2099:, in that the theoretical modeling is necessary and useful but can never fully predict the reality of specific cases because of the massively multivariate environment. Just as weather forecasts or drug dosages can be modeled with fair accuracy, but never with complete certainty, machinists can predict with charts and formulas the approximate speed and feed values that will work best on a particular job, but cannot know the exact optimal values until running the job. In CNC machining, usually the programmer programs speeds and feedrates that are as maximally tuned as calculations and general guidelines can supply. The operator then fine-tunes the values while running the machine, based on sights, sounds, smells, temperatures, tolerance holding, and tool tip lifespan. Under proper management, the revised values are captured for future use, so that when a program is run again later, this work need not be duplicated.
233:
surface can be defined on either side of the depth of cut, that is, either the starting surface or the ending surface, with neither definition being "wrong" as long as the people involved understand the difference. An experienced machinist summed this up succinctly as "the diameter I am turning from" versus "the diameter I am turning to." He uses the "from", not the "to", and explains why, while acknowledging that some others do not. The logic of focusing on the largest diameter involved (OD of drill or end mill, starting diameter of turned workpiece) is that this is where the highest tangential speed is, with the most heat generation, which is the main driver of
2156:"Following World War II, many new alloys were developed. New standards were needed to increase American productivity. Metcut Research Associates, with technical support from the Air Force Materials Laboratory and the Army Science and Technology Laboratory, published the first Machining Data Handbook in 1966. The recommended speeds and feeds provided in this book were the result of extensive testing to determine optimum tool life under controlled conditions for every material of the day, operation and hardness."
2103:
providing the computer modeling (simulation) needed to predict optimal speed-and-feed combinations for particular setups in any internet-connected shop with less local experimentation and testing. Instead of the only option being the measuring and testing of the behavior of its own equipment, it will benefit from others' experience and simulation; in a sense, rather than 'reinventing a wheel', it will be able to 'make better use of existing wheels already developed by others in remote locations'.
31:
4380:
1956:
cutting tools are involved, then the desired feed rate becomes dependent on the number of teeth on the cutter, as well as the desired amount of material per tooth to cut (expressed as chip load). The greater the number of cutting edges, the higher the feed rate permissible: for a cutting edge to work efficiently it must remove sufficient material to cut rather than rub; it also must do its fair share of work.
91:
548:(sfpm). It then arbitrarily assigned 160 Brinell B1112 steel a machinability rating of 100%. The machinability rating is determined by measuring the weighed averages of the normal cutting speed, surface finish, and tool life for each material. Note that a material with a machinability rating less than 100% would be more difficult to machine than B1112 and material and a value more than 100% would be easier.
584:
99:) at the outer diameter of the cutter, called the "cutting speed", "surface speed", or simply the "speed" by machinists. The arrow colinear with the slot that has been milled represents the linear velocity at which the cutter is advanced laterally (usually mm/min or inch/min for milling; may also be measured as mm/rev or inch/rev). This velocity is called the "feed" by machinists.
4390:
4400:
315:
selection of common materials under one set of conditions. The conditions are a tool life of 1 hour, dry cutting (no coolant), and at medium feeds, so they may appear to be incorrect depending on circumstances. These cutting speeds may change if, for instance, adequate coolant is available or an improved grade of HSS is used (such as one that includes ).
793:, therefore insufficient feed rate or incorrect spindle speed can lead to less than ideal cutting conditions as the work piece will quickly harden and resist the tool's cutting action. The liberal application of cutting fluid can improve these cutting conditions; however, the correct selection of speeds is the critical factor.
808:
The spindle speeds may be calculated for all machining operations once the SFM or MPM is known. In most cases, we are dealing with a cylindrical object such as a milling cutter or a workpiece turning in a lathe so we need to determine the speed at the periphery of this round object. This speed at the
569:
When calculating for copper alloys, the machine rating is arrived at by assuming the 100 rating of 600 SFM. For example, phosphorus bronze (grades A–D) has a machinability rating of 20. This means that phosphor bronze runs at 20% the speed of 600 SFM or 120 SFM. However, 165 SFM is generally accepted
212:
would prevent the use of the maximum possible speeds and feeds for any given workpiece material and cutter material. Of course, in reality those other variables are dynamic and not negligible, but there is still a correlation between power available and feeds and speeds employed. In practice, lack of
565:
in order to determine cutting speeds or tool life. It is known that B1112 has a tool life of 60 minutes at a cutting speed of 100 sfpm. If a material has a machinability rating of 70%, it can be determined, with the above knowns, that in order to maintain the same tool life (60 minutes), the cutting
1971:
This formula can be used to figure out the feed rate that the cutter travels into or around the work. This would apply to cutters on a milling machine, drill press and a number of other machine tools. This is not to be used on the lathe for turning operations, as the feed rate on a lathe is given
715:
Grinding wheels are designed to be run at a maximum safe speed, the spindle speed of the grinding machine may be variable but this should only be changed with due attention to the safe working speed of the wheel. As a wheel wears it will decrease in diameter, and its effective cutting speed will be
224:
Cutting speed may be defined as the rate at the workpiece surface, irrespective of the machining operation used. A cutting speed for mild steel of 100 ft/min is the same whether it is the speed of the cutter passing over the workpiece, such as in a turning operation, or the speed of the cutter
820:
rider travelling side by side along the road. For a given surface speed (the speed of this pair along the road) the rotational speed (RPM) of their wheels (large for the skater and small for the bicycle rider) will be different. This rotational speed (RPM) is what we are calculating, given a fixed
232:
speed at the tool-cutter interface, that is, how fast the material moves past the cutting edge of the tool, although "which surface to focus on" is a topic with several valid answers. In drilling and milling, the outside diameter of the tool is the widely agreed surface. In turning and boring, the
1955:
When deciding what feed rate to use for a certain cutting operation, the calculation is fairly straightforward for single-point cutting tools, because all of the cutting work is done at one point (done by "one tooth", as it were). With a milling machine or jointer, where multi-tipped/multi-fluted
765:
Spindle speed becomes important in the operation of routers, spindle moulders or shapers, and drills. Older and smaller routers often rotate at a fixed spindle speed, usually between 20,000 and 25,000 rpm. While these speeds are fine for small router bits, using larger bits, say more than 1-inch
2102:
As with meteorology and pharmacology, however, the interrelationship of theory and practice has been developing over decades as the theory part of the balance becomes more advanced thanks to information technology. For example, an effort called the
Machine Tool Genome Project is working toward
94:
Photo of a milling cutter during a cutting operation. Arrows show the vectors of various velocities collectively known as speeds and feeds. The circular arrow represents the angular velocity of the spindle (rev/min), called the "spindle speed" by machinists. The tangential arrow represents the
2159:
A study on the effect of the variation of cutting parameters in the surface integrity in turning of an AISI 304 stainless steel revealed that the feed rate has the greatest impairing effect on the quality of the surface, and that besides the achievement of the desired roughness profile, it is
698:
For a given machining operation, the cutting speed will remain constant for most situations; therefore the spindle speed will also remain constant. However, facing, forming, parting off, and recess operations on a lathe or screw machine involve the machining of a constantly changing diameter.
314:
is given as a set of constants that are available from the material manufacturer or supplier. The most common materials are available in reference books or charts, but will always be subject to adjustment depending on the cutting conditions. The following table gives the cutting speeds for a
694:
Excessive spindle speed will cause premature tool wear, breakages, and can cause tool chatter, all of which can lead to potentially dangerous conditions. Using the correct spindle speed for the material and tools will greatly enhance tool life and the quality of the surface finish.
699:
Ideally, this means changing the spindle speed as the cut advances across the face of the workpiece, producing constant surface speed (CSS). Mechanical arrangements to effect CSS have existed for centuries, but they were never applied commonly to machine tool control. In the pre-
1950:
Cut Width. Any time the width of cut is less than half the diameter, a geometric phenomenon called Chip
Thinning reduces the actual chipload. Feedrates need to be increased to offset the effects of chip thinning, both for productivity and to avoid rubbing which reduces tool
2160:
necessary to analyze the effect of speed and feed on the creation of micropits and microdefects on the machined surface. Moreover, they found that the conventional empirical relation that relates feed rate to roughness value does not fit adequately for low cutting speeds.
1698:
1180:
777:
cutting conditions for a tool. If the conditions are less than ideal then adjustments are made to the spindle's speed, this adjustment is usually a reduction in RPM to the closest available speed, or one that is deemed (through knowledge and experience) to be correct.
1870:
640:
is the rotational frequency of the spindle of the machine, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). The preferred speed is determined by working backward from the desired surface speed (sfm or m/min) and incorporating the diameter (of workpiece or cutter).
2648:"The Online Optimizer: Coming soon: The Machine Tool Genome Project promises to let almost any machine shop use its machining centers more productively. Shops will benefit from tap-test findings without personally tapping any of their own machines or tools"
1354:
716:
reduced. Some grinders have the provision to increase the spindle speed, which corrects for this loss of cutting ability; however, increasing the speed beyond the wheels rating will destroy the wheel and create a serious hazard to life and limb.
2536:
703:
era, the ideal of CSS was ignored for most work. For unusual work that demanded it, special pains were taken to achieve it. The introduction of CNC-controlled lathes has provided a practical, everyday solution via automated CSS
1512:
964:
1523:
975:
1709:
1941:
Characteristics of the material being cut, chip flow depends on material type and feed rate. The ideal chip shape is small and breaks free early, carrying heat away from the tool and work.
2027:
204:
If variables such as cutter geometry and the rigidity of the machine tool and its tooling setup could be ideally maximized (and reduced to negligible constants), then only a lack of
1903:
Feed rate is the velocity at which the cutter is fed, that is, advanced against the workpiece. It is expressed in units of distance per revolution for turning and boring (typically
2111:
Speeds and feeds have been studied scientifically since at least the 1890s. The work is typically done in engineering laboratories, with the funding coming from three basic roots:
4273:
1191:
805:
or tables of spindle speeds and feed rates for different cutters and workpiece materials; similar tables are also likely available from the manufacturer of the cutter used.
201:), the units are typically distance per time (inches per minute or millimeters per minute ), although distance per revolution or per cutter tooth are also sometimes used.
754:
are more prone to burning than others. The right feed rate is usually obtained by "feel" if the material is hand fed, or by trial and error if a power feeder is used. In
705:
1926:
Type of tool (a small drill or a large drill, high speed or carbide, a boxtool or recess, a thin form tool or wide form tool, a slide knurl or a turret straddle knurl).
852:
758:(planers), the wood is usually fed automatically through rubber or corrugated steel rollers. Some of these machines allow varying the feed rate, usually by changing
2508:
2485:
766:(25 mm) or 25 millimeters in diameter, can be dangerous and can lead to chatter. Larger routers now have variable speeds and larger bits require slower speed.
123:. They are often considered as a pair because of their combined effect on the cutting process. Each, however, can also be considered and analyzed in its own right.
570:
as the basic 100% rating for "grading steels". Formula
Cutting Speed (V)= /1000 m/min Where D=Diameter of Workpiece in meter or millimeter N=Spindle Speed in rpm
770:
generally uses higher spindle speeds than metal, and the speed is not as critical. However, larger diameter drill bits do require slower speeds to avoid burning.
746:
In woodworking, the ideal feed rate is one that is slow enough not to bog down the motor, yet fast enough to avoid burning the material. Certain woods, such as
66:(typically mm/rev or inch/rev for lathe work; sometimes measured as mm/min or inch/min). Notice that as the tool plunges closer to the workpiece's center, the
739:
rotate at a fixed RPM. In those machines, cutting speed is regulated through the feed rate. The required feed rate can be extremely variable depending on the
785:
require much more careful control as the cutting speed is critical, to avoid overheating both the cutter and workpiece. Stainless steel is one material that
4263:
1370:
969:
e.g. for a cutting speed of 100 ft/min (a plain HSS steel cutter on mild steel) and diameter of 10 inches (the cutter or the work piece)
145:
and the surface of the workpiece it is operating on. It is expressed in units of distance across the workpiece surface per unit of time, typically
809:
periphery (of a point on the circumference, moving past a stationary point) will depend on the rotational speed (RPM) and diameter of the object.
216:
Outside of the context of machine tooling, "speeds and feeds" can be used colloquially to refer to the technical details of a product or process.
2535:
Flórez Orrego, Daniel
Alexander; Varela Jiménez, Luis Bernardo; Escobar Atehortua, Julian David; López Ochoa, Diana María (25 November 2010).
2755:
2687:
225:
moving past a workpiece, such as in a milling operation. The cutting conditions will affect the value of this surface speed for mild steel.
860:
4393:
719:
Generally speaking, spindle speeds and feed rates are less critical in woodworking than metalworking. Most woodworking machines including
536:
The machinability rating of a material attempts to quantify the machinability of various materials. It is expressed as a percentage or a
4248:
4424:
4278:
2636:
2589:
2570:
2525:
623:
601:
541:
2538:
Effect of the variation of cutting parameters in surface integrity in turning processing of an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel
4253:
1693:{\displaystyle RPM={100ft/min \over \pi \times 10\,inches\left({\frac {1ft}{12\,inches}}\right)}={100 \over 2.62}=38.2revs/min}
1175:{\displaystyle RPM={CuttingSpeed\times 12 \over \pi \times Diameter}={12\times 100ft/min \over 3\times 10inches}={40revs/min}}
4258:
2204:
1911:). It can be expressed thus for milling also, but it is often expressed in units of distance per time for milling (typically
832:
The exact RPM is not always needed, a close approximation will work. For instance, a machinist may want to take the value of
605:
1865:{\displaystyle RPM={30m/min \over \pi \times 10\,mm\left({\frac {1m}{1000\,mm}}\right)}={1000*30 \over \pi *10}=955revs/min}
177:
to the vector of cutting speed. Feed rate units depend on the motion of the tool and workpiece; when the workpiece rotates (
4268:
3978:
2996:
3605:
2558:
1919:), with considerations of how many teeth (or flutes) the cutter has then determined what that means for each tooth.
1185:
and, for an example using metric values, where the cutting speed is 30 m/min and a diameter of 10 mm (0.01 m),
3455:
2128:
537:
274:
The economical life of the cutter (the cost to regrind or purchase new, compared to the quantity of parts produced)
594:
4283:
3421:
2748:
240:
There will be an optimum cutting speed for each material and set of machining conditions, and the spindle speed (
743:
of the motor, the hardness of the wood or other material being machined, and the sharpness of the cutting tool.
2607:
2135:
1980:
709:
142:
2257:
Shen, C. H. (1996-12-15). "The importance of diamond coated tools for agile manufacturing and dry machining".
781:
Some materials, such as machinable wax, can be cut at a wide variety of spindle speeds, while others, such as
2149:
Scientific study by Holz and De Leeuw of the
Cincinnati Milling Machine Company did for milling cutters what
3635:
2783:
2778:
2083:, which is the volume of workpiece material (metal, wood, plastic, etc.) that can be removed per time unit.
1349:{\displaystyle RPM={Speed \over \pi \times Diameter}={1000\times 30m/min \over 3\times 10mm}={1000revs/min}}
545:
146:
96:
43:
4403:
1959:
The ratio of the spindle speed and the feed rate controls how aggressive the cut is, and the nature of the
4360:
3441:
3411:
3406:
3112:
241:
186:
162:
282:
Metal removal rate (finishing cuts that remove a small amount of material may be run at increased speeds)
3426:
3275:
3137:
3049:
2079:
544:(AISI) determined machinability ratings for a wide variety of materials by running turning tests at 180
193:
revolution (inches per revolution or millimeters per revolution ). When the workpiece does not rotate (
2723:
762:. A slower feed rate usually results in a finer surface as more cuts are made for any length of wood.
278:
Cutting speeds are calculated on the assumption that optimum cutting conditions exist. These include:
4429:
4383:
4288:
4172:
4063:
3557:
3237:
3217:
3157:
2741:
1364:
However, for more accurate calculations, and at the expense of simplicity, this formula can be used:
712:, the lathe can increase the RPM of the spindle as the cutter gets closer to the center of the part.
4013:
4008:
3542:
3527:
3507:
3502:
3378:
3260:
2679:
821:
surface speed (speed along the road) and known values for their wheel sizes (cutter or workpiece).
4071:
3581:
3517:
3142:
3097:
2869:
2829:
2713:
2502:
2479:
4434:
4365:
4222:
4202:
4053:
4033:
3620:
3363:
3087:
2929:
2683:
2632:
2595:
2585:
2566:
2545:
2521:
2270:
173:) is the relative velocity at which the cutter is advanced along the workpiece; its vector is
138:
2127:. All three types of institution have invested large amounts of money in the cause, often in
244:) can be calculated from this speed. Factors affecting the calculation of cutting speed are:
4023:
3998:
3973:
3943:
3600:
3182:
3077:
2844:
2708:
2671:
2262:
1944:
835:
736:
687:
260:
256:
4355:
3968:
3904:
3678:
3398:
3368:
3328:
3242:
2944:
782:
649:
303:
205:
198:
2672:
2647:
2493:
Brown & Sharpe 3. "Machinebility of
Materials, Composition and Machinability Chart".
2339:
86:
to counteract that natural decrease, which speeds up the spindle as the tool plunges in.
4334:
4324:
4232:
4192:
3988:
3983:
3948:
3899:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3668:
3431:
3127:
2949:
2934:
2919:
2854:
2819:
2446:
2340:"Cutting Speeds for High-Speed Steel Milling Cutters. | Smithy - Detroit Machine Tools"
786:
683:
664:
248:
The material being machined (steel, brass, tool steel, plastic, wood) (see table below)
209:
190:
2266:
1935:
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (ability to withstand vibration or chatter).
30:
4418:
4304:
4197:
4167:
3869:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3771:
3625:
3610:
3572:
3522:
3512:
3265:
3222:
2979:
2904:
2814:
2809:
773:
Cutting feeds and speeds, and the spindle speeds that are derived from them, are the
531:
286:
174:
75:
42:" by machinists. Its tangential linear equivalent at the workpiece surface (m/min or
2091:
Speed-and-feed selection is analogous to other examples of applied science, such as
90:
4117:
4048:
4003:
3993:
3958:
3889:
3884:
3844:
3816:
3751:
3736:
3673:
3645:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3247:
3227:
2964:
2939:
2924:
2884:
2849:
2096:
790:
747:
724:
268:
252:
112:
2626:
2611:
1507:{\displaystyle RPM={Speed \over Circumference}={Speed \over \pi \times Diameter}}
34:
A line drawing showing some basic concepts of speeds and feeds in the context of
4339:
4329:
4217:
4043:
4028:
3894:
3879:
3829:
3776:
3741:
3683:
3630:
3562:
3303:
3019:
2969:
2764:
2728:
2112:
2092:
1932:
Power available at the spindle (to prevent stalling of the cutter or workpiece).
755:
677:
671:
583:
4227:
4182:
3963:
3909:
3859:
3849:
3801:
3791:
3746:
3688:
3653:
3593:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3197:
3152:
3001:
2914:
2879:
2124:
2116:
1888:
is the recommended cutting speed of the material in meters/minute or feet/min
813:
740:
2549:
2470:
Brown & Sharpe 2. "Cam & Tool Design: Surface
Cutting Speeds Chart".
2274:
292:
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (reduction in vibration or chatter)
27:
Two separate velocities in machine tool practice, cutting speed and feed rate
17:
4162:
4132:
4127:
4018:
3953:
3796:
3781:
3756:
3567:
3547:
3492:
3482:
3416:
3388:
3323:
2959:
2894:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2544:. International Brazilian Conference on Tribology: TriboBr. Rio de Janeiro.
2143:
655:
552:
234:
1938:
Strength of the workpiece (high feed rates will collapse thin wall tubing)
320:
Cutting speeds for various materials using a plain high-speed steel cutter
4142:
4122:
4112:
3766:
3731:
3467:
3343:
3270:
3212:
3177:
3172:
3069:
2988:
2899:
2864:
2859:
2235:
2150:
2139:
2120:
802:
767:
728:
4319:
4314:
4207:
4177:
4137:
4081:
3935:
3914:
3806:
3761:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3693:
3663:
3658:
3532:
3436:
3373:
3318:
3207:
3162:
3117:
3039:
3029:
3014:
2909:
2889:
817:
732:
608: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
264:
229:
228:
Schematically, speed at the workpiece surface can be thought of as the
182:
4309:
4038:
3786:
3537:
3487:
3383:
3353:
3293:
3167:
3092:
3054:
3007:
2874:
2792:
959:{\displaystyle RPM={CuttingSpeed\times 12 \over \pi \times Diameter}}
759:
154:
83:
38:
work. The angular velocity of the workpiece (rev/min) is called the "
4187:
4096:
4091:
4076:
3497:
3288:
3281:
3252:
3232:
3202:
3187:
3147:
3132:
3122:
3107:
3102:
3082:
3059:
3034:
2954:
2599:
1960:
751:
659:
150:
89:
35:
29:
2038:= the calculated feed rate in inches per minute or mm per minute.
4086:
3615:
3552:
3477:
3358:
3313:
3308:
3044:
2788:
2617:
2064:. This is the size of chip that each tooth of the cutter takes.
2737:
2461:
Brown & Sharpe. "Brown and Sharpe Speeds and Feeds Chart".
2298:
2296:
74:
surface (cutting) speed (because each rev represents a smaller
4212:
3703:
3472:
3298:
3192:
3024:
2733:
720:
700:
577:
79:
2704:
Free
Advanced Machinist Calculator for Speeds, Feeds and more
2658:(9). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: Gardner Publications Inc: 70–73.
2718:
2236:"Calculating surface footage and RPM for optimum tool life"
2186:
2184:
824:
The following formulae may be used to estimate this value.
566:
speed must be 70 sfpm (assuming the same tooling is used).
551:
Machinability ratings can be used in conjunction with the
2205:"Steve Job's real talent wasn't design--it was seduction"
2670:
Groover, Mikell P. (2007). "Theory of Metal
Machining".
2497:. Providence, R.I.: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.
2474:. Providence, R.I.: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.
2465:. Providence, R.I.: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.
2703:
299:, such as machining square section material in a lathe)
4274:
International
Federation of Building and Wood Workers
2678:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.
1983:
1712:
1526:
1373:
1194:
978:
863:
838:
302:
Condition of material (mill scale, hard spots due to
208:(that is, kilowatts or horsepower) available to the
4348:
4297:
4241:
4155:
4105:
4062:
3934:
3927:
3815:
3702:
3644:
3454:
3397:
3068:
2987:
2978:
2802:
2771:
1882:
is the rotational speed of the cutter or workpiece.
403:
Free Cutting Steels (B1111–B1113 & C1108–C1213)
78:distance, but takes the same amount of time). Most
2229:
2227:
2225:
2021:
1864:
1692:
1506:
1348:
1174:
958:
846:
2374:
2326:
2142:that became famous (and seminal). He developed
2131:. Examples of such work are highlighted below.
2073:Cutting speed and feed rate come together with
2362:
2314:
2302:
2287:
2151:F. W. Taylor had done for single-point cutters
1947:(TPI) for taps, die heads and threading tools.
2749:
213:rigidity is usually the limiting constraint.
8:
2584:(3rd ed.), New York: Industrial Press,
854:to be 3 if performing calculations by hand.
189:), the units are almost always distance per
2507:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2484:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3931:
3460:
2984:
2756:
2742:
2734:
2520:. Melbourne, Victoria: RMIT Publications.
2144:Taylor's Equation for Tool Life Expectancy
2044:= is the calculated speed for the cutter.
2022:{\displaystyle FR={RPM\times T\times CL}}
1993:
1982:
1848:
1804:
1784:
1770:
1759:
1734:
1725:
1711:
1676:
1648:
1616:
1599:
1576:
1551:
1539:
1525:
1451:
1386:
1372:
1331:
1315:
1278:
1263:
1207:
1193:
1157:
1141:
1092:
1074:
991:
977:
876:
862:
839:
837:
708:. By means of the machine's software and
624:Learn how and when to remove this message
4264:Building and Wood Workers' International
2434:
2410:
2087:Interrelationship of theory and practice
706:Machining Process Monitoring and Control
317:
58:" by machinists. The "feeds" may be for
2628:Studies in the history of machine tools
2168:
414:Stainless Steels (300 & 400 series)
2724:CNC Online Feeds and Speeds Calculator
2500:
2477:
2422:
2386:
251:The material the cutter is made from (
2714:Illustrated Speed and feed calculator
295:Continuity of cut (as compared to an
111:refers to two separate parameters in
95:tangential linear velocity (m/min or
7:
4399:
2674:Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing
2398:
2190:
2175:
1703:and using the same example as above
606:adding citations to reliable sources
289:(adequate cooling and chip flushing)
4389:
4249:American Association of Woodturners
2616:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA:
25:
4279:National Wood Carvers Association
2709:Basic Speeds and Feeds Calculator
2631:, Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press,
542:American Iron and Steel Institute
4398:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4254:Architectural Woodwork Institute
2719:Cuttingspeed Software Calculator
2495:Automatic Screw Machine Handbook
2472:Automatic Screw Machine Handbook
2463:Automatic Screw Machine Handbook
2050:= Number of teeth on the cutter.
582:
2259:Surface and Coatings Technology
1922:Feed rate is dependent on the:
593:needs additional citations for
4259:British Woodworking Federation
2646:Zelinski, Peter (2010-12-15).
1967:Formula to determine feed rate
710:variable speed electric motors
1:
4269:Caricature Carvers of America
2267:10.1016/S0257-8972(96)02969-6
801:Most metalworking books have
2625:Woodbury, Robert S. (1972),
2613:On the art of cutting metals
2134:In the 1890s through 1910s,
676:Shaper cutter or knife in a
436:Leaded Steel (Leadloy 12L14)
1517:and using the same example
392:Carbon Steels (C1008–C1095)
332:Surface feet per min (SFM)
137:) is the speed difference (
70:spindle speed will yield a
4451:
2129:collaborative partnerships
2107:Academic research examples
1909:millimeters per revolution
797:Spindle speed calculations
644:The spindle may hold the:
529:
480:Acetal Copolymer (Delrin)
359:Mild Steel (with coolant)
285:Full and constant flow of
4374:
4284:Society of Wood Engravers
3463:
2608:Taylor, Frederick Winslow
2565:. Industrial Press, Inc.
2447:Flórez Orrego et al. 2010
2377:, pp. 120, 224, 225.
1894:in millimeters or inches.
553:Taylor tool life equation
4425:Metalworking terminology
2582:CNC Programming Handbook
2563:CNC Programming Handbook
2136:Frederick Winslow Taylor
381:Alloy Steels (1320–9262)
161:(also often styled as a
1929:Surface finish desired.
812:One analogy would be a
546:surface feet per minute
502:Acrylic (with coolant)
147:surface feet per minute
4361:Frameless construction
3442:Wood-plastic composite
2729:Chip Thinning Tutorial
2234:Gosselin, Jim (2016),
2023:
1917:millimeters per minute
1866:
1694:
1508:
1350:
1176:
960:
848:
847:{\displaystyle {\pi }}
100:
87:
84:constant surface speed
2518:Fitting and machining
2193:, pp. 74, 91–92.
2178:, pp. 74, 85–90.
2080:material removal rate
2024:
1905:inches per revolution
1867:
1695:
1509:
1351:
1177:
961:
849:
93:
33:
4289:Timber Framers Guild
3143:Australian Blackwood
2580:Smid, Peter (2008),
2559:"Feed Rate Equation"
2557:Smid, Peter (2003).
2516:Culley, Ron (1988).
2375:Brown & Sharpe 2
2327:Brown & Sharpe 2
2290:, pp. 222, 223.
2240:Production Machining
1981:
1974:feed per revolution.
1710:
1524:
1371:
1192:
976:
861:
836:
667:in a milling machine
602:improve this article
526:Machinability rating
329:Meters per min (MPM)
306:forming in castings)
4009:Hammer-headed tenon
3528:Janka hardness test
2652:Modern Machine Shop
2140:turning experiments
322:
169:, or called simply
2870:Japanese carpentry
2363:Brown & Sharpe
2315:Brown & Sharpe
2303:Brown & Sharpe
2288:Brown & Sharpe
2261:. 86–87: 672–677.
2203:Hagelon, Michael.
2019:
1862:
1690:
1504:
1346:
1172:
956:
844:
789:very easily under
680:or spindle moulder
648:Material (as in a
370:Cast Iron (medium)
318:
101:
88:
54:", or simply the "
4412:
4411:
4366:Green woodworking
4223:Wood preservation
4151:
4150:
4054:Tongue and groove
4034:Mortise and tenon
3923:
3922:
3621:Warrington hammer
3450:
3449:
3138:African Blackwood
2930:Segmented turning
2689:978-0-471-74485-6
2437:, pp. 79–81.
2119:(including their
2077:to determine the
1913:inches per minute
1828:
1799:
1792:
1656:
1643:
1636:
1502:
1446:
1310:
1258:
1136:
1069:
954:
737:Thickness planers
634:
633:
626:
523:
522:
253:High-Carbon Steel
139:relative velocity
46:) is called the "
16:(Redirected from
4442:
4402:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4382:
4381:
3932:
3601:Thickness planer
3461:
3255:(lime, basswood)
2985:
2845:Chainsaw carving
2758:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2693:
2677:
2659:
2642:
2621:
2603:
2576:
2553:
2543:
2531:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2173:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
1945:Threads per inch
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1852:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1779:
1771:
1748:
1738:
1726:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1680:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1611:
1600:
1565:
1555:
1540:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1469:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1404:
1387:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1335:
1311:
1309:
1292:
1282:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1225:
1208:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1137:
1135:
1106:
1096:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1036:
992:
965:
963:
962:
957:
955:
953:
921:
877:
853:
851:
850:
845:
843:
688:grinding machine
670:Router bit in a
629:
622:
618:
615:
609:
586:
578:
564:
538:normalized value
323:
257:high-speed steel
109:feeds and speeds
105:speeds and feeds
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
21:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4370:
4356:Frame and panel
4344:
4293:
4237:
4147:
4106:Surface piecing
4101:
4058:
3979:Crown of thorns
3919:
3905:Smoothing plane
3811:
3698:
3640:
3543:Milling machine
3446:
3407:Cross-laminated
3393:
3064:
2974:
2945:Spindle turning
2935:Shingle weaving
2905:Pallet crafting
2798:
2767:
2762:
2700:
2690:
2669:
2666:
2664:Further reading
2645:
2639:
2624:
2606:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2556:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2499:
2492:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2109:
2089:
2071:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1901:
1817:
1806:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1749:
1727:
1708:
1707:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1566:
1541:
1522:
1521:
1470:
1453:
1405:
1388:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1293:
1265:
1226:
1209:
1190:
1189:
1107:
1076:
1037:
993:
974:
973:
922:
878:
859:
858:
834:
833:
830:
799:
783:stainless steel
630:
619:
613:
610:
599:
587:
576:
556:
534:
528:
469:Machinable Wax
304:white cast iron
297:interrupted cut
222:
76:circumferential
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4417:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4335:Quarter sawing
4332:
4327:
4325:Wood splitting
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4233:Wood finishing
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Paint stripper
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Shoulder plane
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Moulding plane
3872:
3867:
3865:Japanese plane
3862:
3857:
3855:Grooving plane
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Flooring clamp
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Winding sticks
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Timber-framing
3603:
3598:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Particle board
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Glue laminated
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Timber framing
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Relief carving
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Bush carpentry
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2698:External links
2696:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2643:
2637:
2622:
2604:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2554:
2532:
2526:
2513:
2490:
2467:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2365:, p. 226.
2355:
2331:
2319:
2317:, p. 224.
2307:
2305:, p. 222.
2292:
2280:
2249:
2221:
2195:
2180:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2108:
2105:
2088:
2085:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:feed per tooth
2051:
2045:
2039:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1968:
1965:
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829:
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692:
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684:Grinding wheel
681:
674:
668:
665:Milling cutter
662:
653:
632:
631:
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588:
581:
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530:Main article:
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221:
218:
163:solid compound
141:) between the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4447:
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4431:
4428:
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4423:
4422:
4420:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Chainsaw mill
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:Organizations
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Steam bending
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:French polish
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Rabbet/Rebate
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Mason's mitre
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Jointer plane
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Compass plane
3838:
3836:
3835:Chamfer plane
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Bedrock plane
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Veneer hammer
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Impact driver
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Red Quebracho
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Bow and arrow
2813:
2811:
2810:Boat building
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2638:9780262730334
2634:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:9780831133474
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2572:9780831131586
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2527:0-7241-3819-6
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:Woodbury 1972
2431:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:Zelinski 2010
2407:
2404:
2401:, p. 90.
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
988:
985:
982:
979:
972:
971:
970:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
873:
870:
867:
864:
857:
856:
855:
840:
828:Approximation
827:
825:
822:
819:
815:
810:
806:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
771:
769:
768:Drilling wood
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:circular saws
722:
717:
713:
711:
707:
702:
696:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
673:
669:
666:
663:
661:
657:
654:
651:
647:
646:
645:
642:
639:
638:spindle speed
628:
625:
617:
614:November 2012
607:
603:
597:
596:
591:This section
589:
585:
580:
579:
574:Spindle speed
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
533:
532:Machinability
525:
518:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
491:Polyethylene
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
435:
434:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
337:Steel (tough)
336:
335:
331:
328:
326:Material type
325:
324:
321:
316:
313:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
287:cutting fluid
284:
281:
280:
279:
273:
270:
269:Diamond tools
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
226:
220:Cutting speed
219:
217:
214:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:perpendicular
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:surface speed
129:(also called
128:
127:Cutting speed
124:
122:
118:
117:cutting speed
114:
110:
106:
98:
92:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
52:surface speed
48:cutting speed
45:
40:spindle speed
37:
32:
19:
18:Cutting speed
4173:Heat bending
4118:Edge banding
3890:Router plane
3885:Rebate plane
3845:Finger plane
3576:
3280:
3274:
3254:
3248:Lignum vitae
3006:
3000:
2965:Wood carving
2940:Shipbuilding
2925:Root carving
2885:Log building
2850:Chip carving
2673:
2655:
2651:
2627:
2612:
2581:
2562:
2537:
2517:
2494:
2471:
2462:
2455:Bibliography
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:
2334:
2329:, p. 5.
2322:
2310:
2283:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2214:15 September
2212:. Retrieved
2209:Fast Company
2208:
2198:
2171:
2158:
2155:
2148:
2133:
2125:universities
2113:corporations
2110:
2101:
2097:pharmacology
2090:
2078:
2075:depth of cut
2074:
2072:
2069:Depth of cut
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2030:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1702:
1516:
1363:
1184:
968:
831:
823:
816:rider and a
811:
807:
800:
791:cold working
780:
774:
772:
764:
756:thicknessers
748:black cherry
745:
718:
714:
697:
693:
643:
637:
635:
620:
611:
600:Please help
595:verification
592:
568:
561:
557:
550:
535:
319:
311:
310:The cutting
309:
296:
277:
239:
227:
223:
215:
203:
194:
178:
170:
166:
158:
143:cutting tool
134:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:machine tool
108:
104:
102:
82:lathes have
71:
67:
4430:Woodworking
4394:WikiProject
4340:Rift sawing
4330:Flat sawing
4218:Wood drying
3895:Scrub plane
3880:Razee plane
3830:Block plane
3684:Mitre clamp
3631:Wood scribe
3582:Combination
3324:Purpleheart
3020:Douglas fir
2970:Woodturning
2803:Occupations
2765:Woodworking
2423:Taylor 1907
2387:Culley 1988
2246:(5): 28–29.
2117:governments
2093:meteorology
678:wood shaper
672:wood router
103:The phrase
4419:Categories
4349:Techniques
4298:Conversion
4228:Wood stain
4156:Treatments
3944:Birdsmouth
3910:Spokeshave
3860:Jack plane
3850:Fore plane
3689:Pipe clamp
3654:Band clamp
3578:Carpenters
3399:Engineered
3349:Rubberwood
3198:Eucalyptus
3002:Calocedrus
2915:Pyrography
2880:Kohlrosing
2600:2007045901
2349:2019-11-10
2344:smithy.com
2164:References
2138:performed
2121:militaries
814:skateboard
721:power saws
348:Mild Steel
230:tangential
133:or simply
115:practice,
72:decreasing
64:the Z-axis
60:the X-axis
4138:Parquetry
4133:Oystering
4128:Marquetry
3969:Butterfly
3636:Workbench
3568:Sandpaper
3548:Mitre box
3493:Drawknife
3483:Burnisher
3468:Abrasives
3417:Hardboard
3078:Afromosia
2960:Whittling
2910:Parquetry
2895:Marquetry
2840:Certosina
2835:Carpentry
2825:Cabinetry
2772:Overviews
2550:2179-3956
2503:cite book
2480:cite book
2399:Smid 2003
2275:0257-8972
2191:Smid 2008
2176:Smid 2008
2058:chip load
2010:×
2004:×
1899:Feed rate
1822:∗
1819:π
1811:∗
1754:×
1751:π
1571:×
1568:π
1475:×
1472:π
1298:×
1270:×
1231:×
1228:π
1112:×
1081:×
1042:×
1039:π
1031:×
927:×
924:π
916:×
841:π
803:nomograms
729:band saws
656:Drill bit
519:600–1000
453:400-1000
447:Aluminium
235:tool wear
159:Feed rate
157:(m/min).
149:(sfm) or
121:feed rate
4435:Velocity
4384:Category
4163:Adhesive
4143:Purfling
4123:Intarsia
4064:Profiles
3989:Dovetail
3928:Geometry
3767:Hand saw
3752:Crosscut
3737:Circular
3732:Chainsaw
3679:Holdfast
3344:Rosewood
3276:American
3271:Mahogany
3243:Jelutong
3213:Hornbeam
3178:Cocobolo
3173:Chestnut
3088:Andiroba
2900:Millwork
2865:Intarsia
2860:Fretwork
2855:Ébéniste
2784:Glossary
2610:(1907),
1963:formed.
1892:Diameter
1360:Accuracy
733:jointers
723:such as
516:183–305
464:300–700
409:115–225
265:Ceramics
167:feedrate
4404:Commons
4320:Whipsaw
4315:Sawmill
4208:Varnish
4203:Thermal
4178:Lacquer
4113:Binding
4082:Chamfer
3949:Biscuit
3915:Surform
3807:Whipsaw
3777:Keyhole
3762:Fretsaw
3742:Compass
3727:Bucksaw
3717:Bandsaw
3712:Backsaw
3694:Sawbuck
3664:F-clamp
3659:C-clamp
3533:Jointer
3437:Plywood
3389:Zebrano
3329:Ovankol
3294:Meranti
3282:African
3253:Linden
3208:Hickory
3163:Cedrela
3158:Camphor
3153:Bubinga
3148:Boxwood
3128:Bilinga
3113:Avodire
3030:Juniper
3015:Cypress
2890:Luthier
2779:History
2123:), and
2031:Where:
1875:where:
818:bicycle
787:hardens
760:pulleys
450:122-305
425:Bronzes
354:10–125
343:60–100
261:Carbide
259:(HSS),
210:spindle
199:milling
191:spindle
183:turning
4310:Hewing
4049:Splice
4004:Halved
3999:Groove
3994:Finger
3974:Coping
3959:Bridle
3936:Joints
3817:Planes
3802:Veneer
3792:Scroll
3787:Ripsaw
3772:Jigsaw
3747:Coping
3646:Clamps
3573:Square
3563:Shaper
3558:Router
3538:Mallet
3513:Gimlet
3488:Chisel
3384:Willow
3374:Walnut
3364:Totara
3354:Sapele
3319:Poplar
3304:Padauk
3266:Merbau
3238:Jarrah
3223:Imbuia
3218:Idigbo
3183:Cumaru
3168:Cherry
3093:Anigre
3055:Spruce
3008:Cedrus
2875:Khatam
2830:Caning
2793:lumber
2686:
2682:–504.
2635:
2598:
2588:
2569:
2548:
2524:
2273:
2056:= The
652:chuck)
540:. The
461:90–210
431:10–80
420:30–75
387:12–65
365:20–25
267:, and
187:boring
155:minute
151:meters
4188:Paint
4097:Ovolo
4092:Ogive
4077:Bevel
4044:Scarf
4029:Miter
3797:Table
3782:Miter
3757:Frame
3674:Gripe
3590:Speed
3586:Miter
3518:Gauge
3508:Float
3503:Fence
3498:Drill
3456:Tools
3379:Wenge
3369:Utile
3334:Ramin
3289:Maple
3261:Lovoa
3233:Iroko
3203:Hazel
3188:Ebony
3133:Birch
3123:Beech
3118:Balsa
3108:Aspen
3103:Apple
3083:Alder
3040:Kauri
3035:Larch
2997:Cedar
2980:Woods
2955:Treen
2542:(PDF)
1961:swarf
1951:life.
1886:Speed
775:ideal
752:maple
741:power
686:on a
660:drill
658:in a
650:Lathe
513:Wood
458:Brass
428:24–45
417:23–40
406:35–69
398:0–70
340:18–50
312:speed
206:power
197:, in
181:, in
135:speed
56:speed
36:lathe
4087:Ogee
4072:Bead
4014:Knee
3984:Dado
3964:Butt
3704:Saws
3616:Vise
3553:Rasp
3478:Adze
3359:Teak
3314:Plum
3309:Pear
3070:Hard
3050:Rimu
3045:Pine
2989:Soft
2789:Wood
2684:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2618:ASME
2596:LCCN
2586:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2546:ISSN
2522:ISBN
2509:link
2486:link
2271:ISSN
2216:2024
1808:1000
1782:1000
1662:38.2
1654:2.62
1317:1000
1267:1000
750:and
727:and
636:The
395:4–51
384:3–20
376:6–8
362:6–7
351:3–38
195:e.g.
185:and
179:e.g.
171:feed
153:per
119:and
68:same
50:", "
4213:Wax
4183:Oil
4019:Lap
3954:Box
3722:Bow
3594:Try
3473:Axe
3427:OSB
3422:MDF
3299:Oak
3228:Ipê
3193:Elm
3098:Ash
3060:Yew
3025:Fir
2680:491
2263:doi
2095:or
2060:or
2042:RPM
1972:as
1915:or
1907:or
1880:RPM
1834:955
1651:100
1543:100
1084:100
701:CNC
604:by
508:50
505:15
497:40
494:12
486:35
483:11
475:20
442:30
373:1–2
242:RPM
107:or
97:sfm
80:CNC
62:or
44:sfm
4421::
3592:,
3588:,
3584:,
3580:,
3279:,
3005:,
2656:83
2654:.
2650:.
2594:,
2561:.
2505:}}
2501:{{
2482:}}
2478:{{
2342:.
2295:^
2269:.
2244:16
2242:,
2238:,
2224:^
2207:.
2183:^
2153:.
2146:.
2115:,
2054:CL
2036:FR
1825:10
1814:30
1757:10
1729:30
1614:12
1574:10
1301:10
1273:30
1143:40
1115:10
1078:12
1034:12
919:12
735:,
731:,
560:=
558:VT
555:,
472:6
439:91
263:,
255:,
237:.
165:,
3597:)
3575:(
3285:)
3273:(
3011:)
2999:(
2795:)
2791:(
2757:e
2750:t
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2692:.
2641:.
2620:.
2602:.
2575:.
2552:.
2530:.
2511:)
2488:)
2425:.
2413:.
2389:.
2352:.
2277:.
2265::
2218:.
2048:T
2016:L
2013:C
2007:T
2001:M
1998:P
1995:R
1991:=
1988:R
1985:F
1860:n
1857:i
1854:m
1850:/
1846:s
1843:v
1840:e
1837:r
1831:=
1802:=
1795:)
1789:m
1786:m
1777:m
1774:1
1768:(
1764:m
1761:m
1746:n
1743:i
1740:m
1736:/
1732:m
1723:=
1720:M
1717:P
1714:R
1688:n
1685:i
1682:m
1678:/
1674:s
1671:v
1668:e
1665:r
1659:=
1646:=
1639:)
1633:s
1630:e
1627:h
1624:c
1621:n
1618:i
1609:t
1606:f
1603:1
1597:(
1593:s
1590:e
1587:h
1584:c
1581:n
1578:i
1563:n
1560:i
1557:m
1553:/
1549:t
1546:f
1537:=
1534:M
1531:P
1528:R
1499:r
1496:e
1493:t
1490:e
1487:m
1484:a
1481:i
1478:D
1467:d
1464:e
1461:e
1458:p
1455:S
1449:=
1443:e
1440:c
1437:n
1434:e
1431:r
1428:e
1425:f
1422:m
1419:u
1416:c
1413:r
1410:i
1407:C
1402:d
1399:e
1396:e
1393:p
1390:S
1384:=
1381:M
1378:P
1375:R
1343:n
1340:i
1337:m
1333:/
1329:s
1326:v
1323:e
1320:r
1313:=
1307:m
1304:m
1295:3
1290:n
1287:i
1284:m
1280:/
1276:m
1261:=
1255:r
1252:e
1249:t
1246:e
1243:m
1240:a
1237:i
1234:D
1223:d
1220:e
1217:e
1214:p
1211:S
1205:=
1202:M
1199:P
1196:R
1169:n
1166:i
1163:m
1159:/
1155:s
1152:v
1149:e
1146:r
1139:=
1133:s
1130:e
1127:h
1124:c
1121:n
1118:i
1109:3
1104:n
1101:i
1098:m
1094:/
1090:t
1087:f
1072:=
1066:r
1063:e
1060:t
1057:e
1054:m
1051:a
1048:i
1045:D
1028:d
1025:e
1022:e
1019:p
1016:S
1013:g
1010:n
1007:i
1004:t
1001:t
998:u
995:C
989:=
986:M
983:P
980:R
951:r
948:e
945:t
942:e
939:m
936:a
933:i
930:D
913:d
910:e
907:e
904:p
901:S
898:g
895:n
892:i
889:t
886:t
883:u
880:C
874:=
871:M
868:P
865:R
690:.
627:)
621:(
616:)
612:(
598:.
562:C
271:)
20:)
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