Ransomware - Knowledge

1173:, and the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine. As it used corporate network structures to spread, the ransomware was also discovered in other countries, including Turkey, Germany, Poland, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Experts believed the ransomware attack was tied to the Petya attack in Ukraine (especially because Bad Rabbit's code has many overlapping and analogical elements to the code of Petya/NotPetya, appending to CrowdStrike Bad Rabbit and NotPetya's dynamic link library (DLL) share 67 percent of the same code) though the only identity to the culprits are the names of characters from the 1355:, Biden told the press, "I made it very clear to him that the United States expects when a ransomware operation is coming from his soil even though it’s not sponsored by the state, we expect them to act if we give them enough information to act on who that is." Biden later added that the United States would take the group's servers down if Putin did not. Four days later, REvil websites and other infrastructure vanished from the internet. 729: 569:

disclosure is at the discretion of the computer virus". The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed "non-zero sum games and survivable malware". The attack can yield monetary gain in cases where the malware acquires access to information that may damage the victim user or organization, e.g., the reputational damage that could result from publishing proof that the attack itself was a success.

1507:. But it only works when the cipher the attacker used was weak to begin with, being vulnerable to known-plaintext attack); recovery of the key, if it is possible, may take several days. Free ransomware decryption tools can help decrypt files encrypted by the following forms of ransomware: AES_NI, Alcatraz Locker, Apocalypse, BadBlock, Bart, BTCWare, Crypt888, CryptoMix, CrySiS, EncrypTile, FindZip, Globe, 6635: 382:, Krotten, Cryzip, and MayArchive began utilizing more sophisticated RSA encryption schemes, with ever-increasing key-sizes. Gpcode.AG, which was detected in June 2006, was encrypted with a 660-bit RSA public key. In June 2008, a variant known as Gpcode.AK was detected. Using a 1024-bit RSA key, it was believed large enough to be computationally infeasible to break without a concerted 1611:

law-enforcement bodies are contemplating making the creation of ransomware illegal. In the state of Maryland, the original draft of HB 340 made it a felony to create ransomware, punishable by up to 10 years in prison. However, this provision was removed from the final version of the bill. A minor in Japan was arrested for creating and distributing ransomware code. Young and

1129:(but affecting many countries). This version had been modified to propagate using the same EternalBlue exploit that was used by WannaCry. Due to another design change, it is also unable to actually unlock a system after the ransom is paid; this led to security analysts speculating that the attack was not meant to generate illicit profit, but to simply cause disruption. 5912: 6478: 1575:

his profits. He also contacted online criminals from China and the US to move the money. For about one and a half years, he posed as a legitimate supplier of online promotions of book advertising on some of the world's most visited legal pornography websites. Each of the adverts that were promoted on the websites contained the

1285:(almost US$ 5 million) from Colonial Pipeline. U.S. officials are investigating whether the attack was purely criminal or took place with the involvement of the Russian government or another state sponsor. Following the attack, DarkSide posted a statement claiming that "We are apolitical, we do not participate in 1596:

A breakthrough, in this case, occurred in May 2013 when authorities from several countries seized the Liberty Reserve servers, obtaining access to all its transactions and account history. Qaiser was running encrypted virtual machines on his Macbook Pro with both Mac and Windows operating systems. He

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investigation found the cybersecurity firms Proven Data Recovery and Monstercloud, which advertised ransom-free decryption services, would typically simply pay the ransom and charge the victim a higher price. SamSam hackers dealt with Proven Data so frequently that they would recommend the company to

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as a pornographic video player. When it is installed, it first checks the device's system language. If the language is Russian or Eastern-European, Fusob remains dormant. Otherwise, it locks the device and demands ransom. About 40% of victims are in Germany, while the United Kingdom encompasses 14.5%

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or a pre-paid cash voucher was not made within 3 days of the infection. Due to the extremely large key size it uses, analysts and those affected by the Trojan considered CryptoLocker extremely difficult to repair. Even after the deadline passed, the private key could still be obtained using an online

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Reveton initially began spreading in various European countries in early 2012. Variants were localized with templates branded with the logos of different law enforcement organizations based on the user's country; for example, variants used in the United Kingdom contained the branding of organizations

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functions. This led to improvement in the quality of ransomware and its success. Rather than random emails, the gangs stole credentials, found vulnerabilities in target networks, and improved the malware to avoid detection by anti-malware scanners. Ransoms demanded escalated into the much larger sums

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existed Young and Yung proposed that electronic money could be extorted through encryption as well, stating that "the virus writer can effectively hold all of the money ransom until half of it is given to him. Even if the e-money was previously encrypted by the user, it is of no use to the user if it

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attack invented by Adam L. Young that threatens to publish stolen information from the victim's computer system rather than deny the victim access to it. In a leakware attack, malware exfiltrates sensitive host data either to the attacker or alternatively, to remote instances of the malware, and the

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In some infections, there is a two-stage payload, common in many malware systems. The user is tricked into running a script, which downloads the main virus and executes it. In early versions of the dual-payload system, the script was contained in a Microsoft Office document with an attached VBScript

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Security experts found that the ransomware did not use the EternalBlue exploit to spread, and a simple method to inoculate an unaffected machine running older Windows versions was found by 24 October 2017. Further, the sites that had been used to spread the bogus Flash updating have gone offline or

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for his ransomware attacks in 2019. He is said to have been "the most prolific cyber criminal to be sentenced in the UK". He became active when he was only 17. He contacted the Russian controller of one of the most powerful attacks, believed to be the Lurk malware gang, and arranged for a split of

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In August 2010, Russian authorities arrested nine individuals connected to a ransomware Trojan known as WinLock. Unlike the previous Gpcode Trojan, WinLock did not use encryption. Instead, WinLock trivially restricted access to the system by displaying pornographic images and asked users to send a

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into paying for the ransomware to be removed either by supplying a program that can decrypt the files, or by sending an unlock code that undoes the payload's changes. While the attacker may simply take the money without returning the victim's files, it is in the attacker's best interest to perform

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According to Symantec 2019 ISTR report, for the first time since 2013, in 2018 there was an observed decrease in ransomware activity with a drop of 20 percent. Before 2017, consumers were the preferred victims, but in 2017 this changed dramatically, it moved to the enterprises. In 2018 this path

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are broadly immune to ransomware, because ZFS is capable of snapshotting even a large file system many times an hour, and these snapshots are immutable (read only) and easily rolled back or files recovered in the event of data corruption. In general, only an administrator can delete (but cannot

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The first attacks were on random users, typically infected through email attachments sent by small groups of criminals, demanding a few hundred dollars in cryptocurrency to unlock files (typically a private individual's photographs and documents) that the ransomware had encrypted. As ransomware

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where he was found to be using the hospital Wi-Fi to access his advertising sites. His lawyer claimed that Qaiser had suffered from mental illness. Russian police arrested 50 members of the Lurk malware gang in June 2016. Uadiale, a naturalized US citizen of Nigerian descent, was jailed for 18

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In late 2019 ransomware group Maze downloaded companies' sensitive files before locking them, and threatened to leak the data publicly if the ransom was not paid; in at least one case they did this. Many other gangs followed; "leak sites" were created on the dark web where stolen data could be

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In 2016, a significant uptick in ransomware attacks on hospitals was noted. According to the 2017 Internet Security Threat Report from Symantec Corp, ransomware affected not only IT systems but also patient care, clinical operations, and billing. Online criminals may be motivated by the money

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In May 2020, vendor Sophos reported that the global average cost to remediate a ransomware attack (considering downtime, people time, device cost, network cost, lost opportunity and ransom paid) was $ 761,106. Ninety-five percent of organizations that paid the ransom had their data restored.

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as follows, "The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. In the extortion attack, the victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its

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The publication of proof-of-concept attack code is common among academic researchers and vulnerability researchers. It teaches the nature of the threat, conveys the gravity of the issues, and enables countermeasures to be devised and put into place. However, lawmakers with the support of

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strain of the malicious Angler Exploit Kit (AEK) that seized control of the machine. Investigators discovered about £700,000 of earnings, although his network may have earned more than £4m. He may have hidden some money using cryptocurrencies. The ransomware would instruct victims to buy

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released a report that provided guidance for how to mitigate ransomware attacks. This was due to a significant jump in recent attacks related to ransomware. These attacks included aggression against a US pipeline company and a software company, which impacted the downstream customers of

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vouchers and enter the code in the Reveton panel displayed on the screen. This money entered a MoneyPak account managed by Qaiser, who would then deposit the voucher payments into the debit card account of his American co-conspirator, Raymond Odigie Uadiale. Uadiale was a student at

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There are a number of tools intended specifically to decrypt files locked by ransomware, although successful recovery may not be possible. If the same encryption key is used for all files, decryption tools use files for which there are both uncorrupted backups and encrypted copies (a

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accessed. Later attacks focussed on the threat to leak data, without necessarily locking it—this negated the protection afforded victims by robust backup procedures. As of 2023 there is a risk of hostile governments using ransomware to conceal what is actually intelligence gathering.

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the decryption as agreed, since victims will stop sending payments if it becomes known that they serve no purpose. A key element in making ransomware work for the attacker is a convenient payment system that is hard to trace. A range of such payment methods have been used, including

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Ransomware is growing rapidly across the internet users but also for the IoT environment. The big problem is that millions of dollars are lost by some organizations and industries that have decided to pay, such as the Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center and the MedStar Health.

694:. Evidence has demonstrated that the targeted institutions of these attacks included government, finance, and healthcare. Researchers have contended that several different factors can explain the increase in attacks during this time. However, a major factor is that 946:

for every infected computer, making the encryption trivial to overcome. However, this flaw was later fixed. By late-November 2014, it was estimated that over 9,000 users had been infected by TorrentLocker in Australia alone, trailing only Turkey with 11,700 infections.

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If an attack is suspected or detected in its early stages, it takes some time for encryption to take place; immediate removal of the malware (a relatively simple process) before it has completed would stop further damage to data, without salvaging any already lost.

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solution is a critical component to defending against ransomware. Note that, because many ransomware attackers will not only encrypt the victim's live machine but it will also attempt to delete any hot backups stored locally or on accessible over the network on a

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Security experts have suggested precautionary measures for dealing with ransomware. Using software or other security policies to block known payloads from launching will help to prevent infection, but will not protect against all attacks As such, having a proper

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notice, and informed users that a system's Windows installation had to be re-activated due to " victim of fraud". An online activation option was offered (like the actual Windows activation process), but was unavailable, requiring the user to call one of six

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The attacker receives the payment, deciphers the asymmetric ciphertext with the attacker's private key, and sends the symmetric key to the victim. The victim deciphers the encrypted data with the needed symmetric key thereby completing the cryptovirology

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victims having technical difficulties making payment. Other companies like Coveware were more transparent in offering the service of paying the hackers and patching insecure systems. Many American victims found the ransom amount was too low to meet the

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In July 2013, a 21-year-old man from Virginia, whose computer coincidentally did contain pornographic photographs of underage girls with whom he had conducted sexualized communications, turned himself in to police after receiving and being deceived by

101:(FBI) to have accrued over US$ 18 million by June 2015. In 2020, the IC3 received 2,474 complaints identified as ransomware with adjusted losses of over $ 29.1 million. The losses could be more than that, according to the FBI. Globally, according to 504:

to input a 6-digit code. While the malware claimed that this call would be free, it was routed through a rogue operator in a country with high international phone rates, who placed the call on hold, causing the user to incur large international

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decryption key private. Young and Yung's original experimental cryptovirus had the victim send the asymmetric ciphertext to the attacker who deciphers it and returns the symmetric decryption key it contains to the victim for a fee. Long before

646:(PTP - standard protocol used to transfer files.) Researchers found that it was possible to exploit vulnerabilities in the protocol to infect target camera(s) with ransomware (or execute any arbitrary code). This attack was presented at the 790:, which specifically accused the user of illegally downloading music. In a statement warning the public about the malware, the Metropolitan Police clarified that they would never lock a computer in such a way as part of an investigation. 634:

that had been exploited by ransomware websites. It recently has been shown that ransomware may also target ARM architectures like those that can be found in various Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, such as Industrial IoT edge devices.

312:. This electronic money collection method was also proposed for cryptoviral extortion attacks. In the von Solms-Naccache scenario a newspaper publication was used (since bitcoin ledgers did not exist at the time the paper was written). 150:

the symmetric key and the original plaintext data to prevent recovery. It puts up a message to the user that includes the asymmetric ciphertext and how to pay the ransom. The victim sends the asymmetric ciphertext and e-money to the

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2015 IEEE 17th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 2015 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security, and 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Embedded Software and

755:. Due to this behaviour, it is commonly referred to as the "Police Trojan". The warning informs the user that to unlock their system, they would have to pay a fine using a voucher from an anonymous prepaid cash service such as 163:

is randomly generated and will not assist other victims. At no point is the attacker's private key exposed to victims and the victim need only send a very small ciphertext (the encrypted symmetric-cipher key) to the attacker.

89:, the use of ransomware scams has grown internationally. There were 181.5 million ransomware attacks in the first six months of 2018. This record marks a 229% increase over this same time frame in 2017. In June 2014, vendor 4326: 1478:

On Windows 10, users can add specific directories or files to Controlled Folder Access in Windows Defender to protect them from ransomware. It is advised to add backup and other important directories to Controlled Folder

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has also proliferated. Typically, mobile ransomware payloads are blockers, as there is little incentive to encrypt data since it can be easily restored via online synchronization. Mobile ransomware typically targets the

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in the months following, including CryptoLocker 2.0 (thought not to be related to CryptoLocker), CryptoDefense (which initially contained a major design flaw that stored the private key on the infected system in a

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and Ukraine reported a new ransomware attack, named "Bad Rabbit", which follows a similar pattern to WannaCry and Petya by encrypting the user's file tables and then demands a Bitcoin payment to decrypt them.

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estimated based on Bitcoin transaction information that between 15 October and 18 December, the operators of CryptoLocker had procured about US$ 27 million from infected users. The CryptoLocker technique was

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A number of file systems keep snapshots of the data they hold, which can be used to recover the contents of files from a time prior to the ransomware attack in the event the ransomware does not disable it.

492:(costing around US$ 10) to receive a code that could be used to unlock their machines. The scam hit numerous users across Russia and neighbouring countries—reportedly earning the group over US$ 16 million. 5623: 437:

ransomware attacks affecting government, healthcare and industry. This lead President Rodrigo Chaves to declare a state of emergency and announce that Costa Rica is "at war" with its ransomware hackers.

805:, suggesting that its authors may have been planning to target users in North America. By August 2012, a new variant of Reveton began to spread in the United States, claiming to require the payment of a 531:-specific ransomware Trojan surfaced, which displays a web page that accuses the user of downloading pornography. Unlike its Windows-based counterparts, it does not block the entire computer, but simply 292:

189 to "PC Cyborg Corporation" in order to obtain a repair tool even though the decryption key could be extracted from the code of the Trojan. The Trojan was also known as "PC Cyborg". Popp was declared

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can be applied. Such may include disconnecting infected machines from all networks, educational programs, effective communication channels, malware surveillance and ways of collective participation

6206: 1515:, XData. Ransomware encryption that has been cracked by security researchers is typically abandoned for criminal purposes; thus in practice most attacks cannot be reverted by breaking encryption. 3342: 1122:

reported that despite what it believed to be an innovative evolution in ransomware design, it had resulted in relatively-fewer infections than other ransomware active around the same time frame.

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the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them. In a properly implemented cryptoviral extortion attack, recovering the files without the decryption

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macro, or in a windows scripting facility (WSF) file. As detection systems started blocking these first stage payloads, the Microsoft Malware Protection Center identified a trend away toward

1296:(CISA) issued a joint alert urging the owners and operators of critical infrastructure to take certain steps to reduce their vulnerability to DarkSide ransomware and ransomware in general. 365:, which encompasses both overt and covert attacks. The cryptoviral extortion protocol was inspired by the parasitic relationship between H. R. Giger's facehugger and its host in the movie 2261: 5822: 4483: 1319:—where a caller with remote access to the computer may use the tool to lock the user out of their computer with a password known only to them. Syskey was removed from later versions of 284:

written by Joseph Popp in 1989, had a design failure so severe it was not necessary to pay the extortionist at all. Its payload hid the files on the hard drive and encrypted only their

3424: 4188: 3001: 1471:(VSS) is often used to store backups of data; ransomware often targets these snapshots to prevent recovery and therefore it is often advisable to disable user access to the user tool 880:

against the Russian hacker Evgeniy Bogachev for his alleged involvement in the botnet. It was estimated that at least US$ 3 million was extorted with the malware before the shutdown.

3083: 2576: 4132: 4334: 904:; to evade detection by automatic e-mail scanners that follow all links on a page to scan for malware, this variant was designed to require users to visit a web page and enter a 4080: 586:

Exfiltration attacks are usually targeted, with a curated victim list, and often preliminary surveillance of the victim's systems to find potential data targets and weaknesses.

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unless a "ransom" is paid. While some simple ransomware may lock the system without damaging any files, more advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion. It

5653: 3450: 3316: 2486: 2325: 4716: 1990: 1054:. The ransomware attack, unprecedented in scale, infected more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries, using 20 different languages to demand money from users using 900:(which is, as with CryptoLocker 2.0, unrelated to the original CryptoLocker). The Trojans spread via fraudulent e-mails claiming to be failed parcel delivery notices from 6350: 963:

ad network in late-September 2014 that targeted several major websites; the ads redirected to rogue websites that used browser plugin exploits to download the payload. A

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to help ransomware victims recover their data without paying a ransom. They offer a free CryptoSheriff tool to analyze encrypted files and search for decryption tools.

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Trojan), its payload displays a warning purportedly from a law enforcement agency claiming that the computer has been used for illegal activities, such as downloading

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to guess weak passwords until one is broken. The virus has been behind attacks on government and healthcare targets, with notable hacks occurring against the town of

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Al-Hawawreh, Muna; den Hartog, Frank; Sitnikova, Elena (2019). "Targeted Ransomware: A New Cyber Threat to Edge System of Brownfield Industrial Internet of Things".

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In 2012, Symantec reported spread out of Eastern Europe of ransomware with a lock screen purporting to be law enforcement demanding payment for illegal activity.

422:. In January 2015, it was reported that ransomware-styled attacks have occurred against individual websites via hacking, and through ransomware designed to target 78:

disguised as a legitimate file that the user is tricked into downloading or opening when it arrives as an email attachment. However, one high-profile example, the

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In addition, old copies of files may exist on the disk, which has been previously deleted. In some cases, these deleted versions may still be recoverable using

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released data showing that it had collected more than double the number of ransomware samples that quarter than it had in the same quarter the previous year.

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for allegedly launching SamSam ransomware. The two have allegedly made $ 6 million from extortion and caused over $ 30 million in damages using the malware.

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The most recent version, CryptoWall 4.0, enhanced its code to avoid antivirus detection, and encrypts not only the data in files but also the file names.

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alone, the fatal flaw being that the decryption key could be extracted from the Trojan, and implemented an experimental proof-of-concept cryptovirus on a

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of victims and the US encompasses 11.4%. Fusob and Small (another family of ransomware) represented over 93% of mobile ransomware between 2015 and 2016.

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to communicate with its servers. When encrypting files, the malware also deletes volume shadow copies and installs spyware that steals passwords and

5585: 4539: 1953: 3476: 476:, wherein ransomware is sold, ready for deployment on victims' machines, on a subscription basis, similarly to Adobe Creative Cloud or Office 365. 4941: 2130: 2076: 680:

accelerated with 81 percent infections which represented a 12 percent increase. The common distribution method today is based on email campaigns.

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was particularly successful, procuring an estimated US$ 3 million before it was taken down by authorities, and CryptoWall was estimated by the US

6446: 1090:. The attackers gave their victims a 7-day deadline from the day their computers got infected, after which the encrypted files would be deleted. 607:

installed by an unsuspecting user; it may attempt to display a blocking message over top of all other applications, while another used a form of

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or otherwise face a fictitious criminal charge. Fusob requests iTunes gift cards for payment, unlike most cryptocurrency-centric ransomware.

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Another major ransomware Trojan targeting Windows, CryptoWall, first appeared in 2014. One strain of CryptoWall was distributed as part of a

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Fusob is a major family of mobile ransomware. Between April 2015 and March 2016, about 56 percent of accounted mobile ransomware was Fusob.

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Unless malware gains root on the ZFS host system in deploying an attack coded to issue ZFS administrative commands, file servers running

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file system the next time that the infected system boots, blocking the system from booting into Windows at all until the ransom is paid.

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Some payloads consist simply of an application designed to lock or restrict the system until payment is made, typically by setting the

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threshold for federal involvement, but that local police lacked the technical capabilities to help and were often victims themselves.

4054: 1878: 288:, and displayed a message claiming that the user's license to use a certain piece of software had expired. The user was asked to pay 7847: 7538: 7013: 6086: 5862: 5645: 4430: 3320: 3196: 2333: 1806: 1707: 1635: 916:, were again, unrelated to the original CryptoLocker due to differences in their operation. A notable victim of the Trojans was the 6068: 2494: 1826: 1619:

book being written. The source code to the cryptotrojan is still live on the Internet and is associated with a draft of Chapter 2.

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accusing him of possessing child pornography. An investigation discovered the incriminating files, and the man was charged with

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by Spanish authorities for his connection to a crime ring that had been using Reveton; ten other individuals were arrested on

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and encrypts the victim's data with it. It uses the public key in the malware to encrypt the symmetric key. This is known as

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reported that it had found new variants of Reveton that also distribute password-stealing malware as part of its payload.

763:. To increase the illusion that the computer is being tracked by law enforcement, the screen also displays the computer's 465: 5253: 4768: 3769: 1695: – presence of data additional to the actual data that may permit correction of errors in stored or transmitted data 908:

code before the payload is actually downloaded, preventing such automated processes from being able to scan the payload.

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platform, as it allows applications to be installed from third-party sources. The payload is typically distributed as an

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could not be tried earlier because he was sectioned (involuntarily committed) under the UK Mental Health Act of 1983 at

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Adam Young (2005). Zhou, Jianying; Lopez, Javier (eds.). "Building a Cryptovirus Using Microsoft's Cryptographic API".

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Petya was first discovered in March 2016; unlike other forms of encrypting ransomware, the malware aimed to infect the

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have had the ANSI C source code to a ransomware cryptotrojan on-line, at cryptovirology.com, since 2005 as part of a

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Beaman, Craig; Barkworth, Ashley; Akande, Toluwalope David; Hakak, Saqib; Khan, Muhammad Khurram (1 December 2021).

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removed the problematic files within a few days of its discovery, effectively killing off the spread of Bad Rabbit.

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The notion of using public key cryptography for data kidnapping attacks was introduced in 1996 by Adam L. Young and

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embarrassing information (such as the victim's health information or information about the victim's personal past)

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The attacker generates a key pair and places the corresponding public key in the malware. The malware is released.

7885: 7689: 7465: 7191: 6906: 6624: 6207:"Angler by Lurk: Why the infamous cybercriminal group that stole millions was renting out its most powerful tool" 3398: 2720: 2050: 1449: 1421: 1410: 643: 332: 7623: 7613: 7375: 6891: 6769: 6664: 6244: 3223: 1374: 1312: 1262: 1051: 740: 415: 168: 131:. Cryptoviral extortion is the following three-round protocol carried out between the attacker and the victim. 75: 3425:"Criminals push ransomware hosted on GitHub and SourceForge pages by spamming 'fake nude pics' of celebrities" 3369: 1740: 1397:

permission to the destination storage, such that it cannot delete or overwrite previous backups. According to

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third party information stored by the primary victim (such as customer account information or health records);

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and it results in a small asymmetric ciphertext as well as the symmetric ciphertext of the victim's data. It

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Like most other pieces of ransomware, it employs scare tactics to extort a hefty sum from the user. The app

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Young, Adam (2006). "Cryptoviral Extortion Using Microsoft's Crypto API: Can Crypto APIs Help the Enemy?".

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On 27 June 2017, a heavily modified version of Petya was used for a global cyberattack primarily targeting

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Cybercrime in the Greater China Region: Regulatory Responses and Crime Prevention Across the Taiwan Strait

3451:"New OS X malware holds Macs for ransom, demands $ 300 fine to the FBI for 'viewing or distributing' porn" 1713: 1500: 1316: 1207: 748: 184: 6482: 2637: 7531: 7334: 7176: 7128: 7020: 6754: 6355: 6069:"The Trade Secret Firms That Promised High-Tech Ransomware Solutions Almost Always Just Pay the Hackers" 2377: 1754: 1335:

Ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) became a notable method after the Russia-based or Russian-speaking group

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to cause the user to give it "device administrator" privileges to achieve deeper access to the system.

5354:"Syskey.exe utility is no longer supported in Windows 10, Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019" 2614: 1196: 7857: 7852: 7811: 7740: 7598: 7425: 7309: 7299: 7181: 7164: 7040: 6952: 6901: 6846: 6714: 6687: 6669: 6634: 6567: 6538: 5649: 5589: 4795: 4026: 1686: 1433: 1386: 1340: 1017: 1013: 806: 784: 707: 631: 560:

attacker threatens to publish the victim's data unless a ransom is paid. The attack was presented at

289: 6259: 5942: 5886:"Infection control for your computers: Protecting against cyber crime - GP Practice Management Blog" 858:

tool, but the price would increase to 10 BTC—which cost approximately US$ 2300 as of November 2013.

450:

scripts. In 2016, PowerShell was found to be involved in nearly 40% of endpoint security incidents.

7880: 7806: 7430: 7415: 7212: 6824: 6599: 6557: 2862: 1656: 744: 281: 219: 210:

to prevent the operating system from booting until it is repaired. The most sophisticated payloads

176: 118: 86: 6281: 4717:"'Unprecedented' cyberattack hits 200,000 in at least 150 countries, and the threat is escalating" 2746: 971:

in an effort to appear trustworthy to security software. CryptoWall 3.0 used a payload written in

187:, falsely claiming that the system has been used for illegal activities, contains content such as 7791: 7628: 7608: 7490: 7480: 7435: 7149: 7008: 6936: 6841: 6433: 6381: 6225: 5986: 4869: 3750: 2712: 2435: 2233: 1934: 1598: 1468: 1203: 1111: 1024: 964: 687:

The first reported death following a ransomware attack was at a German hospital in October 2020.

544: 501: 434: 270: 203: 48: 5522: 5227: 2156: 1315:, optionally with a password. The tool has sometimes been effectively used as ransomware during 468:

servers, increasing the difficulty of tracing the exact location of the criminals. Furthermore,

6226:"Florida Man laundered money for Reveton ransomware. Then Microsoft hired him in San Francisco" 374:

Examples of extortionate ransomware became prominent in May 2005. By mid-2006, Trojans such as

297:

to stand trial for his actions, but he promised to donate the profits from the malware to fund

7816: 7770: 7679: 7505: 7445: 7420: 7244: 7056: 6814: 6749: 6699: 6646: 6604: 6552: 6423: 6319: 5858: 4915: 4850: 3956: 3938: 3526: 3149: 2299: 1926: 1802: 1674: 1650: 1437: 1429: 1417: 1327:

in 2017, due to being obsolete and "known to be used by hackers as part of ransomware scams".

968: 752: 691: 336: 215: 143: 1413:

provides a materially-reduced attack surface which results in a heightened security posture.

1066:(NHS), where at least 16 hospitals had to turn away patients or cancel scheduled operations, 650:

security conference in Las Vegas as a proof of concept attack (not as actual armed malware).

222:

the victim's files in such a way that only the malware author has the needed decryption key.

179:, which locks the system in some fashion, or claims to lock the system but does not (e.g., a 7831: 7796: 7524: 7319: 7136: 7025: 6965: 6729: 6719: 6614: 6415: 6333: 5852: 5452: 4639: 4327:"Wham bam: Global Operation Tovar whacks CryptoLocker ransomware & GameOver Zeus botnet" 3946: 3930: 3742: 2704: 2427: 2225: 1918: 1794: 1406: 1382: 818: 411: 397: 353: 294: 56: 4613: 4356: 3601: 3506:. IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Information Assurance Workshop. pp. 24–29. 3141: 1570:

A British student, Zain Qaiser, from Barking, London was jailed for more than six years at

7826: 7765: 7500: 7475: 7457: 7324: 7261: 7217: 6916: 6896: 6619: 6609: 6503: 6189: 2404: 1907:"A Content-Based Ransomware Detection and Backup Solid-State Drive for Ransomware Defense" 1731: – Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers 1728: 1701: 1692: 1590: 1589:

during 2012 and 2013 and later worked for Microsoft. Uadiale would convert the money into

1175: 1099: 869: 739:

In 2012, a major ransomware Trojan known as Reveton began to spread. Based on the Citadel

328: 324: 207: 6082: 5913:"Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Releases Guidance Regarding Ransomware" 3682: 6497: 5968: 361:

extortion", an overt attack that is part of a larger class of attacks in a field called

7786: 7760: 7567: 7086: 6984: 6834: 6784: 6759: 6724: 6704: 6584: 6572: 5445:"Russia's most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. It's unclear who disabled them" 3951: 3918: 1616: 1402: 1352: 1324: 1270: 988: 909: 901: 850: 822: 623: 556: 519:

surfaced; the malware was distributed via sites hosted on the project hosting services

461: 362: 358: 309: 250: 192: 68: 5727:"Petya ransomware attack: What you should do so that your security is not compromised" 5394:"Prolific ransomware gang suddenly disappears from internet. The timing is noteworthy" 888:

In September 2014, a wave of ransomware Trojans surfaced that first targeted users in

7874: 7745: 7664: 7572: 7380: 7159: 6996: 6957: 6926: 6921: 6774: 6764: 6734: 3754: 2893: 2835: 2750: 2708: 2237: 1938: 1542: 1531: 1504: 1425: 1390: 1273:, that led to a voluntary shutdown of the main pipeline supplying 45% of fuel to the 1071: 1059: 939: 862: 798: 787: 579:

information proprietary to the victim (such as trade secrets and product information)

406: 231: 199: 171:, entering a system through, for example, a malicious attachment, embedded link in a 79: 71:

are used for the ransoms, making tracing and prosecuting the perpetrators difficult.

40: 3818: 3477:"Man gets ransomware porn pop-up, goes to cops, gets arrested on child porn charges" 2716: 2439: 113:

The concept of file-encrypting ransomware was invented and implemented by Young and

105:, there were about 623 million ransomware attacks in 2021, and 493 million in 2022. 7684: 7603: 7304: 7266: 7254: 7229: 7030: 6886: 6589: 6437: 6419: 6157: 5527: 5493: 4773: 4301:"CryptoLocker creators try to extort even more money from victims with new service" 4278: 3847: 3242: 3118: 1905:

Min, Donghyun; Ko, Yungwoo; Walker, Ryan; Lee, Junghee; Kim, Youngjae (July 2022).

1644: 1398: 1389:, prevents them from being accessed by the ransomware. Moreover, if using a NAS or 994:

The FBI reported in June 2015 that nearly 1,000 victims had contacted the bureau's

980: 956: 921: 841: 834: 608: 532: 454: 390: 367: 211: 127: 121:

and was presented at the 1996 IEEE Security & Privacy conference. It is called

94: 6108: 5412:"McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service - The All-Stars" 3919:"Ransomware: Recent advances, analysis, challenges and future research directions" 3028:"Synology NAS devices targeted by hackers, demand Bitcoin ransom to decrypt files" 2772: 1954:"Today's Massive Ransomware Attack Was Mostly Preventable; Here's How To Avoid It" 942:, initially contained a design flaw comparable to CryptoDefense; it used the same 594:

With the increased popularity of ransomware on PC platforms, ransomware targeting

389:

Encrypting ransomware returned to prominence in late 2013 with the propagation of

4690: 2105: 183:

program). Payloads may display a fake warning purportedly by an entity such as a

7755: 7674: 7485: 7410: 7360: 7224: 6970: 6804: 6779: 6744: 6579: 6414:. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, CONFERENCE, AUGUST 2015. pp. 1338–1343. 5823:"Petya Ransomware Spreading Via EternalBlue Exploit « Threat Research Blog" 5470:"Ransomware gang that hit meat supplier mysteriously vanishes from the internet" 4001:"Barrie computer expert seeing an increase in the effects of the new ransomware" 3826: 2915: 1662: 1508: 1394: 1286: 1158: 1138: 1119: 1047: 998:

to report CryptoWall infections, and estimated losses of at least $ 18 million.

984: 924: 794: 760: 695: 664: 639: 520: 516: 243: 235: 188: 147: 60: 17: 5376:"Russian-based ransomware group 'REvil' disappears after hitting US businesses" 4993: 4967: 3934: 3874:"Who are the ransomware gangs wreaking havoc on the world's biggest companies?" 3174: 2077:"Update: McAfee: Cyber criminals using Android malware and ransomware the most" 1906: 1798: 304:

The idea of abusing anonymous cash systems to safely collect ransom from human

7714: 7659: 7392: 7329: 7035: 6799: 6682: 6562: 6398:"Ransomware on the Rise: FBI and Partners Working to Combat This Cyber Threat" 5162:"Bad Rabbit ransomware: A new variant of Petya is spreading, warn researchers" 5108:"Bad Rabbit: Ten things you need to know about the latest ransomware outbreak" 3746: 2548:"You're infected—if you want to see your data again, pay us $ 300 in Bitcoins" 2431: 1922: 1549: 1512: 1347:

in July 2021. After a July 9, 2021 phone call between United States president

1320: 1308: 1170: 972: 877: 764: 732:

A Reveton payload, fraudulently claiming that the user must pay a fine to the

561: 447: 427: 305: 138:

To carry out the cryptoviral extortion attack, the malware generates a random

102: 5801:"TRA issues advice to protect against latest ransomware Petya | The National" 4854: 4589:"Security Alert: CryptoWall 4.0 – new, enhanced and more difficult to detect" 4271:"CryptoLocker crooks charge 10 Bitcoins for second-chance decryption service" 3942: 3803: 3153: 2889: 2131:"FBI says crypto ransomware has raked in >$ 18 million for cybercriminals" 2036: 1930: 1911:

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems

659:

matured as a business, organised gangs entered the field, advertising on the

319:. Young and Yung critiqued the failed AIDS Information Trojan that relied on 7704: 7654: 7440: 7387: 7283: 7271: 6911: 6866: 6861: 6709: 6677: 6311: 5619: 3518: 1612: 1348: 1257:

On May 7, 2021, a cyberattack was executed on the US Colonial Pipeline. The

1062:

and several other large companies in Spain, as well as parts of the British

1058:

cryptocurrency. WannaCry demanded US$ 300 per computer. The attack affected

943: 928: 889: 846: 379: 316: 180: 114: 85:

Starting as early as 1989 with the first documented ransomware known as the

6173:"Reveton ransomware distributor sentenced to six years in prison in the UK" 3960: 3708:"Ransomware scammers exploited Safari bug to extort porn-viewing iOS users" 3574:"Garmin confirms cyber attack as fitness tracking systems come back online" 3343:"Symantec classifies ransomware as the most dangerous cyber threat – Tech2" 1683: – Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability 357:

gets encrypted by a cryptovirus". They referred to these attacks as being "

6477: 6351:"Holding Data Hostage: The Perfect Internet Crime? Ransomware (Scareware)" 4942:"Tuesday's massive ransomware outbreak was, in fact, something much worse" 4189:"Disk encrypting Cryptolocker malware demands $ 300 to decrypt your files" 2831: 2808: 2464: 839:

Encrypting ransomware reappeared in September 2013 with a Trojan known as

479:

Symantec has classified ransomware to be the most dangerous cyber threat.

7249: 7239: 7234: 7144: 6871: 6829: 6692: 6409:

Yang, T.; Yang, Y.; Qian, K.; Lo, D.C.T.; Qian, L. & Tao, L. (2015).

6275:"An Implementation of Cryptoviral Extortion Using Microsoft's Crypto API" 5489:"Cryptolocker Ransomware: What You Need To Know, last updated 06/02/2014" 1879:"Mamba ransomware encrypts your hard drive, manipulates the boot process" 1668: 1581: 1162: 1142: 979:

images. To further evade detection, the malware creates new instances of

975:

as part of an email attachment, which downloads executables disguised as

810: 660: 627: 604: 469: 443: 419: 298: 285: 226: 172: 44: 7097: 4796:"Honda halts Japan car plant after WannaCry virus hits computer network" 3631:"Your Android phone viewed illegal porn. To unlock it, pay a $ 300 fine" 1277:. The attack was described as the worst cyberattack to date on the U.S. 527:

that claimed to offer "fake nude pics" of celebrities. In July 2013, an

175:

email, or a vulnerability in a network service. The program then runs a

7709: 7618: 7547: 7370: 7355: 7276: 6881: 6856: 6819: 6507: 6139: 5138: 4540:"Malvertising campaign delivers digitally signed CryptoWall ransomware" 3893:

First death reported following a ransomware attack on a German hospital

3796:"Ransomware Turning Healthcare Cybersecurity Into a Patient Care Issue" 3175:"President Rodrigo Chaves says Costa Rica is at war with Conti hackers" 3114:"Hackers holding websites to ransom by switching their encryption keys" 1958: 1593:

digital currency and deposit it into Qaiser's Liberty Reserve account.

1523: 1383:

stored in locations inaccessible from any potentially infected computer

1339:

staged operations against several targets, including the Brazil-based

1282: 1223: 1192: 1126: 1087: 1079: 1055: 905: 854: 647: 394: 247: 239: 64: 36: 5303:"We talked to Windows tech support scammers. Here's why you shouldn't" 5282:(Press release). United States Department of Justice. 28 November 2018 3317:"Encryptor RaaS: Yet another new Ransomware-as-a-Service on the Block" 1157:

believed the ransomware to have been distributed by a bogus update to

690:

A significant increase in ransomware attacks occurred during the 2020

630:, Apple patched a bug in the handling of JavaScript pop-up windows in 7669: 7649: 7644: 7207: 6794: 6739: 6654: 6037: 4245:"Destructive malware "CryptoLocker" on the loose – here's what to do" 4027:"Fake cop Trojan 'detects offensive materials' on PCs, demands money" 1883: 1535: 1475:

to reduce the risk that ransomware can disable or delete past copies.

1378: 1369: 1304: 1289:...Our goal is to make money and not creating problems for society." 1238: 1149: 932: 865: 802: 768: 619: 524: 375: 90: 82:, traveled automatically between computers without user interaction. 3848:"Activity begins to drop, but remains a challenge for organizations" 2920:"CryptoLocker's crimewave: A trail of millions in laundered Bitcoin" 2229: 1791:

Cryptovirology: extortion-based security threats and countermeasures

1161:

software. Among agencies that were affected by the ransomware were:

6140:"Zain Qaiser: Student jailed for blackmailing porn users worldwide" 3657:"New Android ransomware uses clickjacking to gain admin privileges" 1716: – Network device that permits data flow in only one direction 853:. The malware threatened to delete the private key if a payment of 5220:"City of Atlanta Hit with SamSam Ransomware: 5 Key Things to Know" 5166: 4514:"Over 9,000 PCs in Australia infected by TorrentLocker ransomware" 4406:"Hackers lock up thousands of Australian computers, demand ransom" 3897: 2924: 2803: 2459: 1424:

leveraged by certain strains to propagate. Other measures include

1336: 1075: 1067: 876:

on 2 June 2014. The Department of Justice also publicly issued an

814: 756: 727: 423: 401: 7516: 6190:"How police caught the UK's most notorious porn ransomware baron" 4108:"Police-themed Ransomware Starts Targeting US and Canadian Users" 3084:"Cybercriminals Encrypt Website Databases in "RansomWeb" Attacks" 2214:"Cryptovirology: The Birth, Neglect, and Explosion of Ransomware" 2051:"Ransomware back in big way, 181.5 million attacks since January" 6158:"British hacker Zain Qaiser sentenced for blackmailing millions" 5646:"Comodo's patented "Kernel API Virtualization" – Under the Hood" 5023:"Bad Rabbit: Game of Thrones-referencing ransomware hits Europe" 4826: 2262:"Ransomware squeezes users with bogus Windows activation demand" 1511:, Jigsaw, LambdaLocker, Legion, NoobCrypt, Stampado, SZFLocker, 1242: 1234: 1154: 1115: 960: 638:

In August 2019 researchers demonstrated it's possible to infect

528: 7520: 7101: 6511: 5081:"BadRabbit: a closer look at the new version of Petya/NotPetya" 3142:"Conti's Attack Against Costa Rica Sparks a New Ransomware Era" 3058:"File-encrypting ransomware starts targeting Linux web servers" 1191:

In 2016, a new strain of ransomware emerged that was targeting

797:

threat researchers discovered templates for variations for the

5523:"Fiendish CryptoLocker ransomware: Whatever you do, don't PAY" 5058: 4998: 4383:"Australians increasingly hit by global tide of cryptomalware" 4163:"'Reveton' ransomware upgraded with powerful password stealer" 2890:"Kaspersky Lab reports a new and dangerous blackmailing virus" 2571: 2569: 1751: – 2022 nonfiction book by Renee Dudley and Daniel Golden 1483: 1387:

do not have any access to any network (including the Internet)

1246: 1230: 976: 615: 535:

to frustrate attempts to close the page through normal means.

6012:"Emsisoft Decrypter for HydraCrypt and UmbreCrypt Ransomware" 5555:"Cryptolocker Infections on the Rise; US-CERT Issues Warning" 5328:"Windows 10 Fall Creators Update: syskey.exe support dropped" 4822:"The Latest: Russian Interior Ministry is hit by cyberattack" 4133:"Reveton 'police ransom' malware gang head arrested in Dubai" 3802:. Healthcare Financial Management Association. Archived from 3295:"Author Behind Ransomware Tox Calls it Quits, Sells Platform" 2950:"Encryption goof fixed in TorrentLocker file-locking malware" 1722: – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors 1704: – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors 1114:, installing a payload which encrypts the file tables of the 672:

available and sense of urgency within the healthcare system.

125:

and it was inspired by the fictional facehugger in the movie

6633: 5426:"Biden tells Putin Russia must crack down on cybercriminals" 5054:"New ransomware attack hits Russia and spreads around globe" 2607:"What to do if Ransomware Attacks on your Windows Computer?" 2401:

Information Security: 8th International Conference, ISC 2005

2037:"Citadel malware continues to deliver Reveton ransomware..." 1793:. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. pp. 129–140. 515:

In February 2013, a ransomware Trojan based on the Stamp.EK

6260:"14-Year-Old Japanese Boy Arrested for Creating Ransomware" 4431:"Australia specifically targeted by Cryptolocker: Symantec" 3683:"Here's How to Overcome Newly Discovered iPhone Ransomware" 2799:"Blackmail ransomware returns with 1024-bit encryption key" 2577:"CryptoDefense ransomware leaves decryption key accessible" 2455:"New ransomware locks PCs, demands premium SMS for removal" 1737: – Quantum version of the Byzantine agreement protocol 1046:

spread through the Internet, using an exploit vector named

912:

determined that these new variants, which it identified as

6458: 6447:"Extortion on the Internet: the Rise of Crypto-Ransomware" 5775:"India worst hit by Petya in APAC, 7th globally: Symantec" 4843:"Victims Call Hackers' Bluff as Ransomware Deadline Nears" 4691:"Cyber-attack: Europol says it was unprecedented in scale" 931:

studios due to a CryptoWall infection on computers at its

813:

card. In February 2013, a Russian citizen was arrested in

472:

vendors have increasingly started to offer the technology

5987:"List of free Ransomware Decryptor Tools to unlock files" 3770:"This is how ransomware could infect your digital camera" 3238:"New ransomware employs Tor to stay hidden from security" 1632: – Ransomware attack on American oil pipeline system 1016:, demanding the victim to pay a fine from $ 100 to $ 200 967:

researcher also noted that the payload was signed with a

5468:

Brian Fung; Zachary Cohen; Geneva Sands (13 July 2021).

4968:"Cyber-attack was about data and not money, say experts" 4743:"The real victim of ransomware: Your local corner store" 4665:"Mobile ransomware use jumps, blocking access to phones" 4566:"CryptoWall 3.0 Ransomware Partners With FAREIT Spyware" 4220:"CryptoLocker attacks that hold your computer to ransom" 3625: 3623: 3224:"PowerShell Exploits Spotted in Over a Third of Attacks" 2944: 2942: 2039:

Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3). 30 November 2012.

495:

In 2011, a ransomware Trojan surfaced that imitated the

225:

Payment is virtually always the goal, and the victim is

3975:"Gardaí warn of 'Police Trojan' computer locking virus" 3548:"Threat spotlight: WastedLocker, customized ransomware" 2326:"Alleged Ransomware Gang Investigated by Moscow Police" 1724:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1640:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1445:

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)

5190:"Patch JBoss now to prevent SamSam ransomware attacks" 3854:, vol. 24, Symantec Corporation, p. 16, 2019 3392: 3390: 2487:"Ransomware plays pirated Windows card, demands $ 143" 2295:"Police warn of extortion messages sent in their name" 771:

to give the illusion that the user is being recorded.

767:, while some versions display footage from a victim's 6498:

The Extortion Economy / U.S. Companies and Ransomware

4081:"Police alert after ransom Trojan locks up 1,100 PCs" 3596: 3594: 2858:"Ransomware Encrypts Victim Files with 1,024-Bit Key" 2356:"Ransomware: Fake Federal German Police (BKA) notice" 1671: – Software that poses a risk to a host computer 167:

Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a

74:

Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a

6380:. The Rackspace Blog! & NewsRoom. Archived from 5943:"How to Turn On Ransomware Protection in Windows 10" 5134:"'Bad Rabbit' Ransomware Strikes Russia and Ukraine" 4994:"'Bad Rabbit' ransomware strikes Ukraine and Russia" 4841:

Scott, Paul Mozur, Mark; Goel, Vindu (19 May 2017).

2125: 2123: 1697:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1606:

Freedom of speech challenges and criminal punishment

400:

platform to collect ransom money. In December 2013,

7840: 7779: 7723: 7637: 7591: 7555: 7456: 7401: 7343: 7292: 7200: 7135: 6945: 6645: 6545: 6404:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 20 January 2015. 6245:"The Minority Report – Week 7 – The Half-Way Point" 5753:"New 'Petya' Ransomware Attack Spreads: What to Do" 5616:"Overview of attack surface reduction capabilities" 4916:"Ransomware Statistics for 2018 | Safety Detective" 4457:"Scammers use Australia Post to mask email attacks" 3262: 3260: 2542: 2540: 2538: 1991:"Ransom Trojans spreading beyond Russian heartland" 1518:The No More Ransom Project is an initiative by the 308:was introduced in 1992 by Sebastiaan von Solms and 3406:, Symantec Security Response, Symantec Corporation 2518:"New Trojans: give us $ 300, or the data gets it!" 1385:, such as external storage drives or devices that 5047: 5045: 5043: 4614:"Ransomware on mobile devices: knock-knock-block" 3602:"Ransomware on mobile devices: knock-knock-block" 3370:"Russian cops cuff 10 ransomware Trojan suspects" 2256: 2254: 2106:"Cryptolocker victims to get files back for free" 1757: – Hacker selling access to hacked computers 6083:"About the Project - The No More Ransom Project" 1294:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency 1014:acts as if it were a notice from the authorities 861:CryptoLocker was isolated by the seizure of the 533:exploits the behaviour of the web browser itself 6316:Malicious Cryptography: Exposing Cryptovirology 3523:Malicious Cryptography: Exposing Cryptovirology 3197:"The new .LNK between spam and Locky infection" 3004:. Trend Micro. 26 December 2013. Archived from 3002:"New CryptoLocker Spreads via Removable Drives" 1853:"Petya Ransomware Master File Table Encryption" 1137:"Bad Rabbit" redirects here. For the band, see 39:that permanently blocks access to the victim's 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 4055:"Reveton Malware Freezes PCs, Demands Payment" 2832:"Ransomware resisting crypto cracking efforts" 2289: 2287: 2100: 2098: 927:was disrupted for half an hour and shifted to 708:List of cyberattacks § Ransomware attacks 280:The first known malware extortion attack, the 7532: 7113: 6523: 6109:"Crypto Sheriff - The No More Ransom Project" 4484:"Ransomware attack knocks TV station off air" 3268:"The current state of ransomware: CTB-Locker" 2976:"Cryptolocker 2.0 – new version, or copycat?" 2688:Sebastiaan von Solms; David Naccache (1992). 2420:International Journal of Information Security 2319: 2317: 1659: – Encrypting ransomware created in 2016 1237:in 1991) and Faramarz Shahi Savandi (born in 8: 5702:"How to protect yourself from Petya malware" 4891:"Petya ransomware is now double the trouble" 4874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2185:"Number of ransomware attacks per year 2022" 1420:issued by software vendors can mitigate the 783:. Another version contained the logo of the 6459:"Ransomware - Understand. Prevent. Recover" 5213: 5211: 4769:"The NHS trusts hit by malware – full list" 3852:Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR) 2019 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1820: 1818: 1710: – Protocol acknowledgement capability 1377:, it's also critical to maintain "offline" 1050:, which was allegedly leaked from the U.S. 642:with ransomware. Digital cameras often use 7539: 7525: 7517: 7120: 7106: 7098: 6530: 6516: 6508: 1827:"How can I remove a ransomware infection?" 1281:. DarkSide successfully extorted about 75 347:key. The attacker keeps the corresponding 7074:Security information and event management 6134: 6132: 6130: 5969:"Defeating CryptoLocker Attacks with ZFS" 5846: 5844: 5676:"'Petya' Ransomware Outbreak Goes Global" 4049: 4047: 3950: 3504:Non-Zero Sum Games and Survivable Malware 2690:"On Blind 'Signatures and Perfect Crimes" 2207: 2205: 1665: – Property of computer data storage 572:Common targets for exfiltration include: 27:Malicious software used in ransom demands 2664:"Ransomware: Extortion via the Internet" 1311:-based operating systems to encrypt the 626:system to lock access to the device. On 433:In 2022, Costa Rica received widespread 5226:. Barkley Protects, Inc. Archived from 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1456:File system defenses against ransomware 564:in 2003 and was summarized in the book 7583:Timeline of computer viruses and worms 6067:Renee Dudley; Jeff Kao (15 May 2019). 5502:from the original on 30 September 2021 4867: 4671:. IDG Consumer & SMB. 30 June 2016 1229:Mohammad Mehdi Shah Mansouri (born in 446:with self-contained Microsoft Windows 7051:Host-based intrusion detection system 6338:"Hunting Down and Killing Ransomware" 6280:. Cryptovirology Labs. Archived from 6243:Fields, Logan M. (25 February 2017). 6089:from the original on 22 November 2021 5626:from the original on 18 November 2021 2745:Schaibly, Susan (26 September 2005). 2031: 2029: 2014: 2012: 1647: – Political and military tactic 1212:Colorado Department of Transportation 920:; live programming on its television 547:and possession of child pornography. 343:is used, the virus only contains the 7: 6115:from the original on 26 October 2021 5188:Rashid, Fahmida Y. (19 April 2016). 4640:"The evolution of mobile ransomware" 2773:"Ransomware getting harder to break" 2324:McMillian, Robert (31 August 2010). 1307:is a utility that was included with 614:Different tactics have been used on 7082:Runtime application self-protection 6489:Incidents of Ransomware on the Rise 6273:Young, Adam L.; Yung, Moti (2005). 5656:from the original on 4 October 2021 5596:from the original on 5 October 2021 5586:"Applying attack surface reduction" 5535:from the original on 13 August 2021 4719:. CNBC. 14 May 2017. Archived from 4218:Ferguson, Donna (19 October 2013). 4195:. 11 September 2013. Archived from 3397:O'Gorman, G.; McDonald, G. (2012), 3345:. 22 September 2016. Archived from 2212:Young, Adam L.; Yung, Moti (2017). 1630:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 1555:United States Department of Justice 1267:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 918:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 5487:Cannell, Joshua (8 October 2013). 5255:Wanted by the FBI: SamSam Subjects 5052:Larson, Selena (25 October 2017). 4106:Constantian, Lucian (9 May 2012). 3819:"The Growing Threat of Ransomware" 3034:. Ziff Davis Media. Archived from 2493:. 6 September 2011. Archived from 2020:"New Internet scam: Ransomware..." 1543:software designed for that purpose 1522:'s National High Tech Crime Unit, 1428:− exercising caution when opening 1148:On 24 October 2017, some users in 1023:In order to infect devices, Fusob 453:Some ransomware strains have used 25: 7848:Computer and network surveillance 7014:Security-focused operating system 6378:"Exploit Kits and CryptoWall 3.0" 6349:Simonite, Tom (4 February 2015). 6224:Nichols, Shaun (15 August 2018). 5682:. Krebs on Security. 28 June 2017 5443:Sanger, David E. (13 July 2021). 5160:Palmer, Danny (24 October 2017). 5132:Cameron, Dell (24 October 2017). 4587:Andra Zaharia (5 November 2015). 4277:. 4 November 2013. Archived from 3315:Dela Paz, Roland (29 July 2015). 3222:Muncaster, Phil (13 April 2016). 2583:. IDG. April 2014. Archived from 2453:Danchev, Dancho (22 April 2009). 1877:Justin Luna (21 September 2016). 1851:Mimoso, Michael (28 March 2016). 1708:Reliability (computer networking) 1636:BlueKeep (security vulnerability) 1179:series embedded within the code. 872:, as officially announced by the 551:Exfiltration (Leakware / Doxware) 202:to itself, or even modifying the 6810:Insecure direct object reference 6476: 6457:Liska, Allan (20 October 2021). 5565:from the original on 27 May 2021 4404:Grubb, Ben (17 September 2014). 1825:Schofield, Jack (28 July 2016). 1689: – Network security measure 1587:Florida International University 1572:Kingston upon Thames Crown Court 1561:Criminal arrests and convictions 1393:, then the computer should have 884:CryptoLocker.F and TorrentLocker 743:(which, itself, is based on the 555:The converse of ransomware is a 55:problem, and difficult-to-trace 7064:Information security management 6493:Federal Bureau of Investigation 6445:Richet, Jean-Loup (July 2015). 5250:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3817:Heater, Brian (13 April 2016), 3735:IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3572:Ricker, Thomas (27 July 2020). 2268:. 11 April 2011. Archived from 1275:East Coast of the United States 1259:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1216:Davidson County, North Carolina 996:Internet Crime Complaint Center 99:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7563:Comparison of computer viruses 6420:10.1109/HPCC-CSS-ICESS.2015.39 5218:Crowe, Jonathan (March 2018). 5021:Hern, Alex (25 October 2017). 4482:Steve Ragan (7 October 2014). 3872:Dudley, Renee (17 July 2023). 3546:Arntz, Pieter (10 July 2020). 2830:Lemos, Robert (13 June 2008). 2638:"The state of ransomware 2020" 2516:Cheng, Jacqui (18 July 2007). 1720:fault-tolerant computer system 1343:in May 2021, and the US-based 1: 7802:Data loss prevention software 6376:Brad, Duncan (2 March 2015). 3400:Ransonmware: A Growing Menace 2797:Naraine, Ryan (6 June 2008). 2771:Leyden, John (24 July 2006). 1952:Cameron, Dell (13 May 2017). 1638: – Windows security hole 1245:, in 1984) are wanted by the 1195:servers. This strain, named " 1141:. For the computer worm, see 938:Another Trojan in this wave, 5261:, U.S. Department of Justice 4767:Marsh, Sarah (12 May 2017). 4568:. Trend Micro. 20 March 2015 4363:. U.S. Department of Justice 3293:Brook, Chris (4 June 2015). 2856:Krebs, Brian (9 June 2008). 2709:10.1016/0167-4048(92)90193-U 2380:. SecureList (Kaspersky Lab) 2378:"And Now, an MBR Ransomware" 2358:. SecureList (Kaspersky Lab) 2157:"Internet Crime Report 2020" 1494:File decryption and recovery 1106:2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine 809:200 fine to the FBI using a 781:Police National E-Crime Unit 618:devices, such as exploiting 7403:Software release life cycle 7069:Information risk management 6990:Multi-factor authentication 6546:Related security categories 5890:GP Practice Management Blog 5857:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 5755:. Tom's Guide. 27 June 2017 4083:. TechWorld. Archived from 3201:Blogs.technet.microsoft.com 2636:Adam, Sally (12 May 2020). 1993:. TechWorld. Archived from 1789:Young, A.; M. Yung (1996). 1748:The Ransomware Hunting Team 1735:Quantum Byzantine agreement 1167:Odesa International Airport 777:Metropolitan Police Service 734:Metropolitan Police Service 267:History of computer viruses 7907: 7822:Intrusion detection system 7471:Software protection dongle 7351:Unwanted software bundling 7046:Intrusion detection system 7004:Computer security software 6660:Advanced persistent threat 6038:"Ransomware removal tools" 3935:10.1016/j.cose.2021.102490 3274:. Sophos. 31 December 2015 1799:10.1109/SECPRI.1996.502676 1743: – Thought experiment 1677: – Type of ransomware 1653: – Form of ransomware 1528:European Cybercrime Centre 1265:as the perpetrator of the 1136: 1103: 1097: 1044:WannaCry ransomware attack 1038:WannaCry ransomware attack 1035: 874:U.S. Department of Justice 832: 785:royalty collection society 721: 705: 497:Windows Product Activation 264: 236:premium-rate text messages 7690:Privacy-invasive software 7466:Digital rights management 6631: 6625:Digital rights management 6336:, Mark (7 January 2013). 6258:Wei, Wang (6 June 2017). 5851:Chang, Yao-Chung (2012). 5825:. FireEye. Archived from 4251:. Sophos. 12 October 2013 3747:10.1109/JIOT.2019.2914390 2432:10.1007/s10207-006-0082-7 2218:Communications of the ACM 2108:. BBC News. 6 August 2014 1923:10.1109/TCAD.2021.3099084 1292:In May 2021, the FBI and 1222:on the infrastructure of 1084:Russian Interior Ministry 821:charges. In August 2014, 713:Notable software packages 644:Picture Transfer Protocol 483:Non-encrypting ransomware 412:user-retrievable location 339:the victim's data. Since 333:Tiny Encryption Algorithm 7344:Deceptive and/or illicit 6770:Denial-of-service attack 6665:Arbitrary code execution 3923:Computers & Security 3800:Healthcare Business News 2982:. ESET. 19 December 2013 2697:Computers & Security 1052:National Security Agency 596:mobile operating systems 416:network-attached storage 7700:Rogue security software 7496:Software license server 6980:Computer access control 6932:Rogue security software 6595:Electromagnetic warfare 5917:Journal of Internet Law 3794:Robeznieks, A. (2017). 1681:Reliability engineering 1331:Ransomware-as-a-service 1317:technical support scams 1279:critical infrastructure 1218:, and most recently, a 1201:Remote Desktop Protocol 1064:National Health Service 724:FBI MoneyPak Ransomware 622:accounts and using the 541:FBI MoneyPak Ransomware 341:public key cryptography 214:files, with many using 7736:Classic Mac OS viruses 7578:List of computer worms 7172:Freely redistributable 7026:Obfuscation (software) 6755:Browser Helper Objects 6639: 5911:Piper, D.L.A. (2021). 3064:. IDG. 9 November 2015 1714:Unidirectional network 1501:known-plaintext attack 1351:and Russian president 1208:Farmington, New Mexico 736: 702:Notable attack targets 654:Progression of attacks 566:Malicious Cryptography 321:symmetric cryptography 185:law enforcement agency 7335:Software as a service 7129:Software distribution 7021:Data-centric security 6902:Remote access trojans 6637: 6452:. Harvard University. 6356:MIT Technology Review 4461:Sydney Morning Herald 4410:Sydney Morning Herald 4333:. IDG. Archived from 1755:Initial access broker 1741:Two Generals' Problem 1313:user account database 731: 706:Further information: 502:international numbers 276:Encrypting ransomware 123:cryptoviral extortion 7858:Operation: Bot Roast 7426:Software maintenance 7300:Digital distribution 7155:Free and open-source 6953:Application security 6847:Privilege escalation 6715:Cross-site scripting 6568:Cybersex trafficking 6539:Information security 6485:at Wikimedia Commons 6384:on 24 September 2015 5650:Comodo Cybersecurity 5590:Comodo Cybersecurity 5561:. 19 November 2013. 5457:on 28 December 2021. 4889:Constantin, Lucian. 2918:(22 December 2013). 1687:Air gap (networking) 1443:In August 2021, the 1434:network segmentation 1416:Installing security 1086:and Russian telecom 464:to connect to their 418:devices produced by 7807:Defensive computing 7724:By operating system 7431:Software maintainer 7213:Commercial software 7201:Compensation models 6600:Information warfare 6558:Automotive security 6465:. ActualTech Media. 6363:on 27 November 2015 5829:on 13 February 2021 5680:krebsonsecurity.com 4546:. 29 September 2014 4143:on 14 December 2014 4007:. Postmedia Network 2956:. 17 September 2014 2863:The Washington Post 2407:. pp. 389–401. 2022:FBI. 9 August 2012. 1657:Jigsaw (ransomware) 1520:Netherlands' police 749:unlicensed software 466:command and control 119:Columbia University 7792:Antivirus software 7638:Malware for profit 7609:Man-in-the-browser 7556:Infectious malware 7491:Software copyright 7481:Product activation 7436:Software publisher 7150:Floating licensing 7009:Antivirus software 6877:Social engineering 6842:Polymorphic engine 6795:Fraudulent dialers 6700:Hardware backdoors 6640: 6504:Ransomware Removal 6262:. The Hacker News. 6171:Cimpanu, Catalin. 6018:. 17 February 2016 6016:Thewindowsclub.com 5991:Thewindowsclub.com 5779:The Economic Times 5731:The Economic Times 5449:The New York Times 5224:Barkley vs Malware 4847:The New York Times 4520:. 17 December 2014 4494:on 12 October 2016 4281:on 5 November 2013 4199:on 4 November 2016 3502:Young, A. (2003). 3008:on 4 November 2016 2870:on 5 February 2013 2747:"Files for ransom" 2726:on 26 October 2017 2662:Kassner, Michael. 2336:on 4 November 2010 1599:Goodmayes Hospital 1577:Reveton Ransomware 1487:modify) snapshots. 1469:Volume shadow copy 1430:e-mail attachments 1204:brute-force attack 1112:master boot record 965:Barracuda Networks 892:, under the names 737: 545:child sexual abuse 271:History of malware 204:master boot record 57:digital currencies 7891:Security breaches 7866: 7865: 7817:Internet security 7771:HyperCard viruses 7680:Keystroke logging 7670:Fraudulent dialer 7614:Man-in-the-middle 7514: 7513: 7506:Torrent poisoning 7421:Long-term support 7245:Pay what you want 7095: 7094: 7057:Anomaly detection 6962:Secure by default 6815:Keystroke loggers 6750:Drive-by download 6638:vectorial version 6605:Internet security 6553:Computer security 6481:Media related to 6429:978-1-4799-8937-9 6342:Microsoft TechNet 6325:978-0-7645-4975-5 6211:usa.kaspersky.com 5975:. 27 August 2015. 5414:. 2 October 2019. 5301:Whittaker, Zack. 5087:. 24 October 2017 5085:Malwarebytes Labs 5002:. 24 October 2017 4922:. 23 October 2018 4463:. 15 October 2014 4307:. 4 November 2013 3663:. 27 January 2016 3552:Malwarebytes Labs 3532:978-0-7645-4975-5 3431:. 7 February 2013 3203:. 19 October 2016 3038:on 19 August 2014 2554:. 17 October 2013 2300:Helsingin Sanomat 2055:Help Net Security 1675:Ryuk (ransomware) 1651:Hitler-Ransomware 1582:GreenDot MoneyPak 1503:in the jargon of 1438:infection control 1269:, perpetrated by 1220:ransomware attack 1082:, as well as the 1042:In May 2017, the 969:digital signature 753:child pornography 692:COVID-19 pandemic 663:for experts, and 590:Mobile ransomware 378:, TROJ.RANSOM.A, 242:services such as 216:strong encryption 144:hybrid encryption 16:(Redirected from 7898: 7886:Types of malware 7832:Network security 7797:Browser security 7541: 7534: 7527: 7518: 7320:Product bundling 7293:Delivery methods 7192:Source-available 7122: 7115: 7108: 7099: 6966:Secure by design 6897:Hardware Trojans 6730:History sniffing 6720:Cross-site leaks 6615:Network security 6532: 6525: 6518: 6509: 6480: 6466: 6453: 6451: 6441: 6405: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6359:. Archived from 6345: 6329: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6203: 6197: 6192:, Matt Burgess, 6187: 6181: 6180: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6136: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5451:. Archived from 5440: 5434: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5049: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4920:Safety Detective 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4490:. Archived from 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4437:. 3 October 2014 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4169:. 19 August 2014 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4139:. Archived from 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3823: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3806:on 16 June 2017. 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3741:(4): 7137–7151. 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3349:on 25 April 2017 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3323:on 2 August 2015 3319:. 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Archived from 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2467:on 26 April 2009 2463:. Archived from 2450: 2444: 2443: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2332:. Archived from 2321: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2161: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1986: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1917:(7): 2038–2051. 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1822: 1813: 1812: 1786: 1725: 1698: 1641: 1467:On Windows, the 959:campaign on the 819:money laundering 490:premium-rate SMS 398:digital currency 354:electronic money 69:cryptocurrencies 21: 18:Cyber-kidnapping 7906: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7862: 7841:Countermeasures 7836: 7827:Mobile security 7775: 7766:Palm OS viruses 7731:Android malware 7719: 7633: 7629:Zombie computer 7587: 7551: 7545: 7515: 7510: 7501:Software patent 7476:License manager 7458:Copy protection 7452: 7397: 7339: 7325:Retail software 7288: 7262:Open-core model 7218:Retail software 7196: 7131: 7126: 7096: 7091: 6941: 6641: 6629: 6620:Copy protection 6610:Mobile security 6541: 6536: 6473: 6463:Recorded Future 6456: 6449: 6444: 6430: 6408: 6396: 6387: 6385: 6375: 6366: 6364: 6348: 6332: 6326: 6309: 6306: 6304:Further reading 6301: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6287:on 24 June 2016 6284: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6230:Theregister.com 6223: 6222: 6218: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6188: 6184: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6160:. 9 April 2019. 6156: 6155: 6151: 6146:. 9 April 2019. 6138: 6137: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6065: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5400:. 14 July 2021. 5392: 5391: 5387: 5382:. 13 July 2021. 5380:The Independent 5374: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5230:on 18 July 2018 5217: 5216: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5106:Palmer, Danny. 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5050: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5027:Theguardian.com 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4059:InformationWeek 4053: 4052: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4005:Barrie Examiner 3999: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3830: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3768:Palmer, Danny. 3767: 3766: 3762: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3714:. 28 March 2017 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3140:Burgess, Matt. 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2405:Springer-Verlag 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2230:10.1145/3097347 2211: 2210: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1988: 1987: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1788: 1787: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1729:Byzantine fault 1723: 1702:Fault tolerance 1696: 1693:Data redundancy 1639: 1625: 1608: 1591:Liberty Reserve 1568: 1563: 1496: 1458: 1422:vulnerabilities 1401:, applying two 1361: 1333: 1302: 1255: 1189: 1176:Game of Thrones 1146: 1135: 1108: 1102: 1100:Petya (malware) 1096: 1040: 1034: 1007: 989:Bitcoin wallets 953: 886: 870:Operation Tovar 851:file extensions 837: 831: 726: 720: 715: 710: 704: 656: 592: 553: 485: 462:hidden services 325:Macintosh SE/30 278: 273: 263: 208:partition table 193:"pirated" media 111: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7904: 7902: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7872: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7787:Anti-keylogger 7783: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7761:Mobile malware 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7568:Computer virus 7565: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7521: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7087:Site isolation 7084: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7071: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6985:Authentication 6977: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6960: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6785:Email spoofing 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6725:DOM clobbering 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6705:Code injection 6702: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585:Cyberterrorism 6582: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6573:Computer fraud 6570: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6486: 6472: 6471:External links 6469: 6468: 6467: 6454: 6442: 6428: 6406: 6394: 6373: 6346: 6330: 6324: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6265: 6250: 6235: 6216: 6213:. 26 May 2021. 6198: 6196:, 12 Apr 2019] 6182: 6163: 6149: 6126: 6100: 6074: 6050: 6029: 6003: 5978: 5960: 5934: 5903: 5877: 5863: 5840: 5814: 5803:. 29 June 2017 5792: 5781:. 29 June 2017 5766: 5744: 5733:. 29 June 2017 5718: 5693: 5667: 5637: 5607: 5576: 5546: 5521:Leyden, Josh. 5513: 5479: 5460: 5435: 5432:. 9 July 2021. 5417: 5403: 5385: 5367: 5345: 5334:. 26 June 2017 5319: 5293: 5271: 5241: 5207: 5180: 5152: 5124: 5098: 5072: 5039: 5013: 4985: 4974:. 29 June 2017 4959: 4948:. 28 June 2017 4933: 4907: 4881: 4833: 4813: 4802:. 21 June 2017 4787: 4759: 4734: 4723:on 15 May 2017 4708: 4682: 4656: 4631: 4620:. 29 June 2016 4605: 4579: 4557: 4531: 4505: 4474: 4448: 4422: 4396: 4374: 4348: 4337:on 3 July 2014 4318: 4292: 4262: 4249:Naked Security 4236: 4210: 4180: 4154: 4124: 4098: 4087:on 2 July 2014 4079:Dunn, John E. 4071: 4043: 4018: 3992: 3981:. 15 June 2012 3966: 3909: 3883: 3864: 3839: 3809: 3786: 3760: 3725: 3699: 3674: 3648: 3619: 3608:. 29 June 2016 3590: 3564: 3538: 3531: 3509: 3494: 3483:. 26 July 2013 3468: 3457:. 15 July 2013 3442: 3416: 3386: 3368:Leyden, John. 3360: 3334: 3307: 3285: 3256: 3229: 3214: 3188: 3166: 3132: 3105: 3075: 3049: 3019: 2993: 2980:WeLiveSecurity 2967: 2938: 2907: 2881: 2848: 2822: 2789: 2763: 2737: 2703:(6): 581–583. 2680: 2654: 2628: 2617:on 23 May 2016 2598: 2587:on 3 July 2014 2565: 2534: 2508: 2497:on 3 July 2014 2478: 2445: 2410: 2391: 2369: 2347: 2313: 2283: 2272:on 3 July 2014 2250: 2201: 2176: 2148: 2137:. 25 June 2015 2119: 2094: 2068: 2057:. 11 July 2018 2042: 2025: 2008: 1997:on 2 July 2014 1989:Dunn, John E. 1972: 1944: 1897: 1869: 1857:threatpost.com 1843: 1814: 1807: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617:cryptovirology 1607: 1604: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1457: 1454: 1403:Attack Surface 1360: 1357: 1353:Vladimir Putin 1345:Kaseya Limited 1332: 1329: 1325:Windows Server 1301: 1298: 1271:malicious code 1254: 1251: 1188: 1185: 1134: 1131: 1098:Main article: 1095: 1092: 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1006: 1003: 952: 949: 914:CryptoLocker.F 902:Australia Post 885: 882: 833:Main article: 830: 827: 823:Avast Software 722:Main article: 719: 716: 714: 711: 703: 700: 655: 652: 624:Find My iPhone 591: 588: 584: 583: 580: 577: 557:cryptovirology 552: 549: 484: 481: 363:cryptovirology 337:hybrid encrypt 310:David Naccache 295:mentally unfit 277: 274: 262: 259: 251:cryptocurrency 232:wire transfers 157: 156: 152: 136: 110: 107: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7903: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7869: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7751:MacOS malware 7749: 7747: 7746:Linux malware 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665:Form grabbing 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Computer worm 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Pre-installed 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:Public domain 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6997:Authorization 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Secure coding 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927:SQL injection 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6907:Vulnerability 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:Trojan horses 6890: 6888: 6887:Software bugs 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775:Eavesdropping 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6765:Data scraping 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6735:Cryptojacking 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6251: 6247:. World News. 6246: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5973:ixsystems.com 5970: 5964: 5961: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5904: 5892:. 18 May 2017 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5866: 5864:9780857936684 5860: 5856: 5855: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5694: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5584:Metin, Ozer. 5580: 5577: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5514: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5490: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5275: 5272: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5181: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5156: 5153: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5125: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5099: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4697:. 13 May 2017 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4619: 4618:Kaspersky Lab 4615: 4609: 4606: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4331:Computerworld 4328: 4322: 4319: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3980: 3979:TheJournal.ie 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3865: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3607: 3606:Kaspersky Lab 3603: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3565: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3177:. 18 May 2022 3176: 3170: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2896:. 5 June 2008 2895: 2894:Kaspersky Lab 2891: 2885: 2882: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2837: 2836:SecurityFocus 2833: 2826: 2823: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2790: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2752: 2751:Network World 2748: 2741: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2586: 2582: 2581:Computerworld 2578: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2509: 2496: 2492: 2491:Computerworld 2488: 2482: 2479: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2271: 2267: 2266:Computerworld 2263: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2083:. 3 June 2013 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808:0-8186-7417-2 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1781: 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6590:Cyberwarfare 6502: 6462: 6410: 6401: 6386:. Retrieved 6382:the original 6365:. Retrieved 6361:the original 6354: 6344:. Microsoft. 6341: 6315: 6289:. Retrieved 6282:the original 6268: 6253: 6238: 6229: 6219: 6210: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6176: 6166: 6152: 6143: 6117:. Retrieved 6103: 6091:. Retrieved 6077: 6043:19 September 6041:. Retrieved 6032: 6020:. Retrieved 6015: 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5949:. 8 May 2018 5946: 5937: 5925:. Retrieved 5920: 5916: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5889: 5880: 5868:. Retrieved 5853: 5831:. Retrieved 5827:the original 5817: 5805:. Retrieved 5795: 5783:. Retrieved 5778: 5769: 5757:. Retrieved 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5730: 5721: 5709:. Retrieved 5705: 5696: 5684:. Retrieved 5679: 5670: 5658:. Retrieved 5640: 5628:. Retrieved 5610: 5598:. Retrieved 5579: 5567:. Retrieved 5559:SecurityWeek 5558: 5549: 5537:. Retrieved 5528:The Register 5526: 5516: 5504:. 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Retrieved 2465:the original 2458: 2448: 2426:(2): 67–76. 2423: 2419: 2413: 2400: 2394: 2382:. Retrieved 2372: 2360:. Retrieved 2350: 2338:. Retrieved 2334:the original 2329: 2304:. Retrieved 2298: 2274:. Retrieved 2270:the original 2265: 2241:. Retrieved 2224:(7): 24–26. 2221: 2217: 2192:. Retrieved 2188: 2179: 2167:. Retrieved 2163: 2151: 2139:. Retrieved 2135:Ars Technica 2134: 2110:. Retrieved 2087:16 September 2085:. Retrieved 2080: 2071: 2059:. Retrieved 2054: 2045: 1999:. Retrieved 1995:the original 1963:. Retrieved 1957: 1947: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1888:. Retrieved 1882: 1872: 1860:. Retrieved 1856: 1846: 1834:. Retrieved 1831:The Guardian 1830: 1790: 1747: 1645:Brinkmanship 1609: 1595: 1569: 1547: 1540: 1517: 1497: 1473:VSSadmin.exe 1472: 1459: 1442: 1415: 1366: 1362: 1334: 1303: 1291: 1256: 1228: 1190: 1181: 1174: 1147: 1124: 1109: 1041: 1022: 1011: 1008: 1000: 993: 981:explorer.exe 957:malvertising 954: 937: 922:news channel 913: 898:CryptoLocker 897: 893: 887: 860: 849:of specific 842:CryptoLocker 840: 838: 835:CryptoLocker 829:CryptoLocker 792: 775:such as the 773: 738: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 657: 640:DSLR cameras 637: 613: 609:clickjacking 593: 585: 571: 565: 554: 537: 514: 511: 494: 486: 478: 474:as a service 452: 440: 432: 391:CryptoLocker 388: 373: 366: 348: 344: 314: 303: 279: 255: 224: 197: 166: 158: 126: 122: 112: 95:CryptoLocker 84: 73: 32: 31: 29: 7756:Macro virus 7741:iOS malware 7715:Web threats 7675:Infostealer 7592:Concealment 7486:Product key 7416:End-of-life 7411:Abandonware 7361:Infostealer 7310:On-premises 7225:Crippleware 7182:Proprietary 7165:Open source 6971:Misuse case 6805:Infostealer 6780:Email fraud 6745:Data breach 6580:Cybergeddon 6334:Russinovich 6310:Young, A.; 5953:19 December 5947:WindowsLoop 5356:. Microsoft 5286:11 December 4926:20 November 4524:18 December 4361:Justice.gov 3827:PC Magazine 3272:Sophos Blog 3032:ExtremeTech 2931:23 December 2916:Violet Blue 2642:Sophos News 1663:Append-only 1566:Zain Qaiser 1509:Hidden Tear 1432:and links, 1395:append-only 1287:geopolitics 1261:identified 1159:Adobe Flash 1139:Bad Rabbits 1120:Check Point 1048:EternalBlue 1025:masquerades 985:svchost.exe 925:ABC News 24 868:as part of 795:Trend Micro 761:paysafecard 696:remote work 665:outsourcing 521:SourceForge 517:exploit kit 428:web servers 393:—using the 384:distributed 359:cryptoviral 244:paysafecard 238:, pre-paid 189:pornography 87:AIDS trojan 61:paysafecard 53:intractable 7881:Ransomware 7875:Categories 7780:Protection 7695:Ransomware 7660:Fleeceware 7393:Shovelware 7366:Ransomware 7330:Sneakernet 7036:Encryption 6912:Web shells 6852:Ransomware 6800:Hacktivism 6563:Cybercrime 6483:Ransomware 6367:5 February 6119:3 December 6093:3 December 5927:3 December 5630:6 February 5569:18 January 5539:18 October 5506:19 October 5360:6 November 5338:6 November 5312:6 November 5173:24 October 5145:24 October 5065:25 October 5032:25 October 5006:24 October 4675:4 December 4649:4 December 4624:4 December 4518:CSO.com.au 4498:15 October 4467:15 October 4441:15 October 4415:15 October 4389:15 October 4385:. Symantec 4311:5 November 4285:5 November 4255:23 October 4229:23 October 4173:18 October 4147:18 October 3929:: 102490. 3612:6 December 3517:A. Young, 3455:TheNextWeb 3429:TheNextWeb 3207:25 October 3012:18 January 2986:18 January 2960:15 October 2730:25 October 2558:23 October 2061:20 October 1890:5 November 1763:References 1550:ProPublica 1513:TeslaCrypt 1359:Mitigation 1321:Windows 10 1309:Windows NT 1171:Kyiv Metro 1133:Bad Rabbit 1104:See also: 1060:Telefónica 973:JavaScript 951:CryptoWall 894:CryptoWall 878:indictment 765:IP address 562:West Point 448:PowerShell 345:encryption 327:that used 306:kidnapping 301:research. 265:See also: 246:, and the 103:Statistica 67:and other 33:Ransomware 7705:Scareware 7655:Crimeware 7441:Vaporware 7388:Scareware 7284:Trialware 7272:Shareware 6867:Shellcode 6862:Scareware 6710:Crimeware 6670:Backdoors 6318:. Wiley. 6291:16 August 5923:(1): 1–17 5660:27 August 5620:Microsoft 5600:27 August 5265:5 October 5194:InfoWorld 4870:cite news 4855:0362-4331 4598:5 January 4367:18 August 4341:18 August 4137:TechWorld 4091:16 August 4064:16 August 4036:15 August 3943:0167-4048 3903:5 October 3858:5 October 3833:5 October 3779:13 August 3755:155469264 3578:The Verge 3525:. 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