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603:, a glacial lake over 620 square miles (1,600 km), roughly 185,000-128,000 years ago. Over time this lake dried up and started to separate into smaller lakes or ponds. As this drying happened the pupfish became separated into different ponds and started to divergently evolve. There are thought to be two main subspecies of Death Valley pupfish (
568:
Pupfish on the island of San
Salvador, Bahamas, have a large adaptive diversification in only two small lakes. They evolve 50-130 times faster than any other species of pupfish. This is also the fastest morphological diversification seen in any fish that has been documented. It is believed that this
572:
Three species of pupfish on the island of San
Salvador, Bahamas, all live in salty lakes. These pupfish are able to take advantage of different food sources so they can all coexist. One species feeds on only the scales of other pupfish. Another has a modified jaw to be able to eat snails and
628:) is a specific species native to Nevada. There are fewer than 200 individuals since 2005. Their population size usually fluctuates between 37 and 400 fish. They are considered one of the world's rarest fish. These fish live in 94 °F (34.4 °C) waters.
879:
Arratia, G., I. Vila, N. Lam, C.K. Guerrero, and C. Quezada-Romegialli (2017). Morphological and taxonomic descriptions of a new genus and species of killifishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes) from the high Andes of northern Chile. PLOS ONE 12(8): e0181989.
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and their relatives, as they share some features: a flat head with protractile mouth beset with cardiform, villiform, or compressed, bi- or tricuspid teeth, generally large scales, and the absence of a well-developed
302:
on the Nevada side of Death Valley
National Park. Since 1995 the Devils Hole pupfish has been in a nearly steady decline, where it was close to extinction at 35–68 fish in 2013.
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396:; often the sexes are dissimilar, the female being larger and less brilliantly coloured, with smaller fins; the anal fin of the male may be modified into an
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by means of which internal fertilization takes place. Most pupfishes' diet consists, mainly, of algae, decaying vegetation, and any insects they can get.
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was the second smallest, and it ate zooplankton. These species are now considered extinct in the wild because of an invasive species of
African tilapia.
321:
and one of the first people to take an interest in them, coined the name after he observed their "playful" circling and tussling, which is actually the
286:. Pupfish are especially noted for being found in extreme and isolated situations. They are primarily found in North America, South America, and the
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within cyprinodontoids (Cyprinodontiformes) following the detailed osteological analysis by Costa based on a new radiograph of the single type of
381:
were able to diversify into multiple species with different eating habits due to interbreeding with pupfish from other islands, mainly
Caribbean.
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294:
were known. Several pupfish species are extinct and most extant species are listed. In the U.S., the most well-known pupfish species may be the
831:
918:
1269:
671:
Beissinger SR. 2014. Digging the pupfish out of its hole: risk analyses to guide harvest of Devils Hole pupfish for captive breeding.
705:
119:
440:
1226:
849:"The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico"
576:
Before the 1990s, Lake
Chichancanab, in Mexico, was full of brackish water and another five species of pupfish were found there.
587:
The Death Valley pupfish evolve 5-10 faster than average and are known for their abilities to survive in extremely hot waters.
57:
1143:
721:
Barlow, George W. (1961). "Social behavior of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, in the field and in the aquarium".
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The common name is said to derive from the mating habits of the males, whose activities vaguely resemble puppies at play;
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The pupfish found in Death Valley were once thought to be one main species. They were once all found in
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611:) present. These are both considered endangered since they are only found in one area of the world.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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801:"San Salvador pupfish acquired genetic variation from island fish to eat new foods"
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eat algae off a rock shelf near the surface of the deep pool they live in.
700:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 326–239.
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789:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 695.
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In spite of their name, the cyprinodontids are not closely related to
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González, A.V.; L.M. Estévez; Ma.E.A. Villeda; G. Ceballos (2018).
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919:"Against all odds, the rare Devils Hole pupfish keeps on swimming"
275:
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Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016).
661:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. p. 271.
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Los peces dulceacuĂcolas de MĂ©xico en peligro de extinciĂłn
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live in extremely hot waters, 114 °F (45.5 °C).
356:
family. They were formerly considered near allies of the
365:. However, they are now generally assigned to the order
569:
diversification is because of their ecological niches.
290:
region. As of August 2006, 120 nominal species and 9
945:
896:Huber, J.H. (2015): A morphological rediagnosis of
369:. Several forms occur in the fossil records of the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
580:was the largest pupfish, and it ate other fish.
659:Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of California
8:
555:(possibly extinct, only known from one old
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142:
133:
864:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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331:
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917:Greenfieldboyce, Nell (July 7, 2023).
309:Warm Springs pupfish recovery plan art
7:
1209:865687AC-8E4D-4422-FF0F-0BF4FCB77846
1092:628928c2-5864-4b0d-8a8e-9d74490a5d98
336:Now extinct, this was the last male
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1265:Extant Oligocene first appearances
25:
759:
384:Most pupfish are inhabitants of
167:
34:
45:needs additional citations for
906:Killi-Data Series, 2015: 4-16.
803:. ScienceDaily. 10 August 2017
685:. Academic Press. p. 348.
1:
377:beds of Europe. Pupfish from
886:10.1371/journal.pone.0181989
683:Freshwater Fish Distribution
657:McGinnis, Samuel M. (2006).
1270:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
723:American Midland Naturalist
698:Inland Fishes of California
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866:10.1017/S003060531800056X
258:
253:
164:Scientific classification
162:
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141:
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773:Boulenger, George Albert
696:Moyle, Peter B. (2002).
614:Cyprinodon pachycephalus
786:Encyclopædia Britannica
681:Berra, Tim M. (2001).
595:North American pupfish
345:
310:
1191:Paleobiology Database
638:List of fish families
335:
308:
270:are a group of small
156:Cyprinodon macularius
1087:Fauna Europaea (new)
344:) which died in 2014
54:improve this article
626:Cyprinodon diabolis
622:Devils Hole pupfish
589:Cyprinodon diabolis
392:. Many species are
379:San Salvador Island
323:aggressive behavior
296:Devils Hole pupfish
1260:Ovoviviparous fish
538:Quezada-Romegialli
398:intromittent organ
367:Cyprinodontiformes
346:
311:
221:Cyprinodontiformes
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1178:Open Tree of Life
939:Taxon identifiers
902:Cyprinodon martae
833:978-607-16-4087-1
564:Pupfish evolution
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342:Megupsilon aporus
274:belonging to ten
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453:C.L. Hubbs, 1926
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338:Catarina pupfish
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27:Family of fishes
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390:brackish waters
284:ray-finned fish
280:Cyprinodontidae
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315:Carl L. Hubbs
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260:See the text
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43:This article
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363:lateral line
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Cyprinodonts
1113:iNaturalist
971:Wikispecies
807:1 September
573:ostracods.
327:territorial
300:Devils Hole
1249:Categories
898:Yssolebias
644:References
609:C. milleri
605:C. salinus
601:Lake Manly
546:Yssolebias
489:Megupsilon
469:Jordanella
459:Garmanella
436:Cyprinodon
350:Cyprinidae
292:subspecies
246:T. N. Gill
227:Suborder:
80:newspapers
775:(1911). "
371:Oligocene
288:Caribbean
272:killifish
187:Kingdom:
181:Eukaryota
69:"Pupfish"
1011:BioLib:
956:Wikidata
923:NPR News
632:See also
557:specimen
534:Guerrero
504:Orestias
441:Lacepède
237:Family:
201:Chordata
197:Phylum:
191:Animalia
177:Domain:
137:Pupfish
110:May 2016
1219:4780802
962:Q134865
783:(ed.).
770::
743:2422959
522:Arratia
495:Walters
375:Miocene
329:males.
268:Pupfish
254:Genera
217:Order:
207:Class:
94:scholar
1232:125466
1216:uBio:
1196:266188
1183:583654
1144:165629
1131:116017
1066:1CYPIF
830:
779:". In
764:
741:
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540:, 2017
536:&
497:, 1972
480:, 1879
476:&
443:, 1803
420:, 1956
418:Miller
413:Cualac
404:Genera
276:genera
248:, 1865
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89:
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67:
1227:WoRMS
1204:Plazi
1126:IRMNG
1118:49334
1079:12054
1014:15980
739:JSTOR
551:Huber
474:Goode
386:fresh
358:pikes
352:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1170:8076
1165:NCBI
1139:ITIS
1105:7656
1100:GBIF
1061:EPPO
1053:5521
1027:1261
1022:BOLD
853:Oryx
828:ISBN
809:2017
702:ISBN
620:The
607:and
553:2012
526:Vila
511:1839
478:Bean
388:and
373:and
354:carp
73:news
1152:NBN
1048:EoL
1040:8WF
1035:CoL
999:AFD
986:ADW
882:doi
861:doi
731:doi
530:Lam
325:of
282:of
56:by
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921:.
857:54
855:.
851:.
826:.
751:^
737:.
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532:,
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524:,
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925:.
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863::
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