Codling moth - Knowledge (XXG)

716:

about 10% of the population are long-distance travelers. Such wide range of flight behavior is an adaptive characteristic; their habitat is usually determined by the availability of the fruit, so there is normally no need to travel far, but if the fruits are spread out in a patchy manner, the moths are capable of traveling longer distances to find food and re-colonize. Virgin females and males have been shown to be more likely to fly longer distances, with both sexes being able to travel about the same distance. Virgin and mated males and virgin females were able to fly the longest during the first third of adulthood, while mated females reached their maximum potential of flight within 1–3 days after eclosion.

584:

tree from which they emerged. On average, the female lays 50–60 eggs, but this number may vary. She can lay as few as ten eggs or as many as over 100 eggs. First generation eggs are laid on fruits, and second generation eggs are generally oviposited on twigs and leaves. Females favor laying eggs at the upper part of the tree near the edges of the branches, where fruits are most commonly located. The eggs are laid along with sticky mass secreted from the female, which acts as glue to hold the eggs in place and prevent them from being washed away by rain.

1364: 677:

copulate, oviposit first generation eggs, and caterpillars that arise from the eggs bore into the fruits. Therefore, it is critical to predict the time of emergence of the moths in the spring to minimize damages to the crops. Segments of the moth abdomen have sharp notches that can make it easier for the moth to emerge from the cocoon. The notches can be used to cut through the exterior cover of the pupa. When the moths first eclose, or emerge as adults, their wings are not spread out completely. Thus they are not capable of flight immediately after

635: 1200: 695:, or a period of suspended development, occurs in codling moth caterpillars if the climatic conditions or food availability are unfavorable. Larvae in diapause do not spin cocoons but rather enter a stage of decreased metabolism and vital activity. Once the temperature drops below 0 degrees Celsius, the caterpillar turns lifeless and becomes a blob of mush. The caterpillar becomes so soft that if poked, the place where it is poked will remain caved in, as if it is made out of heated wax or clay. 668:

season progresses. There is a relationship between temperature and duration of pupation: warmer temperatures have been found to shorten the duration. Therefore, first generation caterpillars, which emerge in the warmer months of summer, tend to have a shorter pupation duration. Some second generation caterpillars pupate over winter and in the spring emerge as first generation moths. The cocoon provides sufficient protection from rain and other external factors, except mechanical ones.

302: 1271: 56: 74: 42: 294:". Because the larvae are not able to feed on leaves, they are highly dependent on fruits as a food source and thus have a significant impact on crops. The caterpillars bore into fruit and stop it from growing, which leads to premature ripening. Various means of control, including chemical, biological, and preventive, have been implemented. This moth has a widespread distribution, being found on six continents. Adaptive behavior such as 370: 451: 610: 542:, four to five generations have been noted. In most of Europe and North America there are usually two generations of moths in a given flight period (summer months). At those latitudes, first generation moths emerge in July and are active through August. Eggs laid by the first generation moths are called second generation. These eggs hatch and the caterpillar undergoes pupation. The larvae go into 1024:. Of these, a granulovirus species specific to codling moths has been identified and studied. Granuloviruses form small granules that each carry one virion, and can be divided into two classes: the 'slow' and 'fast' granuloviruses, which refers to the rate at which the virus kills the host. Fast-killing granuloviruses usually kill the host during the same instar in which it was infected. 1208:

late 1980s and early 1990s showed that damage from codling moths ranged from 25% to 50% of crops being damaged. Another case study at Codling Moth Areawide Management (CAMP) project sites in Washington, California, and Oregon showed that the number of hectares of farms treated with mating disruption insecticides to control codling moths has grown exponentially from 1990 to 2000.

1049:-M, E, R. These can be categorized into four genome types: genomes A, B, C, and D. It is believed that genome C is ancestral to the other genomes. Genome C is also less pathogenic to codling moth neonates compared to other genome types. Isolates from Iran have also been identified and were found to have same genome types as the other isolates. 631:

secreted by the female, but the caterpillars are small and light enough to be washed away by rain or blown off the tree by wind. Especially because the caterpillars are so small when they first emerge from the egg, they are more susceptible to rainy summers, and data have shown that crops were attacked less by the moths in rainy summers.

1191:

while mid to low dosage elicited neutral responses. The threshold for mated male attraction was higher, which means the males are not as sensitive to the volatile as the females are. Butyl hexanoate is another sex-specific volatile released by ripe apples. Mated females were attracted by this volatile while males were not affected.

601:. They are tiny, usually about 1–1.2 mm in size. As the caterpillar develops inside the egg, the egg changes color. A reddish ring forms first and then a red spot appears, which becomes the head of the caterpillar. It typically takes about 7 to 12 days for the eggs to hatch, but under optimal conditions they can hatch 5 days. 361:, or able to utilize a variety of food sources, the availability of specific food resources does not determine their optimal habitat. Various stages of the moth's life history, from eggs to pupae, can be found on host plants which the larvae feed on. These plants include apple, pear, walnut, chestnut, and even apricot trees. 724:, or the ability to produce offspring, than mobile females. Sedentary females are larger in size, lay more eggs, and live longer than mobile females. Thus, there is higher reproductive rate in sedentary females. This explains why females do not travel far from the fruit tree from which they emerged to oviposit. 1072:

just by crawling or browsing on infected leaves and fruits. A linear log time/mortality relationship has been found, which indicates that the longer the larva remains in contact with the bioinsecticide sprayed surface, the higher the degree of infection. Aqueous suspension of the granules are sprayed

719:

High genetic correlation (0.84 to 1.00) was found between total distance traveled and flight traits, such as flight duration and velocity. Flight characteristics are shown to be heritable for both sexes. Selection for and against genes that increase flight traits showed rapid changes in flight traits

515:

Adult moths feed little if at all. Though feeding may prolong life a little longer, abstaining from feeding does not significantly reduce their reproductive success. Their ability to copulate and oviposit are unaffected, and embryonic development in eggs is not affected by lack of feeding behavior of

1407:

However, there is a fitness cost associated with increased insecticide resistance. Pesticide-resistant codling moths are less fecund, less fertile, slower in development, lighter in weight, and have a shorter life span compared to non-resistant moths. This is believed to be caused by increase in the

1220:

more effectively, and exposes it to sunlight, sunlight being toxic to eggs and larvae. Scraping bark from the tree trunk decreases the number of sites available for pupation. Since caterpillars bore into the fruit, causing it to ripen and fall prematurely, fallen fruit should be removed to eliminate

715:

Adult moths are generally sedentary and tend to spend the day resting on leaves or branches. Such limited mobility is not because they are incapable of long-distance flight; they have the capacity to travel up to several kilometers. However, the majority of the moths travel between 60 and 800m. Only

676:

Second generation adult moths first emerge in the spring, around the end of April to beginning of June in Northern Hemisphere countries (September/October in the Southern Hemisphere). Flight time and emergence are dependent on temperature and other climatic factors. As soon as the moths emerge, they

466:

build up near the entrance of the hole. These pieces are glued together by silk threads released from the caterpillar to create a cap. This cap protects the caterpillar by blocking the entrance. It takes the caterpillar approximately 45 minutes to bore into the fruit and about 15 minutes to cap. The

711:

Flight of the adult codling moths starts near the beginning of May with the eclosion of second generation moths and stops around the end of August as the first generation moths reach senescence every year. The first and second generation flight period overlap anywhere from 10 to 20 days. Overlap of

655:

near the ground. Using its spider-like silk threads, the larva lowers down to the ground from the branches. They can also crawl down the trunk of the tree. The process of searching for an appropriate place to pupate is long and selective. Pupae have been spotted in various places, such as under old

1261:

Molasses traps (inverted bottles containing dilute molasses) are a simple, low-cost, and effective mechanical control of the adult moths. The molasses scent attracts the moths inside the bottles where surface adhesion incapacitates them. The traps are placed at the beginning of the season when the

1190:

has been discovered with regards to this volatile. Both mated and virgin females were attracted to α-farnesene at a low dosage but repelled by it at a high dosage. The degree of response was stronger for mated females. Compared to that, mated males were attracted to a higher dosage of α-farnesene,

667:

For first generation caterpillars, pupation lasts a shorter period of time, usually less than ten days. For the second generation, the duration of pupation is longer at around 20 days. The difference in pupation duration between first and second generation pupae is due to temperature change as the

630:

The eggs can hatch at night or day, depending on humidity. Because direct sunlight can dry up the caterpillar and increases the temperature, the caterpillar moves into a shade or crawls to the bottom of the leaf if it hatches during the day. The eggs are glued onto the leaf by the sticky substance

617:

When the caterpillar first hatches from the egg, it is about 2 mm long and 0.5 mm in diameter. The body is divided up into twelve segments, and the color is usually pale yellow. As the caterpillar undergoes development through five instar phases, it grows to become 18–20 mm long and

483:

Fruits attacked by the codling moth caterpillars have developed methods of resisting the caterpillars. Methods of resistance include thickening of the epidermis of the fruit and using stony cells to protect the seed. Fuzziness of the fruit has also been observed to deter codling moth caterpillars.

405:

The codling moth caterpillars bore into a fruit within 24 hours of hatching from their eggs, usually traveling between 1.5 m to 3 m in search of a fruit. Because they are susceptible to predation, drying up, or being washed away between the period of hatching and boring into a fruit, the

354:. At a temperature below 0 °C, the larvae become completely inactive and turn seemingly lifeless. However, researchers observed that if the temperature is returned to optimal levels, the larvae regained normal activity. Codling moths have been located at altitudes as high as 1000–1500 m. 1207:

Because the caterpillar of the codling moth bore into fruits and stop their growth, codling moths are major agricultural pests. They are widespread and attack a wide range of fruits. In order to control these pests, insecticide has been used extensively. Case study done in British Columbia in the

583:

in the presence of water, fresh fruits, or even molasses. Female fecundity depends greatly on the climate. If the temperature is too low, oviposition is suspended. If the temperature is too high, the female may become sterile. Females do not travel far to oviposit, and generally lay eggs near the

570:

Codling moths can copulate as early as the day of their eclosion, as long as the climate is appropriate. Males have developed hooks near the end of the abdomen, which are used to grasp onto the female during copulation. Because these hooks hold onto the female tightly, copulation that lasts up to

554:

Males fly upward near the top of the trees to search for females because females tend to stay near trees that they eclosed from. Codlemones, or (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, is a major male-attracting sex pheromone secreted by females. Plant volatiles create a synergistic effect with the codlemone,

386:

are mildly curved near the distal end. The dorsal side of the abdomen is smooth and bare, while the ventral side is covered in scales. Though most of the moths are brown or gray in color, it has been observed that the maturity of the fruits the larvae feed on can lead to variation in color in the

647:

The pupae are 10–12 mm long and can be as wide as 3 mm. The color changes as time passes, from the brown color of the caterpillar to light brown. The pupa's morphology varies with both sex and generation. Female pupae are generally longer and wider than the male pupae. First generation

818:

The egg stage is the most vulnerable period for parasitism because it is when the moth is exposed the longest. Caterpillars are protected by the fruit and the pupae are protected by the cocoon. Insect parasitoids are listed below, with the parasitized life stage of the codling moth indicated in

1177:

Apples infested with apple sawflies are unsuitable for codling moth larvae because apple sawflies secrete (E,E)-2,4-decadienal as part of their defense secretion. (E,E)-2,4-decadienal also causes a decrease in codling moth male attraction, so female codling moths are deterred by this volatile.

698:

For first generation larvae, a greater percentage of the caterpillars entered diapause if they did not pupate by the end of June or beginning of July. Second generation diapause is generally to pass through the winter. Inactivity over the winter is caused by a drop in temperature, and once the

349:

Viability and fitness of the codling moths are highly dependent on humidity levels and climate. Under observation, the optimal conditions for moth growth and survival were 32 °C and 75% humidity. Even if the temperature is favorable, low and high levels of relative humidity (20% and 100%

437:

It was previously believed that the searching behavior of the caterpillar for fruit to feed on or for a pupation site was random. However, the caterpillar is exposed and susceptible to predation, parasitization, drying up, and even energy depletion during this searching period. Thus, it was

1239:

consists of placing kairomonal lures on a high density of sticky traps in orchards. Both male and female moths are attracted to the lure and become stuck in the trap. An experiment conducted over 5 years showed a significant decrease in the number of apples damaged by codling moth.

769:

Ants are among the most significant of the insect predators because they are numerous and are active in masses. They attack all the stages of the codling moth life cycle, including the caterpillar, pupae, cocoons, and eclosing moths. Some of the commonly known ant predators include

737:

Predators of the codling moth are mostly birds, accounting for nearly 80% of caterpillar killings. Woodpeckers are especially significant predators because they find caterpillars from hidden crevices beneath the bark and branches of host trees. They are also highly preyed upon by

1792:

Light, Douglas M.; Knight, Alan L.; Henrick, Clive A.; Rajapaska, Dayananda; Lingren, Bill; Dickens, Joseph C.; Reynolds, Katherine M.; Buttery, Ronald G.; Merrill, Gloria (2001-08-01). "A pear-derived kairomone with pheromonal potency that attracts male and female codling moth,

324:

or the Mediterranean. Scholars believe that the codling moths were introduced to the Americas in the mid-1700s. There is still debate on whether or not these moths have been distributed by humans. Today, the codling moths are spread all over the world, ranging from Europe, Asia,

648:

caterpillars secrete smoother and more delicate silk, and thus the cocoon is covered with finer material. Second generation cocoons are coarser and have shreds of wood barks. That is because second generation caterpillars bore out the bark of the tree to create itself a cradle.

446:

to locate fruits to feed on. They are photopositive, which means they move towards light. This is adaptive because fruits tend to be located at the ends of the branches where there is most sunlight. Therefore, by following light, the larvae are able to move closer to fruits.

1077:

works most effectively when taken up by neonate larvae, so the bioinsecticide should be applied in concordance to the hatching time schedule of the eggs. Once the granules reach the midgut, which is basic (pH>7), the granules are dissolved and invade the tracheal matrix,

467:

caterpillar bores through the fruit until it reaches the seminal chamber of the fruit. There, the caterpillar bites into the seeds and halts the growth of the fruit. The fruit ripens prematurely as a result. By doing so, the caterpillar gains beneficial resources, such as

2775:

Reyes, Maritza; Franck, Pierre; Charmillot, Pierre-Joseph; Ioriatti, Claudio; Olivares, Jérôme; Pasqualini, Edison; Sauphanor, Benoît (2007-09-01). "Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella".

1252:

clay and adjuvants. Particle films slow down the activity of larvae and moths. On trees coated with particle films, the larvae display decreased walking speed, fruit scavenging activity, and fruit penetration, as well as a lower rate of oviposition by moths.

702:

The possibility of a two-year diapause has been debated in the literature for several years. However, the possibility of two-year diapause is slim because none of the caterpillars out of 15,000 cocoons observed emerged after a diapause that lasted two years.

377:

Codling moths are not large, as the full grown adult codling moth has an average length of 10 mm and wingspan of 20 mm. The wings fold into a tent-like shape when the moths are resting. They are distinguished from other similar moths in the family

2646:

Joshi, N. K.; Hull, L. A; Rajotte, E. G; Krawczyk, G.; Bohnenblust, E. (2011-05-02). "Evaluating sex-pheromone- and kairomone-based lures for attracting codling moth adults in mating disruption versus conventionally managed apple orchards in Pennsylvania".

1460:. This wasp has exhibited a positive response to higher densities of codling moth larvae, a short generation time compared to other parasites of the codling moth, and a high number of female offspring per host larva. These 3 characteristics improve 533:

The number of yearly generations varies depending on the climatic conditions. The number of generations is higher closer to the equator in the Northern hemisphere, which indicates that warmer climate is optimal for higher number of generations. In

1118:

The antennae of the moths are used to detect volatiles released by fruits like apples and pears. Males and females display similar antennal responses to most volatiles, except to codlemone. Males responded more strongly to codlemone than females.

566:

Pear-derived kairomone has been found to be a species-specific attractant as well. Ethyl (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate, which is found in ripe pears and is a minor volatile secreted from ripe apples, attracts both mated and virgin males and females.

699:

temperature and humidity rise back up to a favorable range, activity is resumed. This explains how codling moths are able to survive even if a bad, sterile apple year occurs: the larvae enter diapause and emerge after the bad year has passed.

622:

system (2n=56), which means the offspring receives two sets of chromosome, one from each parent. Females have a WZ sex chromosome system, while males have ZZ. Males have two brown spots near the end of the dorsal side, which become the

2586:

Jaffe, B.D., Guédot, C., and Landolt, P.J. (2018) "Mass-Trapping Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidopteran: Torticidae), Using a Kairomone Lure Reduces Fruit Damage in Commercial Apple Orchards." Journal of Economic Entomology doi:

618:

more reddish in color. By the time the caterpillars are fully grown, they are light brown in color and have dark brown spots. The sex of the moth is determined during the larval stage. The karyotype of codling moths has shown a

1232:

consists of wrapping a corrugated cardboard strip around the tree trunk. Larvae making their way down the tree to pupate after exiting the infested fruits will use bands as pupation sites. Bands may then be removed and burned.

2395:

Ansebo, L.; Coracini, M. D. A.; Bengtsson, M.; Liblikas, I.; Ramírez, M.; Borg-Karlson, A.-K.; Tasin, M.; Witzgall, P. (2004-08-01). "Antennal and behavioural response of codling moth Cydia pomonella to plant volatiles".

2690:

Charmillot; Gourmelon; Fabre; Pasquier (2001-04-01). "Ovicidal and larvicidal effectiveness of several insect growth inhibitors and regulators on the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Tortricidae)".

1359:

are an IGI and IGR respectively and are equally effective in preventing growth in eggs as in larvae. In addition to IGRs, reduced-risk pesticides are also used to control codling moth population in apple

1654:

Witzgall, Peter; Bäckman, Anna-Carin; Svensson, Mats; Koch, Uwe; Rama, Franco; El-Sayed, Ashraf; Brauchli, Julia; Arn, Heinrich; Bengtsson, Marie (1999-06-01). "Behavioral observations of codling moth,

495:. In pears, stone cells are found in groups of cells found in the fruit pulp. These cells are found to have thick cell walls, reaching up to 10 μm. At maturity, these cells are composed out of 30% 1307:(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate and its corresponding aldehyde, E,E-2, 4-decadienal. Attractants are used as lures in codling moth traps, and are widely used in codling moth management programs in orchards. 1283:

Successful development of synthetic fruit volatiles has led to increased control of codling moths. Codling moths can be managed and controlled with the use of synthetic apple volatiles, such as

2819:

Boivin, Thomas; D'Hières, Cécile Chabert; Bouvier, Jean C.; Beslay, Dominique; Sauphanor, Benoît (2001-06-01). "Pleiotropy of insecticide resistance in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella".

546:

and "hibernate" over the winter. In April and May of the following year, these second generation pupae eclose and the second generation moths are active during the months of May and June.

951:

is a parasite to the caterpillar and pupae of the codling moth. The spores of this snowy white fungus are dispersed in locations where the caterpillars pass by or where they pupate. The

579:

Oviposition occurs at a location where an optimal climate and humidity for growth is met. It has been shown that 75% humidity is optimal for oviposition, and females are more likely to

382:

by the distinctive patterns on their fore-wings. These brown spots enclosed in gold rings are called "little mirrors" because they resemble small mirrors with a golden rim. The slender

1464:'s ability to control codling moth populations. Parasitism of overwintering codling moth cocoons has reached up to 70%, but most field tests have not demonstrated a dramatic result. 1248:

Particle films are hydrophobic solutions used to spray crops and plants to prevent damage from pathogens and arthropod pests. A common type of particle film is composed primarily of

2207:

Rezapanah, M.; Shojai-Estabragh, S.; Huber, J.; Jehle, J. A. (2008-12-01). "Molecular and biological characterization of new isolates of Cydia pomonella granulovirus from Iran".

1848:

Fuková, Iva; Nguyen, Petr; Marec, František (2005-12-01). "Codling moth cytogenetics: karyotype, chromosomal location of rDNA, and molecular differentiation of sex chromosomes".

2862: 2347:"Optimizing Use of Codling Moth Granulovirus: Effects of Application Rate and Spraying Frequency on Control of Codling Moth Larvae in Pacific Northwest Apple Orchards" 406:

caterpillars are prompt in finding a fruit to feed on. Although apples are their dominant food source, they are polyphagous, feeding on a wide variety of fruits from

3198: 1694:

Roelofs, Wendell; Comeau, André; Hill, Ada; Milicevic, G. (1971-10-15). "Sex Attractant of the Codling Moth: Characterization with Electroantennogram Technique".

684:

The average life span of the moth is around 13 to 18 days. However, the longest living male observed lived for 38 days, and the oldest female lived for 37 days.

3283: 1101:-M isolates have overcome that host resistance. Identified isolates, such as 112 and NPP-R1, have shown increased pathogenicity against RGV isolates, which are 2306:

Ballard, J.; Ellis, D. J.; Payne, C. C. (2000-10-01). "Uptake of Granulovirus from the Surface of Apples and Leaves by First Instar Larvae of the Codling Moth

2090:

Mattiacci, Letizia; Hütter, Ellen; Dorn, Silvia (1999-07-01). "Host Location of Hyssopus pallidus, a Larval Parasitoid of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella".

2245:

Berling, Marie; Blachere-Lopez, Christine; Soubabere, Olivier; Lery, Xavier; Bonhomme, Antoine; Sauphanor, Benoît; Lopez-Ferber, Miguel (2009-02-15).

3172: 2540:"Ten years implementing codling moth mating disruption in the orchards of Washington and British Columbia: starting right and managing for success!" 1440:, as the larvae are well protected within the fruit for the majority of development. However, their eggs are susceptible to biological control by 796:

can kill 90% of caterpillars they attack, which are usually those moving between fruits or fifth instar caterpillars looking for a pupation site.

2431:

Hern, Alan; Dorn, Silvia (1999-07-01). "Sexual dimorphism in the olfactory orientation of adult Cydia pomonella in response to α-farnesene".

1315:

Insect growth inhibitors (IGIs) and insect growth regulators (IGRs) are used in insects, especially Lepidoptera, to prevent the synthesis of

959:

grows radially out from the body of the caterpillar, turning the caterpillar soft and mushy. It has a killing rate of 13.1% in caterpillars.

3392: 563:, or (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. The optimal ratio at which attraction is maximized is at a 1:100 ratio of codlemone to synergistic plant volatiles. 338: 1745:

Yang, Zhihua; Bengtsson, Marie; Witzgall, Peter (2004-03-01). "Host Plant Volatiles Synergize Response to Sex Pheromone in Codling Moth,

1400:. It is believed that this resistance is due to increase in enzymatic activity of the larvae. Low genetic structuration and high rate of 712:

second and first generation moth flight period means there will be continuous damage done by the codling moth during the summer months.

720:

in both directions. There is, however, a trade-off between mobility and fitness. Research has shown that sedentary females have higher

3362: 3211: 3133: 487:

Stony cells, which are present in some pears, have shown to help in resisting codling moth caterpillars. Stony cells are found in the

516:

the parent moths. If they choose to feed, the moths feed on sweet fluids, such as juice from the fruit, diluted honey, and diluted

3367: 475:. Such feeding behavior lasts for 23 to 27 days and the caterpillar feeds on an average of one to two fruits during this time. 189: 3372: 1614: 298:

and multiple generations per breeding season have allowed this moth to persist even during years of bad climatic conditions.

2048: 1446:

wasps. The wasps deposit their eggs into codling moth eggs, and the developing wasp larvae consume the moth embryo inside.

3377: 3270: 2887:

Mills, Nick (2005). "Selecting effective parasitoids for biological control introductions: Codling moth as a case study".

2251:

Genotypes Overcome Virus Resistance in the Codling Moth and Improve Virus Efficiency by Selection against Resistant Hosts"

2008:

Schumacher, Peter; Weber, Donald C.; Hagger, Christian; Dorn, Silvia (1997-11-01). "Heritability of flight distance for

1026: 660:, cracks, dry places in the earth, ditches dug into ground, storehouse with the fruit, trunk, under rocks, and between 3387: 3068: 3025: 320:

Although the geographic origin of codling moths is unclear, there are theories of these moths originating from either

1034:

is a fast granulovirus, the codling moth larvae dies within the same instar as when infected. The complete genome of

3151: 1363: 597:

The eggs, which are oviposited on either the fruit or twig depending on the generation, are white and shaped like a

3382: 3288: 1170:)-2,4-decadienoate and is released as a defense mechanism by the fifth instar larvae of the European apple sawfly 3164: 2162:

Eberle, Karolin E.; Sayed, Samy; Rezapanah, Mohammedreza; Shojai-Estabragh, Sharareh; Jehle, Johannes A. (2009).

1413: 1090:, or programmed cell-death, of host cells and eventually host death. Death of the host occurs within 5–10 days. 73: 2940: 1437: 2965: 2599:"Particle Films for Suppression of the Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple and Pear Orchards" 1186:α-farnesene is a major volatile released by ripe apples that attracts codling moths. Sexual dimorphism in 970: 634: 1292: 3357: 3216: 3073: 2049:"Habitat manipulation of the apple orchard floor to increase ground-dwelling predators and predation of 1288: 1172: 784: 168: 1376:

In recent years, codling moths with insecticide-resistant strains arose. They have become resistant to

1086:, and other tissue bodies. During the later stages of infection, the virus form clusters, which causes 916:

nov. sp. (egg or pupa) – another ichneumonid. A parasitised pupa may die or eclose as a stunted adult.

1930:

Gu, Hainan; Hughes, Jacqueline; Dorn, Silvia (2006-02-01). "Trade-off between mobility and fitness in

1304: 1199: 3298: 3239: 3107: 3012: 3003: 2486: 2262: 1806: 1703: 1356: 1300: 1017: 301: 1969:

Schumacher, Peter; Weyeneth, Albert; Weber, Donald C.; Dorn, Silvia (1997-06-01). "Long flights in

1340: 1270: 3262: 2467: 1973:

L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) measured by a flight mill: influence of sex, mated status and age".

1336: 2844: 2716: 2628: 2520: 2448: 2413: 2374: 2327: 2224: 2072: 2029: 1990: 1951: 1909: 1830: 1774: 1727: 1676: 1586:

Jackson, D. Michael (1982-05-15). "Searching Behavior and Survival of 1st-Instar Codling Moths".

947: 772: 539: 459: 279: 198: 68: 55: 3203: 851:

wasp that attacks both generations and overwinters in the body of second generation caterpillar

3319: 3249: 3094: 3050: 2836: 2801: 2793: 2757: 2708: 2672: 2664: 2620: 2512: 2366: 2288: 2189: 2144: 1865: 1822: 1766: 1719: 1636: 1615:"Helicoidal pattern in secondary cell walls and possible role of xylans in their construction" 987: 383: 41: 3334: 3226: 3324: 2896: 2828: 2785: 2747: 2700: 2656: 2610: 2502: 2494: 2440: 2405: 2358: 2319: 2278: 2270: 2216: 2179: 2134: 2099: 2064: 2021: 1982: 1943: 1901: 1857: 1814: 1758: 1711: 1668: 1626: 1595: 1284: 788: 776: 3306: 2944: 2117:

Luque, Teresa; Finch, Ruth; Crook, Norman; O'Reilly, David R.; Winstanley, Doreen (2001).

1389: 993: 855: 2736:"Large plot reduced risk insecticide study for Lepidopteran pests infesting apples, 2008" 1762: 1216:

Regular pruning of fruit trees allows insecticide to reach the inner part of the tree's

462:

of the fruit. As the caterpillar makes way into the fruit, scraps of the skin, pulp, and

3017: 2490: 2266: 1810: 1707: 491:

of fruits such as cherries or walnuts. The endocarp is the innermost layer of a fruit's

442:

sense, which means the caterpillars use contact reflex to search. Caterpillars also use

3159: 3146: 3030: 2539: 2283: 2246: 1986: 1451: 1421: 1217: 1065: 1030:

is a species of fast granulovirus that is fatally pathogenic to codling moths. Because

885: 500: 2954: 2932: 3351: 2918: 2900: 2832: 2704: 2565: 2444: 2409: 2378: 2068: 2025: 1947: 1905: 1385: 1332: 925: 878: 848: 780: 657: 185: 3040: 2848: 2720: 2632: 2452: 2417: 2331: 2228: 2076: 2033: 1994: 1955: 1913: 1778: 1731: 1680: 369: 3099: 2597:

Unruh, T. R.; Knight, A. L.; Upton, J.; Glenn, D. M.; Puterka, G. J. (2000-06-01).

2524: 1834: 1442: 1352: 1348: 1093:

Some colonies of codling moths have developed resistance against the commonly used

1021: 921: 450: 439: 145: 609: 2566:"Mating disruption of codling moth: a perspective from the Western United States" 2139: 2118: 1715: 1468:

as a biological control is recommended as part of a broader management strategy.

3275: 3257: 3234: 3185: 2997: 2362: 1381: 1320: 1009: 755: 598: 571:

several hours has been observed. Copulation occurs within 24 hours of eclosion.

379: 358: 309: 291: 275: 271: 135: 125: 2949: 2615: 2598: 2346: 2323: 1631: 1319:

during development. Chitin is one of the major component which constitutes the

555:

which increases the degree of male attraction. These volatiles include racemic

458:

Once the caterpillar has located a fruit to feed on, it starts penetrating the

17: 2507: 2498: 2220: 1672: 1425: 1397: 1377: 1344: 861: 836: 443: 3138: 2840: 2797: 2761: 2712: 2668: 3120: 1599: 1401: 1324: 1249: 1187: 1087: 1079: 872: 865: 842: 751: 747: 739: 721: 560: 496: 334: 105: 85: 2988: 2805: 2676: 2624: 2516: 2370: 2292: 2193: 2184: 2163: 2148: 2103: 1869: 1826: 1770: 1723: 1640: 1818: 1331:. Without chitin, insects cannot develop properly. Ovicidal IGIs, such as 3311: 3081: 3060: 2982: 2752: 2735: 2274: 1892:

to selection on mobility: laboratory evaluation and field verification".

1393: 1296: 1083: 952: 692: 678: 580: 556: 543: 517: 492: 488: 431: 351: 330: 295: 1449:

Another candidate for a biological control agent is the parasitoid wasp

3177: 3086: 1409: 973:, or insect-eating, fungal parasite to the codling moth larvae. Unlike 827: 783:, Formica pallidefulva schauffussi inserta, Aphaenogaster fulva aquia, 743: 619: 535: 468: 415: 434:. They are unable to survive by feeding on leaves of the fruit trees. 3190: 1328: 1316: 893: 799: 759: 504: 427: 411: 326: 321: 115: 95: 2959: 2789: 2660: 1861: 3125: 1420:

reactions. Glutathione-S-transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes a

1888:

Keil, Sabine; Gu, Hainan; Dorn, Silvia (2001-10-01). "Response of

1417: 1404:

have led to a rapid spread of resistance in European populations.

1269: 1198: 1013: 633: 624: 608: 463: 449: 419: 368: 300: 283: 2937: 904:(caterpillar) – another ichneumonid that attacks both generations 681:. It takes about ten minutes for the wings to spread completely. 661: 652: 423: 407: 287: 3112: 2963: 1262:

fruit is smaller and the larvae are emerging from hibernation.

802:

are also predators of various life stages of the codling moth.

763: 472: 2047:

Mathews, Clarissa R.; Bottrell, Dale G.; Brown, M.W. (2004).

1073:

on leaves and fruits, which are then taken up by the larvae.

1566:

The Biology of the Codling Moth as the Basis for Its Control

868:

formed in the frass as the caterpillar bores into the fruit.

1343:, have been shown to be effective against egg development. 651:

The fifth instar caterpillar seeks for a place to spin the

507:, which are biopolymers that are commonly found in plants. 1146:-farnesene. Non-apple volatiles include pear ester ethyl ( 1105:

resistant colonies of codling moths used in laboratories.

977:

this fungus type can grow even if the humidity is low.

2950:

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines – Apple Codling Moth

2734:

Hull, L. A.; Joshi, N. K.; Zaman, F. U. (2009-01-01).

1038:

has been sequenced and was found to have 123,500 bp.

1016:

of lepidopteran insects, and divide into two genera:

27:

Species of moth that feeds on fruit (Cydia pomonella)

2468:"A female-specific attractant for the codling moth, 1424:

process involving a conjugation of glutathione into

985:

Known bacteria that parasitize the codling moth are

538:, for example, only one generation was observed; in 2972: 1659:, in orchards permeated with synthetic pheromone". 2240: 2238: 1162:)-2,4-decadienal is a corresponding aldehyde for ( 2863:"CHNEUMONIDAE: Cryptinae: Mastrus Förster, 1869" 963:grows favorably in humid and warm environments. 2938:Codling Moth Information Support System (CMISS) 290:, and a codling moth larva is often called an " 1588:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1436:The codling moth is not a great candidate for 438:hypothesized that the searching behavior uses 282:to agricultural crops, mainly fruits such as 8: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1001:parasitizes the larvae of the codling moth. 898:(caterpillar and pupa) – another ichneumonid 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1303:, and other synthetic attractants, such as 1068:. Codling moth larvae can be infected with 2960: 806:feeds on eggs from all generations, while 54: 40: 31: 2751: 2614: 2506: 2282: 2183: 2138: 1630: 1060:-M, which is a Mexican isolate strain of 1362: 2821:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 2466:Hern, Alan; Dorn, Silvia (2004-02-01). 2433:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 2014:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1477: 1134:)3-hexenyl hexanoate, (±)-linalool and 766:(ants) and Geocoridae (big-eyed bugs). 2255:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1613:Reis, Danièle; Vian, Brigitte (2004). 1416:. Oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes 2390: 2388: 1925: 1923: 742:from the following taxonomic groups: 7: 3299:99899a82-5c89-43be-831e-717c7671e942 3165:b9383091-561c-42af-8834-875d8ea1f3cb 1883: 1881: 1879: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1203:Codling moth caterpillar on an apple 1408:metabolically costly activities of 910:(caterpillar) – another ichneumonid 224:Carpocapsa splendana ab. glaphyrana 2310:L. (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)". 1987:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01152.x 1763:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000018633.94002.af 728:Predators, parasites, and diseases 479:Host plant deterrents to herbivory 350:respectively) led to hindrance in 25: 2312:Biocontrol Science and Technology 1274:Pheromone traps for codling moth 810:feeds on second generation eggs. 2901:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.02.012 2833:10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00838.x 2705:10.1046/j.1439-0418.2001.00506.x 2445:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00525.x 2410:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2004.00878.x 2164:"Diversity and evolution of the 2069:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.11.006 2053:(L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" 2026:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00247.x 1948:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2006.00761.x 1934:L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)". 1906:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2001.00346.x 1311:Growth inhibitors and regulators 1122:Common apple volatiles include ( 72: 1045:isolates have been identified: 2603:Journal of Economic Entomology 2119:"The complete sequence of the 1: 2693:Journal of Applied Entomology 2472:, from apple fruit volatiles" 2398:Journal of Applied Entomology 524:Reproduction and life history 2249:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 2166:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 2140:10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2531 2121:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1716:10.1126/science.174.4006.297 1103:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1099:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1095:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1075:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1070:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1062:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1058:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1047:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1043:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1036:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1032:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 1027:Cydia pomonella granulovirus 357:Because the codling moth is 208:Phalaena (Tortrix) pomonella 3393:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 2363:10.1603/0022-0493-98.5.1459 2172:Journal of General Virology 2127:Journal of General Virology 1751:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1182:Olfaction sexual dimorphism 3409: 2740:Arthropod Management Tests 2616:10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.737 2324:10.1080/095831500750016415 1632:10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.008 1347:is an ovicidal IGR, while 1221:those that remain inside. 1097:-M isolate. However, some 3363:Agricultural pest insects 2499:10.1007/s00114-003-0484-6 2221:10.1007/s10340-008-0204-2 1568:. Univerzitet U Beogradu. 1414:glutathione-S-transferase 248:Cydia pomonella simpsonii 204: 197: 174: 167: 69:Scientific classification 67: 62: 53: 48: 39: 34: 1975:Physiological Entomology 1619:Comptes Rendus Biologies 216:Phalaena Tortrix aeneana 3368:Moths described in 1758 2933:Codling moth on UKmoths 2778:Pest Management Science 2649:Pest Management Science 2209:Journal of Pest Science 1673:10.1023/a:1009976600272 1438:biological pest control 331:North and South America 316:Geographic distribution 2345:Arthurs, S.P. (2005). 2185:10.1099/vir.0.006999-0 2104:10.1006/bcon.1999.0722 1372:Insecticide resistance 1368: 1275: 1204: 1130:)3-hexenyl benzoate, ( 902:Pristomerus vulnerator 639: 614: 455: 374: 339:islands in the Pacific 312: 3373:Tortricidae of Europe 2564:Brunner, Jay (2002). 2538:Thomson, Don (2001). 1936:Ecological Entomology 1894:Ecological Entomology 1819:10.1007/s001140100243 1600:10.1093/aesa/75.3.284 1384:, benzoylhydrazines, 1367:Trap hanging in tree 1366: 1351:is a larvicidal IGR. 1279:Synthetic attractants 1273: 1202: 1173:Hoplocampa testudinea 1154:)-2,4-decadienoate. ( 1109:Physiology: Olfaction 1064:, has been used as a 889:– another ichneumonid 785:Tetramorium caespitum 637: 612: 529:Number of generations 453: 372: 304: 270:) is a member of the 3378:Moths of New Zealand 3160:Fauna Europaea (new) 2913:Darby, Gene (1958). 2753:10.4182/amt.2009.A11 2275:10.1128/aem.01998-08 1394:macrocyclic lactones 1018:Nucleopolyhedrovirus 833:Neoplectops veniseta 454:Larva in apple fruit 2915:What is a Butterfly 2587:10.1093/jee/toy111. 2491:2004NW.....91...77H 2479:Naturwissenschaften 2267:2009ApEnM..75..925B 1811:2001NW.....88..333L 1799:Naturwissenschaften 1708:1971Sci...174..297R 1418:oxidation-reduction 1293:3-hexenyl hexanoate 1212:Preventive measures 1114:Olfactory receptors 967:Hirsutella subulata 847:(caterpillar) – an 588:Life history stages 3388:Insects of Iceland 2943:2013-12-19 at the 2889:Biological Control 2508:20.500.11850/51812 2092:Biological Control 2057:Biological Control 1564:Tadic, M. (1957). 1458:Mastrus ridibundus 1456:also known as the 1432:Biological control 1369: 1327:and cell walls of 1289:3-hexenyl benzoate 1276: 1225:Mechanical control 1205: 948:Beauveria bassiana 918:Perilampus tristis 908:Trichomma enecator 824:Arrhinomya tragica 804:Haplothrips faurei 794:Solenopsis molesta 789:Monomorium minimum 773:Solenopsis molesta 754:(ground beetles), 640: 615: 456: 375: 313: 3383:Insects of Turkey 3345: 3344: 3320:Open Tree of Life 2966:Taxon identifiers 2867:Landcare Research 2655:(10): 1332–1337. 2133:(10): 2531–2547. 1702:(4006): 297–299. 1625:(9–10): 785–790. 1301:(E,E)-α-Farnesene 1053:As bioinsecticide 988:Erwinia amylovora 864:wasps follow the 613:Caterpillar larva 278:. They are major 258: 257: 252: 244: 236: 228: 220: 212: 160:C. pomonella 16:(Redirected from 3400: 3338: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3315: 3314: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3278: 3276:NHMSYS0000502069 3266: 3265: 3253: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3230: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3207: 3206: 3194: 3193: 3181: 3180: 3168: 3167: 3155: 3154: 3142: 3141: 3129: 3128: 3116: 3115: 3103: 3102: 3090: 3089: 3077: 3076: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3021: 3020: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2961: 2922: 2905: 2904: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2618: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2510: 2476: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2392: 2383: 2382: 2357:(5): 1459–1468. 2351:J. Econ. Entomol 2342: 2336: 2335: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1885: 1874: 1873: 1856:(6): 1083–1092. 1845: 1839: 1838: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1634: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1583: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1390:organophosphates 1305:pear ester ethyl 1285:(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol 1266:Chemical control 860:(larva) – these 808:Leptothrips mali 758:(rove beetles), 707:Local dispersion 401:Feeding behavior 308:illustration by 250: 242: 240:Tortrix pomonana 234: 226: 218: 210: 180: 77: 76: 58: 44: 32: 21: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3307:Observation.org 3305: 3297: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3111: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3085: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3059: 3057: 3051:Cydia-pomonella 3049: 3047: 3039: 3037: 3031:Cydia_pomonella 3029: 3024: 3018:Cydia_pomonella 3016: 3011: 3004:Cydia pomonella 3002: 3001: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2974:Cydia pomonella 2968: 2945:Wayback Machine 2929: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2790:10.1002/ps.1421 2774: 2773: 2769: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2661:10.1002/ps.2194 2645: 2644: 2640: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2474: 2470:Cydia pomonella 2465: 2464: 2460: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2308:Cydia pomonella 2305: 2304: 2300: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2051:Cydia pomonella 2046: 2045: 2041: 2010:Cydia pomonella 2007: 2006: 2002: 1971:Cydia pomonella 1968: 1967: 1963: 1932:Cydia pomonella 1929: 1928: 1921: 1890:Cydia pomonella 1887: 1886: 1877: 1862:10.1139/g05-063 1847: 1846: 1842: 1795:Cydia pomonella 1791: 1790: 1786: 1747:Cydia pomonella 1744: 1743: 1739: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1657:Cydia pomonella 1653: 1652: 1648: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1585: 1584: 1573: 1563: 1562: 1479: 1474: 1434: 1374: 1357:Methoxyfenozide 1313: 1281: 1268: 1259: 1246: 1227: 1214: 1197: 1184: 1116: 1111: 1055: 1007: 994:Bacillus cereus 983: 944: 939: 922:chalcidoid wasp 816: 735: 730: 709: 690: 674: 645: 607: 595: 590: 577: 552: 531: 526: 513: 501:glucuronoxylans 481: 403: 398: 393: 367: 347: 318: 306:Cydia pomonella 267:Cydia pomonella 235:Fabricius, 1775 193: 182: 178:Cydia pomonella 176: 163: 71: 28: 23: 22: 18:Cydia pomonella 15: 12: 11: 5: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3329: 3316: 3303: 3293: 3280: 3267: 3254: 3244: 3231: 3221: 3208: 3195: 3182: 3169: 3156: 3147:Fauna Europaea 3143: 3130: 3117: 3104: 3091: 3078: 3065: 3055: 3045: 3035: 3022: 3009: 2994: 2978: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2935: 2928: 2927:External links 2925: 2924: 2923: 2907: 2906: 2895:(3): 274–282. 2879: 2854: 2827:(3): 381–386. 2811: 2784:(9): 890–902. 2767: 2726: 2699:(3): 147–153. 2682: 2638: 2609:(3): 737–743. 2589: 2579: 2556: 2530: 2458: 2423: 2404:(7): 488–493. 2384: 2337: 2318:(5): 617–625. 2298: 2261:(4): 925–930. 2234: 2199: 2178:(3): 662–671. 2154: 2109: 2098:(3): 241–251. 2082: 2063:(2): 265–273. 2039: 2020:(2): 169–175. 2000: 1981:(2): 149–160. 1961: 1919: 1900:(5): 495–501. 1875: 1840: 1805:(8): 333–338. 1784: 1757:(3): 619–629. 1737: 1686: 1667:(2): 211–237. 1646: 1605: 1594:(3): 284–289. 1571: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1452:Mastrus ridens 1433: 1430: 1422:detoxification 1386:neonicotinoids 1373: 1370: 1312: 1309: 1280: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1257:Molasses traps 1255: 1245: 1244:Particle films 1242: 1226: 1223: 1213: 1210: 1196: 1193: 1183: 1180: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1066:bioinsecticide 1054: 1051: 1006: 1003: 982: 979: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 933: 911: 905: 899: 890: 886:Mastrus ridens 882: 869: 852: 839: 830: 815: 812: 750:(harvestmen), 734: 731: 729: 726: 708: 705: 689: 686: 673: 670: 644: 641: 606: 603: 594: 591: 589: 586: 576: 573: 551: 548: 530: 527: 525: 522: 512: 509: 480: 477: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 391:Food resources 389: 366: 363: 346: 343: 317: 314: 256: 255: 254: 253: 245: 237: 232:Pyralis pomana 229: 221: 213: 211:Linnaeus, 1758 202: 201: 195: 194: 183: 172: 171: 165: 164: 157: 155: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3405: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2921:. p. 43. 2920: 2919:Benefic Press 2916: 2911: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1466:M. ridibundus 1463: 1462:M. ridibundus 1459: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:teflubenzuron 1338: 1334: 1333:diflubenzuron 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237:Mass-trapping 1234: 1231: 1230:Trunk banding 1224: 1222: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1201: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1126:)3-hexenol, ( 1125: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Baculoviruses 1004: 1002: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 989: 980: 978: 976: 972: 971:entomophagous 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949: 941: 936: 931: 927: 926:hyperparasite 923: 919: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 895: 891: 888: 887: 883: 880: 876: 874: 870: 867: 863: 859: 857: 853: 850: 846: 844: 840: 838: 834: 831: 829: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819:parentheses: 813: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 795: 791: 790: 786: 782: 781:Formica fusca 778: 774: 767: 765: 761: 757: 756:Staphylinidae 753: 749: 745: 741: 732: 727: 725: 723: 717: 713: 706: 704: 700: 696: 694: 687: 685: 682: 680: 671: 669: 665: 663: 659: 654: 649: 642: 636: 632: 628: 626: 621: 611: 604: 602: 600: 592: 587: 585: 582: 574: 572: 568: 564: 562: 558: 549: 547: 545: 541: 537: 528: 523: 521: 519: 510: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 478: 476: 474: 470: 465: 461: 452: 448: 445: 441: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 400: 395: 390: 388: 385: 381: 371: 364: 362: 360: 355: 353: 344: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268: 263: 249: 246: 241: 238: 233: 230: 225: 222: 219:Villers, 1789 217: 214: 209: 206: 205: 203: 200: 196: 191: 187: 181: 179: 173: 170: 169:Binomial name 166: 162: 161: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 75: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 35:Codling moth 33: 30: 19: 3358:Grapholitini 2973: 2955:Lepiforum.de 2914: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2870:. Retrieved 2866: 2857: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2533: 2485:(2): 77–80. 2482: 2478: 2469: 2461: 2439:(1): 63–72. 2436: 2432: 2426: 2401: 2397: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2157: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2112: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2042: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1942:(1): 68–74. 1939: 1935: 1931: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1591: 1587: 1565: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1443:Trichogramma 1441: 1435: 1428:substrates. 1406: 1382:benzoylureas 1375: 1353:Flufenoxuron 1349:Tebufenozide 1337:hexaflumuron 1314: 1282: 1260: 1247: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1215: 1206: 1195:Pest control 1185: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1074: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1022:Granulovirus 1008: 1005:Granulovirus 998: 992: 986: 984: 975:B. bassiana, 974: 966: 965: 960: 956: 946: 945: 929: 917: 913: 907: 901: 892: 884: 875:culiciformis 871: 854: 841: 837:tachinid fly 832: 823: 817: 807: 803: 798: 793: 777:Lasius niger 771: 768: 736: 718: 714: 710: 701: 697: 691: 683: 675: 666: 650: 646: 629: 616: 596: 578: 569: 565: 553: 532: 514: 486: 482: 457: 440:thigmotactic 436: 404: 387:adult moth. 376: 356: 348: 319: 305: 272:Lepidopteran 266: 265: 262:codling moth 261: 259: 247: 239: 231: 223: 215: 207: 177: 175: 159: 158: 146: 29: 3258:NatureServe 3186:iNaturalist 3038:AfroMoths: 2998:Wikispecies 2917:. Chicago: 1398:pyrethroids 1378:avermectins 1321:exoskeleton 1041:Three main 1012:are common 969:is another 961:B. bassiana 957:B. bassiana 879:ichneumonid 849:ichneumonid 835:(pupa) – a 826:(pupa) – a 814:Parasitoids 762:(earwigs), 746:(spiders), 605:Caterpillar 599:convex lens 575:Oviposition 396:Caterpillar 380:Tortricidae 359:polyphagous 310:Des Helmore 276:Tortricidae 251:Busck, 1903 136:Tortricidae 126:Lepidoptera 3352:Categories 3250:CydiaPomon 2215:(4): 187. 1661:BioControl 1472:References 1426:xenobiotic 1345:Fenoxycarb 1325:arthropods 930:Ascogaster 914:Ascogaster 896:examinator 764:Formicidae 760:Dermaptera 740:arthropods 503:, and 40% 444:phototaxis 365:Morphology 292:apple worm 106:Arthropoda 2872:13 August 2841:1570-7458 2798:1526-4998 2762:2155-9856 2713:1439-0418 2669:1526-498X 2570:Iobc-WPRS 2547:Iobc-WPRS 2379:198131941 1402:gene flow 1360:orchards. 1188:olfaction 1088:apoptosis 1080:epidermis 999:B. cereus 937:Pathogens 873:Lissonota 866:kairomone 843:Ephialtes 752:Carabidae 748:Opiliones 733:Predators 722:fecundity 664:of soil. 561:farnesene 540:Palestine 497:cellulose 460:epidermis 432:chestnuts 335:Australia 154:Species: 92:Kingdom: 86:Eukaryota 3263:2.742879 3247:MaBENA: 3212:LepIndex 3204:10867160 3082:BugGuide 3058:BioLib: 3048:BAMONA: 3041:CYDIPOMO 2983:Wikidata 2941:Archived 2849:84268151 2806:17665366 2721:84576091 2677:21538805 2633:15145895 2625:10902324 2517:14991144 2453:85009862 2418:84960480 2371:16334311 2332:85720407 2293:19114533 2229:24669133 2194:19218212 2149:11562546 2077:56098972 2034:85774362 1995:85028439 1956:85253120 1914:85090162 1870:16391677 1827:11572014 1779:23472335 1771:15139312 1732:10948367 1724:17778064 1681:41370579 1641:15587069 1297:linalool 1084:fat body 981:Bacteria 953:mycelium 932:species. 928:of this 862:eulophid 858:pallidus 856:Hyssopus 845:extensor 693:Diapause 688:Diapause 679:eclosion 581:oviposit 559:, (E)-β- 557:linalool 544:diapause 518:molasses 493:pericarp 489:endocarp 428:cherries 384:antennae 352:pupation 296:diapause 227:Rebel, 1 199:Synonyms 186:Linnaeus 132:Family: 102:Phylum: 96:Animalia 82:Domain: 3335:8010411 3178:1737847 2525:5622077 2487:Bibcode 2284:2643567 2263:Bibcode 2123:genome" 1835:1393167 1807:Bibcode 1797:(L.)". 1704:Bibcode 1696:Science 1410:oxidase 1014:viruses 924:, is a 744:Araneae 620:diploid 536:Denmark 505:lignins 469:albumin 420:peaches 416:apricot 345:Habitat 274:family 142:Genus: 122:Order: 116:Insecta 112:Class: 63:Female 3332:uBio: 3325:819146 3296:NZOR: 3152:439192 3139:304409 3126:CARPPO 3113:365393 2989:Q45262 2847: 2839: 2804: 2796: 2760: 2719: 2711: 2675: 2667: 2631: 2623: 2523: 2515: 2451: 2416: 2377: 2369: 2330: 2291: 2281: 2227: 2192: 2147: 2075: 2032: 1993: 1954: 1912: 1868: 1850:Genome 1833: 1825: 1777: 1769: 1730: 1722: 1679: 1639: 1317:chitin 1295:, (±)- 1250:kaolin 894:Pimpla 800:Thrips 787:, and 653:cocoon 625:gonads 550:Mating 499:, 30% 430:, and 412:walnut 337:, and 327:Africa 322:Europe 284:apples 243:, 1775 3312:10103 3289:82600 3224:LoB: 3217:93448 3199:IRMNG 3191:47153 3134:EUNIS 3100:6BTP8 3087:67544 3074:18876 3061:49516 2845:S2CID 2746:(1). 2717:S2CID 2629:S2CID 2543:(PDF) 2521:S2CID 2475:(PDF) 2449:S2CID 2414:S2CID 2375:S2CID 2328:S2CID 2225:S2CID 2073:S2CID 2030:S2CID 1991:S2CID 1952:S2CID 1910:S2CID 1831:S2CID 1775:S2CID 1728:S2CID 1677:S2CID 1329:fungi 1291:, (Z) 1287:, (Z) 1218:crown 942:Fungi 877:– an 672:Adult 662:clods 511:Adult 464:frass 424:plums 373:Adult 288:pears 280:pests 147:Cydia 49:Male 3284:NCBI 3240:3492 3235:MONA 3227:5163 3173:GBIF 3121:EPPO 3069:BOLD 2874:2016 2837:ISSN 2802:PMID 2794:ISSN 2758:ISSN 2709:ISSN 2673:PMID 2665:ISSN 2621:PMID 2513:PMID 2367:PMID 2289:PMID 2190:PMID 2145:PMID 1866:PMID 1823:PMID 1767:PMID 1720:PMID 1637:PMID 1412:and 1355:and 1339:and 1299:and 1020:and 991:and 920:, a 881:wasp 658:bark 643:Pupa 638:Pupa 471:and 408:pear 286:and 260:The 190:1758 3271:NBN 3108:EoL 3095:CoL 3026:AFD 3013:ADW 2897:doi 2829:doi 2786:doi 2748:doi 2701:doi 2697:125 2657:doi 2611:doi 2503:hdl 2495:doi 2441:doi 2406:doi 2402:128 2359:doi 2320:doi 2279:PMC 2271:doi 2217:doi 2180:doi 2135:doi 2100:doi 2065:doi 2022:doi 2012:". 1983:doi 1944:doi 1902:doi 1858:doi 1815:doi 1759:doi 1749:". 1712:doi 1700:174 1669:doi 1627:doi 1623:327 1596:doi 1323:of 955:of 828:fly 593:Egg 473:fat 3354:: 3322:: 3309:: 3286:: 3273:: 3260:: 3237:: 3214:: 3201:: 3188:: 3175:: 3162:: 3149:: 3136:: 3123:: 3110:: 3097:: 3084:: 3071:: 3028:: 3015:: 3000:: 2985:: 2893:34 2891:. 2865:. 2843:. 2835:. 2825:99 2823:. 2800:. 2792:. 2782:63 2780:. 2756:. 2744:34 2742:. 2738:. 2715:. 2707:. 2695:. 2671:. 2663:. 2653:67 2651:. 2627:. 2619:. 2607:93 2605:. 2601:. 2574:25 2572:. 2568:. 2551:24 2549:. 2545:. 2519:. 2511:. 2501:. 2493:. 2483:91 2481:. 2477:. 2447:. 2437:92 2435:. 2412:. 2400:. 2387:^ 2373:. 2365:. 2355:98 2353:. 2349:. 2326:. 2316:10 2314:. 2287:. 2277:. 2269:. 2259:75 2257:. 2253:. 2237:^ 2223:. 2213:81 2211:. 2188:. 2176:90 2174:. 2170:. 2143:. 2131:82 2129:. 2125:. 2096:15 2094:. 2071:. 2061:30 2059:. 2055:. 2028:. 2018:85 2016:. 1989:. 1979:22 1977:. 1950:. 1940:31 1938:. 1922:^ 1908:. 1898:26 1896:. 1878:^ 1864:. 1854:48 1852:. 1829:. 1821:. 1813:. 1803:88 1801:. 1773:. 1765:. 1755:30 1753:. 1726:. 1718:. 1710:. 1698:. 1675:. 1665:44 1663:. 1635:. 1621:. 1617:. 1592:75 1590:. 1574:^ 1480:^ 1396:, 1392:, 1388:, 1380:, 1335:, 1082:, 997:. 792:. 779:, 775:, 627:. 520:. 426:, 422:, 418:, 414:, 410:, 341:. 333:, 329:, 188:, 2903:. 2899:: 2876:. 2851:. 2831:: 2808:. 2788:: 2764:. 2750:: 2723:. 2703:: 2679:. 2659:: 2635:. 2613:: 2576:. 2553:. 2527:. 2505:: 2497:: 2489:: 2455:. 2443:: 2420:. 2408:: 2381:. 2361:: 2334:. 2322:: 2295:. 2273:: 2265:: 2247:" 2231:. 2219:: 2196:. 2182:: 2168:" 2151:. 2137:: 2106:. 2102:: 2079:. 2067:: 2036:. 2024:: 1997:. 1985:: 1958:. 1946:: 1916:. 1904:: 1872:. 1860:: 1837:. 1817:: 1809:: 1781:. 1761:: 1734:. 1714:: 1706:: 1683:. 1671:: 1643:. 1629:: 1602:. 1598:: 1454:, 1175:. 1168:Z 1166:, 1164:E 1160:E 1158:, 1156:E 1152:Z 1150:, 1148:E 1144:α 1142:- 1140:E 1138:, 1136:E 1132:Z 1128:Z 1124:Z 264:( 192:) 184:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.