Mind uploading - Knowledge (XXG)

54: 1325:. Participants at a 2011 AI workshop estimated an 85% probability that neuromorphic AI would arrive before brain emulation. This was based on the idea that brain emulation would require understanding of the workings and functions of the different brain components, along with the technological know-how to emulate neurons. To counter this idea, reverse engineering the Microsoft Windows code base is already hard, so reverse engineering the brain would likely be much harder. By a very narrow margin, the participants on balance leaned toward the view that accelerating brain emulation would increase expected AI risk. 917:(MEG, for mapping of electrical currents), or combinations of multiple methods, to build a detailed three-dimensional model of the brain using non-invasive and non-destructive methods. Today, fMRI is often combined with MEG for creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, as the methods complement each other. Even though current imaging technology lacks the spatial resolution needed to gather the information needed for such a scan, important recent and future developments are predicted to substantially improve both spatial and temporal resolutions of existing technologies. 1230:. Their emergence and existence may lead to increased risk of war, including inequality, power struggles, strong loyalty and willingness to die among emulations, and new forms of racism, xenophobia, and religious prejudice. If emulations run much faster than humans, there might not be enough time for human leaders to make wise decisions or negotiate. It is possible that humans would react violently against the growing power of emulations, especially if that depresses human wages. Emulations may not trust each other, and even well-intentioned defensive measures 1084:

all resulting minds of an uploading procedure are granted equal primacy in their claim to the original identity, such that survival of the self is determined retroactively from a strictly subjective position. Some have also asserted that consciousness is a part of an extra-biological system that is yet to be discovered; therefore it cannot be fully understood under the present constraints of neurobiology. Without the transference of consciousness, true mind-upload or perpetual immortality cannot be practically achieved.

1293:

far from being sufficient. Operation of the brain depends on the dynamics of electrical and biochemical signal exchange between neurons; therefore, capturing them in a single "frozen" state may prove insufficient. In addition, the nature of these signals may require modeling at the molecular level and beyond. Therefore, while not rejecting the idea in principle, Miller believes that the complexity of the "absolute" duplication of an individual mind is insurmountable for the nearest hundreds of years.

1015:

neural network could be captured and copied as a "computer file" from the brain and re-implemented into a different physical form. This is not to deny that minds are richly adapted to their substrates. An analogy to mind uploading is to copy the information state of a computer program from the memory of the computer on which it is executing to another computer and then continue its execution on the second computer. The second computer may perhaps have different hardware architecture, but it

888: 1148:. He then concludes: “If, as I argue above, a sufficiently detailed computational simulation of the brain is potentially operationally equivalent to an organic brain, it follows that we must consider extending protections against suffering to simulations.” Chalmers himself has argued that such virtual realities would be genuine realities. However, if mind uploading occurs and the uploads are not conscious, there may be a significant opportunity cost. In the book 852:, thus capturing the structure of the neurons and their interconnections. The exposed surface of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be a very slow and labor-intensive process, research is underway to automate the collection and microscopy of serial sections. The scans would then be analyzed, and a model of the neural net recreated in the system into which the mind was being uploaded. 1262: 1196: 896: 601: 7402: 5337: 7412: 4628: 5854: 1072:

while only outside observers can maintain the illusion of the original person still being alive. For it is implausible to think that one's consciousness would leave one's brain and travel to a remote location; ordinary physical objects do not behave this way. Ordinary objects (rocks, tables, etc.) are not simultaneously here, and elsewhere. At best, a copy of the original mind is created.

1091:). If a computer could process sensory inputs to generate the same outputs that a human mind does (speech, muscle movements, etc.) without necessarily having any experience of consciousness, then it may be impossible to determine whether the uploaded mind is truly conscious, and not merely an automaton that externally behaves the way a human would. Thought experiments like the 1174:

biological version was terminally ill or in a coma? Would it help to treat emulations as adolescents for a few years so that the biological creator would maintain temporary control? Would criminal emulations receive the death penalty, or would they be given forced data modification as a form of "rehabilitation"? Could an upload have marriage and child-care rights?

5349: 522:. This questions the concept of identity. From the perspective of the biological brain, the simulated brain may just be a copy, even if it is conscious and has an indistinguishable character. As such, the original biological being, before the uploading, might consider the digital twin to be a new and independent being rather than the future self. 5118: 376:. Another aim of mind uploading is to provide a permanent backup to our "mind-file", to enable interstellar space travel, and a means for human culture to survive a global disaster by making a functional copy of a human society in a computing device. Whole-brain emulation is discussed by some futurists as a "logical endpoint" of the topical 310:, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains. According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are under active development; however, they will admit that others are, as yet, very speculative, but say they are still in the realm of engineering possibility. 1132:. The neuroscience required to develop brain emulation would require animal experimentation, first on invertebrates and then on small mammals before moving on to humans. Sometimes the animals would just need to be euthanized in order to extract, slice, and scan their brains, but sometimes behavioral and 1292:

Kenneth D. Miller, a professor of neuroscience at Columbia University and a co-director of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, raised doubts about the practicality of mind uploading. His major argument is that reconstructing neurons and their connections is in itself a formidable task, but it is

1173:

Many questions arise regarding the legal personhood of emulations. Would they be given the rights of biological humans? If a person makes an emulated copy of themselves and then dies, does the emulation inherit their property and official positions? Could the emulation ask to "pull the plug" when its

1083:

Others have argued against such conclusions. For example, Buddhist transhumanist James Hughes has pointed out that this consideration only goes so far: if one believes the self is an illusion, worries about survival are not reasons to avoid uploading, and Keith Wiley has presented an argument wherein

1304:

If neuroscience is the bottleneck on brain emulation rather than computing power, emulation advances may be more erratic and unpredictable based on when new scientific discoveries happen. Limited computing power would mean the first emulations would run slower and so would be easier to adapt to, and

1026:

wrote: “I would be glad to know... whether when my brain has lost its original structure, and when some hundred years after the same materials are fabricated so curiously as to become an intelligent being, whether, I say that being will be me; or, if, two or three such beings should be formed out of

617:

Advocates of mind uploading point to Moore's law to support the notion that the necessary computing power is expected to become available within a few decades. However, the actual computational requirements for running an uploaded human mind are very difficult to quantify, potentially rendering such

1296:

There are very few feasible technologies that humans have refrained from developing. The neuroscience and computer-hardware technologies that may make brain emulation possible are widely desired for other reasons, and logically their development will continue into the future. We may also have brain

998:

feature that arises from large neural network high-level patterns of organization, which could be realized in other processing devices. Mind uploading relies on the idea that the human mind (the "self" and the long-term memory) reduces to the current neural network paths and the weights of synapses

612:

and a $ 1000 PC. Note the logarithmic scale. The (exponential) trend line for the fastest supercomputer reflects a doubling every 14 months. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg & Bostrom report is less certain about where consciousness

591:

The focus of mind uploading, in the case of copy-and-transfer, is on data acquisition, rather than data maintenance of the brain. A set of approaches known as loosely coupled off-loading (LCOL) may be used in the attempt to characterize and copy the mental contents of a brain. The LCOL approach may

578:

Although the number of neuronal connections in the human brain is very significant (around 100 trillions), the frequency of activation of biological neurons is limited to around 200 Hz, whereas electronic hardware can easily operate at multiple GHz. With sufficient hardware parallelism, a simulated

1161:

It might help reduce emulation suffering to develop virtual equivalents of anaesthesia, as well as to omit processing related to pain and/or consciousness. However, some experiments might require a fully functioning and suffering animal emulation. Animals might also suffer by accident due to flaws

510:

In theory, if the information and processes of the mind can be disassociated from the biological body, they are no longer tied to the individual limits and lifespan of that body. Furthermore, information within a brain could be partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other substrates

1177:

If simulated minds would come true and if they were assigned rights of their own, it may be difficult to ensure the protection of "digital human rights". For example, social science researchers might be tempted to secretly expose simulated minds, or whole isolated societies of simulated minds, to

1095:

raise fundamental questions about mind uploading: If an upload displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness, or even verbally insists that it is conscious, does that prove it is conscious? There might also be an absolute upper limit in processing speed, above which consciousness

1071:

claims that at best, uploading would create a copy of the original person's mind. Schneider agrees that consciousness has a computational basis, but this does not mean we can upload and survive. According to her views, "uploading" would probably result in the death of the original person's brain,

4412:

Cyberpunk writers and their successors have also frequently imagined the uploading of human minds into computers, thus creating a special sort of artificial intelligence that can free individuals of the limitations of biological bodies, a notion that would be notably extended in the work of Greg

1357:

AI, because brains are messy and complicated; this could reduce risks of their rapid takeoff. Also, emulations may be bulkier and require more hardware than AI, which would also slow the speed of a transition. Unlike AI, an emulation would not be able to rapidly expand beyond the size of a human

830:

A full brain map has been estimated to occupy less than 2 x 10 bytes (20,000 TB) and would store the addresses of the connected neurons, the synapse type and the synapse "weight" for each of the brains' 10 synapses. However, the biological complexities of true brain function (e.g. the epigenetic

1014:

Assuming physicalism is true, the mind can be defined as the information state of the brain, so it is immaterial only in the same sense as the information content of a data file, or the state of software residing in a computer's memory. In this case, data specifying the information state of the

1320:

Greater investment in brain emulation and associated cognitive science might enhance the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers to create "neuromorphic" (brain-inspired) algorithms, such as neural networks, reinforcement learning, and hierarchical perception. This could accelerate

1502:

deals extensively with uploading from the perspective of distributed embodiment, arguing for example that humans are currently part of the "artificial life phenotype". Doyle's vision reverses the polarity on uploading, with artificial life forms such as uploads actively seeking out biological

990:. Many philosophical responses to the hard problem entail that mind uploading is fundamentally or practically impossible, while others are compatible with at least some formulations of mind uploading. Many proponents of mind uploading defend the possibility of mind uploading by recourse to 790:

When modelling and simulating the brain of a specific individual, a brain map or connectivity database showing the connections between the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the brain. For whole brain simulation, this network map should show the connectivity of the whole

592:

take advantage of self-reports, life-logs and video recordings that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence. A bottom-up approach may focus on the specific resolution and morphology of neurons, the spike times of neurons, the times at which neurons produce action potential responses.

486:

Many theorists have presented models of the brain and have established a range of estimates of the amount of computing power needed for partial and complete simulations. Using these models, some have estimated that uploading may become possible within decades if trends such as

1181:

Research led by cognitive scientist Michael Laakasuo has shown that attitudes towards mind uploading are predicted by an individual's belief in an afterlife; the existence of mind uploading technology may threaten religious and spiritual notions of immortality and divinity.

1104:). Regardless, some scientists believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. Still other scientists believe consciousness may emerge from some form of quantum computation that is dependent on the organic substrate (see 6526: 1521:. It is distinct from the concept of transferring a consciousness from one human body to another. It is sometimes applied to a single person and other times to an entire society. Recurring themes in these stories include whether the computerized mind is truly 408:, which would not be based on existing brains. Computer-based intelligence such as an upload could think much faster than a biological human even if it were no more intelligent. A large-scale society of uploads might, according to futurists, give rise to a 4438: 4335: 1967:

The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original

621:

Regardless of the techniques used to capture or recreate the function of a human mind, the processing demands are likely to be immense, due to the large number of neurons in the human brain along with the considerable complexity of each neuron.

952:

in Switzerland, is an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry, in order to accelerate experimental research on the brain. In 2009, after a successful simulation of part of a rat brain, the director

439:

Neuroscientists have stated that important functions performed by the mind, such as learning, memory, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain and are governed by applicable laws. For example,

1169:

Brain emulations could be erased by computer viruses or malware, without the need to destroy the underlying hardware. This may make assassination easier than for physical humans. The attacker might take the computing power for its own use.

847:

A possible method for mind uploading is serial sectioning, in which the brain tissue and perhaps other parts of the nervous system are frozen and then scanned and analyzed layer by layer, which for frozen samples at nano-scale requires a

1311:

If one AI-development group had a lead in emulation technology, it would have more subjective time to win an arms race to build the first superhuman AI. Because it would be less rushed, it would have more freedom to consider AI

871:), this may not suffice for capturing and simulating neuron functions. It may be possible to extend the techniques of serial sectioning and to capture the internal molecular makeup of neurons, through the use of sophisticated 822:

include prolonged or repeated firing of neurons, as well as intra-neural dynamic processes, the electrical and chemical signal state of the synapses and neurons may be hard to extract. The uploaded mind may then perceive a

1066:

place great hope in the belief that they may become immortal, by creating one or many non-biological functional copies of their brains, thereby leaving their "biological shell". However, the philosopher and transhumanist

458:

Consciousness is part of the natural world. It depends, we believe, only on mathematics and logic and on the imperfectly known laws of physics, chemistry, and biology; it does not arise from some magical or otherworldly

1297:

emulations for a brief but significant period on the way to non-emulation based human-level AI. Assuming that emulation technology will arrive, a question becomes whether we should accelerate or slow its advance.

1424:, has long predicted that people will be able to "upload" their entire brains to computers and become "digitally immortal" by 2045. Kurzweil made this claim for many years, e.g. during his speech in 2013 at the 1139:

In addition, the resulting animal emulations themselves might suffer, depending on one's views about consciousness. Bancroft argues for the plausibility of consciousness in brain simulations on the basis of the

879:. However, as the physiological genesis of 'mind' is not currently known, this method may not be able to access all of the necessary biochemical information to recreate a human brain with sufficient fidelity. 1247:

poses many hypotheses on the nature of a society of mind uploads, including that the most common minds would be copies of adults with personalities conducive to long hours of productive specialized work.

831:

states of neurons, protein components with multiple functional states, etc.) may preclude an accurate prediction of the volume of binary data required to faithfully represent a functioning human mind.

511:(including digital storage or another brain), thereby—from a purely mechanistic perspective—reducing or eliminating "mortality risk" of such information. This general proposal was discussed in 1971 by 2832:

Once this replica is built, we will be able to do experiments that normally take us years or are prohibitively expensive or too difficult to perform. This will greatly accelerate the pace of research.

6431: 855:

There are uncertainties with this approach using current microscopy techniques. If it is possible to replicate neuron function from its visible structure alone, then the resolution afforded by a

1308:

Improvements in manufacturing, 3D printing, and nanotechnology may accelerate hardware production, which could increase the "computing overhang" from excess hardware relative to neuroscience.

337:, supported by an anatomic 3D body simulation model. Alternatively, the simulated mind could reside in a computer inside—or either connected to or remotely controlled by—a (not necessarily 1985:"Human-level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity: a reaction to Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near, and McDermott's critique of Kurzweil" 1035:

argued against physicalist "Academians" in the 5th century, writing that consciousness cannot be an illusion because only a conscious being can be deceived or experience an illusion.

5019: 4908: 5514: 1322: 579:

brain could thus in theory be made to run faster than a biological brain. Uploaded beings may therefore not only be more efficient, but also supposedly have a faster rate of

2488: 333:

brain may not survive the copying process or may be deliberately destroyed during it in some variants of uploading. The simulated mind could be within a virtual reality or

4892: 1377:

Emulations may not inherit all human motivations. Perhaps they would inherit our darker motivations or would behave abnormally in the unfamiliar environment of cyberspace.

566:, it would require particularly advanced technology. Editing an uploaded mind would be much easier, as long as the exact edits to be made are known. This would facilitate 948: 2582:

Hagmann, Patric; Cammoun, Leila; Gigandet, Xavier; Meuli, Reto; Honey, Christopher J.; Wedeen, Van J.; Sporns, Olaf; Friston, Karl J. (2008). Friston, Karl J. (ed.).

6621: 5387: 4876: 4612: 4070: 1332:

Emulation research would also accelerate neuroscience as a whole, which might accelerate medical advances, cognitive enhancement, lie detectors, and capability for

3365: 1428:

International Congress in New York, which claims to subscribe to a similar set of beliefs. Mind uploading has also been advocated by a number of researchers in

1150: 1115:

Principle of assuming the most (PAM): Assume that any emulated system could have the same mental properties as the original system and treat it correspondingly.

1087:

Another potential consequence of mind uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a conscious mind (see

957:

claimed that "A detailed, functional artificial human brain can be built within the next 10 years". In 2013, Markram became the director of the new decade-long

329:

the salient features of a biological brain, and then by storing and copying that information state into a computer system or another computational device. The

1440:

circles and elsewhere on the net. That site has not been actively updated in recent years, but it has spawned other sites including MindUploading.org, run by

2478:

Roadmap. "Given the complexities and conceptual issues of consciousness we will not examine criteria 6abc, but mainly examine achieving criteria 1–5." p. 11.

1347:

Human abilities, behavioral tendencies, and vulnerabilities are more thoroughly understood, thus control measures might be more intuitive and easier to plan.

6817: 5012: 53: 7415: 4844: 1444:, who also moderates a mailing list on the topic. These advocates see mind uploading as a medical procedure which could eventually save countless lives. 5892: 5412: 4567: 1633: 6995: 6496: 6150: 5984: 4481: 5482: 5440: 4759: 2300: 3408: 467:

and neuroscientists have predicted that advanced computers will be capable of thought and even attain consciousness, including Koch and Tononi,

6965: 6905: 5708: 1166:

brain emulations, as well as creating neuromorphic emulations that draw inspiration from biological brains but are built somewhat differently.

1100:, believe that whether a separate entity is conscious is impossible to know with confidence, since consciousness is inherently subjective (see 1007:

accounts seek to avoid the hard problem of consciousness by explaining it in terms of immaterial (and presumably inaccessible) substances like

840: 5341: 5005: 7251: 7163: 6933: 6822: 6778: 6345: 6244: 6239: 4447: 4405: 4376: 4344: 4303: 4215: 4045: 2758: 2434: 2218: 2208: 1414:(1979) described and endorsed mind uploading using a brain surgeon. Moravec used a similar description in 1988, calling it "transmigration". 961:. But less than two years into it, the project was recognized to be mismanaged and its claims overblown, and Markram was asked to step down. 3093: 1436:, such as Marvin Minsky. In 1993, Joe Strout created a small web site called the Mind Uploading Home Page, and began advocating the idea in 277:

of the brain's information processing, such that it would respond in essentially the same way as the original brain and experience having a

7260: 7198: 6953: 6581: 6416: 5601: 4784: 859:

would suffice for such a technique. However, as the function of brain tissue is partially determined by molecular events (particularly at

412:, meaning a sudden time constant decrease in the exponential development of technology. Mind uploading is a central conceptual feature of 6832: 6471: 6355: 5797: 5460: 5380: 4169: 3296: 1328:

Waiting might give society more time to think about the consequences of brain emulation and develop institutions to improve cooperation.

5352: 2893: 1358:

brain. Emulations running at digital speeds would have less intelligence differential vis-à-vis AI and so might more easily control AI.

7229: 7193: 7127: 6827: 6773: 4829: 4011: 3577: 3205: 2384: 2359: 1096:

cannot be sustained. The subjectivity of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question. Numerous scientists, including

1073: 987: 876: 313:

Mind uploading may potentially be accomplished by either of two methods: copy-and-upload or copy-and-delete by gradual replacement of

2565: 2450: 1178:

controlled experiments in which many copies of the same minds are exposed (serially or simultaneously) to different test conditions.

562:

While some researchers believe editing human brains to be physically possible in theory, for example by performing neurosurgery with

6315: 4265: 3845: 3828: 3552: 3373: 3127: 2543: 1675: 325:

emulating the brain takes control of the body. In the case of the former method, mind uploading would be achieved by scanning and

7442: 6980: 6715: 6033: 4819: 2921: 238: 2505: 604:

Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels, along with the fastest and slowest

7178: 7061: 6915: 6859: 6606: 6451: 5994: 5927: 5917: 5522: 4642: 397: 7361: 7234: 6873: 6768: 6725: 6720: 6586: 5922: 5584: 5562: 5373: 4658: 4517: 1447:

Many transhumanists look forward to the development and deployment of mind uploading technology, with transhumanists such as

1055:

of interactions within the brain, having no causal power of its own and being entirely downstream from the brain's activity.

31: 1076:, a sub-branch of neuroscience, states that consciousness may be thought of as a state-dependent property of some undefined 1011:, which would pose a fundamental or at least practical challenge to the feasibility of artificial consciousness in general. 372:"). Some believe mind uploading is humanity's current best option for preserving the identity of the species, as opposed to 7437: 7326: 7051: 7026: 6960: 6847: 6837: 6809: 6735: 6501: 6114: 6055: 6011: 5949: 5885: 5858: 5824: 3169: 2868: 1068: 975: 5661: 5624: 5028: 4086: 303: 83: 7270: 7112: 6948: 6259: 4474: 3713:"Would you exchange your soul for immortality? – Existential Meaning and Afterlife Beliefs Predict Mind Upload Approval" 3390: 2238: 1644: 1000: 856: 393: 2964: 931:

Ongoing work in the field of brain simulation includes partial and whole simulations of some animals. For example, the

6109: 5964: 4849: 4769: 4257: 2819: 1162:

and lack of insight into what parts of their brains are suffering. Questions also arise regarding the moral status of

2158: 1273:. The reason given is: most sources are more than 10 years old, and may not reflect the current state of the debate. 7280: 6280: 6224: 5954: 5909: 5829: 5765: 5169: 5072: 4804: 4779: 4082: 3277: 1628: 1476: 1333: 377: 113: 1027:

my brain; whether they will all be me, and consequently one and the same intelligent being.” Although the name of

7351: 7296: 7117: 6975: 6682: 6340: 6330: 6290: 6104: 5812: 5772: 4834: 4577: 4490: 3346: 2401: 1547: 1512: 1467: 1451:

predicting that it will become possible within the 21st century due to technological trends such as Moore's law.

413: 409: 7452: 7405: 7241: 7208: 7203: 7076: 7031: 6842: 6763: 6730: 6511: 6370: 6350: 6335: 6320: 6310: 6295: 6038: 6001: 5959: 5878: 5507: 4955: 4948: 4854: 4191: 1577: 1129: 519: 4429: 4326: 1490:& Earl D. Cox, is about the eventual (and, to the authors, almost inevitable) evolution of computers into 6970: 6799: 6611: 6591: 6365: 6360: 6305: 6300: 6285: 6254: 6234: 6028: 5777: 5750: 5502: 5435: 4986: 4927: 4572: 4467: 2983: 1433: 389: 1207:. The reason given is: may not be relevant anymore, considering recent progress in large multimodal models. 7457: 7381: 7081: 7021: 6990: 6758: 6641: 6631: 6601: 6441: 6325: 6229: 6094: 5989: 5787: 5782: 5755: 5629: 5596: 5164: 4617: 914: 899: 665: 512: 78: 4118: 1111:

In light of uncertainty about whether mind uploads are conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:

1040: 7462: 7246: 7168: 6794: 6636: 6160: 6021: 5713: 5396: 5312: 5271: 5174: 4969: 4962: 4839: 4723: 4074: 3065: 1618: 1495: 1227: 580: 567: 547: 181: 118: 93: 6531: 2325: 1370:

of emulation behavior under self-improvement might be much less predictable than the evolution of safe

3431: 3229: 7447: 7376: 7331: 7183: 7096: 7000: 6985: 6943: 6707: 6476: 6456: 5942: 5932: 5760: 5723: 5703: 5542: 5423: 5132: 5097: 4241: 3764:"Envisioning postmortal futures: six archetypes on future societal approaches to seeking immortality" 3675: 3623: 2646: 2196:. Proceedings, National Research Council of Canada, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society. 2053: 1884: 1650: 1472: 1458: 1088: 872: 231: 191: 3152: 1615:—thought experiment asking if objects having all parts replaced fundamentally remain the same object 7371: 7275: 6446: 6072: 5817: 5792: 5552: 5527: 5445: 5107: 4814: 4728: 4562: 4542: 4522: 4512: 4291: 4283: 4237: 3896: 2898: 1623: 1582: 1572: 1534: 1048: 1047:("I think, therefore I am"). Although physicalism is known to have been proposed in ancient times, 958: 887: 551: 505: 464: 369: 274: 134: 98: 7411: 1697: 1517:

Mind uploading—transferring an individual's personality to a computer—appears in several works of

7255: 6925: 6890: 6882: 6556: 6506: 6481: 6393: 6173: 5937: 5834: 5470: 5455: 5428: 5322: 5241: 5179: 4884: 4078: 3793: 3520: 3474: 2768: 2672: 2281: 2137: 1984: 1789: 1597: 1032: 943: 868: 468: 186: 2114: 625:

Required computational capacity strongly depends on the chosen level of simulation model scale:

583:

than biological brains (e.g. experiencing an hour of lifetime in a single second of real time).

1380:

Even if there is a slow takeoff toward emulations, there would still be a second transition to

7316: 7265: 7066: 7041: 6616: 6491: 6126: 6082: 6077: 5671: 5579: 5532: 5302: 5231: 5159: 4824: 4764: 4663: 4607: 4537: 4443: 4401: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4340: 4299: 4271: 4261: 4211: 4195: 4051: 4041: 4027: 4007: 3824: 3785: 3744: 3693: 3664:"The Outline of Personhood Law Regarding Artificial Intelligences and Emulated Human Entities" 3641: 3573: 3548: 3512: 3201: 3133: 3123: 2754: 2719: 2711: 2664: 2615: 2539: 2430: 2380: 2355: 2273: 2214: 2089: 2071: 1910: 1853: 1835: 1720: 1526: 1471:. Episode four, titled "How to Teleport", mentions that mind uploading via techniques such as 1393: 1389: 1036: 1016: 815: 681: 570:

and the precise control of the well-being, motivations or personality of the emulated beings.

531: 480: 401: 334: 171: 108: 4393: 4287: 3303: 2739:"An insect brain computational model inspired by Drosophila melanogaster: Simulation results" 2692:"Theory of the locomotion of nematodes: control of the somatic motor neurons by interneurons" 7173: 7071: 6900: 6566: 6087: 5802: 5718: 5651: 5644: 5619: 5557: 5537: 5492: 5487: 5261: 5200: 5082: 4794: 4683: 4203: 4148: 4032: 3775: 3734: 3724: 3683: 3631: 3504: 3466: 3423: 3382: 2998: 2746: 2703: 2654: 2605: 2595: 2531: 2265: 2129: 2079: 2061: 1996: 1900: 1892: 1843: 1825: 1781: 1747: 1712: 1670: 1602: 1557: 1552: 1398: 1231: 1063: 926: 800: 543: 515: 433: 385: 381: 322: 295: 7366: 7213: 7188: 7143: 6466: 6131: 6099: 6067: 5901: 5678: 5666: 5143: 5138: 5087: 5042: 4934: 4859: 4809: 4754: 4738: 4253: 2780: 2569: 2561: 2509: 2458: 2375:

Bostrom, Nick (March 27, 2024). "Handout 2: Some capabilities at technological maturity".

1941: 1660: 1612: 1518: 1487: 1441: 1425: 1077: 773: 546:

to the human body. It would allow for the use of smaller spacecraft, such as the proposed

299: 224: 103: 3739: 3712: 3679: 3627: 2650: 2489:"New imaging method developed at Stanford reveals stunning details of brain connections" 2057: 1888: 1275:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1209:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7356: 7341: 7336: 7158: 7153: 6910: 6662: 6596: 6571: 6541: 6516: 6436: 6421: 5807: 5450: 5226: 5077: 4708: 4698: 4693: 4668: 4592: 4493: 4322: 4164: 4160: 4144: 3538: 2610: 2583: 2042:"Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities" 1905: 1872: 1848: 1813: 1587: 1145: 1125: 1059: 910: 895: 849: 839: 819: 792: 491:

continue. As of December 2022, this kind of technology is almost entirely theoretical.

488: 361: 318: 298:, including animal brain mapping and simulation, development of faster supercomputers, 259: 3328: 2084: 2041: 905:

It may be possible to create functional 3D maps of the brain activity, using advanced

600: 7431: 7386: 7346: 7056: 6667: 6657: 6561: 6048: 5839: 5656: 5639: 5589: 5317: 5286: 5281: 5256: 5246: 5047: 4678: 4439:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders

4433: 4425: 4336:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders

4330: 4245: 3797: 3524: 2707: 2676: 2502: 2189: 2110: 1665: 1562: 1522: 1239: 1052: 983: 954: 605: 476: 450: 445: 441: 357: 326: 196: 17: 3864: 3478: 2794: 2285: 7148: 6938: 6895: 6626: 6546: 6486: 6461: 6398: 5743: 5611: 5497: 5465: 5307: 5276: 5266: 5184: 5092: 4900: 4718: 4703: 4673: 4597: 4587: 4547: 4091: 4037: 3814: 2301:"Identity crisis: Artificial intelligence and the flawed logic of 'mind uploading'" 2234: 2141: 1980: 1945: 1793: 1655: 1448: 1429: 1417: 1411: 1244: 1155: 1105: 1097: 1092: 906: 804: 777: 535: 472: 307: 291: 267: 176: 4240:; Curl, Ruth (1996). "Philosophical Models of Immortality in Science Fiction". In 4119:"'Mind Uploading' & Digital Immortality May Be Reality By 2045, Futurists Say" 3949: 3780: 3763: 827:

of the events and mental processes immediately before the time of brain scanning.

4207: 3470: 2600: 2001: 1766: 317:(which can be considered as a gradual destructive uploading), until the original 7085: 6677: 6576: 6551: 6536: 6043: 5738: 5733: 5477: 4733: 4713: 4552: 4507: 3495:

Bancroft, Tyler D. (Aug 2013). "Ethical Aspects of Computational Neuroscience".

1638: 1454: 1124:

The process of developing emulation technology raises ethical issues related to

1023: 991: 974:

The main philosophical problem faced by "mind uploading" or mind copying is the

864: 824: 808: 796: 365: 88: 4627: 4288:"Appendix to Chapter 6: Philosophical Models of Immortality in Science Fiction" 4250:

Immortal Engines: Life Extension and Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy

3729: 2750: 2738: 2523: 2133: 7091: 7046: 7036: 6672: 6426: 6249: 6185: 5698: 5251: 4941: 4774: 4602: 4156: 4055: 3508: 3427: 3386: 3002: 2535: 1785: 1751: 1716: 1388:

Because of the postulated difficulties that a whole brain emulation-generated

978:: the difficulty of explaining how a physical entity such as a human can have 697: 330: 212: 155: 73: 3789: 3697: 3645: 3516: 3137: 2715: 2350:

Bostrom, Nick (March 27, 2024). "Handout 10: downloading and brain editing".

2075: 1949: 1839: 1830: 1724: 6852: 6740: 6521: 6200: 6195: 6168: 6138: 6121: 5728: 5236: 5102: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 4688: 4557: 4459: 4275: 3711:

Laakasuo, Michael; Sundvall, Jukka; Drosinou, Marianna; et al. (2023).

3016: 2256:

Martin, G. M. (1971). "Brief proposal on immortality: an interim solution".

1592: 1530: 1491: 1101: 995: 429: 281: 150: 4997: 4152: 3928:. In Eden, Amnon; Søraker, Johnny; Moor, James H.; Steinhart, Eric (eds.). 3748: 3688: 3663: 3636: 3611: 2827: 2668: 2619: 2066: 2016: 1957:. Technical Report #2008-3. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University 1914: 1857: 1043:, made a similar objection in the 17th century, coining the popular phrase 3922: 2723: 2691: 2277: 2269: 2168: 2093: 1305:

there would be more time for the technology to transition through society.

7122: 6264: 6190: 6006: 5572: 5547: 4527: 3255:"My Brain, my Mind, and I: Some Philosophical Problems of Mind-Uploading" 2853: 2845: 1607: 1437: 1004: 713: 563: 373: 353: 338: 278: 270: 263: 5365: 1896: 1479:

may enable people to be transported vast distances at near light-speed.

7321: 7016: 6180: 4789: 1362:

As counterpoint to these considerations, Bostrom notes some downsides:

1158:

expresses concern that we could build a "Disneyland without children."

860: 530:

An "uploaded astronaut" could be used instead of a "live" astronaut in

405: 314: 290:

Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in

68: 5117: 3297:"Seeking normative guidelines for novel future forms of consciousness" 1136:

measures would be required, which might cause pain to living animals.

1031:

was coined in 1994, debate surrounding the problem itself is ancient.

6060: 5205: 4532: 3542: 3072:(Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2919:

Chalmers, David (1995). "Facing up to the problem of consciousness".

1567: 1421: 1141: 979: 609: 539: 346: 45: 4033:

Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control

3409:"Why Uploading Will Not Work, or, the Ghosts Haunting Transhumanism" 2941: 2659: 2634: 1226:

Emulations might be preceded by a technological arms race driven by

3254: 1402:

rejects creating one, simply calling it "so obviously a bad idea".

994:, which includes the philosophical belief that consciousness is an 6143: 6016: 5870: 5567: 4799: 4200:

All the Wonder that Would Be: Exploring Past Notions of the Future

2743:

The 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

2402:"A New Field of Neuroscience Aims to Map Connections in the Brain" 1384:

AI later on. Two intelligence explosions may mean more total risk.

894: 886: 838: 599: 342: 4369:

Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination: Visions, Minds, Ethics

3930:

Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment

3459:

Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence

939:

fruit fly, and mouse have all been simulated to various degrees.

3457:

Sandberg, Anders (14 April 2014). "Ethics of brain emulations".

2239:"Live Forever–Uploading The Human Brain...Closer Than You Think" 2163: 1767:"Coalescing minds: brain uploading-related group mind scenarios" 1008: 425: 284: 5874: 5369: 5001: 4463: 1051:

was among the first to describe mental experience as merely an

3863:

Shulman, Carl; Sandberg, Anders (2010). Mainzer, Klaus (ed.).

3329:"When Should Two Minds Be Considered Versions of One Another?" 1698:"A framework for approaches to transfer of a mind's substrate" 1255: 1189: 891:

Process from MRI acquisition to whole brain structural network

360:

movement, mind uploading is treated as an important proposed

3872:

ECAP10: VIII European Conference on Computing and Philosophy

3195: 2894:"Why the human brain project went wrong and how to fix it" 2737:

Arena, Paolo; Patane, Luca; Termini, Pietro Savio (2010).

1871:

Kay KN, Naselaris T, Prenger RJ, Gallant JL (March 2008).

807:. Destructive scanning of a small sample of tissue from a 3943: 3941: 3939: 3823:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 528. 1080:, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system. 1022:

These philosophical issues have a long history. In 1775,

4071:"Today's Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future" 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 4002:

Bostrom, Nick (2014). "Ch. 14: The strategic picture".

3818: 3544:

Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy

1392:

would pose for the control problem, computer scientist

1350:

Emulations could more easily inherit human motivations.

4398:

Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature

3302:. University of California, Santa Cruz. Archived from 3122:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier / Academic Press. 2584:"Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex" 1873:"Identifying natural images from human brain activity" 1738:

Goertzel, Ben; Ikle', Matthew (2012). "Introduction".

3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3170:"Response to Susan Schneider's "Philosophy of 'Her"" 2982:

Yoonsuck Choe; Jaerock Kwon; Ji Ryang Chung (2012).

2153: 2151: 1300:

Arguments for speeding up brain-emulation research:

30:"Mind transfer" redirects here. For other uses, see 7309: 7289: 7222: 7136: 7105: 7009: 6924: 6881: 6872: 6808: 6787: 6751: 6706: 6699: 6650: 6407: 6386: 6379: 6273: 6213: 6159: 5973: 5908: 5691: 5610: 5410: 5403: 5295: 5219: 5193: 5152: 5125: 5035: 4979: 4919: 4868: 4747: 4651: 4635: 4500: 4371:. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 173–174. 4202:. Science and Fiction. Springer. pp. 276–278. 3278:"You Might Never Upload Your Brain Into a Computer" 3200:(1st ed.). Humanity+ Press and Alautun Press. 1503:embodiment as part of their reproductive strategy. 946:, initiated by the Brain and Mind Institute of the 811:including synaptic details is possible as of 2010. 27:

Hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain

388:for medical research purposes. It is discussed in 4296:Our Stories: Essays on Life, Death, and Free Will 3017:"The Duplicates Paradox (The Duplicates Problem)" 2965:"Clearing Up Misconceptions About Mind Uploading" 2425:Bostrom, Nick (2017). "Speed superintelligence". 2105: 2103: 1494:beings, but also deals with human mind transfer. 1366:Even if we better understand human behavior, the 414:numerous science fiction novels, films, and games 4442:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 418–420. 3865:"Implications of a Software-Limited Singularity" 2557: 2555: 1484:Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds 1316:Arguments for slowing brain-emulation research: 4909:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To 4613:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 3997: 3995: 3993: 3610:Eckersley, Peter; Sandberg, Anders (Dec 2013). 3490: 3488: 2377:Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World 2352:Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World 2046:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1113: 456: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3416:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 3374:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 2991:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1774:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1740:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 1705:International Journal of Machine Consciousness 432:property of the information processing of its 5886: 5381: 5013: 4475: 4004:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 3923:"Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import" 3890: 3888: 3846:"Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?" 3657: 3655: 3570:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 3068:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 2457:. Carboncopies.org Foundation. Archived from 2427:Superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies 875:staining methods that could then be read via 232: 8: 4298:. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–101. 3572:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 3197:A Taxonomy and Metaphysics of Mind-Uploading 3087: 3085: 2326:"Uploaded e-crews for interstellar missions" 1814:"A Brief History of Simulation Neuroscience" 1807: 1805: 1803: 1529:is preserved. It is a common feature of the 1475:and whole brain emulation using an advanced 424:Many neuroscientists believe that the human 4339:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 154. 3347:"Goertzel Contra Dvorsky on Mind Uploading" 3034:Augustine of Hippo. "Book 11, Chapter 26". 1339:Emulations might be easier to control than 786:Scanning and mapping scale of an individual 6878: 6703: 6383: 6217: 5977: 5893: 5879: 5871: 5853: 5407: 5388: 5374: 5366: 5020: 5006: 4998: 4482: 4468: 4460: 4229: 4227: 3668:Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 3616:Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 2213:. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 261–262. 913:(fMRI, for mapping change in blood flow), 550:, and it would enable virtually unlimited 239: 225: 36: 4568:Index of topics related to life extension 3950:"Singularity Summit 2011 Workshop Report" 3948:Salamon, Anna; Muehlhauser, Luke (2012). 3921:Muehlhauser, Luke; Salamon, Anna (2012). 3809: 3807: 3779: 3738: 3728: 3687: 3635: 2984:"Time, Consciousness, and Mind Uploading" 2658: 2609: 2599: 2503:Large scale analysis of neural structures 2083: 2065: 2000: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1904: 1847: 1829: 1765:Sotala, Kaj; Valpola, Harri (June 2012). 1634:Thought recording and reproduction device 1500:Wetwares: Experiments in PostVital Living 1463:Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible 1353:Emulations are harder to manipulate than 4400:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 28. 3547:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 949:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 627: 392:research publications as an approach to 266:the mental state of the individual in a 5483:Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor 5441:Applications of artificial intelligence 3957:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 3844:Miller, Kenneth D. (October 10, 2015). 3366:"The Terasem Mind Uploading Experiment" 3070:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2690:Niebur, E.; Erdös, P. (November 1993). 2633:Glover, Paul; Bowtell, Richard (2009). 1995:(18, Special Review Issue): 1161–1173. 1812:Fan, Xue; Markram, Henry (2019-05-07). 1688: 1533:subgenre, sometimes taking the form of 757:Stochastic behavior of single molecules 204: 163: 142: 126: 60: 44: 6637:Writers and Illustrators of the Future 5709:Differential technological development 3762:Hurtado Hurtado, Joshua (2022-07-18). 2776: 2766: 2491:. Stanford Medicine. 21 December 2009. 2400:Caruso, Catherine (January 19, 2023). 2635:"Medical imaging: MRI rides the wave" 2524:"Uploading: A Philosophical Analysis" 2210:I of the vortex: from neurons to self 2159:"Tech Luminaries Address Singularity" 495:Theoretical benefits and applications 7: 5602:Three-dimensional integrated circuit 5348: 2258:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1019:the hardware of the first computer. 587:Relevant technologies and techniques 5798:Future-oriented technology analysis 5461:Progress in artificial intelligence 4170:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 3154:Transhumanism and Personal Identity 2795:"Mouse brain simulated on computer" 2324:Prisco, Giulio (12 December 2012). 2192:(June 1991). "Conscious Machines". 1186:Political and economic implications 3276:Dvorsky, George (April 17, 2013). 3092:Schneider, Susan (March 2, 2014). 2846:"Artificial brain '10 years away'" 1074:Neural correlates of consciousness 877:confocal laser scanning microscopy 25: 2963:Cortese, Franco (June 17, 2013). 2844:Fildes, Jonathan (22 July 2009). 2522:Chalmers, David J. (2014-06-13). 1676:Neural network (machine learning) 1624:Technologically enabled telepathy 1029:the hard problem of consciousness 770: 7410: 7401: 7400: 5985:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 5852: 5347: 5336: 5335: 5116: 4626: 2946:Journal of Consciousness Studies 2922:Journal of Consciousness Studies 1951:Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap 1260: 1194: 999:in the brain. In contrast, many 273:. The computer would then run a 52: 5498:Fourth-generation optical discs 4643:Timeline of senescence research 3612:"Is Brain Emulation Dangerous?" 3345:Morem, Sally (April 21, 2013). 3194:Wiley, Keith (September 2014). 3168:Wiley, Keith (March 20, 2014). 2942:"The Universe in Consciousness" 2867:Epstein, Robert (18 May 2016). 2299:Rosenberg, Louis (2022-08-13). 1252:Emulation timelines and AI risk 1232:might be interpreted as offense 651:Analog network population model 398:artificial general intelligence 7362:Science and technology studies 4394:"Artificial Intelligence (AI)" 3228:Ruparel, Bhavik (2018-07-30). 2040:Hopfield, J. J. (1982-04-01). 1120:Ethical and legal implications 32:Mind transfer (disambiguation) 1: 5825:Technology in science fiction 3895:Hanson, Robin (26 Nov 2009). 3781:10.1080/13576275.2022.2100250 3049:Descartes, René (1637). "4". 2826:. 19 May 2015. Archived from 2451:"Substrate-Independent Minds" 1818:Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 1420:, director of engineering at 976:hard problem of consciousness 321:brain no longer exists and a 4208:10.1007/978-3-319-51759-9_10 3471:10.1080/0952813X.2014.895113 3407:Hopkins, Patrick D. (2012). 3253:Hauskeller, Michael (2012). 2892:Theil, Stefan (2015-10-01). 2708:10.1016/0025-5564(93)90033-7 2601:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159 2115:"Can machines be conscious?" 2002:10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.011 1645:The Future of Work and Death 867:places on the neuron's cell 857:scanning electron microscope 843:Serial sectioning of a brain 254:is a speculative process of 6906:Space stations and habitats 4770:Alliance for Aging Research 4430:"Immortality and Longevity" 4258:University of Georgia Press 4006:. Oxford University Press. 3364:Rothblatt, Martine (2012). 2512:, CSL-89-10 November 1989, 2429:. Oxford University Press. 729:States of protein complexes 7479: 5830:Technology readiness level 5766:Technological unemployment 5170:Computational neuroscience 5073:Intelligence amplification 4805:Gerontology Research Group 4248:; Rabkin, Eric S. (eds.). 4083:Carnegie Mellon University 3730:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254846 3662:Muzyka, Kamil (Dec 2013). 3230:"On Achieving Immortality" 3064:Robinson, William (2023), 2940:Kastrup, Bernardo (2018). 2751:10.1109/IJCNN.2010.5596513 2194:Machinery of Consciousness 2134:10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4531463 1629:Teletransportation paradox 1510: 1374:AI under self-improvement. 1334:psychological manipulation 1323:risks from uncontrolled AI 1058:A considerable portion of 924: 646:(Earliest year of making) 644:$ 1 million super‐computer 503: 378:computational neuroscience 114:Intelligence amplification 29: 7395: 7352:Museum of Science Fiction 7297:Christian science fiction 7261:Self-replicating machines 6220: 5980: 5848: 5813:Technological singularity 5773:Technological convergence 5331: 5114: 4845:MPI for Biology of Ageing 4624: 4578:Longevity escape velocity 4392:Booker, M. Keith (2014). 3509:10.1007/s12152-012-9163-7 3428:10.1142/S1793843012400136 3387:10.1142/S1793843012400070 3118:Squire, Larry R. (2008). 3094:"The Philosophy of 'Her'" 3003:10.1142/S179384301240015X 2536:10.1002/9781118736302.ch6 2113:; Tononi, Giulio (2008). 1786:10.1142/S1793843012400173 1752:10.1142/S1793843012020015 1717:10.1142/s1793843012400021 1548:Mind uploading in fiction 1513:Mind uploading in fiction 1468:Physics of the Impossible 1269:This section needs to be 1203:This section needs to be 743:Distribution of complexes 534:, avoiding the perils of 410:technological singularity 304:brain–computer interfaces 5625:Brain–computer interface 5508:Holographic data storage 5029:Brain–computer interface 4956:Experimental Gerontology 4855:SENS Research Foundation 3120:Fundamental neuroscience 2696:Mathematical Biosciences 1831:10.3389/fninf.2019.00032 1578:Democratic transhumanism 1461:, hosted a documentary, 1457:, in collaboration with 1144:" thought experiment of 1130:artificial consciousness 1045:"Je pense, donc je suis" 984:phenomenal consciousness 596:Computational complexity 520:University of Washington 84:Brain–computer interface 7443:Hypothetical technology 7230:Artificial intelligence 7128:Simulated consciousness 5778:Technological evolution 5751:Exploratory engineering 5503:3D optical data storage 5436:Artificial intelligence 4928:Ageing Research Reviews 4573:List of aging processes 3897:"Bad Emulation Advance" 3717:Frontiers in Psychology 3051:Discourse on the Method 1989:Artificial Intelligence 1434:artificial intelligence 1228:first-strike advantages 500:"Immortality" or backup 479:, Randal A. Koene, and 400:) and to at least weak 390:artificial intelligence 7382:Technology and society 6250:Science Fiction Museum 5788:Technology forecasting 5783:Technological paradigm 5756:Proactionary principle 5630:Electroencephalography 5597:Software-defined radio 5165:Cognitive neuroscience 4618:Transhumanist politics 4103:Moravec, Hans (1988). 4069:Moravec, Hans (1979). 3689:10.2478/jagi-2013-0010 3637:10.2478/jagi-2013-0011 3568:Bostrom, Nick (2014). 3327:Goertzel, Ben (2012). 3151:Hughes, James (2013). 2406:Harvard medical school 2067:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554 1117: 915:magnetoencephalography 902: 900:Magnetoencephalography 892: 844: 666:Spiking neural network 618:an argument specious. 614: 461: 404:. Another approach is 368:technology (known as " 262:is used to completely 79:Biomedical engineering 6981:Organ transplantation 6240:Libraries and museums 6161:Cyberpunk derivatives 6115:Utopian and dystopian 5714:Disruptive innovation 5397:Emerging technologies 5313:Simulation hypothesis 4970:Rejuvenation Research 4963:Neurobiology of Aging 4840:Methuselah Foundation 4365:"Reshaping the Human" 4286:; Curl, Ruth (2009). 4075:Field Robotics Center 3295:Oto, Brandon (2011). 2270:10.1353/pbm.1971.0015 1696:Bamford, Sim (2012). 1619:Simulation hypothesis 1525:, and if so, whether 988:subjective experience 898: 890: 842: 603: 581:subjective experience 568:cognitive enhancement 256:whole brain emulation 182:Morphological freedom 119:Whole brain emulation 94:Distributed cognition 18:Whole brain emulation 7438:Fictional technology 7332:Fictional technology 7327:Fictional astronauts 7184:Frankenstein complex 5761:Technological change 5704:Collingridge dilemma 5424:Ambient intelligence 5133:Electrocorticography 5126:Scientific phenomena 5098:Sensory substitution 4292:Fischer, John Martin 4284:Fischer, John Martin 4238:Fischer, John Martin 2528:Intelligence Unbound 1651:Vertiginous question 1473:quantum entanglement 1465:, based on his book 1089:philosophical zombie 970:Philosophical issues 909:technology, such as 873:immunohistochemistry 192:Techno-progressivism 7372:Speculative fiction 6966:Genetic engineering 5818:Technology scouting 5793:Accelerating change 5446:Machine translation 5108:Synthetic telepathy 4815:Immortalist Society 4563:Indefinite lifespan 4543:Free-radical theory 4523:Calorie restriction 4513:Anti-aging movement 3680:2013JAGI....4..164M 3628:2013JAGI....4..170E 2899:Scientific American 2651:2009Natur.457..971G 2058:1982PNAS...79.2554H 2021:sf-encyclopedia.com 1897:10.1038/nature06713 1889:2008Natur.452..352K 1583:Human Brain Project 1573:Cylon (reimagining) 1535:digital immortality 1426:Global Futures 2045 959:Human Brain Project 782: 552:interstellar travel 506:Digital immortality 465:computer scientists 384:fields, both about 370:digital immortality 356:and within part of 135:Cyborg anthropology 99:Genetic engineering 40:Part of a series on 7199:Message from space 7164:Ancient astronauts 7052:Parallel universes 7027:Extrasolar planets 6934:Biological warfare 6056:Parallel universes 5938:Scientific romance 5835:Technology roadmap 5471:Speech recognition 5456:Mobile translation 5429:Internet of things 5323:Walk Again Project 5242:J. C. R. Licklider 5180:Neural engineering 4885:The First Immortal 4361:Blackford, Russell 4079:Robotics Institute 3098:The New York Times 3066:"Epiphenomenalism" 2820:"Bluebrain - EPFL" 2568:2008-02-01 at the 2508:2012-02-04 at the 2501:Merkle, R., 1989, 2207:Llinas, R (2001). 1598:Open individualism 1033:Augustine of Hippo 944:Blue Brain Project 903: 893: 845: 615: 469:Douglas Hofstadter 187:Singularitarianism 7425: 7424: 7317:Alternate history 7305: 7304: 7266:Simulated reality 6996:Sex and sexuality 6949:Extraterrestrials 6868: 6867: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6432:Campbell Memorial 6209: 6208: 6078:Planetary romance 5868: 5867: 5687: 5686: 5672:Visual prosthesis 5580:Optical computing 5363: 5362: 5303:Human enhancement 5232:Douglas Engelbart 5160:Cognitive science 4995: 4994: 4825:Insilico Medicine 4664:Eric R. Braverman 4608:Stem-cell therapy 4449:978-0-313-32951-7 4407:978-0-8108-7884-6 4378:978-3-319-61685-8 4346:978-0-313-32951-7 4305:978-0-19-537495-7 4260:. pp. 3–12. 4217:978-3-319-51759-9 4149:Stableford, Brian 4047:978-0-525-55861-3 2869:"The empty brain" 2760:978-1-4244-6916-1 2645:(7232): 971–972. 2436:978-0-19-967811-2 2237:(February 2000). 2220:978-0-262-62163-2 1983:(December 2007). 1394:Stuart J. Russell 1390:superintelligence 1290: 1289: 1224: 1223: 1151:Superintelligence 1041:mind-body dualism 1039:, the founder of 835:Serial sectioning 816:short-term memory 801:sensory receptors 783: 769: 682:Electrophysiology 532:human spaceflight 526:Space exploration 402:superintelligence 345:, biological, or 249: 248: 172:Cognitive liberty 109:Human enhancement 16:(Redirected from 7470: 7414: 7404: 7403: 7242:Astroengineering 7174:Evil corporation 6901:Matrioshka brain 6879: 6818:List of TV shows 6704: 6384: 6218: 6088:Sword and planet 5978: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5872: 5856: 5855: 5803:Horizon scanning 5719:Ephemeralization 5652:Neuroprosthetics 5645:Neuroinformatics 5620:Artificial brain 5558:Racetrack memory 5493:Extended reality 5488:Cybermethodology 5408: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5351: 5350: 5339: 5338: 5262:Miguel Nicolelis 5201:Brain transplant 5120: 5083:Neuroprosthetics 5022: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4893:Fantastic Voyage 4684:Leonard Hayflick 4630: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4454: 4453: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4279: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4196:"Mind Uploading" 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4085:. Archived from 4066: 4060: 4059: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3999: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3783: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3732: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3607: 3584: 3583: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3454: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3430:. Archived from 3413: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3389:. Archived from 3370: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2988: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2745:. pp. 1–8. 2734: 2728: 2727: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2662: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2603: 2579: 2573: 2559: 2550: 2549: 2519: 2513: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2455:carboncopies.org 2447: 2441: 2440: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2243:Psychology Today 2231: 2225: 2224: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2176: 2167:. Archived from 2155: 2146: 2145: 2119: 2107: 2098: 2097: 2087: 2069: 2052:(8): 2554–2558. 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1956: 1942:Sandberg, Anders 1938: 1919: 1918: 1908: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1851: 1833: 1809: 1798: 1797: 1771: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1702: 1693: 1671:Miguel Nicolelis 1603:Posthumanization 1558:Brain transplant 1553:BRAIN Initiative 1399:Human Compatible 1285: 1282: 1276: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1064:singularitarians 927:Brain simulation 921:Brain simulation 795:, including the 628: 544:cosmic radiation 516:George M. Martin 513:biogerontologist 434:neuronal network 386:brain simulation 382:neuroinformatics 323:computer program 296:computer science 241: 234: 227: 205:Related articles 56: 37: 21: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7453:Neurotechnology 7428: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7391: 7367:Sense of wonder 7301: 7285: 7218: 7214:Xenoarchaeology 7189:Galactic empire 7144:Africanfuturism 7132: 7101: 7005: 6920: 6864: 6804: 6783: 6747: 6687: 6646: 6409: 6403: 6375: 6269: 6205: 6155: 6132:Techno-thriller 6100:Climate fiction 6068:Science fantasy 6022:Anime and manga 5969: 5928:Anthropological 5904: 5902:Science fiction 5899: 5869: 5864: 5844: 5683: 5679:Neurotechnology 5667:Retinal implant 5606: 5417: 5414: 5413:Information and 5399: 5394: 5364: 5359: 5327: 5291: 5215: 5189: 5148: 5144:Neuroplasticity 5139:Neural ensemble 5121: 5112: 5088:Neurotechnology 5043:Biomechatronics 5031: 5026: 4996: 4991: 4975: 4915: 4864: 4860:Sierra Sciences 4810:Human Longevity 4755:2045 Initiative 4743: 4739:Michael D. West 4647: 4631: 4622: 4496: 4488: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4408: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4323:Langford, David 4321: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4282: 4268: 4254:Athens, Georgia 4242:Slusser, George 4236: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4165:Sleight, Graham 4161:Langford, David 4145:Langford, David 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4125:. June 18, 2013 4123:Huffington Post 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4048: 4028:Russell, Stuart 4026: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3901:Overcoming Bias 3894: 3893: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3609: 3608: 3587: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3539:Chalmers, David 3537: 3536: 3532: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3456: 3455: 3442: 3434: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2952:(5–6): 125–155. 2939: 2938: 2934: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2830:on 2006-01-14. 2818: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2775: 2765: 2761: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2660:10.1038/457971a 2632: 2631: 2627: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2570:Wayback Machine 2560: 2553: 2546: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2510:Wayback Machine 2500: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1940: 1939: 1922: 1883:(7185): 352–5. 1870: 1869: 1865: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1661:2045 Initiative 1613:Ship of Theseus 1543: 1519:science fiction 1515: 1509: 1488:Gregory S. Paul 1442:Randal A. Koene 1408: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1265: 1261: 1254: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1122: 1069:Susan Schneider 972: 967: 929: 923: 885: 837: 788: 771:Estimates from 645: 640: 635: 598: 589: 576: 560: 528: 508: 502: 497: 422: 335:simulated world 300:virtual reality 245: 104:Human ecosystem 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7476: 7474: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7357:Rubber science 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7337:Future history 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7159:Alien language 7156: 7154:Alien invasion 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118:Mind uploading 7115: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976:Nanotechnology 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6911:Stellar engine 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6408:Literary, art, 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5635:Mind uploading 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:Machine vision 5448: 5443: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5420: 5418: 5415:communications 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5345: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5227:Charles Stross 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5211:Mind uploading 5208: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5078:Isolated brain 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4987:Life extension 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4949:Biogerontology 4945: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4877:Life Extension 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785:Buck Institute 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4709:Ilya Mechnikov 4706: 4701: 4699:Dimu Kotsovsky 4696: 4694:Cynthia Kenyon 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4669:Aubrey de Grey 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4593:Organ printing 4590: 4585: 4583:Mind uploading 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4494:life extension 4489: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4434:Westfahl, Gary 4426:Westfahl, Gary 4417: 4406: 4384: 4377: 4352: 4345: 4331:Westfahl, Gary 4314: 4311: 4310: 4304: 4280: 4266: 4246:Westfahl, Gary 4233: 4223: 4216: 4183: 4173:(4th ed.) 4136: 4110: 4095: 4089:on 2022-12-19. 4061: 4046: 4019: 4013:978-0199678112 4012: 3969: 3935: 3913: 3884: 3855: 3850:New York Times 3836: 3829: 3803: 3754: 3703: 3674:(3): 164–169. 3651: 3622:(3): 170–194. 3585: 3579:978-0199678112 3578: 3560: 3553: 3530: 3503:(2): 415–418. 3484: 3465:(3): 439–457. 3440: 3437:on 2012-09-06. 3422:(1): 229–243. 3399: 3396:on 2013-08-27. 3381:(1): 141–158. 3356: 3337: 3319: 3287: 3268: 3245: 3220: 3207:978-0692279847 3206: 3186: 3160: 3143: 3128: 3110: 3081: 3056: 3041: 3026: 3008: 2974: 2955: 2932: 2911: 2884: 2859: 2836: 2811: 2786: 2777:|journal= 2759: 2729: 2682: 2625: 2574: 2551: 2544: 2514: 2494: 2480: 2471: 2442: 2435: 2417: 2392: 2386:978-1646871643 2385: 2367: 2361:978-1646871643 2360: 2342: 2330:kurzweilai.net 2316: 2291: 2264:(2): 339–340. 2248: 2226: 2219: 2199: 2190:Minsky, Marvin 2181: 2147: 2111:Koch, Christof 2099: 2032: 2008: 1972: 1920: 1863: 1799: 1780:(1): 293–312. 1757: 1730: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588:Isolated brain 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1407: 1404: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1348: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1288: 1287: 1268: 1266: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1222: 1221: 1202: 1200: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1146:David Chalmers 1126:animal welfare 1121: 1118: 1060:transhumanists 1037:René Descartes 971: 968: 966: 963: 925:Main article: 922: 919: 911:functional MRI 884: 881: 863:, but also at 850:ultramicrotome 836: 833: 820:working memory 793:nervous system 787: 784: 768: 767: 764: 761: 758: 754: 753: 750: 747: 744: 740: 739: 736: 733: 730: 726: 725: 722: 719: 716: 710: 709: 706: 703: 700: 694: 693: 690: 687: 684: 678: 677: 674: 671: 668: 662: 661: 658: 655: 652: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 606:supercomputers 597: 594: 588: 585: 575: 572: 559: 556: 542:of space, and 527: 524: 504:Main article: 501: 498: 496: 493: 481:Rodolfo Llinás 428:is largely an 421: 418: 362:life extension 252:Mind uploading 247: 246: 244: 243: 236: 229: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 207: 206: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 166: 165: 161: 160: 159: 158: 153: 145: 144: 140: 139: 138: 137: 129: 128: 124: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 63: 62: 58: 57: 49: 48: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7475: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Transhumanism 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7407: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7347:Magic realism 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223:Technological 7221: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204:Transhumanism 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179:First contact 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106:Psychological 7104: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7077:Teleportation 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7057:Portable hole 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6883:Architectural 6880: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6779:Short stories 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6602:Tähtivaeltaja 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6049:Space Western 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6034:Space warfare 6032: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5861: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5840:Transhumanism 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:Brain implant 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5640:Brain-reading 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5590:Chipless RFID 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5356: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318:Transhumanism 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5287:Edward Boyden 5285: 5283: 5282:Yoky Matsuoka 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Merlin Donald 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247:Kevin Warwick 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5048:Brain implant 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748:Organizations 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Denham Harman 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4508:Anti-oxidants 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4267:0-8203-1733-0 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192:Webb, Stephen 4187: 4184: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4137: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4105:Mind Children 4099: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3837: 3832: 3830:9780198754626 3826: 3822: 3821: 3820:The Age of Em 3816: 3815:Hanson, Robin 3810: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3554:9780393635805 3550: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3309:on 2014-01-03 3305: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3265:(1): 187–200. 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3187: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3129:9780123740199 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2929:(3): 200–219. 2928: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:ATLUM Project 2558: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545:9781118736418 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2461:on 2014-01-03 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2379:. Ideapress. 2378: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2354:. Ideapress. 2353: 2346: 2343: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235:Kurzweil, Ray 2230: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2171:on 2009-05-01 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:IEEE Spectrum 2116: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2033: 2022: 2018: 2017:"SFE: Upload" 2012: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:Goertzel, Ben 1976: 1973: 1969: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946:Boström, Nick 1943: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1666:Dmitry Itskov 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1563:Brain-reading 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496:Richard Doyle 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1240:The Age of Em 1235: 1233: 1229: 1218: 1206: 1201: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1142:fading qualia 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1053:epiphenomenon 1050: 1049:Thomas Huxley 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 969: 964: 962: 960: 956: 955:Henry Markram 951: 950: 945: 940: 938: 934: 928: 920: 918: 916: 912: 908: 901: 897: 889: 883:Brain imaging 882: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 841: 834: 832: 828: 826: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 785: 781: 779: 775: 765: 762: 759: 756: 755: 751: 748: 745: 742: 741: 737: 734: 731: 728: 727: 723: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 707: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 691: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 659: 656: 653: 650: 649: 643: 639:Memory demand 638: 633: 630: 629: 626: 623: 619: 611: 607: 602: 595: 593: 586: 584: 582: 573: 571: 569: 565: 557: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 525: 523: 521: 517: 514: 507: 499: 494: 492: 490: 484: 482: 478: 477:Marvin Minsky 474: 470: 466: 460: 455: 453: 452: 451:IEEE Spectrum 447: 446:Giulio Tononi 443: 442:Christof Koch 437: 435: 431: 427: 419: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:transhumanist 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 283: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 242: 237: 235: 230: 228: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 211: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 197:Transhumanism 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 141: 136: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 65: 64: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7463:Posthumanism 7377:Supernatural 7149:Afrofuturism 7062:Space travel 6971:Invisibility 6939:Energy being 6916:Terraforming 6896:Dyson sphere 6891:Colonization 6823:Australasian 6716:Film history 6497:Grand Master 5857: 5744:Robot ethics 5634: 5612:Neuroscience 5466:Semantic Web 5353: 5340: 5308:Neurohacking 5277:Vernor Vinge 5267:Peter Kyberd 5210: 5185:Neuroscience 5093:Optogenetics 5036:Technologies 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4907: 4901:Ending Aging 4899: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4719:Durk Pearson 4704:Ray Kurzweil 4674:Laura Deming 4659:Bill Andrews 4598:Rejuvenation 4588:Nanomedicine 4582: 4548:Gene therapy 4437: 4420: 4411: 4397: 4387: 4368: 4355: 4334: 4317: 4295: 4249: 4199: 4186: 4175:. Retrieved 4168: 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4122: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4087:the original 4064: 4038:Viking Press 4031: 4022: 4003: 3960:. Retrieved 3956: 3929: 3916: 3904:. Retrieved 3900: 3875:. Retrieved 3871: 3858: 3849: 3839: 3819: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3671: 3667: 3619: 3615: 3569: 3563: 3543: 3533: 3500: 3496: 3462: 3458: 3432:the original 3419: 3415: 3402: 3391:the original 3378: 3372: 3359: 3350: 3340: 3322: 3311:. Retrieved 3304:the original 3290: 3281: 3271: 3262: 3259:Academia.edu 3258: 3248: 3237:. Retrieved 3233: 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3196: 3189: 3177:. Retrieved 3173: 3163: 3153: 3146: 3119: 3113: 3101:. Retrieved 3097: 3074:, retrieved 3069: 3059: 3050: 3044: 3035: 3029: 3020: 3011: 2994: 2990: 2977: 2968: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2903:. Retrieved 2897: 2887: 2876:. Retrieved 2872: 2862: 2849: 2839: 2831: 2828:the original 2823: 2814: 2803:. Retrieved 2801:. 2007-04-27 2798: 2789: 2742: 2732: 2702:(1): 51–82. 2699: 2695: 2685: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2591: 2588:PLOS Biology 2587: 2577: 2527: 2517: 2497: 2483: 2474: 2463:. Retrieved 2459:the original 2454: 2445: 2426: 2420: 2409:. Retrieved 2405: 2395: 2376: 2370: 2351: 2345: 2333:. Retrieved 2329: 2319: 2308:. Retrieved 2304: 2294: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2229: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2173:. Retrieved 2169:the original 2162: 2125: 2121: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2024:. Retrieved 2020: 2011: 1992: 1988: 1975: 1966: 1959:. Retrieved 1950: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1821: 1817: 1777: 1773: 1760: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1711:(1): 23–34. 1708: 1704: 1691: 1656:Chinese room 1643: 1516: 1499: 1483: 1481: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1449:Nick Bostrom 1446: 1430:neuroscience 1418:Ray Kurzweil 1416: 1412:Hans Moravec 1409: 1397: 1396:in his book 1387: 1381: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1343:AI because: 1340: 1338: 1331: 1315: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1278: 1270: 1245:Robin Hanson 1238: 1236: 1225: 1212: 1204: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1156:Nick Bostrom 1149: 1138: 1133: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1106:quantum mind 1098:Ray Kurzweil 1093:Chinese room 1086: 1082: 1057: 1044: 1028: 1021: 1013: 973: 947: 941: 936: 932: 930: 907:neuroimaging 904: 854: 846: 829: 814:However, if 813: 805:muscle cells 789: 772: 624: 620: 616: 590: 577: 561: 558:Mind editing 536:zero gravity 529: 509: 485: 473:Jeff Hawkins 462: 457: 449: 438: 423: 351: 312: 308:connectomics 292:neuroscience 289: 255: 251: 250: 177:Extropianism 7448:Immortality 7235:AI takeover 7082:Time travel 7042:Inertialess 7032:Force field 7022:Black holes 6991:Prosthetics 6853:Live-action 6622:Translation 6617:Tour-Apollo 6492:Golden Duck 6394:Jules Verne 6260:Women in SF 6225:Conventions 6110:Libertarian 6073:Dying Earth 6044:Space opera 6012:Inner space 5923:Definitions 5808:Moore's law 5739:Neuroethics 5734:Cyberethics 5478:Atomtronics 5194:Speculative 5153:Disciplines 4734:Roy Walford 4714:Liz Parrish 4553:Gerontology 4327:"Computers" 4157:Clute, John 3932:. Springer. 3497:Neuroethics 3036:City of God 3021:benbest.com 2594:(7): e159. 2530:: 102–118. 2305:VentureBeat 1639:Turing test 1477:MRI machine 1455:Michio Kaku 1024:Thomas Reid 992:physicalism 935:roundworm, 825:memory loss 809:mouse brain 797:spinal cord 554:distances. 489:Moore's law 366:immortality 352:Among some 258:in which a 89:Cybernetics 61:Cyborgology 7432:Categories 7271:Spacecraft 7247:Holography 7113:Group mind 7092:Warp drive 7047:Multiverse 7037:Hyperspace 6926:Biological 6810:Television 6774:Publishers 6752:Literature 6651:Multimedia 6567:Prometheus 6502:Grand Prix 6417:Astounding 6281:Australian 6186:Dieselpunk 6151:Underwater 5950:Golden Age 5699:Automation 5272:Steve Mann 5252:Matt Nagle 4980:Categories 4942:Aging Cell 4775:Altos Labs 4729:Sandy Shaw 4603:Senescence 4518:Biohacking 4491:Outline of 4177:2024-03-29 4056:1113410915 3313:2014-01-03 3239:2018-07-31 3234:medium.com 3213:16 October 3174:H+Magazine 3076:2024-05-16 2997:(1): 257. 2905:2021-04-04 2878:2021-04-04 2805:2024-05-10 2465:2014-01-03 2411:2024-05-10 2310:2024-05-10 2175:2009-04-02 2026:2024-03-24 1683:References 1507:In fiction 1005:idealistic 937:Drosophila 933:C. elegans 698:Metabolome 634:CPU demand 347:cybernetic 331:biological 275:simulation 260:brain scan 213:Cyborg art 156:Cyberspace 74:Biomimicry 7290:Religious 7001:Symbiosis 6986:Parasites 6944:Evolution 6764:Magazines 6741:Tokusatsu 6522:Kitschies 6452:Deutscher 6410:and audio 6387:Cinematic 6341:Norwegian 6331:Hungarian 6291:Brazilian 6201:Steampunk 6196:Solarpunk 6169:Cyberpunk 6139:Tokusatsu 6122:Tech noir 6105:Christian 6083:Superhero 5974:Subgenres 5729:Bioethics 5662:Exocortex 5538:Millipede 5237:Hugh Herr 5103:Stentrode 5068:Exocortex 5063:Cyberware 5058:Brainport 5053:BrainGate 4724:Mark Roth 4689:Saul Kent 4558:Glycation 3798:250650618 3790:1357-6275 3774:: 18–36. 3768:Mortality 3698:1946-0163 3646:1946-0163 3525:145511899 3517:1874-5504 3138:190867431 2850:bbc.co.uk 2779:ignored ( 2769:cite book 2716:0025-5564 2677:205044426 2128:(6): 55. 2076:0027-8424 1840:1662-5196 1725:1793-8430 1593:Neuralink 1531:cyberpunk 1523:conscious 1482:The book 1410:In 1979, 1406:Advocates 1368:evolution 1281:June 2024 1237:The book 1215:June 2024 1102:solipsism 1001:dualistic 448:wrote in 394:strong AI 354:futurists 282:conscious 151:Cyberpunk 7406:Category 7276:Tachyons 7123:Psionics 7097:Wormhole 7067:Stargate 7010:Physical 6843:Japanese 6838:European 6833:Canadian 6731:Japanese 6683:Spectrum 6663:Chandler 6597:Sunburst 6592:Sturgeon 6582:Sidewise 6572:Rhysling 6542:Nautilus 6512:Heinlein 6467:Endeavor 6422:Aurealis 6371:Yugoslav 6351:Romanian 6336:Japanese 6321:Estonian 6311:Croatian 6296:Canadian 6265:Worldcon 6235:Fanzines 6191:Nanopunk 6174:Japanese 6039:Military 6007:Grimdark 6002:Feminist 5965:Timeline 5960:New Wave 5573:UltraRAM 5342:Category 4920:Journals 4538:Exercise 4528:Cryonics 4428:(2005). 4363:(2017). 4325:(2005). 4276:34319944 4194:(2017). 4167:(eds.). 4153:"Upload" 4151:(2022). 4129:March 8, 4092:wikidata 4030:(2019). 3817:(2016). 3749:38162973 3740:10757642 3541:(2022). 3479:14545074 3351:h+ Media 3157:. Wiley. 2969:h+ Media 2854:BBC News 2669:19225512 2620:18597554 2566:Archived 2506:Archived 2286:71120068 1948:(2008). 1915:18322462 1858:31133838 1608:Robotoid 1541:See also 1527:identity 1492:sentient 1438:cryonics 1017:emulates 996:emergent 869:membrane 861:synapses 774:Sandberg 714:Proteome 564:nanobots 548:StarChip 463:Eminent 459:quality. 430:emergent 420:Overview 374:cryonics 339:humanoid 279:sentient 271:computer 164:Politics 7322:Fantasy 7310:Related 7281:Weapons 7256:Cyborgs 7017:Ansible 6828:British 6800:Theatre 6612:Tiptree 6587:Skylark 6532:Laßwitz 6517:Ignotus 6507:Harland 6482:Gaughan 6472:FantLab 6437:Chesley 6366:Spanish 6361:Serbian 6356:Russian 6306:Chinese 6301:Chilean 6286:Bengali 6255:Studies 6214:Culture 6181:Biopunk 6029:Mundane 5995:Sitcoms 5955:History 5918:Authors 5910:Outline 5519:Memory 5354:Commons 4790:BioViva 4436:(ed.). 4333:(ed.). 4294:(ed.). 3962:28 June 3906:28 June 3676:Bibcode 3624:Bibcode 2724:8260760 2647:Bibcode 2611:2443193 2335:31 July 2278:5546258 2142:7226896 2094:6953413 2054:Bibcode 1961:5 April 1906:3556484 1885:Bibcode 1849:6513977 1794:6230653 1746:: 1–3. 1459:Science 1382:de novo 1372:de novo 1355:de novo 1341:de novo 1271:updated 1205:updated 1164:partial 1134:in vivo 1078:complex 778:Bostrom 636:(FLOPS) 613:arises. 518:of the 406:seed AI 327:mapping 319:organic 315:neurons 268:digital 264:emulate 143:Centers 69:Bionics 46:Cyborgs 7416:Portal 7342:Horror 7252:Robots 7209:Uplift 7137:Social 7086:Viewer 6961:Gender 6874:Themes 6769:Novels 6759:Comics 6726:Indian 6668:Dragon 6658:Aurora 6642:Zajdel 6627:Urania 6562:Parsec 6557:Norton 6547:Nebula 6527:Lambda 6487:Geffen 6477:Galaxy 6462:Ditmar 6442:Clarke 6399:Saturn 6380:Awards 6346:Polish 6326:French 6274:Region 6230:Fandom 6127:Spy-Fi 6095:Social 6061:Isekai 5990:Comedy 5724:Ethics 5692:Topics 5404:Fields 5220:People 5206:Cyborg 5135:(ECoG) 4912:(2019) 4904:(2007) 4896:(2004) 4888:(1998) 4880:(1982) 4795:Calico 4652:People 4636:Events 4533:Cyborg 4501:Issues 4446: 4404: 4375: 4343: 4302: 4274: 4264: 4214: 4054: 4044: 4010: 3877:17 May 3827: 3796: 3788: 3747: 3737: 3696: 3644: 3576: 3551: 3523: 3515: 3477: 3204: 3136: 3126: 3103:May 7, 2757: 2722: 2714: 2675: 2667: 2639:Nature 2618: 2608: 2542: 2433: 2383: 2358: 2284: 2276: 2217: 2140: 2092: 2085:346238 2082: 2074: 1968:brain. 1913: 1903: 1877:Nature 1856: 1846: 1838: 1824:: 32. 1792: 1723: 1568:Cyborg 1422:Google 1312:risks. 980:qualia 965:Issues 803:, and 780:, 2008 610:TOP500 540:vacuum 538:, the 349:body. 127:Theory 7387:Weird 7169:Black 7072:Stars 6848:Anime 6795:Opera 6788:Stage 6736:Anime 6721:Films 6700:Media 6678:Seiun 6632:Vogel 6577:SFERA 6552:Nommo 6537:Locus 6447:Crook 6316:Czech 6245:ISFDB 6144:Kaiju 6017:Mecha 5568:SONOS 5528:ECRAM 5523:CBRAM 5515:GPGPU 5296:Other 4935:Aging 4869:Books 4800:ERIBA 4432:. In 4413:Egan. 4329:. In 4290:. In 4155:. In 3953:(PDF) 3926:(PDF) 3868:(PDF) 3794:S2CID 3521:S2CID 3475:S2CID 3435:(PDF) 3412:(PDF) 3394:(PDF) 3369:(PDF) 3332:(PDF) 3307:(PDF) 3300:(PDF) 3179:7 May 2987:(PDF) 2673:S2CID 2282:S2CID 2138:S2CID 2118:(PDF) 1955:(PDF) 1790:S2CID 1770:(PDF) 1701:(PDF) 986:, or 865:other 848:cryo- 766:2111 752:2063 738:2052 724:2048 708:2044 692:2033 676:2019 660:2008 631:Level 608:from 574:Speed 343:robot 7254:and 7194:LGBT 6954:List 6860:U.S. 6708:Film 6673:Hugo 6457:Dick 6427:BSFA 5943:Soft 5933:Hard 5859:List 5585:RFID 5563:RRAM 5553:PRAM 5548:NRAM 5543:MRAM 5533:FRAM 5175:NBIC 4830:LEAF 4765:AgeX 4444:ISBN 4402:ISBN 4373:ISBN 4341:ISBN 4300:ISBN 4272:OCLC 4262:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4131:2024 4052:OCLC 4042:ISBN 4008:ISBN 3964:2014 3908:2014 3879:2014 3825:ISBN 3786:ISSN 3745:PMID 3694:ISSN 3642:ISSN 3574:ISBN 3549:ISBN 3513:ISSN 3215:2014 3202:ISBN 3181:2014 3134:OCLC 3124:ISBN 3105:2014 2873:Aeon 2824:EPFL 2781:help 2755:ISBN 2720:PMID 2712:ISSN 2665:PMID 2616:PMID 2540:ISBN 2431:ISBN 2381:ISBN 2356:ISBN 2337:2015 2274:PMID 2215:ISBN 2164:IEEE 2090:PMID 2072:ISSN 1963:2009 1911:PMID 1854:PMID 1836:ISSN 1721:ISSN 1432:and 1128:and 1062:and 1009:soul 1003:and 942:The 818:and 641:(Tb) 444:and 426:mind 380:and 294:and 285:mind 6607:TBD 4850:NIA 4835:LEF 4820:ILA 4780:AGE 4760:A4M 4204:doi 3776:doi 3735:PMC 3725:doi 3684:doi 3632:doi 3505:doi 3467:doi 3424:doi 3383:doi 3282:io9 2999:doi 2799:BBC 2747:doi 2704:doi 2700:118 2655:doi 2643:457 2606:PMC 2596:doi 2532:doi 2266:doi 2130:doi 2080:PMC 2062:doi 1997:doi 1993:171 1901:PMC 1893:doi 1881:452 1844:PMC 1826:doi 1782:doi 1748:doi 1713:doi 1498:'s 1486:by 1243:by 1108:). 364:or 7434:: 4410:. 4396:. 4367:. 4270:. 4256:: 4252:. 4244:; 4226:^ 4210:. 4198:. 4163:; 4159:; 4147:; 4121:. 4081:, 4077:, 4073:. 4050:. 4040:. 4036:. 3972:^ 3955:. 3938:^ 3899:. 3887:^ 3870:. 3848:. 3806:^ 3792:. 3784:. 3772:29 3770:. 3766:. 3743:. 3733:. 3723:. 3721:14 3719:. 3715:. 3692:. 3682:. 3670:. 3666:. 3654:^ 3640:. 3630:. 3618:. 3614:. 3588:^ 3519:. 3511:. 3499:. 3487:^ 3473:. 3463:26 3461:. 3443:^ 3418:. 3414:. 3377:. 3371:. 3349:. 3280:. 3261:. 3257:. 3232:. 3172:. 3132:. 3096:. 3084:^ 3019:. 2995:04 2993:. 2989:. 2967:. 2950:25 2948:. 2944:. 2925:. 2896:. 2871:. 2852:. 2848:. 2822:. 2797:. 2773:: 2771:}} 2767:{{ 2753:. 2741:. 2718:. 2710:. 2698:. 2694:. 2671:. 2663:. 2653:. 2641:. 2637:. 2614:. 2604:. 2590:. 2586:. 2564:, 2554:^ 2538:. 2526:. 2453:. 2404:. 2328:. 2303:. 2280:. 2272:. 2262:14 2260:. 2241:. 2161:. 2150:^ 2136:. 2126:45 2124:. 2120:. 2102:^ 2088:. 2078:. 2070:. 2060:. 2050:79 2048:. 2044:. 2019:. 1991:. 1987:. 1965:. 1944:; 1923:^ 1909:. 1899:. 1891:. 1879:. 1875:. 1852:. 1842:. 1834:. 1822:13 1820:. 1816:. 1802:^ 1788:. 1778:04 1776:. 1772:. 1744:04 1742:. 1719:. 1709:04 1707:. 1703:. 1537:. 1336:. 1234:. 1154:, 982:, 799:, 776:, 763:10 760:10 749:10 746:10 735:10 732:10 721:10 718:10 705:10 702:10 689:10 686:10 673:10 670:10 657:10 654:10 483:. 475:, 471:, 454:: 436:. 416:. 341:) 306:, 302:, 287:. 7088:) 7084:( 5894:e 5887:t 5880:v 5389:e 5382:t 5375:v 5021:e 5014:t 5007:v 4483:e 4476:t 4469:v 4452:. 4381:. 4349:. 4308:. 4278:. 4220:. 4206:: 4180:. 4133:. 4107:. 4058:. 4016:. 3966:. 3910:. 3881:. 3852:. 3833:. 3800:. 3778:: 3751:. 3727:: 3700:. 3686:: 3678:: 3672:4 3648:. 3634:: 3626:: 3620:4 3582:. 3557:. 3527:. 3507:: 3501:6 3481:. 3469:: 3426:: 3420:4 3385:: 3379:4 3353:. 3334:. 3316:. 3284:. 3263:4 3242:. 3217:. 3183:. 3140:. 3107:. 3053:. 3038:. 3023:. 3005:. 3001:: 2971:. 2927:2 2908:. 2881:. 2856:. 2808:. 2783:) 2763:. 2749:: 2726:. 2706:: 2679:. 2657:: 2649:: 2622:. 2598:: 2592:6 2572:. 2548:. 2534:: 2468:. 2439:. 2414:. 2389:. 2364:. 2339:. 2313:. 2288:. 2268:: 2245:. 2223:. 2178:. 2144:. 2132:: 2096:. 2064:: 2056:: 2029:. 2005:. 1999:: 1917:. 1895:: 1887:: 1860:. 1828:: 1796:. 1784:: 1754:. 1750:: 1727:. 1715:: 1283:) 1279:( 1217:) 1213:( 1140:" 396:( 240:e 233:t 226:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.