216:
interrogation, a medical officer examined
Hardman and declared him unfit to be questioned, but the service police still questioned him anyway. The counsel for the prosecution offered no evidence in his case and the judge instructed the jury to acquit him of the charges laid against him, which left the two army signallers, Martin Tuffy and Anthony Glass, along with the five airmen (Geoffrey Jones, Adam Lightowler, Christopher Payne, Wayne Kriehn and Gwynfor Owen) to face trial. All plead not guilty to the charges.
121:; its location at the corner of the Middle-East has meant its strategic importance is recognised by all sides. One book written about espionage in the Middle-East describes Cyprus as "bristling with radar and electronic intelligence hardware that made it a major military prize for the superpowers". At the time of the supposed spy-ring, over 4,000 British service personnel were stationed there and the US Air Force regularly undertook reconnaissance missions from the island.
148:(OSA). A second trial was hampered by the government admitting that most of the information that Berry had supplied to the two journalists was now in the public domain and so the offences under Section 1 of the OSA (which accused them of felony and acting against the state, offences with a maximum sentence of 14 years) were invalid. Whilst they were all convicted, none of them received custodial sentences.
195:... on a day between 1 November 1983 and 7 February 1984, within the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court, for a purpose prejudicial to the safety or interests of the State, communicated to another person information which was calculated to be or might have been or was intended to be directly or indirectly useful to an enemy; Contrary to section 1(1)(c) of the Official Secrets Act 1911.
243:
cabaret singer who Jones was supposedly infatuated with and others whom the prosecution alleged were involved in the spy ring testified for the defence in
September 1985. Igniliano and another singer, the defendants and in at least one case, a defendant's wife, all strenuously denied that the sexual
219:
The prosecution opened their case on 10 June 1985 and stated that Senior
Aircraftsman Geoffrey Jones was the ringleader who had coerced the others into the spy-ring with blackmail. Police Investigators on the island had only uncovered the spy-ring when Jones, who was due to be posted out of Cyprus,
349:
The trials of 1984 and 1985 cost the commanding officer of 9 Signals
Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Anthony Boyle, his chance of being Britain's first astronaut. When men under his command were sent to trial at the Old Bailey, he was de-listed from the programme so that he could head up the internal
247:
After the jury deliberated for seven days, all of the defendants were acquitted, with Jones the last to be discharged on 27 October 1985. The prosecution allegations were that the men had done "incalculable damage" to the United
Kingdom, and stating that the spy-ring had given secrets away "by the
215:
etc.), with, in essence eight men being sent to trial, although only seven went through the whole trial. The case had officially started in late May/early June 1985 and the period at the start of the trial was down to the prosecution of David
Hardman only. This was down to the fact that before his
336:
payments for being detained unlawfully. He stated that the arrests themselves were lawful, but the subsequent detention period that followed whilst being interviewed, was not in line with the standards and parameters laid down for arrested persons. The outcome of the case was also raised in the
159:
All of the accused, who were from 9 Signals Unit on the base, were taken into custody in
February 1984 and questioned. The case against them was built on the belief that they had suffered entrapment at the hands of the Soviets and were blackmailed into passing on secrets to the Russians after
160:
attending homosexual orgies. The accused alleged that they were subjected to torture and punishment beatings, including one who claimed that he had been questioned for 96 hours, though the official inquiry into the affair ruled that none of them had been "subjected to torture or
341:
where questions were asked about how widespread the
Calcutt Report would go given the remit was to investigate the Royal Air Force Police and the Army Special Investigation Branch, but not on the Special Branch, who had taken over the investigation at a later date.
1259:
1104:
870:
231:
on the coast. After a night of sex with two other men, John later revealed that he had images of the three men having sex and he used this leverage on Jones to acquire information from him. After the first day of opening statements, the trial was held
345:
The case was the longest espionage trial held in the UK courts system and cost over £5 million ($ 7.1 million), not including payments to those detained, and prompted the Army to overhaul its security procedures on Cyprus.
151:
The
Commander-in-Chief of 9 Signals Regiment was prosecuted for being involved in a smuggling and theft racket with the most senior non-commissioned officer in the same unit. They had traded with, among others,
308:, the Labour Party's Home Affairs spokesman, demanded an explanation to the "pointless and humiliating charade". In the editorial of The times for 29 October 1985, the leading article is in agreement stating;
58:
network. The treatment of the accused whilst detained before trial was deemed unlawful and after a trial at the Old Bailey in 1985, in which they were acquitted, six of the servicemen were allowed to sue the
575:
239:
In a similar vein to the
Aircraftsman Davis court case a year earlier, the defence called those who they said were the handlers and spies on the receiving side of the information. Josie Igniliano, the
248:
bagful". The defendants argued that their confessions were tortured out of them, with the judge acknowledging in court that Jones had been questioned by the service police for 55 hours and by
188:
businessman. At the trial, Davies claimed his confession was made under duress and Jaafar testified in his defence despite no guarantees of immunity from prosecution whilst she was in Britain.
320:
QC, which became known as the Calcutt Report. The report, which was delivered in May 1986, was quite scathing into the interview methods of the Service Police in Cyprus, but especially of the
312:
To lose one Cyprus spy prosecution, of Signalman Davies last year, was to slip. For the Crown to lose a second, even after so many hours of jury deliberation, looks like carelessness or worse.
422:
Scallon, Ted (8 August 2009). "With the death of my old friend Dick Ferguson, the Queen's Counsel with the film star looks and the Perry Mason reputation, the McGlades bunch is dwindling".
140:. All three were tried, and the first initials of their surnames became the acronym for the trial. The first trial collapsed when it was revealed that the foreman of the jury was a former
132:
was heard at the Old Bailey; this case revolved around a former corporal, John Berry, who had divulged information about the SIGINT activities on the island to investigative journalists,
627:
744:
1348:
176:
Paul Davies, who was also serving in Cyprus, was acquitted on charges related to exchanging secrets for sexual favours from a local woman that the press had dubbed
223:
When questioned about his untimely clearance from the unit, investigators became aware of something of far greater significance. In February 1982, Jones met a
1067:
329:
220:
failed to get his clearances in time and so aroused suspicion. Jones had apparently become infatuated with a local singer by the name of Josie.
795:
325:
555:
530:
383:
Six of the accused were from 2 Squadron, 9 Signals Regiment, which intercepted the SIGINT messages and the seventh man was an administrator.
667:
252:
by 21 hours. Jones had also spent 17 hours over three days writing out his statement. Jones said that his interrogators had told him that;
249:
60:
601:
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718:
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1041:
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128:) stations on the island of Cyprus were the settings for some show trials throughout the 1970s and 80s. In 1978, the
1343:
1078:
1358:
283:
54:, with all being accused of engaging in homosexual activities and passing state secrets "by the bagful" to the
38:
during 1983 and 1984. The allegations rested upon several servicemen, although seven were sent to trial at the
164:". Formal charges were laid against seven of the men in April 1984 with an eighth being charged in June 1984.
270:
321:
98:
1286:
825:
498:
475:
427:
276:
94:
772:
Almond, Peter (30 October 1985). "Not Guilty Verdicts in Spy Trial Prompt Official British Inquiries".
288:
273:
200:
145:
351:
90:
55:
908:
Tendler, Stuart (11 June 1985). "Signallers gave top secret papers to Russians after blackmail".
293:
265:
Due to the collapse of the trial and the allegations of mistreatment, the case was raised in the
1322:
1239:
1212:
1136:
1005:
982:
959:
936:
913:
848:
777:
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551:
526:
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280:
292:, described the failed court case and the spy allegations as a serious embarrassment for the
227:
man named "John" in a nightclub and after a night of drinking, they went back to his flat in
266:
181:
66:
It was the longest spy trial go through the British court system. It was also known as the
977:
Parry, Gareth; Keel, Paul (11 June 1985). "Britain's top secrets fall to services spies".
954:
Parry, Gareth; Keel, Paul (11 June 1985). "Britain's top secrets fall to services spies".
392:
The Conservative party were in government in 1985 and the Labour Party were in opposition.
240:
185:
51:
180:. It was alleged that in 1983, he passed classified information to Eva Jaafar, who was a
73:
due to the involvement of a female conspirator despite the allegations of homosexuality.
1317:
Campbell, Duncan (1 November 1985). "Lurid Imaginations of the Show Trial Prosecutors".
447:
The Royal Corps of Signals: Unit Histories of the Corps (1920-2001) and Its Antecedents
338:
305:
153:
133:
1002:
Espionage and secrecy : the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 of the United Kingdom
845:
Espionage and secrecy : the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 of the United Kingdom
1337:
317:
297:
47:
871:"How RAF interrogators forced men to say what they wanted to hear - Cyprus spy case"
470:
Norton-Taylor (5 July 2001). "Why a corner of the island remains forever Britain".
224:
173:
144:
who had served on Cyprus and at least two other members of the jury had signed the
1321:. Vol. 72, no. 44. London: Statesman and National Publishing Company.
829:
692:
Ashford, Nicholas (23 May 1986). "No torture, but airmen were held unlawfully".
502:
479:
431:
106:
39:
1326:
1243:
1216:
986:
963:
940:
917:
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236:
due to the secret nature of some of the information being revealed in court.
101:
have been in existence since the 1940s. The bases at Cyprus provide valuable
333:
233:
129:
68:
31:
602:"Crispin Aubrey, campaigning journalist who stayed true to his principles"
1133:
The Intelligence game; Illusions and Delusions of International Espionage
548:
The Cyprus conspiracy : America, espionage, and the Turkish invasion
256:
he could be kept for six hours, six days, six weeks, until he cooperated.
110:
28:
628:"Crispin Aubrey: Journalist convicted under the Official Secrets Act in"
1260:"Army to tighten up on security procedures - Cyprus spy case aftermath"
301:
228:
719:"Official Secrets Trial: 9 Signal Regiment (Hansard, 29 October 1985)"
1207:
Wilson, Charles, ed. (23 May 1986). "Payments for Cyprus trial men".
1105:"Leading Article: Cyprus security - Implications of Cyprus spy trial"
931:
Mills, Heather (11 June 1985). "Homosexual orgies spawn "spy-ring"".
102:
86:
43:
35:
1068:"British Court Completes Acquittal of 7 Charged in Espionage Trial"
191:
The other eight accused from the following year, were all charged
125:
1238:(45). London: Statesman and National Publishing Company: 12–13.
114:
82:
668:"Cyprus Official Secrets Act Trial (Hansard, 26 November 1985)"
576:"British Prosecutors Open Case Against 7 Servicemen for Spying"
332:, announcing in Parliament that the seven men were entitled to
1183:"Cyprus Secrets Trial (Calcutt Report) (Hansard, 22 May 1986)"
843:
Thomas, Rosamund (1991). "5: Espionage and related offences".
401:
The monetary values given represent those at October 1985.
203:. The case was known variously under different names (the
650:
648:
493:
Theodoulou, Mike (16 January 1999). "News of the World".
244:
encounters described by the prosecution ever took place.
1230:
Forbes, Patrick (8 November 1985). "When the lid blew".
316:
The UK government ordered an inquiry to be conducted by
350:
inquiry. The programme was curtailed anyway due to the
1158:"The Calcutt Report: QC shows his tough side: Profile"
172:
In August 1984, a year before the case went to trial,
868:
Tendler, Stewart; Cowton, Rodney (29 October 1985).
1285:
1258:
1103:
869:
370:At the time, homosexuality was not allowed in the
199:The trial took 119 days and was presided over by
34:affair uncovered at one of the military bases in
550:(5th ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. p. x.
449:. Helion & Company Limited. pp. 41–42.
97:were established, however, other sites, such as
310:
254:
193:
156:nationals whom they had been listening in on.
525:. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 71.
523:Historical Dictionary of Signals Intelligence
279:demanding that the MoD pay compensation. The
8:
324:. The publication of the report led to the
1156:Wynn-Davies, Patricia (15 January 1993).
796:"Written Answers - Hansard 1 August 1984"
85:partners, have had listening stations on
1024:
895:
654:
1349:Criminal trials that ended in acquittal
414:
363:
1035:
1033:
745:"8 to Go on Trial In British Spy Case"
713:
711:
546:O'Malley, Brendan; Craif, Ian (2007).
326:Minister of State for the Armed Forces
767:
765:
569:
567:
7:
1077:. The New York Times. Archived from
516:
514:
512:
445:Lord, Cliff; Watson, Graham (2012).
1135:. London: I B Taurus. p. 276.
743:Getler, Michael (12 January 1985).
81:The Ministry of Defence, and other
1257:Cowton, Rodney (29 October 1985).
1042:"Britain's longest spy trial ends"
1004:. London: Routledge. p. vii.
847:. London: Routledge. p. 193.
600:Greenslade, Roy (5 October 2012).
300:, accused the military police of "
14:
1040:Cowell, David (29 October 1985).
574:De Young, Karen (16 June 1985).
105:(signals intelligence) from the
1211:. No. 62, 464. p. 1.
935:. No. 40, 426. p. 3.
912:. No. 62, 161. p. 3.
696:. No. 62, 464. p. 2.
117:system. Cyprus has been called
1066:Thomas, Jo (29 October 1985).
626:Steel, Peta (9 October 2012).
162:inhuman or degrading treatment
124:The SIGINT (and to an extent,
1:
113:region which is fed into the
119:The Spy Capital of the World
1287:"Major General A. H. Boyle"
286:, Peter Almond, writing in
1380:
1131:Rusbridger, James (1989).
1000:Thomas, Rosamund (1991).
89:since the 1960s when the
16:Cold War espionage affair
352:1986 Challenger Disaster
63:for their mistreatment.
304:-style methods", while
284:shadow defence minister
1354:Royal Air Force airmen
322:Royal Air Force Police
314:
258:
197:
99:Ayios Nikolaos Station
800:hansard.parliament.uk
277:Anthony Beaumont-Dark
95:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
820:"Sir John Stocker".
774:The Washington Times
521:West, Nigel (2012).
289:The Washington Times
146:Official Secrets Act
50:, and five from the
46:. Two were from the
1364:1985 in British law
933:The Daily Telegraph
824:. 10 January 1997.
91:Sovereign Base Area
61:Ministry of Defence
56:Soviet intelligence
23:(also known as the
1294:. 16 November 2011
1084:on 23 January 2017
294:British Government
25:Cyprus Eight Trial
21:Cyprus Seven Trial
1344:Trials in England
1319:The New Statesman
1232:The New Statesman
1187:api.parliament.uk
1112:. 29 October 1985
723:api.parliament.uk
672:api.parliament.uk
557:978-1-86064-737-6
532:978-0-8108-7187-8
424:Belfast Telegraph
205:Cyprus Eight Case
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184:born wife of a
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138:Duncan Campbell
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71:Cyprus Spy Ring
52:Royal Air Force
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981:. p. 30.
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339:House of Lords
306:Gerald Kaufman
281:Labour Party's
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250:Special Branch
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134:Crispin Aubrey
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1027:, p. 12.
1026:
1025:Campbell 1985
1021:
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1011:0-415-04067-1
1007:
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996:
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988:
984:
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958:. p. 1.
957:
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934:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
904:
901:
898:, p. 11.
897:
896:Campbell 1985
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854:0-415-04067-1
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839:
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776:. p. 8.
775:
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708:
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657:, p. 10.
656:
655:Campbell 1985
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48:Royal Signals
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1318:
1296:. Retrieved
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1268:. Retrieved
1264:
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1208:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
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261:Aftermath
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