33:
756:
itself with the posthuman as well as the human. Neil L. Whitehead and
Michael Welsch point out that the concern that posthumanism will decenter the human in anthropology ignores the discipline's long history of engaging with the unhuman (like spirits and demons that humans believe in) and the culturally "subhuman" (like marginalized groups within a society). Contrarily, Wells, taking a deep-time perspective, points out the ways that tool-centric and technologically communicated values and ethics typify the human condition, and that cross-cultural and ethnological trends in conceptions of lifeways, power dynamics, and definitions of humanity often incorporate information-rich technological symbology.
565:'s annual meeting in 1992 presented a paper entitled "Cyborg Anthropology", which cites Haraway's "Manifesto". The group described cyborg anthropology as the study of how humans define humanness in relationship to machines, as well as the study of science and technology as activities that can shape and be shaped by culture. This includes studying the ways that all people, including those who are not scientific experts, talk about and conceptualize technology. The sub-group was closely related to
711:, is a theory that helps scholars understand how these elements work together to shape techno-cultural phenomena. Latour suggests that actors and the subjects they act on are parts of larger networks of mutual interaction and feedback loops. Humans and technology both have the agency to shape one another. ANT best describes the way cyborg anthropology approaches the relationship between humans and technology. Similarly, Wells explain how new forms of networked political expression such as the
638:
already cyborgs because people's daily life and sense of self is so intertwined with technology. Haraway's "Cyborg
Manifesto" suggests that technology like virtual avatars, artificial insemination, sexual reassignment surgery, and artificial intelligence might make dichotomies of sex and gender irrelevant, even nonexistent. She goes on to say that other human distinctions (like life and death, human and machine, virtual and real) may similarly disappear in the wake of the cyborg.
2089:
582:
summary of holistic
American anthropology intersections with cyborg concepts (whether explicit or not) by Joshua Wells explained how the information-rich and culture-laden ways in which humans imagine, construct, and use tools may extend the cyborg concept through the human evolutionary lineage. Amber Case generally tells people that the actual number of self-described cyborg anthropologists is "about seven".
2064:
625:, the term is short for cybernetic organism. A cyborg is traditionally defined as a system with both organic and inorganic parts. In the narrowest sense of the word, cyborgs are people with machinated body parts. These cyborg parts may be restorative technologies that help a body function where the organic system has failed, like
755:
argues that any symbolic expression of ourselves, even the most ancient cave painting, can be considered "posthuman" because it exists outside of our physical bodies. To her, this means that the human and the "posthuman" have always existed alongside one another, and anthropology has always concerned
581:
Many academics have helped develop cyborg anthropology, and many more who haven't heard the term still are today conducting research that may be considered cyborg anthropology, particularly research regarding technologically advanced prosthetics and how they can influence an individual's life. A 2014
731:
suggested that robots may be capable of creating a culture of their own, which researchers could study with ethnographic methods. Anthropologists react to Geiger with skepticism because, according to Geiger, they believe that culture is specific to living creatures and ethnography limited to human
637:
limbs, or enhanced technologies that improve the human body beyond its natural state. In the broadest sense, all human interactions with technology could qualify as a cyborg. Most cyborg anthropologists lean towards the latter view of the cyborg; some, like Amber Case, even claim that humans are
655:
is concerned with how digital advances are changing how people live their lives, as well as consequent changes to how anthropologists do ethnography and to a lesser extent how digital technology can be used to represent and undertake research. Cyborg anthropology also looks at disciplines like
740:
The most basic definition of anthropology is the study of humans. However, cyborgs, by definition, describe something that is not entirely an organic human. Moreover, limiting a discipline to the study of humans may be difficult the more that technology allows humans to transcend the normal
594:
Cyborg anthropology uses traditional methods of anthropological research like ethnography and participant observation, accompanied by statistics, historical research, and interviews. By nature it is a multidisciplinary study; cyborg anthropology can include aspects of
703:), or some type of combination of these elements? Some academics believe that only humans have agency and technology is an object humans act upon, while others argue that humans have no agency and culture is entirely shaped by material and technological conditions.
691:. In cyborg anthropology the question of what type of cybernetic system constitutes an actor/subject becomes all the more important. Is it the actual technology that acts on humanity (the Internet), the general techno-culture (
577:
has been responsible for explicating the concept of Cyborg
Anthropology to the general public. She believes that a key aspect of cyborg anthropology is the study of networks of information among humans and technology.
1291:
727:
Researchers like
Kathleen Richardson have conducted ethnographic research on the humans who build and interact with artificial intelligence. Recently, Stuart Geiger, a PhD student at
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was the first widely-read academic text to explore the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the cyborg. A sub-focus group within the
962:
Wells, Joshua (2014). "Keep Calm and Remain Human: How We Have Always Been
Cyborgs and Theories on the Technological Present of Anthropology".
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and nanotechnology, which are not strictly digital. Cybernetics/informatics covers the range of cyborg advances better than the label digital.
607:, and more. It primarily focuses on how people use discourse about science and technology in order to make these meaningful in their lives.
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586:, overseen by Case, aims to make the discipline as accessible as possible, even to people who do not have a background in anthropology.
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perspective. The discipline offers novel insights on new technological advances and their effect on culture and society.
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Case, Amber. "The Cell Phone and its
Technosocial Sites of Engagement." Thesis for Lewis and Clark College. 2007.
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Dumit, Joseph. Davis-Floyd, Robbie. Cyborg
Anthropology. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women, 2001
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philosophies are generated from human reliance on information technologies in all walks of life.
388:
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998:"Robots, Robots, Everywhere – A Field Guide to Cyborg Anthropology | The World is not a desktop"
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condition calls into question the nature and necessity of a field focused on studying humans.
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906:"Amber Case, Cyborg Anthropologist Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic"
2012:
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is a discipline that studies the interaction between humanity and technology from an
319:
175:
1235:
Human No More? Digital
Subjectivities, Unhuman Subjects, and the End of Anthropology
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1027:"Cyborg Anthropology: Anthropologies of the Body | Volume 10, Number 2, May 1995"
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1529:
1394:
1389:
868:
Downey, Gary Lee; Dumit, Joseph; Williams, Sarah (1995). "Cyborg
Anthropology".
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24:
1164:
An Anthropology of Robots and AI: Annihilation Anxiety and Machines
1206:
683:, agency, actors, and structures have always been of interest in
1117:
Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory
482:
1273:
1065:(September 1960), by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline.
1237:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 1–21.
1139:"Defining Cyborg Anthropology - Cyborg Anthropology"
1963:
1749:
1518:
1453:
1365:
1330:
1307:
934:An Illustrated Dictionary of Cyborg Anthropology
741:conditions of organic life. The prospect of a
1285:
1092:"Digital Anthropology Group Is Happening Now"
520:
211:
8:
621:was originally coined in a 1960 paper about
1233:Whitehead, Neil L.; Wesch, Michael (2012).
839:. In Bell, David; Kennedy, Barbara (eds.).
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857:– via Georgetown University Online.
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571:Society for the Social Studies of Science
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105:
39:
23:
1207:"American Anthropological Association"
1228:
1226:
7:
957:
955:
953:
927:
925:
830:
828:
563:American Anthropological Association
1786:Digital media use and mental health
1500:Sociology of the history of science
729:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1495:Sociology of scientific ignorance
1340:History and philosophy of science
1322:Economics of scientific knowledge
2088:
2087:
2062:
1075:Gray, Chris Hables, ed. (1995).
404:Cybernetic Culture Research Unit
31:
699:), specific innovative humans (
642:Digital vs. cyborg anthropology
488:Science, technology and society
1301:Science and technology studies
904:Society, National Geographic.
882:10.1525/can.1995.10.2.02a00060
597:science and technology Studies
1:
1162:Richardson, Kathleen (2015).
1090:Thompson, Matt (2012-03-22).
717:free and open-source software
1848:Normalization process theory
1405:Philosophy of social science
1187:Ford, Heather (2012-01-15).
976:10.1080/00938157.2014.872460
611:'Cyborg' origins and meaning
584:The Cyborg Anthropology Wiki
1189:"The ethnography of robots"
1119:. Oxford University Press.
911:National Geographic Society
2162:
1471:construction of technology
672:
645:
433:Environmental anthropology
93:Intelligence amplification
2058:
2003:Politicization of science
1262:Defining aging in cyborgs
695:), government sanctions (
664:Key concepts and research
1410:Philosophy of technology
841:The Cybercultures Reader
786:Allucquere Rosanne Stone
63:Brain–computer interface
964:Reviews in Anthropology
835:Haraway, Donna (2000).
723:Artificial intelligence
428:Ecological anthropology
243:science, and technology
241:Anthropology of nature,
1483:Sociology of knowledge
1211:www.americananthro.org
1143:cyborganthropology.com
1115:Latour, Bruno (2005).
1079:. New York: Routledge.
843:. Routledge. pp.
781:Lucien Castaing-Taylor
58:Biomedical engineering
2050:Transition management
2040:Technology assessment
2008:Regulation of science
1983:Evidence-based policy
1868:Sociotechnical system
1717:Traditional knowledge
1597:Psychology of science
1570:Mapping controversies
1476:shaping of technology
1435:Social constructivism
1400:Philosophy of science
1357:History of technology
870:Cultural Anthropology
689:cultural anthropology
503:cultural anthropology
262:Nature–culture divide
161:Morphological freedom
98:Whole brain emulation
73:Distributed cognition
2146:Actor-network theory
1955:Women in engineering
1801:Financial technology
1781:Digital anthropology
1550:Criticism of science
1463:Actor–network theory
1425:Religion and science
1317:Economics of science
932:Case, Amber (2014).
837:"A Cyborg Manifesto"
705:Actor-network theory
675:Actor–network theory
669:Actor–network theory
653:Digital anthropology
648:Digital anthropology
559:"A Cyborg Manifesto"
423:Digital anthropology
171:Techno-progressivism
1796:Engineering studies
1766:Cyborg anthropology
1555:Demarcation problem
1440:Social epistemology
1193:Ethnography Matters
1125:2005reso.book.....L
1077:The Cyborg Handbook
707:(ANT), proposed by
540:Cyborg anthropology
418:Cyborg anthropology
290:Benjamin H. Bratton
234:Part of a series on
114:Cyborg anthropology
78:Genetic engineering
19:Part of a series on
2076:History of science
1993:Funding of science
1863:Skunkworks project
1560:Double hermeneutic
1345:History of science
813:Digital humanities
389:Capitalist Realism
257:Ecogovernmentality
166:Singularitarianism
2118:
2117:
2045:Technology policy
1776:Dematerialization
1585:black swan events
1244:978-1-60732-170-5
1059:Cyborgs and Space
1034:downey.sts.vt.edu
1008:on March 10, 2018
854:978-0-415-18378-9
623:space exploration
573:. More recently,
537:
536:
478:Political ecology
469:Literary Machines
463:Hypertext fiction
295:Gabriella Coleman
228:
227:
151:Cognitive liberty
88:Human enhancement
2153:
2091:
2090:
2066:
2018:Right to science
1998:Horizon scanning
1973:Academic freedom
1873:Technical change
1734:Women in science
1729:Unity of science
1510:Strong programme
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1036:. Archived from
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1004:. Archived from
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987:
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918:on May 19, 2012.
914:. Archived from
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808:Posthumanization
529:
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474:
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398:Cultural ecology
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382:Related articles
350:Reza Negarestani
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184:Related articles
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2013:Research ethics
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1858:Reverse salient
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1505:Sociotechnology
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760:Notable figures
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544:anthropological
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280:Tom Boellstorff
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876:(2): 264–269.
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751:of technology
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693:Silicon Valley
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1883:Technoscience
1881:
1879:
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1859:
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1854:
1853:Media studies
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1791:Early adopter
1789:
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1761:Co-production
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1592:Pseudoscience
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1540:Boundary-work
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1535:Bibliometrics
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1445:Transhumanism
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1199:
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1183:
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1175:
1169:
1166:. Routledge.
1165:
1158:
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1097:
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1040:on 2015-09-12
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985:
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945:
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936:. p. 9.
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831:
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801:
799:
798:Transhumanism
796:
795:
791:
787:
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782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:Sherry Turkle
769:
767:
764:
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746:
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730:
722:
720:
718:
715:movement and
714:
710:
706:
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686:
682:
679:Questions of
676:
668:
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641:
639:
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632:
631:insulin pumps
628:
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568:
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555:Donna Haraway
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348:
346:
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340:Daniel Miller
338:
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328:
326:
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321:
320:Donna Haraway
318:
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177:
176:Transhumanism
174:
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154:
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148:
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141:
136:
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51:
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38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2131:Anthropology
2098:Associations
1933:criticism of
1843:Leapfrogging
1826:linear model
1765:
1712:Team science
1702:Scientocracy
1625:Neo-colonial
1375:Anthropocene
1234:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1163:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1116:
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1096:Savage Minds
1095:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1063:Astronautics
1062:
1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1033:
1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1006:the original
1001:
992:
967:
963:
933:
916:the original
909:
899:
890:
873:
869:
863:
840:
747:
739:
736:Posthumanism
726:
713:Pirate Party
709:Bruno Latour
681:subjectivity
678:
651:
616:
614:
593:
580:
553:
539:
538:
483:Rave culture
467:
437:
417:
402:
387:
370:Leslie White
360:Paul Virilio
335:Bruno Latour
285:Ray Brassier
233:
156:Extropianism
113:
2136:Cybernetics
1943:theories of
1928:and society
1924:Technology
1918:transitions
1908:determinism
1903:convergence
1878:Technocracy
1660:controversy
1646:Scientific
1630:post-normal
1575:Metascience
1545:Consilience
1530:Antiscience
1395:Neo-Luddism
1390:Fuzzy logic
749:Sociologist
601:cybernetics
590:Methodology
448:Hari Kunzru
355:Sadie Plant
310:Mark Fisher
68:Cybernetics
40:Cyborgology
2125:Categories
2081:Technology
2033:science of
2028:history of
1913:revolution
1821:disruptive
1811:Innovation
1806:Hype cycle
1751:Technology
1722:ecological
1695:skepticism
1685:misconduct
1670:enterprise
1488:scientific
1415:Positivism
1385:Empiricism
1367:Philosophy
1216:2017-01-31
1148:2017-01-31
1101:2017-01-31
1044:2017-03-09
1012:2017-01-31
819:References
766:Amber Case
732:subjects.
701:Steve Jobs
627:pacemakers
575:Amber Case
453:Hypermedia
365:Mike Wesch
345:Ted Nelson
325:Mizuko Ito
192:Cyborg art
135:Cyberspace
53:Biomimicry
1988:Factor 10
1816:diffusion
1655:consensus
1650:community
1615:education
1455:Sociology
1430:Scientism
1309:Economics
984:145014898
743:posthuman
615:The word
458:Hypertext
413:Cybertext
330:Nick Land
305:Roy Ellen
130:Cyberpunk
2108:Scholars
2103:Journals
2093:Category
2067:Portals
1948:transfer
1938:dynamics
1888:feminist
1690:priority
1675:literacy
1635:rhetoric
1601:Science
1565:Logology
970:: 5–34.
803:Robotics
792:See also
658:genetics
569:and the
557:’s 1984
143:Politics
2141:Cyborgs
2071:Science
1753:studies
1665:dissent
1605:citizen
1522:studies
1520:Science
1467:Social
1332:History
1121:Bibcode
845:291–324
550:History
122:Centers
48:Bionics
25:Cyborgs
1965:Policy
1898:change
1831:system
1680:method
1620:normal
1241:
1170:
1061:," in
982:
940:
851:
685:social
635:bionic
633:, and
618:cyborg
499:Social
473:(1981)
443:(2011)
407:(CCRU)
393:(2009)
106:Theory
1030:(PDF)
980:S2CID
1836:user
1739:STEM
1640:wars
1239:ISBN
1168:ISBN
938:ISBN
849:ISBN
687:and
501:and
972:doi
878:doi
567:STS
2127::
1225:^
1209:.
1191:.
1141:.
1094:.
1032:.
1000:.
978:.
968:43
966:.
952:^
924:^
908:.
874:10
872:.
847:.
827:^
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599:,
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1219:.
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1176:.
1151:.
1127:.
1123::
1104:.
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1047:.
1015:.
986:.
974::
946:.
884:.
880::
528:e
521:t
514:v
219:e
212:t
205:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
