53:
87:
1336:
506:
from 39 fossil bones in museums allowed the relationship between New
Zealand and Australian swans to be re-examined, and it turned out the mainland New Zealand and Chatham Island populations formed a distinct group, separated from Australian birds by perhaps 1–2 million years. They proved
347:
in New
Zealand represented one of the very rare cases of a species replacing itself after extinction. After the extinction of the poūwa, there is some evidence occasional vagrant swans arrived from Australia, but it was not until after its deliberate introduction in the 1860s that
485:
with
Australian swan bones, but could not find any marked differences in size or proportion. The species was thenceforth considered to be a population of the black swan that had colonised New Zealand in prehistoric times and been exterminated by early
705:
320:) smaller and slender soccer-player physique." It had relatively shorter wings and longer legs, suggesting it was evolving on a path towards flightlessness, as with other New Zealand waterfowl like
290:) because of its slightly larger bones, and swans not having been introduced to New Zealand until 1864. From 1998 until 2017, it was considered to be simply a New Zealand population of
356:
functions as an ecological surrogate of its extinct relative is unknown. Judging by the presence of their bones in middens, New
Zealand swans were driven extinct by the first
944:
2268:
2334:
427:
into New
Zealand " so the bones could not be from introduced black swans; he also noted that they were larger than those of the Australian species.
296:, until DNA recovered from fossil bones determined that it was indeed a separate species, much larger and heavier than its Australian relative.
2344:
2324:
882:
Worthy, Trevor H. (1998). "A remarkable fossil and archaeological avifauna from
Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand".
2349:
937:
910:
581:
2096:
1819:
618:
Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Kardamaki, Afroditi; Easton, Luke J.; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Scofield, R. Paul; Waters, Jonathan M. (2017).
386:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2246:
2329:
930:
560:
423:) and from the type locality of Sumner. Forbes noted that "This Sumner cave has been closed since the introduction of
2273:
2167:
1241:
2008:
675:
2020:
1587:
1575:
86:
2126:
620:"Ancient DNA and morphometric analysis reveal extinction and replacement of New Zealand's unique black swans"
381:, in September 1889. The landowner Henry Monck had discovered bones which he presented to John T. Meeson and
2319:
1640:
1628:
1376:
2208:
2138:
1900:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1429:
1282:
52:
308:
was distinctly larger than its
Australian relative, weighing an estimated 10 kg to the 6 kg of
2179:
2003:
1998:
1888:
1732:
1604:
1563:
1205:
555:
182:
2260:
1829:
1514:
1142:
1041:
969:
953:
1959:
1947:
1412:
1400:
1364:
1065:
757:
374:
61:
2106:
2101:
1922:
1873:
1863:
1478:
1352:
1294:
1159:
1154:
1113:
1053:
466:
316:. Standing about 1 m tall, it was "more like a rugby player compared with the Australian swan's (
211:
81:
2057:
855:
Dawson, E. W. (1958). "Re-discoveries of the New
Zealand subfossil birds named by H.O. Forbes".
730:
2283:
1335:
2291:
2150:
2121:
2111:
2084:
1971:
1715:
1676:
1434:
1176:
1164:
1130:
1101:
1089:
1029:
981:
906:
657:
639:
329:
2296:
2155:
2074:
1988:
1744:
1727:
1306:
1017:
864:
822:
791:
647:
631:
549:
532:
524:
474:
382:
321:
313:
245:
202:
2079:
1693:
1616:
1193:
454:
267:
2052:
1424:
487:
398:
352:
became established and increased to a population of approximately 50,000 today. Whether
2339:
1910:
1790:
1761:
1749:
1451:
1217:
868:
826:
652:
619:
589:
536:
482:
436:
2313:
1883:
1878:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1785:
440:
282:
remains in 1889, it was originally considered a separate species from the
Australian
2062:
1905:
1773:
1652:
1526:
1388:
1253:
1077:
378:
271:
138:
17:
2240:
1868:
1703:
1490:
810:
503:
449:
357:
279:
275:
39:
2116:
1664:
1592:
1005:
419:
292:
283:
70:
2231:
1531:
643:
373:
The first fossil swan bones in New
Zealand were recovered from Monck's Cave,
1802:
1502:
1229:
360:
settlers around AD 1450 on the mainland and AD 1650 on the Chatham Islands.
98:
1277:
1188:
1125:
661:
635:
511:
to be designated a separate and genetically distinct species, and the name
401:
inhabitants of the cave. Forbes described the new swan species from three
2225:
2025:
402:
148:
118:
43:
2255:
1318:
922:
731:"Monck's Cave at Sumner: explorations by Mr H. O. Forbes and Mr Meeson"
406:
706:"Introducing the Poūwa: New Zealand's unique and ill-fated black swan"
1265:
993:
795:
108:
2202:
490:
settlers, and all New Zealand subfossil swan bones were assigned to
397:, spears, and sinkers, indicating the swans were hunted by early
1983:
1446:
762:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
523:) for the mainland and Chatham birds. The researchers chose the
394:
263:
158:
128:
2206:
926:
461:. A few years later, Forbes's specimens were rediscovered, and
1993:
1536:
390:
531:
for the species, from a legend of a large bird that lived in
905:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 224–227.
453:, and redescribed the species, using fossil bones from the
539:, and whose bones could still be found in the sand dunes.
624:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
413:, from its resemblance to the Australian black swan
336:. Although likely to have the same black plumage as
2215:
1938:
1818:
1692:
1467:
1343:
960:
343:Until recently it was thought that the presence of
340:, this cannot be determined from subfossil bones.
844:(2 ed.). Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
901:Worthy, Trevor H.; Holdaway, Richard N. (2002).
938:
250:
8:
2188:
2171:
2159:
2142:
2130:
2088:
2066:
2029:
2012:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1926:
1914:
1892:
1855:
1833:
1806:
1794:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1736:
1719:
1707:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1455:
1438:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1180:
1168:
1146:
1134:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
515:was revived, with two separate subspecies (
2203:
945:
931:
923:
51:
31:
651:
572:
304:Based on numerous bone measurements,
7:
777:
775:
699:
697:
613:
611:
609:
607:
811:"New extinct swan from New Zealand"
758:"The newly-opened cave near Sumner"
869:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1958.tb08793.x
827:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1890.tb06484.x
389:. They were found associated with
25:
2335:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
676:"NZ's ill-fated burly black swan"
2097:North Island little spotted kiwi
1334:
884:Records of the Canterbury Museum
85:
477:compared a large collection of
2048:North Island stout-legged wren
2043:South Island stout-legged wren
704:Rawlence, Nic (26 July 2017).
1:
2345:Fossil taxa described in 1890
840:Oliver, Walter R. B. (1955).
782:Forbes, Henry O. (1890). "".
2325:Extinct birds of New Zealand
507:sufficiently different from
2350:Birds with names in Moriori
580:Gibb, John (27 July 2017).
561:Largest prehistoric animals
393:and fish bones, seal hair,
262:) is an extinct indigenous
2366:
2247:Cygnus atratus sumnerensis
2217:Cygnus atratus sumnerensis
2168:New Zealand owlet-nightjar
1242:South Island oystercatcher
226:Cygnus atratus sumnerensis
2009:Auckland Island merganser
1332:
903:The Lost World of the Moa
809:Forbes, Henry O. (1890).
481:from Marfells Beach near
217:
210:
188:
181:
82:Scientific classification
80:
68:
59:
50:
34:
2021:Chatham Island merganser
1588:Northern royal albatross
1576:New Zealand storm petrel
582:"At last, NZ's own swan"
439:was considered lost, so
2284:new-zealand-swan-matapu
1641:South Island saddleback
1629:North Island saddleback
1605:Orange-fronted parakeet
1377:North Island brown kiwi
498:Revival of species name
435:By the 1950s, Forbes's
251:
27:Extinct species of swan
2189:
2172:
2160:
2143:
2131:
2089:
2067:
2030:
2013:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1927:
1915:
1893:
1856:
1834:
1807:
1795:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1737:
1720:
1708:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1552:New Zealand fairy tern
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1456:
1439:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1283:Variable oystercatcher
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1181:
1169:
1147:
1135:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
636:10.1098/rspb.2017.0876
2180:New Zealand musk duck
2127:Scarlett's shearwater
2004:South Island adzebill
1999:North Island adzebill
1889:Erect-crested penguin
1733:Chatham oystercatcher
1564:New Zealand king shag
1206:New Zealand rock wren
756:Meeson, John (1889).
556:Pleistocene megafauna
312:, a clear display of
2330:Holocene extinctions
1830:Antipodean albatross
1820:Subantarctic islands
1143:New Zealand dotterel
1042:Double-banded plover
954:Birds of New Zealand
411:Chenopis sumnerensis
221:Chenopis sumnerensis
2139:North Island takahē
2014:rakiraki maungahuka
1960:New Zealand bittern
1948:South Island piopio
1901:Reischek's parakeet
1547:South Island kōkako
1542:North Island kōkako
1430:South Island takahē
1413:Yellow-eyed penguin
1401:Southern brown kiwi
1365:Little spotted kiwi
459:Cygnus chathamensis
326:Chenonetta finschi)
231:Cygnus chathamensis
174:C. sumnerensis
62:Conservation status
2107:South Island snipe
2102:North Island snipe
1923:Subantarctic snipe
1874:Campbell albatross
1864:Antipodes parakeet
1808:kawau o rangihaute
1479:Black-fronted tern
1353:Great spotted kiwi
1295:White-fronted tern
1160:North Island robin
1155:South Island robin
1114:Long-tailed cuckoo
1054:New Zealand falcon
735:Christchurch Press
630:(1859): 20170876.
521:C. s. chathamensis
385:, Director of the
259:Cygnus sumnerensis
195:Cygnus sumnerensis
18:Cygnus sumnerensis
2307:
2306:
2292:Open Tree of Life
2209:Taxon identifiers
2200:
2199:
2151:New Zealand goose
1972:New Zealand quail
1716:Chatham albatross
1435:Fiordland penguin
1177:Paradise shelduck
1165:New Zealand scaup
1102:Sacred kingfisher
1090:Grey-faced petrel
982:Black-billed gull
842:New Zealand Birds
592:on 17 August 2017
586:Otago Daily Times
517:C. s. sumnerensis
443:in 1955 declared
387:Canterbury Museum
330:New Zealand goose
238:
237:
75:
16:(Redirected from
2357:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2264:
2263:
2261:0EFEC802EEED9BDD
2251:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2204:
2192:
2185:New Zealand swan
2175:
2163:
2146:
2134:
2092:
2070:
2038:Long-billed wren
2033:
2016:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1930:
1918:
1896:
1859:
1837:
1810:
1798:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:Chatham parakeet
1740:
1728:Chatham gerygone
1723:
1711:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1459:
1442:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1184:
1172:
1150:
1138:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1018:Buff-banded rail
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
947:
940:
933:
924:
917:
916:
898:
892:
891:
879:
873:
872:
852:
846:
845:
837:
831:
830:
806:
800:
799:
796:10.1038/041207a0
779:
770:
769:
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
737:. 8 October 1889
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
701:
692:
691:
689:
687:
672:
666:
665:
655:
615:
602:
601:
599:
597:
588:. Archived from
577:
550:Cygnus falconeri
533:Te Whanga lagoon
425:Chenopsis atrata
405:and two partial
314:island gigantism
278:. Discovered as
254:
242:New Zealand swan
197:
193:
90:
89:
74:
55:
38:Temporal range:
35:New Zealand swan
32:
21:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2080:Waitaha penguin
2075:Chatham penguin
1940:
1934:
1822:
1814:
1696:
1694:Chatham Islands
1688:
1617:Red-billed gull
1610:kākāriki karaka
1471:
1469:
1463:
1345:
1339:
1330:
962:
956:
951:
921:
920:
913:
900:
899:
895:
881:
880:
876:
854:
853:
849:
839:
838:
834:
808:
807:
803:
781:
780:
773:
755:
754:
750:
740:
738:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
703:
702:
695:
685:
683:
674:
673:
669:
617:
616:
605:
595:
593:
579:
578:
574:
569:
545:
500:
463:C. chathamensis
455:Chatham Islands
433:
415:Chenopis atrata
371:
366:
302:
268:Chatham Islands
206:
199:
191:
190:
177:
84:
76:
73: (1650 CE)
64:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Cygnus (genus)
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2288:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2237:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2122:Imber's petrel
2119:
2114:
2112:Forbes's snipe
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2085:Eyles' harrier
2082:
2077:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2018:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1911:Snares penguin
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:tawaki nana hī
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1791:Magenta petrel
1788:
1783:
1771:
1762:Chatham pigeon
1759:
1750:Chatham petrel
1747:
1742:
1730:
1725:
1713:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1444:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1218:Shining cuckoo
1215:
1203:
1191:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
966:
964:
958:
957:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
919:
918:
911:
893:
874:
863:(2): 232–237.
847:
832:
801:
771:
748:
722:
693:
682:. 26 July 2017
667:
603:
571:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
544:
541:
537:Chatham Island
513:C. sumnerensis
509:Cygnus atratus
499:
496:
483:Lake Grassmere
479:C. sumnerensis
471:C. sumnerensis
467:junior synonym
445:C. sumnerensis
432:
429:
420:Cygnus atratus
370:
367:
365:
362:
318:Cygnus atratus
306:C. sumnerensis
301:
298:
293:Cygnus atratus
288:Cygnus atratus
280:archaeological
236:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
215:
214:
208:
207:
200:
186:
185:
179:
178:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
77:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2156:Finsch's duck
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Haast's eagle
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Campbell teal
1882:
1880:
1879:Campbell shag
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:tētē kākāriki
1853:
1852:Auckland teal
1850:
1848:
1847:Auckland shag
1845:
1843:
1842:Auckland rail
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Chatham snipe
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
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1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1675:
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1666:
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1659:
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1647:
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1603:
1599:
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1577:
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1558:
1553:
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1540:
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1535:
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1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:endemic birds
1466:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:kiwi pukupuku
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
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1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
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1279:
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1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:pīpīwharauroa
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
994:Brown creeper
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
967:
965:
959:
955:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
929:
928:
925:
914:
912:0-253-34034-9
908:
904:
897:
894:
889:
885:
878:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
843:
836:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
790:(1053): 209.
789:
785:
778:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
752:
749:
736:
732:
726:
723:
711:
707:
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694:
681:
677:
671:
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663:
659:
654:
649:
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637:
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629:
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621:
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604:
591:
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583:
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566:
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551:
547:
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542:
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497:
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489:
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468:
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438:
437:type material
430:
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408:
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396:
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388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Finsch's duck
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
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255:
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243:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
216:
213:
209:
204:
198:
196:
187:
184:
183:Binomial name
180:
176:
175:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
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117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2216:
2184:
2063:Laughing owl
2058:Chatham kākā
2053:Lyall's wren
1906:Snares snipe
1774:Chatham shag
1653:Shore plover
1527:Foveaux shag
1452:Blue penguin
1389:Okarito kiwi
1254:Spotted shag
1182:pūtangitangi
1078:Grey warbler
902:
896:
890:(1): 79–176.
887:
883:
877:
860:
856:
850:
841:
835:
818:
814:
804:
787:
783:
765:
761:
751:
739:. Retrieved
734:
725:
713:. Retrieved
709:
684:. Retrieved
679:
670:
627:
623:
594:. Retrieved
590:the original
585:
575:
548:
528:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:Recovery of
501:
491:
478:
470:
462:
458:
448:
444:
434:
424:
418:
414:
410:
409:, naming it
383:Henry Forbes
379:Christchurch
372:
353:
349:
344:
342:
337:
333:
325:
317:
309:
305:
303:
291:
287:
272:South Island
258:
257:
249:
241:
239:
230:
225:
220:
194:
189:
173:
172:
159:
139:Anseriformes
29:
2241:Wikispecies
2173:ruru hinapō
1869:Bounty shag
1704:Black robin
1491:Black stilt
1324:ngutuparore
1288:tōrea pango
1199:tītipounamu
1148:tūturiwhatu
1023:moho-pererū
821:: 264–265.
504:ancient DNA
473:. In 1998,
450:nomen nudum
334:Cnemiornis)
300:Description
276:New Zealand
40:Pleistocene
2314:Categories
2161:manutahora
2117:Snipe-rail
2031:mātuhituhi
1677:Yellowhead
1665:Stitchbird
1593:Otago shag
1581:takahikare
1468:Endangered
1344:Flightless
1259:pārekareka
1071:pīwakawaka
1006:Brown teal
567:References
492:C. atratus
358:Polynesian
354:C. atratus
350:C. atratus
345:C. atratus
338:C. atratus
310:C. atratus
284:black swan
1916:pokotiwha
1803:Pitt shag
1658:tūturuatu
1622:tarāpunga
1569:kawau tūī
1503:Blue duck
1484:tarapiroe
1312:pōpokotea
1307:Whitehead
1230:Silvereye
741:16 August
715:17 August
686:17 August
644:0962-8452
596:1 October
465:became a
403:coracoids
369:Discovery
266:from the
167:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
2226:Wikidata
2026:Bushwren
1928:tutukiwi
1557:tara-iti
1515:Fernbird
1472:(flying)
1271:miromiro
1211:pīwauwau
1194:Rifleman
1136:pīhoihoi
1083:riroriro
1059:kārearea
1047:pohowera
1030:Dabchick
987:tarāpuka
975:korimako
970:Bellbird
768:: 64–70.
710:Sciblogs
662:28747476
543:See also
431:Synonymy
364:Taxonomy
328:and the
270:and the
212:Synonyms
149:Anatidae
145:Family:
119:Chordata
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
44:Holocene
2297:3595917
2274:2023654
2256:Avibase
2232:Q669366
2090:kērangi
1965:kaoriki
1939:Extinct
1755:ranguru
1406:tokoeka
1319:Wrybill
1170:pāpango
1119:koekoeā
1066:Fantail
653:5543223
525:Moriori
377:, near
246:Moriori
205:, 1890)
192:†
171:†
155:Genus:
135:Order:
125:Class:
71:Extinct
2281:NZBO:
2132:ōiruki
2068:whēkau
1977:koreke
1953:piopio
1709:karure
1598:Matapo
1520:mātātā
1457:kororā
1440:tawaki
1425:Kākāpō
1266:Tomtit
1235:tauhou
1189:Pūkeko
1126:Kererū
1107:kōtare
1035:weweia
1011:pāteke
999:pipipi
961:Common
909:
784:Nature
660:
650:
642:
475:Worthy
441:Oliver
407:humeri
375:Sumner
203:Forbes
160:Cygnus
2340:Swans
2190:poūwa
1941:birds
1835:Toroa
1823:birds
1796:tāiko
1779:papua
1767:parea
1738:tōrea
1721:toroa
1697:birds
1682:mōhua
1646:tīeke
1634:tīeke
1418:hoiho
1382:roroa
1358:roroa
1346:birds
1247:tōrea
1131:Pipit
963:birds
817:. 6.
529:poūwa
527:name
488:Māori
457:, as
417:(now
399:Māori
395:adzes
252:poūwa
2269:NCBI
2144:moho
1984:Huia
1670:hihi
1532:Kākā
1508:whio
1496:kakī
1447:Weka
1394:rowi
1300:tara
907:ISBN
857:Ibis
815:Ibis
743:2017
717:2017
688:2017
658:PMID
640:ISSN
598:2022
519:and
264:swan
240:The
129:Aves
1994:Moa
1537:Kea
1278:Tūī
865:doi
861:100
823:doi
792:doi
680:RNZ
648:PMC
632:doi
628:284
535:on
469:of
391:moa
274:of
2316::
2294::
2271::
2258::
2243::
2228::
1095:ōi
888:12
886:.
859:.
819:32
813:.
788:41
786:.
774:^
766:22
764:.
760:.
733:.
708:.
696:^
678:.
656:.
646:.
638:.
626:.
622:.
606:^
584:.
494:.
447:a
256:,
248::
2193:)
2187:(
2176:)
2170:(
2164:)
2158:(
2147:)
2141:(
2135:)
2129:(
2093:)
2087:(
2071:)
2065:(
2034:)
2028:(
2017:)
2011:(
1980:)
1974:(
1968:)
1962:(
1956:)
1950:(
1931:)
1925:(
1919:)
1913:(
1897:)
1891:(
1860:)
1854:(
1838:)
1832:(
1811:)
1805:(
1799:)
1793:(
1782:)
1776:(
1770:)
1764:(
1758:)
1752:(
1741:)
1735:(
1724:)
1718:(
1712:)
1706:(
1685:)
1679:(
1673:)
1667:(
1661:)
1655:(
1649:)
1643:(
1637:)
1631:(
1625:)
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1613:)
1607:(
1601:)
1595:(
1584:)
1578:(
1572:)
1566:(
1560:)
1554:(
1523:)
1517:(
1511:)
1505:(
1499:)
1493:(
1487:)
1481:(
1460:)
1454:(
1443:)
1437:(
1421:)
1415:(
1409:)
1403:(
1397:)
1391:(
1385:)
1379:(
1373:)
1367:(
1361:)
1355:(
1327:)
1321:(
1315:)
1309:(
1303:)
1297:(
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1274:)
1268:(
1262:)
1256:(
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1220:(
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1208:(
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1196:(
1185:)
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1167:(
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1133:(
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1116:(
1110:)
1104:(
1098:)
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1086:)
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1074:)
1068:(
1062:)
1056:(
1050:)
1044:(
1038:)
1032:(
1026:)
1020:(
1014:)
1008:(
1002:)
996:(
990:)
984:(
978:)
972:(
946:e
939:t
932:v
915:.
871:.
867::
829:.
825::
798:.
794::
745:.
719:.
690:.
664:.
634::
600:.
332:(
324:(
286:(
244:(
201:(
42:-
20:)
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