), "The Wonders of Spider Silk",

4431:

Petit, Kenneth E.; Petit, Lisa J.; Petit, Daniel R. (1989),

3766:"Competition entries for design of Beijing National Stadium" 1784:

The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors

1280:

Though most birds nest individually, some species—including

4220:, Ornithological Monographs, vol. 30, Washington, DC: 4154:; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart L. (1994), 2664:

10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0529:UOATBN]2.0.CO;2

762:, use natural cavities or holes excavated by other species. 535:, help to protect their eggs from fluctuating water levels. 70:

made by the bird itself—such as the grassy cup nest of the

4504:

Rosenfeld, R.N.; Rosenfeld, A. J.; Gratson, M. W. (1982),

4114:

Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks

3489:

10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[963:AETOSS]2.0.CO;2

1211:

attack other birds that come too close. In North America,

855:

smear sap around the entrance holes to their nests, while

741:

munched their way through some 23 percent of the island's

3277: 3288: 430:

in the place they have chosen to site their nest, while

3043: 3041: 2787:

New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe

2645:"Use of Arboreal Termitaria by Nesting Peruvian Amazon" 2564:"The Breeding Biology of the Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel ( 2038: 2014: 2002: 1966: 1954: 1499:

Skutch, Alexander F (1960), "The nest as a dormitory",

251:

Some nest linings, such as the shell fragments in this

237:, lay their eggs in the active nests of other species. 4390:, Melbourne, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, p. 121, 2886: 2789:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, p. 230, 2598: 2326: 2314: 1745: 1733: 1640: 1628: 1580: 3753: 3521:

Boyes, Douglas H.; Lewis, Owen T. (27 August 2018).

3091: 3089: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 6257: 6212: 6151: 6122: 6093: 6072: 6033: 5996: 5987: 5954: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5844: 5768: 5727: 5665: 5637: 5613: 5589: 5562: 5483: 5470: 5431: 5400: 5339: 5255: 5158: 5058: 5008: 4935: 4865: 3918:

Cade, T.J.; Bird, D.M. (1990), "Peregrine Falcons (

2752:Rendell, Wallace B.; Robertson, Raleigh J. (1994), 596:

dig a horizontal tunnel into a vertical dirt cliff.

419:. Parent birds keep from overheating themselves by 336:young, which quickly leave the nest upon hatching. 156:Not every bird species builds or uses a nest. Some 992:cup nest, made with lichens, hair, and spiderwebs. 524:mound's temperature has reached an optimal level. 3204: 2808: 2512:, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, p. 430, 559:make a different type of mound nest. Using their 4524:Rudolph, D. C.; Kyle, H.; Conner, R. N. (1990), 4506:"Unusual Nest Sanitation by a Broad-Winged Hawk" 3900:"Nest defense behavior of Lesser Golden-Plovers" 1043:nest insulation is also related to parent mass. 4552:, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press 3944:Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth, eds. (1985), 3470:Medlin, Elizabeth C.; Risch, Thomas S. (2006), 3266: 2350: 316:are among the species that build scrape nests. 78:, or the elaborately woven hanging nest of the 4759:Department of natural resources Illinois state 3922:) nesting in an urban environment: a review", 3692:Deutsch, Jonathan; Murakhver, Natalya (2012), 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 1231:is particularly well known for this behavior. 665:are among the species which use burrow nests. 499:. Several megapode species construct enormous 4825: 4590:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour 4468:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour 4350:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour 3882:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life & Behaviour 2159: 2157: 2155: 1470: 1468: 1466: 8: 4368:Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World 3570:Berner, Lewis; Hicks, Ellis A. (June 1959). 1786:, Oxford University Press, US, p. 115, 1769: 1757: 1721: 1543: 1486: 1474: 629:use the holes of ground-nesting rodents and 609:, for example, sometimes use the burrows of 4194:Gould, James L; Gould, Carol Grant (2007), 3698:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, p. 17, 3663: 3661: 3659: 2897: 2895: 2362: 2338: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2223: 2080: 2078: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 1676: 1204:displays to distract predators from nests. 5993: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5634: 5480: 5467: 5428: 5424: 5397: 5336: 5332: 5321: 5317: 4832: 4818: 4810: 4335:, in Emily Monosson; C. Cleveland (eds.), 3509: 3310: 3134:, Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt, p. 474, 2932: 2920: 2747: 2745: 2690: 2688: 2609: 2607: 925:and some swifts, build this type of nest. 4574: 4094: 3935: 3797:, New York: Frederick A Stokes, p. v 3538: 3487: 3397: 3299: 3216: 3022: 2732: 2730: 2484: 2412: 2211: 1664: 1652: 921:and a few non-passerines, including some 859:rub foul-smelling insects around theirs. 531:The mound nests of flamingos, like these 3651: 2163: 2026: 1990: 1978: 1616: 1592: 997: 191:Some crevice-nesting species, including 3321: 3278:Rosenfeld, Rosenfeld & Gratson 1982 2870: 2709:"Nest Boxes: More than Just Birdhouses" 2242: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2069: 2057: 1462: 460:, line their shallow scrape nests with 4134:Handbook of Birds of the World, vol. 3 3948:, Carlton, England: T and A D Poyser, 3289:Sabrosky, Bennett & Whitworth 1989 3238: 2736: 2694: 2613: 2188:Taylor, Barry; van Perlo, Ber (1998), 1407:In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 758:"Secondary cavity nesters", like this 362:In cool climates (such as in the high 264:The simplest nest construction is the 4296:Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour 4217:Avian Incubation in a Hot Environment 3459:from the original on 24 December 2013 2626: 2624: 2622: 2039:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996 2015:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996 2003:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996 1967:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996 1955:del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1996 1942: 1930: 1883: 1871: 1604: 1348:are perching on the side of the nest. 1196:Ground birds such as plovers may use 871:which nests in the arboreal nests of 439:they have collected and placed under 354:nest-scraping on artificial ledge on 58:is the spot in which a bird lays and 7: 6391: 4313:Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (1996), 3723:Khanna, D. R.; Yadav, P. R. (2005), 3227: 2831: 2819: 2681:from the original on 28 January 2016 2630: 2175: 1324:In constructing nests, birds act as 864:the entrance hole to a narrow slit. 730:unattended for as long as 58 hours. 6415: 4315:Tits, Nuthatches & Treecreepers 4160:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3156:"A study of the Cape penduline tit 2588:from the original on 21 August 2014 2473:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2192:, Sussex: Pica Press, p. 557, 1344:are on the top of the nest and two 695:soils which are easy to penetrate. 600:Soil plays a different role in the 4680:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1973.tb01990.x 4366:Juniper, Tony; Parr, Mike (2003), 3670:Top 100 Birding Sites of the World 3132:Zoology: An Inside View of Animals 3002:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2858:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1936.tb03399.x 1513:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1961.tb02420.x 688:Buff-breasted paradise-kingfishers 592:Like most burrow-nesting species, 27:Place where a bird broods its eggs 25: 6443:Shelters built or used by animals 5293:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 2774:from the original on 4 March 2016 2723:from the original on 19 July 2007 1782:Williams, Ernest Herbert (2005), 1711:from the original on 20 July 2008 1698:Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 1034:in the process of building a nest 30:For animal nests in general, see 6414: 6402: 6390: 6379: 6378: 6269:(New World vultures and condors) 3754:Haag-Wackernagel & Moch 2004 3743:from the original on 3 June 2013 3712:from the original on 4 June 2013 3256:, Iowa State College Press, Ames 2550:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04523.x 2257:"Animal Life at Low Temperature" 2147:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01709.x 1824:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00632.x 1095:, build floating platform nests. 978: 969: 737:'s Wooded Islands, for example, 3205:Rudolph, Kyle & Conner 1990 2809:Rudolph, Kyle & Conner 1990 2643:Brightsmith, Donald J. (2000), 2510:Perspectives on Animal Behavior 1091:Some waterbirds, including the 4802:New International Encyclopedia 4299:, Cambridge University Press, 4222:American Ornithologists' Union 2707:Phillips, Tina (Winter 2005), 1177:Nest protection and sanitation 706:, to become colonial breeders. 1: 4754:Lecture notes on bird nesting 4200:, New York, NY: Basic Books, 4046:Collias, Nicholas E. (1997), 3267:Petit, Petit & Petit 1989 3184:10.1080/00306525.1959.9633335 1560:. Octopus books. p. 17. 1189:Some aquatic species such as 953:—use considerable amounts of 897:uses considerable amounts of 387:Other nest linings, like the 4764:Earthlife site on bird nests 4732:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4632:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4612:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4592:, London: Christopher Helm, 4490:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4470:, London: Christopher Helm, 4417:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4370:, London: Christopher Helm, 4352:, London: Christopher Helm, 4317:, London: Christopher Helm, 4180:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4137:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4117:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4032:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 4012:, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 3884:, London: Christopher Helm, 2761:Journal of Field Ornithology 2405:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.005 1284:, penguins, flamingos, many 6333:(woodpeckers and relatives) 4557:Schuetz, Justin G. (2005), 3158:Anthoscopus minutus minutus 2351:Rasmussen & Collar 2002 1689:JE, Simon; Pacheco (2005), 893:Like many small birds, the 484:The huge mound nest of the 6464: 6195:(cormorants and relatives) 5288:Extinct species since 1500 4331:Hogan, C. Michael (2010), 4272:, Macmillan, p. 383, 4252:10.1016/j.jinf.2003.11.001 4157:The Birdwatcher's Handbook 3898:Byrktedal, Ingvar (1989), 2381:L.1758) in loess deposits" 1851:10.1163/156853902320262844 1444:Artificial nests, such as 1367:Colonial breeders produce 1273: 881:which uses termite nests. 399:In warm climates, such as 29: 6374: 6325:(kingfishers and rollers) 6179:(albatrosses and petrels) 6063:(swifts and hummingbirds) 6045:(nightjars and relatives) 5895: 5869:(pheasants and relatives) 5427: 5396: 5335: 5331: 5320: 5316: 4852: 4699:Wimberger, P. H. (1984), 3668:Couzens, Dominic (2008), 3421:Strecker, John K (1926), 2450:10.1007/s11284-008-0520-2 2261:Journal of Animal Ecology 1400:, principal venue of the 962:to which it is attached. 857:white-breasted nuthatches 810:, some kingfishers, some 447:buttresses of trees, and 160:, for instance—including 6224:(seriemas and relatives) 6203:(pelicans and relatives) 3808:Artificial swallow nests 3576:The Florida Entomologist 3339:Journal of Avian Biology 3250:Hicks, Ellis A. (1959), 2538:Journal of Avian Biology 2385:Quaternary International 2255:Davenport, John (1992), 1770:Campbell & Lack 1985 1758:Campbell & Lack 1985 1722:Campbell & Lack 1985 1544:Campbell & Lack 1985 1487:Campbell & Lack 1985 1475:Campbell & Lack 1985 1398:Beijing National Stadium 743:fork-tailed storm-petrel 6317:(hornbills and hoopoes) 6232:(falcons and relatives) 4780:"Birds, Nests of" 4384:Kaplan, Gisela (2004), 4266:Gill, Frank B. (1995), 4214:Grant, Gilbert (1982), 3791:Dixon, Charles (1902), 2363:Short & Horne 2002a 2339:Juniper & Parr 2003 2224:Harrap & Quinn 1996 1677:Short & Horne 2002b 1374:The saliva nest of the 1079:Many raptors, like the 1011:a crescent-shaped cup. 853:Red-breasted nuthatches 824:red-cockaded woodpecker 760:cobalt-rumped parrotlet 6301:(trogons and quetzals) 6113:(cranes and relatives) 5383:(emus and cassowaries) 5273:Glossary of bird terms 5085:Confuciusornithiformes 4786:Encyclopedia Americana 4293:Hansell, Mike (2000), 3510:Ward & Zahavi 1973 3390:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931 3311:Clark & Mason 1985 3130:Hyde, Kenneth (2004), 3015:10.1098/rspb.2010.2798 2933:Gould & Gould 2007 2921:Gould & Gould 2007 1558:Garden and Field Birds 1531:3 January 2017 at the 1434: 1349: 1346:Eurasian tree sparrows 1321: 1320:Two expired bird nest. 1271: 1128: 1127:building pendent nest. 1096: 1084: 1051: 1035: 1003: 936: 902: 835: 763: 707: 597: 551:Australian brushturkey 536: 489: 396: 393:American golden-plover 359: 261: 153: 51: 34:. For other uses, see 6142:(kagu and sunbittern) 6105:(gulls and relatives) 5110:Songlingornithiformes 5075:Omnivoropterygiformes 4720:10.1093/auk/101.3.615 4576:10.1093/beheco/arh139 4337:Encyclopedia of Earth 3946:A Dictionary of Birds 3831:17 March 2014 at the 3813:17 March 2014 at the 3527:Ecological Entomology 3154:Skead, C. J. (1959). 1432: 1425:Artificial bird nests 1339: 1319: 1312:Ecological importance 1269:Montezuma oropendolas 1266: 1213:northern mockingbirds 1123: 1090: 1078: 1049: 1029: 1001: 990:blue-grey gnatcatcher 988:Museum specimen of a 931: 892: 833: 757: 701: 591: 530: 483: 413:red-tailed tropicbird 386: 349: 250: 152: 47:Deep cup nest of the 46: 5964:Phoenicopteriformes 4796:"Nidification" 4660:10.1093/auk/97.4.816 3652:Cade & Bird 1990 3160:(Shaw & Nodder)" 3062:10.1093/auk/97.4.816 2479:(Pt 20): 3719–3722, 1556:Felix, Jiri (1973). 1433:Artificial duck nest 1402:2008 Summer Olympics 1376:edible-nest swiftlet 1125:Taveta golden weaver 1002:A bed nest on a tree 895:purple-crowned fairy 466:three-banded courser 330:distraction displays 80:Montezuma oropendola 5935:Mesitornithiformes 5929:(doves and pigeons) 5263:Families and orders 5125:Ichthyornithiformes 5100:Patagopterygiformes 4513:The Wilson Bulletin 3976:1985Oecol..67..169C 3772:on 20 February 2008 3619:Colonial Waterbirds 3176:1959Ostri..30S.274S 3009:(1720): 2924–2929, 2887:Ehrlich et al. 1994 2599:Ehrlich et al. 1994 2442:2009EcoR...24..453H 2430:Ecological Research 2397:2013QuInt.296..220S 2327:Ehrlich et al. 1994 2315:Ehrlich et al. 1994 2277:1992JAnEc..61..798B 2139:2007AusEc..32..378G 1746:Ehrlich et al. 1994 1734:Ehrlich et al. 1994 1641:Ehrlich et al. 1994 1629:Ehrlich et al. 1994 1581:Ehrlich et al. 1994 1326:ecosystem engineers 879:collared kingfisher 861:Eurasian nuthatches 841:resplendent quetzal 417:evaporative cooling 284:, many ducks, most 6277:(eagles and hawks) 6177:Procellariiformes 6082:Opisthocomiformes 6051:Steatornithiformes 5278:List by population 5115:Hongshanornithidae 5040:Evolution of birds 4583:on 13 January 2013 4563:Behavioral Ecology 3984:10.1007/BF00384280 3848:in Central Asia". 2566:Oceandroma furcata 1812:Functional Ecology 1808:Calidris melanotos 1583:, pp. 228–232 1435: 1350: 1322: 1272: 1267:Nesting colony of 1171:cape penduline tit 1129: 1097: 1085: 1052: 1036: 1004: 951:New World warblers 947:tyrant flycatchers 937: 903: 836: 764: 708: 704:European bee-eater 675:burrowing parakeet 641:, some megapodes, 631:common kingfishers 625:, China's endemic 598: 537: 490: 397: 360: 262: 226:, and many of the 201:Eurasian eagle-owl 166:thick-billed murre 154: 76:Eurasian blackbird 52: 49:great reed-warbler 6430: 6429: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6163:(loons or divers) 6132:Phaethontiformes 6124:Phaethontimorphae 6074:Opisthocomiformes 6043:Caprimulgiformes 5983: 5982: 5972:Podicipediformes 5891: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5609: 5608: 5392: 5391: 5349:Struthioniformes 5217:Waterfowl hunting 5150:Gastornithiformes 5145:Aepyornithiformes 5135:Lithornithiformes 4775:Ingersoll, Ernest 4739:978-84-87334-30-6 4639:978-84-87334-37-5 4619:978-84-87334-37-5 4599:978-0-7136-6250-4 4546:Bird blow-flies ( 4497:978-84-87334-37-5 4477:978-0-7136-6250-4 4424:978-84-87334-30-6 4397:978-0-643-09068-2 4377:978-0-7136-6933-6 4359:978-0-7136-6250-4 4324:978-0-7136-3964-3 4306:978-0-521-01764-0 4279:978-0-7167-2415-5 4231:978-0-943610-30-6 4207:978-0-465-02782-8 4187:978-84-87334-15-3 4167:978-0-19-858407-0 4144:978-84-87334-20-7 4124:978-84-87334-10-8 4039:978-84-87334-30-6 4019:978-84-87334-25-2 3955:978-0-85661-039-4 3891:978-0-7136-6250-4 3862:10.1111/ibi.12503 3846:Falco vespertinus 3736:978-81-7141-933-3 3705:978-0-313-38058-7 3679:978-0-520-25932-4 3540:10.1111/een.12669 3351:10.1111/jav.01324 3345:(10): 1316–1321. 3170:(sup1): 274–288. 3141:978-0-7575-0997-1 2796:978-0-292-75532-1 2519:978-0-470-04517-6 2486:10.1242/jeb.00610 2294:978-0-412-40350-7 2199:978-1-873403-59-4 1793:978-0-19-517194-5 1362:peregrine falcons 1229:Australian magpie 1050:Hanging bird nest 1027: 869:rufous woodpecker 683:D'Arnaud's barbet 627:white-browed tits 533:Chilean flamingos 347: 193:ashy storm-petrel 16:(Redirected from 6455: 6418: 6417: 6406: 6394: 6393: 6382: 6381: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6307:Leptosomiformes 6302: 6294: 6286: 6278: 6275:Accipitriformes 6270: 6249: 6248:(perching birds) 6241: 6233: 6225: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6169:Sphenisciformes 6164: 6143: 6135: 6114: 6106: 6103:Charadriiformes 6085: 6064: 6046: 6025: 6017: 6014:Musophagiformes 6009: 5994: 5975: 5967: 5946: 5938: 5930: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5870: 5857: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5537: 5530: 5494: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5464: 5429: 5425: 5398: 5384: 5376: 5368: 5360: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5322: 5318: 5185:Bird collections 5140:Dinornithiformes 5045:Darwin's finches 5035:Origin of flight 4975:Seabird breeding 4965:Sexual selection 4834: 4827: 4820: 4811: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4742: 4722: 4705: 4695: 4682: 4662: 4642: 4622: 4602: 4584: 4579:, archived from 4578: 4553: 4540: 4530: 4520: 4510: 4500: 4480: 4462: 4437: 4427: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4380: 4362: 4344: 4333:"Abiotic factor" 4327: 4309: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4262: 4234: 4210: 4190: 4170: 4152:Ehrlich, Paul R. 4147: 4127: 4107: 4098: 4077: 4052: 4042: 4022: 4002: 3958: 3940: 3939: 3937:10.5962/p.356349 3920:Falco peregrinus 3914: 3904: 3894: 3866: 3865: 3841: 3835: 3826:Terracotta nests 3823: 3817: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3726:Biology of Birds 3720: 3714: 3713: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3665: 3654: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3542: 3518: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3491: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3330: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3026: 2996: 2977: 2976: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2899: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2633:, pp. 380–1 2628: 2617: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2572: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2150: 2149: 2123:Alectura lathami 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1695: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1380:bird's nest soup 1378:is used to make 1332:In human culture 1259:Colonial nesting 1227:the person. The 1032:long-tailed tits 1028: 982: 973: 934:common blackbird 901:in its cup nest. 615:ground squirrels 572:The base of the 409:lesser nighthawk 352:peregrine falcon 348: 205:Hume's tawny owl 197:pigeon guillemot 180:emperor penguins 141:for the adults. 21: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6315:Bucerotiformes 6309:(cuckoo-roller) 6308: 6300: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6267:Cathartiformes 6253: 6247: 6239: 6238:Psittaciformes 6231: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201:Pelecaniformes 6194: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6162: 6147: 6141: 6140:Eurypygiformes 6133: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5979: 5973: 5965: 5950: 5944: 5943:Pterocliformes 5936: 5928: 5879: 5868: 5855: 5840: 5764: 5723: 5661: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5617: 5605: 5585: 5558: 5535: 5528: 5488: 5487: 5475: 5474: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5381:Casuariiformes 5374: 5373:Apterygiformes 5366: 5358: 5350: 5327: 5312: 5283:Lists by region 5251: 5161: 5154: 5095:Chaoyangiformes 5080:Jeholornithidae 5054: 5018:Origin of birds 5004: 4985:Brood parasites 4931: 4861: 4848: 4838: 4793: 4773: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4725: 4703: 4698: 4688:Wilson Bulletin 4685: 4665: 4645: 4640: 4625: 4620: 4605: 4600: 4587: 4556: 4548:Protocalliphora 4543: 4528: 4523: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4483: 4478: 4465: 4452:10.2307/1368331 4435: 4430: 4425: 4410: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4383: 4378: 4365: 4360: 4347: 4330: 4325: 4312: 4307: 4292: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4265: 4237: 4232: 4213: 4208: 4193: 4188: 4173: 4168: 4150: 4145: 4130: 4125: 4110: 4096:10.2307/4084566 4080: 4067:10.2307/1369932 4050: 4045: 4040: 4025: 4020: 4005: 3961: 3956: 3943: 3924:Can. Field-Nat. 3917: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3833:Wayback Machine 3824: 3820: 3815:Wayback Machine 3806: 3802: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3737: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3706: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3631:10.2307/1521775 3616: 3615: 3611: 3588:10.2307/3492142 3569: 3568: 3564: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3442:10.2307/4075138 3425: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3384:(1): 20120931. 3378:Biology Letters 3371: 3370: 3366: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3261: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3110:10.2307/1366825 3095: 3094: 3087: 3076:Wilson Bulletin 3073: 3072: 3068: 3047: 3046: 3039: 2998: 2997: 2980: 2966:10.2307/1366826 2951: 2950: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2869: 2865: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2728: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2620: 2612: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2570: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2379:Merops apiaster 2374: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2317:, p. xxiii 2313: 2309: 2295: 2267:(3), Springer: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2153: 2127:Austral Ecology 2120: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1910:10.2307/1365438 1895: 1894: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1533:Wayback Machine 1524: 1520: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1427: 1384:Gomantong Caves 1334: 1314: 1278: 1261: 1245:Protocalliphora 1179: 1162: 1118: 1073: 1057: 1055:Saucer or plate 1017: 996: 995: 994: 993: 985: 984: 983: 975: 974: 887: 752: 586: 478: 470:Egyptian plover 453:Marbled godwits 443:or between the 378:Kentish plovers 356:Derby Cathedral 339: 245: 213:Brood parasites 147: 108:dormitory nests 103:brood parasites 92:dusky scrubfowl 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6328: 6323:Coraciiformes 6320: 6312: 6304: 6299:Trogoniformes 6296: 6288: 6280: 6272: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246:Passeriformes 6243: 6235: 6230:Falconiformes 6227: 6222:Cariamiformes 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6185:Ciconiiformes 6182: 6174: 6166: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6108: 6099: 6097: 6095:Cursorimorphae 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6039: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5956:Mirandornithes 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5932: 5927:Columbiformes 5923: 5921: 5919:Columbimorphae 5912: 5903: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5859: 5854:Meleagridinae 5850: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5772: 5770:Odontophoridae 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5568: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5549:Stictonettinae 5546: 5544:Dendrocygninae 5541: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5497: 5495: 5478: 5465: 5422: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5354: 5345: 5343: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5297:Notable birds 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5247:Egg collecting 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5130:Hesperornithes 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5105:Ambiortiformes 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Enantiornithes 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4791: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4748:External links 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4723: 4714:(3): 615–616, 4696: 4683: 4674:(4): 517–534, 4663: 4654:(4): 816–824, 4643: 4638: 4623: 4618: 4603: 4598: 4585: 4569:(1): 133–137, 4554: 4541: 4521: 4501: 4496: 4481: 4476: 4463: 4446:(2): 479–482, 4428: 4423: 4408: 4396: 4381: 4376: 4363: 4358: 4345: 4343:on 8 June 2013 4328: 4323: 4310: 4305: 4290: 4278: 4263: 4246:(4): 307–313, 4235: 4230: 4211: 4206: 4191: 4186: 4171: 4166: 4148: 4143: 4128: 4123: 4108: 4089:(2): 371–374, 4078: 4061:(2): 253–270, 4043: 4038: 4023: 4018: 4003: 3970:(2): 169–176, 3959: 3954: 3941: 3930:(2): 209–218, 3915: 3895: 3890: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3856:(4): 841–853. 3836: 3818: 3800: 3783: 3757: 3746: 3735: 3715: 3704: 3684: 3678: 3655: 3644: 3625:(1): 129–137, 3609: 3562: 3513: 3502: 3482:(4): 963–965, 3462: 3436:(4): 501–507, 3413: 3364: 3325: 3314: 3303: 3300:Wimberger 1984 3292: 3281: 3270: 3259: 3242: 3231: 3220: 3217:Byrktedal 1989 3209: 3197: 3146: 3140: 3122: 3104:(4): 443–454, 3085: 3066: 3056:(4): 816–824, 3037: 2978: 2960:(4): 455–466, 2937: 2935:, p. 196. 2925: 2923:, p. 200. 2913: 2891: 2879: 2863: 2852:(3): 460–471. 2836: 2824: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2777: 2741: 2726: 2699: 2684: 2658:(3): 529–538, 2635: 2618: 2603: 2591: 2581:(2): 268–282, 2554: 2544:(5): 484–486, 2534:Dromas ardeola 2524: 2518: 2500: 2463: 2436:(2): 453–459. 2420: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2293: 2247: 2228: 2216: 2212:Behrstock 2001 2204: 2198: 2180: 2168: 2151: 2133:(4): 278–285, 2113: 2101: 2089: 2074: 2062: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1845:(6): 847–859, 1829: 1818:(3): 305–316, 1798: 1792: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1736:, p. xxii 1726: 1714: 1704:(2): 143–154, 1681: 1669: 1665:Jaramillo 2001 1657: 1653:Cohn-Haft 1999 1645: 1633: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1566: 1548: 1536: 1518: 1491: 1479: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1426: 1423: 1333: 1330: 1313: 1310: 1274:Main article: 1260: 1257: 1178: 1175: 1161: 1158: 1117: 1114: 1108:(also spelled 1072: 1069: 1056: 1053: 987: 986: 977: 976: 968: 967: 966: 965: 964: 932:Cup nest of a 886: 883: 751: 748: 607:burrowing owls 585: 582: 542:Ornithologists 509:microorganisms 477: 474: 244: 241: 215:, such as the 146: 143: 84:village weaver 72:American robin 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6460: 6449: 6448:Bird breeding 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6423: 6422: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283:Strigiformes 6281: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6136: 6134:(tropicbirds) 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6056:Podargiformes 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6006:Cuculiformes 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5704:Macrocephalon 5701: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5591:Anseranatidae 5588: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365:Tinamiformes 5363: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5341:Palaeognathae 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227:Pigeon racing 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5069:Archaeopteryx 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4804: 4803: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4522: 4519:(3): 2365–366 4518: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2889:, p. 445 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2834:, p. 469 2833: 2828: 2825: 2822:, p. 437 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2739:, p. 373 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2368: 2365:, p. 162 2364: 2359: 2356: 2353:, p. 119 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2329:, p. 345 2328: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2245:, p. 169 2244: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2214:, p. 344 2213: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2178:, p. 188 2177: 2172: 2169: 2166:, p. 516 2165: 2164:del Hoyo 1992 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2111:, p. 289 2110: 2105: 2102: 2099:, p. 280 2098: 2093: 2090: 2087:, p. 288 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2060:, p. 287 2059: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2041:, p. 371 2040: 2035: 2032: 2029:, p. 558 2028: 2027:del Hoyo 1992 2023: 2020: 2017:, p. 473 2016: 2011: 2008: 2005:, p. 222 2004: 1999: 1996: 1993:, p. 119 1992: 1991:del Hoyo 1992 1987: 1984: 1980: 1979:del Hoyo 1992 1975: 1972: 1969:, p. 673 1968: 1963: 1960: 1957:, p. 637 1956: 1951: 1948: 1945:, p. 62. 1944: 1939: 1936: 1933:, p. 61. 1932: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1889: 1886:, p. 60. 1885: 1880: 1877: 1874:, p. 11. 1873: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1772:, p. 145 1771: 1766: 1763: 1760:, p. 174 1759: 1754: 1751: 1748:, p. 441 1747: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1724:, p. 390 1723: 1718: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1679:, p. 282 1678: 1673: 1670: 1667:, p. 548 1666: 1661: 1658: 1655:, p. 295 1654: 1649: 1646: 1643:, p. 260 1642: 1637: 1634: 1631:, p. 252 1630: 1625: 1622: 1619:, p. 148 1618: 1617:del Hoyo 1992 1613: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1595:, p. 692 1594: 1593:del Hoyo 1992 1589: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1567:0-7064-0236-7 1563: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1546:, p. 387 1545: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1489:, p. 345 1488: 1483: 1480: 1477:, p. 386 1476: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1391:Feral pigeons 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1242:of the genus 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1033: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008:chimney swift 1000: 991: 981: 972: 963: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943: 935: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 900: 896: 891: 884: 882: 880: 877:ants and the 876: 875: 874:Crematogaster 870: 865: 862: 858: 854: 848: 844: 842: 832: 828: 825: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 761: 756: 749: 747: 744: 740: 736: 731: 727: 724: 720: 717: 712: 705: 700: 696: 694: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 595: 590: 583: 581: 579: 575: 570: 567: 562: 558: 554: 552: 548: 543: 534: 529: 525: 522: 516: 514: 510: 506: 505:compost heaps 502: 498: 495: 487: 482: 475: 473: 471: 467: 463: 462:down feathers 459: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 433: 429: 424: 422: 421:gular panting 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 394: 390: 385: 381: 379: 374: 370: 365: 357: 353: 337: 335: 331: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276:fragments or 275: 271: 267: 259: 256: 255: 249: 242: 240: 238: 236: 233: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 186: 181: 177: 176:King penguins 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 151: 144: 142: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6419: 6407: 6395: 6383: 6293:(mousebirds) 6291:Coliiformes 6161:Gaviiformes 6153:Aequornithes 6061:Apodiformes 6022:Otidiformes 5998:Otidimorphae 5945:(sandgrouse) 5867:Phasianinae 5833: 5826: 5819: 5814:Odontophorus 5812: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5652:Oreophasinae 5598: 5578: 5571: 5476:(waterfowls) 5472:Anseriformes 5222:Cockfighting 5207:Conservation 5202:Bird feeding 5190:Birdwatching 5180:Ornithomancy 5120:Gansuiformes 5067: 5060:Fossil birds 4989: 4950:Intelligence 4800: 4784: 4728: 4711: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4651: 4647: 4628: 4608: 4589: 4581:the original 4566: 4562: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4533:Wilson Bull. 4532: 4516: 4512: 4486: 4467: 4443: 4439: 4413: 4401:, retrieved 4386: 4367: 4349: 4341:the original 4336: 4314: 4295: 4283:, retrieved 4268: 4243: 4239: 4216: 4196: 4176: 4156: 4133: 4113: 4086: 4082: 4058: 4054: 4028: 4008: 3967: 3963: 3945: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913:(4): 579–590 3910: 3907:Wilson Bull. 3906: 3881: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3821: 3803: 3794:Birds' nests 3793: 3786: 3774:. Retrieved 3770:the original 3760: 3749: 3725: 3718: 3694: 3687: 3669: 3647: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3505: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3433: 3429: 3416: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3322:Schuetz 2005 3317: 3306: 3295: 3284: 3273: 3262: 3252: 3245: 3234: 3223: 3212: 3200: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3149: 3131: 3125: 3101: 3097: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3053: 3049: 3006: 3000: 2957: 2953: 2928: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2882: 2871:Hansell 2000 2866: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2804: 2786: 2780: 2767:(1): 27–35, 2764: 2760: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2697:, p. 96 2655: 2651: 2638: 2616:, p. 94 2601:, p. 17 2594: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2509: 2503: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2341:, p. 24 2334: 2322: 2310: 2285:10.2307/5635 2264: 2260: 2250: 2243:Woodall 2001 2226:, p. 21 2219: 2207: 2189: 2183: 2171: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2109:Elliott 1994 2104: 2097:Elliott 1994 2092: 2085:Elliott 1994 2072:, p. 9. 2070:Hansell 2000 2065: 2058:Elliott 1994 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1981:, p. 80 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1879: 1867: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1783: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1717: 1701: 1697: 1684: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1557: 1551: 1539: 1521: 1507:(1): 50–70, 1504: 1500: 1494: 1482: 1443: 1436: 1416: 1406: 1395: 1388: 1373: 1366: 1358:white storks 1351: 1342:white storks 1323: 1279: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1233: 1224: 1221:Arctic terns 1206: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1188: 1180: 1165: 1163: 1132: 1130: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1037: 1013: 1005: 949:and several 940: 938: 923:hummingbirds 906: 904: 872: 866: 849: 845: 837: 820: 778:, including 767: 765: 739:river otters 732: 728: 713: 709: 671:sand martins 667: 611:prairie dogs 601: 599: 594:sand martins 571: 555: 538: 517: 500: 494:Australasian 491: 425: 398: 361: 318: 265: 263: 252: 239: 232:Australasian 190: 174: 162:common murre 155: 135:weaver birds 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 100: 95: 88:hummingbirds 55: 53: 40: 6421:WikiProject 6331:Piciformes 6214:Australaves 6193:Suliformes 6111:Gruiformes 5966:(flamingos) 5875:Tetraoninae 5846:Phasianidae 5835:Rhynchortyx 5800:Dactylortyx 5667:Megapodidae 5657:Penelopinae 5615:Galliformes 5357:Rheiformes 5351:(ostriches) 5301:individuals 5175:Ornithology 5162:interaction 4917:Preen gland 4403:16 December 4285:16 December 4269:Ornithology 3873:Cited texts 3776:25 February 3533:(1): 1–10. 3239:Kaplan 2004 2737:Conner 1975 2695:Collar 2001 2614:Collar 2001 2391:: 220–226. 2125:) mounds", 1904:(1): 6–18, 1409:naturalists 1276:Bird colony 1198:broken wing 1137:Oropendolas 955:spider silk 899:spider silk 784:woodpeckers 716:crepuscular 663:leaftossers 655:crab plover 651:kingfishers 639:shearwaters 574:horned coot 224:honeyguides 116:winter-nest 112:roost nests 36:Bird's nest 6437:Categories 6171:(penguins) 6024:(bustards) 5862:Perdicinae 5807:Dendrortyx 5779:Callipepla 5711:Megapodius 5676:Aepypodius 5554:Tadorninae 5536:true geese 5367:(tinamous) 5326:Neornithes 5237:Pheasantry 5212:Aviculture 4980:Incubation 4970:Lek mating 4539:(l): 14–22 4440:The Condor 4240:J. Infect. 3476:The Condor 2873:, p. 2414:2381/31362 1943:Grant 1982 1931:Grant 1982 1898:The Condor 1884:Grant 1982 1872:Grant 1982 1605:Hogan 2010 1452:References 1446:nest boxes 1354:nest boxes 1236:fecal sacs 1202:rodent run 1040:allometric 1030:A pair of 919:passerines 816:nest boxes 792:nuthatches 772:tree ferns 547:malleefowl 513:Aboriginal 486:malleefowl 405:salt flats 373:permafrost 369:convective 314:sandgrouse 306:partridges 286:shorebirds 254:Charadrius 131:polygynous 6240:(parrots) 6084:(hoatzin) 6035:Strisores 6016:(turacos) 6008:(cuckoos) 5937:(mesites) 5856:(turkeys) 5828:Philortyx 5745:Agelastes 5738:Acryllium 5729:Numididae 5718:Talegalla 5628:gamebirds 5621:landfowls 5600:Anseranas 5564:Anhimidae 5523:Anserinae 5306:fictional 5028:dinosaurs 5023:Theropoda 5010:Evolution 4955:Migration 4937:Behaviour 4694:: 480–483 3964:Oecologia 3596:0015-4040 3582:(2): 92. 3549:0307-6946 3359:0908-8857 3228:Gill 1995 3192:0030-6525 3082:: 480–483 2904:BirdScope 2832:Kemp 2001 2820:Reed 2001 2713:BirdScope 2631:Reed 2001 2176:Seng 2001 1839:Behaviour 1418:caliology 1304:and some 1240:Blowflies 1217:blue jays 1209:Kingbirds 1184:inquiline 808:hornbills 804:bluebirds 794:and many 774:or large 679:puffbirds 623:tortoises 557:Flamingos 515:middens. 497:megapodes 458:latitudes 334:precocial 321:predators 298:pheasants 228:Old World 217:New World 185:Antarctic 170:razorbill 96:caliology 68:structure 60:incubates 56:bird nest 6385:Category 6259:Afroaves 6187:(storks) 5989:Passerea 5974:(grebes) 5910:Columbea 5821:Oreortyx 5793:Cyrtonyx 5683:Alectura 5647:Cracinae 5639:Cracidae 5516:Oxyurini 5506:Aythyini 5501:Anatinae 5485:Anatidae 5232:Falconry 5195:big year 5050:Seabirds 4960:Foraging 4907:Feathers 4777:(1920). 4260:15066331 4000:32307579 3992:28311305 3829:Archived 3811:Archived 3741:archived 3710:archived 3557:91557693 3498:86039366 3454:archived 3408:23221874 3033:21325330 2769:archived 2721:archived 2676:archived 2672:52541280 2583:archived 2495:12966063 2458:22934726 1706:archived 1529:Archived 1439:swallows 1306:sparrows 1282:seabirds 1153:sunbirds 1141:caciques 1101:platform 1071:Platform 432:skimmers 411:and the 391:in this 325:elements 323:and the 310:bustards 282:tinamous 278:feathers 220:cowbirds 18:Cup nest 6397:Commons 5901:Neoaves 5786:Colinus 5752:Guttera 5690:Eulipoa 5511:Mergini 5375:(kiwis) 5359:(rheas) 5170:Ringing 4995:Hybrids 4990:Nesting 4945:Singing 4922:Plumage 4897:Dactyly 4867:Anatomy 4857:Outline 4847:: Aves) 4805:. 1905. 4460:1368331 4105:4084566 4075:1369932 3972:Bibcode 3639:1521775 3604:3492142 3450:4075138 3399:3565511 3172:Bibcode 3164:Ostrich 3118:1366825 3024:3151712 2974:1366826 2438:Bibcode 2393:Bibcode 2273:Bibcode 2135:Bibcode 1918:1365438 1859:4535956 1302:corvids 1300:, some 1149:weavers 1145:orioles 1133:pendent 1116:Pendent 945:, some 942:Regulus 917:. 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647:todies 602:burrow 584:Burrow 441:bushes 437:leaves 389:lichen 364:Arctic 270:stones 266:scrape 258:plover 243:Scrape 222:, the 209:Potoos 124:aeries 120:eyries 5529:swans 5491:ducks 5461:fowls 5256:Lists 4880:Brain 4845:class 4841:Birds 4704:(PDF) 4529:(PDF) 4509:(PDF) 4456:JSTOR 4436:(PDF) 4101:JSTOR 4071:JSTOR 4051:(PDF) 3996:S2CID 3903:(PDF) 3635:JSTOR 3600:JSTOR 3553:S2CID 3494:S2CID 3457:(PDF) 3446:JSTOR 3426:(PDF) 3114:JSTOR 2970:JSTOR 2772:(PDF) 2757:(PDF) 2719:(1), 2679:(PDF) 2668:S2CID 2648:(PDF) 2586:(PDF) 2571:(PDF) 2454:S2CID 2299:JSTOR 2269:81–82 2190:Rails 1914:JSTOR 1855:JSTOR 1709:(PDF) 1694:(PDF) 1457:Notes 1369:guano 1294:terns 1290:gulls 1225:swoop 1110:aerie 1065:plate 776:cacti 714:Some 693:loess 561:beaks 501:mound 476:Mound 449:kagus 302:quail 290:terns 274:shell 4902:Eggs 4890:milk 4885:Crop 4875:Beak 4734:ISBN 4668:Ibis 4634:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4594:ISBN 4492:ISBN 4472:ISBN 4419:ISBN 4405:2009 4392:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4354:ISBN 4319:ISBN 4301:ISBN 4287:2009 4274:ISBN 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