2107:
256:
242:
228:
214:
200:
186:
172:
158:
96:(CD) have found that CD-actin dimers contain ATP-bound actin upon formation. These CD-actin dimers are reduced to CD-actin monomers as a result of ATP hydrolysis. The resulting CD-actin monomer can bind ATP-actin monomer to reform the CD-actin dimer. CD is very effective; only low concentrations (0.2 ÎĽM) are needed to prevent membrane ruffling and disrupt
115:
Actin microfilaments have been widely studied using cytochalasins. Due to their chemical nature, cytochalasins can help researchers understand the importance of actin in various biological processes. The use of cytochalasins has allowed researchers to better understand actin polymerization, cell
629:
May, J. A.; Ratan, H.; Glenn, J. R.; Lösche, W.; Spangenberg, P.; Heptinstall, S. (1998). "GPIIb-IIIa antagonists cause rapid disaggregation of platelets pretreated with cytochalasin D. Evidence that the stability of platelet aggregates depends on normal cytoskeletal assembly".
60:. Cytochalasins have the ability to permeate cell membranes, prevent cellular translocation and cause cells to enucleate. Cytochalasins can also have an effect on other aspects of biological processes unrelated to actin polymerization. For example,
92:, which then blocks both the assembly and disassembly of individual actin monomers from the bound end. Once bound, cytochalasins essentially cap the end of the new actin filament. One cytochalasin will bind to one actin filament. Studies done with
116:
motility, ruffling, cell division, contraction, and cell stiffness. The use of cytochalasins has been so important to understanding cytoskeletal movement and many other biological processes, researchers have created two synthetic cytochalasins.
418:
Cox, R. H.; Cutler, H. G.; Hurd, R. E.; Cole, R. J. (1983). "Proton and Carbon-13 Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Conformation of Cytochalasin H Derivatives and Plant Growth Regulating Effects of Cytochalasins".
100:. The effects of many different cytochalasins on actin filaments were analyzed and higher concentrations (2-20 ÎĽM) of CD were found to be needed to remove stress fibers.
752:
146:
concentration-dependent manner independent of platelet count. Therefore, fibrinogen deficiency or fibrin polymerization disorders can be rapidly detected.
1699:
909:
1038:
1030:
582:"Correlation between effects of 24 different cytochalasins on cellular structures and cellular events and those on actin in vitro"
1034:
922:
774:
135:
function by inhibition of the contractile elements. The platelet inhibition is more effective than when platelets are blocked by
1008:
1137:
1827:
1784:
1289:
933:
928:
1048:
2136:
299:"An Enantioselective, Modular, and General Route to the Cytochalasins: Synthesis of L-696,474 and Cytochalasin B"
1338:
48:
and the elongation of actin. As a result of the inhibition of actin polymerization, cytochalasins can change
1122:
1110:
914:
903:
127:
and fibrin polymerization disorders in the FIBTEM assay on ROTEM. This test is based on the principle that
1094:
852:
706:
Lang, T.; Johanning, K.; Metzler, H.; Piepenbrock, S.; Solomon, C.; Rahe-Meyer, N.; Tanaka, K. A. (2009).
665:
Lang, T.; Toller, W.; Gütl, M.; Mahla, E.; Metzler, H.; Rehak, P.; März, W.; Halwachs-Baumann, G. (2004).
1945:
1580:
941:
708:"The effects of fibrinogen levels on thromboelastometric variables in the presence of thrombocytopenia"
1132:
767:
313:
261:
247:
233:
191:
163:
69:
61:
2131:
2110:
255:
241:
227:
213:
199:
185:
171:
157:
139:
2048:
1218:
1176:
1053:
884:
738:
707:
274:
120:
2053:
1997:
1284:
730:
688:
647:
611:
559:
515:
477:
400:
341:
1992:
1810:
1416:
1332:
1274:
1080:
722:
678:
639:
601:
593:
549:
467:
459:
428:
390:
382:
331:
321:
496:
448:"Cytochalasin Releases mRNA from the Cytoskeletal Framework and Inhibits Protein Synthesis"
2075:
1980:
1575:
1230:
1127:
972:
947:
832:
760:
667:"Different effects of abciximab and cytochalasin D on clot strength in thrombelastography"
317:
2017:
1565:
1505:
1328:
1320:
1067:
1021:
790:
606:
581:
395:
219:
205:
177:
128:
93:
89:
77:
73:
65:
49:
45:
554:
472:
447:
336:
142:. In vitro and clinical data indicate that the clot strength in FIBTEM increases in a
2125:
2093:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
2007:
1950:
1704:
1667:
1615:
1560:
1545:
1421:
1381:
1324:
1118:
967:
890:
683:
666:
495:
Udagawa, T.; Yuan, J.; Panigrahy, D.; Chang, Y.-H.; Shah, J.; D’Amato, R. J. (2000).
367:
53:
742:
298:
2070:
2060:
2043:
2012:
1960:
1924:
1883:
1837:
1774:
1677:
1600:
1535:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1162:
998:
795:
534:
97:
726:
2033:
1987:
1975:
1832:
1779:
1729:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1585:
1570:
1436:
1104:
1075:
895:
873:
810:
800:
104:
37:
2065:
2002:
1919:
1897:
1842:
1805:
1749:
1719:
1709:
1650:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1605:
1590:
1510:
1495:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1353:
1043:
1003:
820:
815:
143:
136:
124:
17:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1935:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1822:
1734:
1550:
1530:
1520:
1480:
1475:
1455:
1426:
1376:
1358:
1311:
1303:
1210:
1194:
805:
326:
68:
can also inhibit the transport of monosaccharides across the cell membrane,
57:
734:
692:
651:
643:
519:
386:
345:
615:
563:
481:
404:
1873:
1853:
1764:
1759:
1724:
1714:
1689:
1645:
1595:
1540:
1515:
1500:
1465:
1460:
1391:
1343:
1316:
1262:
1190:
1184:
1170:
1156:
1147:
843:
463:
132:
88:
Cytochalasins are known to bind to the barbed, fast growing plus ends of
597:
432:
2028:
1490:
1485:
1470:
1431:
1406:
1243:
1223:
863:
580:
Yahara, I.; Harada, F.; Sekita, S.; Yoshihira, K.; Natori, S. (1982).
1795:
1769:
1739:
1555:
1257:
1238:
986:
107:
inhibits actin filament polymerization by binding to actin monomers.
34:
501:-Derived Fungal Metabolite, Inhibits Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth"
1744:
1660:
1655:
1525:
1446:
785:
535:"Actin Polymerization - The Mechanism of Action of Cytochalasin D"
41:
1909:
1817:
756:
1754:
508:
2026:
1933:
1907:
1896:
1851:
1793:
1687:
1676:
1445:
1302:
1273:
1209:
1146:
1093:
1066:
1019:
985:
958:
871:
862:
851:
842:
831:
368:"Effects of Cytochalasin and Phalloidin on Actin"
446:Ornelles, D. A.; Fey, E. G.; Penman, S. (1986).
119:Cytochalasin has found practical application in
306:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
123:(TEM) whole blood assays for the assessment of
52:morphology, inhibit cellular processes such as
768:
8:
1904:
1684:
991:
868:
859:
848:
839:
775:
761:
753:
421:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1700:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
682:
605:
553:
471:
394:
335:
325:
72:has been found to regulate plant growth,
575:
573:
361:
359:
357:
355:
292:
290:
497:"Cytochalasin E, an Epoxide Containing
286:
153:
111:Uses and applications of cytochalasins
671:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
533:Goddette, D. W.; Frieden, C. (1987).
7:
297:Haidle, A. M.; Myers, A. G. (2004).
1054:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
56:, and even cause cells to undergo
25:
40:that have the ability to bind to
2106:
2105:
684:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00555.x
254:
240:
226:
212:
198:
184:
170:
156:
1138:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
542:Journal of Biological Chemistry
76:inhibits protein synthesis and
452:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1:
1290:Fibronectin binding protein A
555:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66662-1
727:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181966675
1031:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
1009:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
27:Group of chemical compounds
2153:
1049:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
131:very effectively inhibits
84:Binding to actin filaments
2101:
2088:
1946:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
994:
1339:beta-Nitropropionic acid
715:Anesthesia and Analgesia
1123:Heat-labile enterotoxin
1114:heat-stable enterotoxin
586:Journal of Cell Biology
375:Journal of Cell Biology
327:10.1073/pnas.0402111101
80:prevents angiogenesis.
1232:Bacillus thuringiensis
644:10.1080/09537109876744
387:10.1083/jcb.105.4.1473
366:Cooper, J. A. (1987).
1133:Pseudomonas exotoxin
464:10.1128/mcb.6.5.1650
44:filaments and block
598:10.1083/jcb.92.1.69
548:(34): 15974–15980.
433:10.1021/jf00116a055
318:2004PNAS..10112048H
312:(33): 12048–12053.
150:Chemical structures
2049:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
1219:Lipopolysaccharide
1177:Pore-forming toxin
275:Cytoskeletal drugs
121:thromboelastometry
2119:
2118:
2084:
2083:
2054:Beta-Bungarotoxin
1998:Pumiliotoxin 251D
1892:
1891:
1298:
1297:
1285:Clumping factor A
1205:
1204:
1089:
1088:
1062:
1061:
981:
980:
16:(Redirected from
2144:
2137:Actin inhibitors
2109:
2108:
2037:
1993:Histrionicotoxin
1939:
1913:
1905:
1857:
1811:Alpha-latrotoxin
1799:
1693:
1685:
1417:Sterigmatocystin
1369:, Fumonisin B3,
1333:epsilon-amanitin
1252:B. thuringiensis
1081:Diphtheria toxin
1024:
992:
961:
877:
869:
860:
849:
840:
777:
770:
763:
754:
747:
746:
712:
703:
697:
696:
686:
662:
656:
655:
638:(3–4): 227–232.
626:
620:
619:
609:
577:
568:
567:
557:
539:
530:
524:
523:
505:
492:
486:
485:
475:
458:(5): 1650–1662.
443:
437:
436:
415:
409:
408:
398:
381:(4): 1473–1478.
372:
363:
350:
349:
339:
329:
303:
294:
258:
244:
230:
216:
202:
188:
174:
160:
21:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2097:
2080:
2076:Cardiotoxin III
2032:
2027:
2022:
1934:
1929:
1908:
1900:
1888:
1852:
1847:
1794:
1789:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1576:Resiniferatoxin
1441:
1294:
1276:
1269:
1234:delta endotoxin
1201:
1142:
1128:Pertussis toxin
1096:
1085:
1058:
1020:
1015:
977:
973:Listeriolysin O
959:
954:
872:
854:
834:
827:
781:
751:
750:
710:
705:
704:
700:
664:
663:
659:
628:
627:
623:
579:
578:
571:
537:
532:
531:
527:
503:
494:
493:
489:
445:
444:
440:
417:
416:
412:
370:
365:
364:
353:
301:
296:
295:
288:
283:
271:
264:
259:
250:
245:
236:
231:
222:
217:
208:
203:
194:
189:
180:
175:
166:
161:
152:
113:
86:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2150:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2018:Zetekitoxin AB
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:Pseudaconitine
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Djenkolic acid
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1329:gamma-amanitin
1321:alpha-amanitin
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1068:Actinomycetota
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1027:
1025:
1022:Staphylococcus
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
982:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
964:
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
951:
950:
938:
937:
936:
931:
919:
918:
917:
912:
900:
899:
898:
893:
880:
878:
866:
857:
846:
837:
829:
828:
826:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
782:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
749:
748:
721:(3): 751–758.
698:
677:(1): 147–153.
657:
621:
569:
525:
514:(2): 421–427.
487:
438:
427:(2): 405–408.
410:
351:
285:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:Cytochalasin J
260:
253:
251:
248:Cytochalasin H
246:
239:
237:
234:Cytochalasin F
232:
225:
223:
220:Cytochalasin E
218:
211:
209:
206:Cytochalasin D
204:
197:
195:
192:Cytochalasin C
190:
183:
181:
178:Cytochalasin B
176:
169:
167:
164:Cytochalasin A
162:
155:
151:
148:
129:cytochalasin D
112:
109:
94:cytochalasin D
90:microfilaments
85:
82:
78:cytochalasin E
74:cytochalasin D
70:cytochalasin H
66:cytochalasin B
62:cytochalasin A
46:polymerization
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2149:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Samandaridine
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:Marinobufagin
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Batrachotoxin
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Charybdotoxin
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Solauricidine
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Protoanemonin
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Oenanthotoxin
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Trichothecene
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Ibotenic acid
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:beta-amanitin
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:Cholera toxin
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
984:
974:
971:
969:
968:Anthrax toxin
966:
965:
963:
957:
949:
946:
945:
944:
943:
939:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
905:
901:
897:
894:
892:
891:Tetanospasmin
889:
888:
887:
886:
882:
881:
879:
875:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
856:
850:
847:
845:
841:
838:
836:
830:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
783:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
755:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
702:
699:
694:
690:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
622:
617:
613:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
551:
547:
543:
536:
529:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
502:
500:
491:
488:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
411:
406:
402:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
362:
360:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
300:
293:
291:
287:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:
263:
257:
252:
249:
243:
238:
235:
229:
224:
221:
215:
210:
207:
201:
196:
193:
187:
182:
179:
173:
168:
165:
159:
154:
149:
147:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
110:
108:
106:
103:In contrast,
101:
99:
95:
91:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:cell division
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
31:Cytochalasins
19:
18:Cytochalasins
2092:
2071:Calcicludine
2061:Calciseptine
2044:Bungarotoxin
2013:Tarichatoxin
1961:Arenobufagin
1925:Tetrodotoxin
1884:Tetrodotoxin
1838:Vanillotoxin
1775:Phaiodotoxin
1678:Invertebrate
1601:Solasodamine
1536:Lotaustralin
1371:Fumonisin B4
1367:Fumonisin B2
1363:Fumonisin B1
1349:Cytochalasin
1348:
1251:
1231:
1183:
1169:
1163:Superantigen
1155:
1111:
999:Streptolysin
940:
921:
902:
883:
718:
714:
701:
674:
670:
660:
635:
631:
624:
592:(1): 69–78.
589:
585:
545:
541:
528:
511:
507:
498:
490:
455:
451:
441:
424:
420:
413:
378:
374:
309:
305:
118:
114:
102:
98:treadmilling
87:
30:
29:
2034:Snake venom
1988:Epibatidine
1976:Cinobufagin
1833:Stromatoxin
1780:Imperatoxin
1730:Scyllatoxin
1636:Tagetitoxin
1631:Swainsonine
1621:Solauricine
1586:Solamargine
1581:Scopolamine
1571:Retronecine
1437:Zearalenone
1105:Shiga toxin
1076:Cord factor
915:Enterotoxin
910:Alpha toxin
904:perfringens
896:Tetanolysin
874:Clostridium
811:hepatotoxin
801:enterotoxin
791:cardiotoxin
499:Aspergillus
140:antagonists
105:latrunculin
38:metabolites
2132:Mycotoxins
2126:Categories
2066:Taicatoxin
2003:Samandarin
1956:Bufotoxins
1920:Ciguatoxin
1898:Vertebrate
1843:Huwentoxin
1823:Cupiennins
1806:Latrotoxin
1750:Kaliotoxin
1720:Margatoxin
1710:Maurotoxin
1651:Toxalbumin
1641:Tinyatoxin
1626:Strychnine
1611:Solasonine
1606:Solasodine
1591:Solanidine
1511:Falcarinol
1496:Delphinine
1412:Phalloidin
1402:Ochratoxin
1397:Orellanine
1387:Lolitrem B
1354:Ergotamine
1304:Mycotoxins
1148:Mechanisms
1107:/Verotoxin
1044:Exfoliatin
1004:Leukocidin
821:phototoxin
816:neurotoxin
281:References
144:fibrinogen
137:GPIIb/IIIa
125:fibrinogen
1971:Bufotenin
1966:Bufotalin
1936:Amphibian
1879:Saxitoxin
1869:Eledoisin
1864:Conotoxin
1735:Hefutoxin
1551:Oleandrin
1531:Linamarin
1521:Helenalin
1481:Cicutoxin
1476:Chaconine
1456:Amygdalin
1427:Vomitoxin
1377:Gliotoxin
1359:Fumonisin
1312:Aflatoxin
1275:Virulence
1211:Endotoxin
942:botulinum
923:difficile
833:Bacterial
806:hemotoxin
796:cytotoxin
632:Platelets
58:apoptosis
2111:Category
1874:Onchidal
1854:Mollusca
1765:Bestoxin
1760:Birtoxin
1725:Slotoxin
1715:Agitoxin
1690:Scorpion
1646:Tomatine
1596:Solanine
1541:Mimosine
1516:Gossypol
1501:Divicine
1466:Antiarin
1461:Anisatin
1392:Muscimol
1344:Citrinin
1317:Amatoxin
1263:Cry34Ab1
1191:AB toxin
1185:type III
1097:negative
855:positive
844:Exotoxin
743:11733489
735:19224779
693:14717978
652:16793707
520:10900214
346:15208404
269:See also
133:platelet
50:cellular
2029:Reptile
1491:Daphnin
1486:Coniine
1471:Brucine
1432:Zeranol
1407:Patulin
1254:toxins
1244:Cry3Bb1
1224:Lipid A
1171:type II
1112:E. coli
864:Bacilli
616:7199054
607:2112011
564:3023337
482:3785175
405:3312229
396:2114638
314:Bibcode
1901:toxins
1796:Spider
1770:BmKAEP
1740:HgeTx1
1681:toxins
1556:Persin
1449:toxins
1277:factor
1258:Cry6Aa
1250:Other
1239:Cry1Ac
1157:type I
960:Other:
885:tetani
835:toxins
786:Toxins
741:
733:
691:
650:
614:
604:
562:
518:
480:
473:367692
470:
403:
393:
344:
337:514432
334:
35:fungal
1828:PhTx3
1745:HsTx1
1668:Tutin
1661:Ricin
1656:Abrin
1526:Ledol
1447:Plant
1039:delta
987:Cocci
948:Botox
739:S2CID
711:(PDF)
538:(PDF)
504:(PDF)
371:(PDF)
302:(PDF)
42:actin
1910:Fish
1818:CSTX
1095:Gram
1035:beta
853:Gram
731:PMID
689:PMID
648:PMID
612:PMID
560:PMID
516:PMID
478:PMID
401:PMID
342:PMID
64:and
33:are
1785:Pi3
1755:Lq2
1195:AB5
723:doi
719:108
679:doi
640:doi
602:PMC
594:doi
550:doi
546:261
512:294
468:PMC
460:doi
429:doi
391:PMC
383:doi
379:105
332:PMC
322:doi
310:101
2128::
1365:,
1331:,
1327:,
1323:,
737:.
729:.
717:.
713:.
687:.
673:.
669:.
646:.
634:.
610:.
600:.
590:92
588:.
584:.
572:^
558:.
544:.
540:.
510:.
506:.
476:.
466:.
454:.
450:.
425:31
423:.
399:.
389:.
377:.
373:.
354:^
340:.
330:.
320:.
308:.
304:.
289:^
2036::
2031:/
1938::
1912::
1856::
1798::
1692::
1373:)
1361:(
1335:)
1319:(
1193:/
1121:/
1037:/
1033:/
934:B
929:A
876::
776:e
769:t
762:v
745:.
725::
695:.
681::
675:2
654:.
642::
636:9
618:.
596::
566:.
552::
522:.
484:.
462::
456:6
435:.
431::
407:.
385::
348:.
324::
316::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
