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marks the origin of the 3-way split of literature that continued throughout the socialist years until 1989: domestic published, domestic illegal, and exile literature. As a result of the war, all forms of literature turned even more toward tradition and history: poetry became more subdued, and greater emphasis was laid upon language as an expression of national identity (Hora, Halas, Seifert, Nezval), and on spirituality and religious values (Hrubín, Závada, Zahradníček, Holan). The same occurred in prose: gone were the experimental works of the interwar period, but the social and psychological novel (
1799:), Germany (Peroutka), Austria (Kohout), France (M. Kundera), but they generally did not fare much better than their contemporaries in Czechoslovakia, largely due to the absence of a readership. Their works became better known only through translations. The work of experimental, avantgarde authors who continued to publish as "official" authors generally shrank in quality, conformed to the official dogma, although in comparison to the 1950s, the literature was less rigid, less wooden. On the border between official and unofficial literature stood authors of historical novels (Korner,
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democracy, and literary works and authors were valued not only for their literary merits, but also for their struggle against the regime. The literature of the entire postwar period thus enjoyed great attention, despite its often precarious position. During the first three years after the end of the war (1945–1948), however, literature maintained a certain degree of freedom, although the strengthening of the extreme left gradually pushed out of the public sphere first the
Catholic authors (Deml, Durych, Čep, Zahradníček), then the moderate Communists.
152:
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746:, who systematically set out to develop a Czech poetic style). The literary audience evolved from priests and monks to the laity and general public and literature began to be seen as a vehicle of artistic expression. Bohemia and Moravia, however, remained within the sphere of Austrian and German cultural influence. The new national literature thus firstly mimicked popular German genres and would only later evolve into an independent creative effort; this was especially true for
46:
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consisted largely of epic poetry of two types: the legend and the knightly epic, both based on apocryphal tales from the Bible, as well as hagiographic legends of earlier periods. Prose was also first developed during this period: administrative and instructional texts, which necessitated the development of a more extensive and specialized vocabulary; the first Czech-Latin dictionaries date from this time. Extensive chronicles, of which the
671:, who spent his youth in Bohemia but was forced into exile later in life. He was a pedagogue, theologian, reformer of education, and philosopher; his works include grammars, theoretical tracts on education, and works on theology. With his death in the late 17th century, Protestant literature in Czech virtually disappeared. Catholic baroque works span two types: religious poetry such as that of
1388:, Jakub Deml). The drama of the time also followed the same stylistic evolution as poetry and prose — expressionism, followed by a return to realistic, civilian theater (František Langer, Karel Čapek). Along with avantgarde poetry, avantgarde theater also flourished, focusing on removing the barriers between actors and audience, breaking the illusion of the unity of a theatrical work (
1243:, coinciding with the First Republic, is one of the apogees of Czech literature — the new state brought with it a plurality of thinking, religion, and philosophy, leading to a great flowering of literature and culture. The first major theme of the interwar period was the war — the inhumanity, violence, and terror, but also the heroic actions of the
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particular style over their own voices, and their often very critical perspectives on the work of the previous generations. The modernists also inaugurated the cult of the artist, and this period saw the birth of the literary critic as an independent profession, as an ally of the artist, helping to both define and present work to the public (
943:, the ordinary and banal. They favored contemporary subjects over historical ones, and sought to deemphasize the personal voice of the author in comparison to the often highly colored speech of the characters. Two main topics were of interest: the exploration of the Czech village and the extent to which it remained an oasis of good morals (
1328:), which argued that poetry should pervade everyday life, that poetry is inseparable from daily life, that everyone is a poet. Prose of the interwar period distanced itself even more from the traditional, single perspective prose of the previous century, in favor of multiple perspectives, subjectivity, and fractured narratives.
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emerged, which sought to apply the principles of rational science to all aspects of daily life. A national culture and literature in one's own national language began to be seen as a prerequisite for the unification of a nation. In literature, this constituted a renewed interest in prose novels (e.g.
1625:
The 1960s brought with them the beginnings of reform efforts in the
Communist party, and the subsequent liberalization of literature and increasing prestige of authors. Beginning with 1964, literature began to broaden in scope beyond the officially approved style. In poetry, intimate lyricism became
1666:
became the most prominent of the contemporary prose authors, with his works full of colloquialisms and non-traditional narrative structures, and the absence of official moral frameworks. Toward the end of the decade, novels of disillusionment, skepticism, and a need to find one's place in the world
263:
and the subsequent upheavals in the kingdom in 1306, however, the
Bohemian nobles distanced themselves from German culture and looked for literature in their native language. Despite this, German remained an important literary language in Bohemia until the 19th century. This new literature in Czech
1534:
Czech postwar literature is tightly intertwined with the political state of postwar
Czechoslovakia; as during the war, literature broke apart into three main branches: domestic published, domestic illegal, and exile literature. Literature under the communist regime became the refuge of freedom and
1070:
The turn of the 20th century marked a profound shift in Czech literature — after nearly a century of work, literature finally freed itself from the confines of needing to educate and serve the nation and spread Czech culture, and became literature simply for the sake of art. The orientation toward
1490:
left its mark on Czech literature — many of the authors of the interwar generations did not survive or went into exile. During 1938–1940, society was still relatively free, but during 1941, most of the free newspapers, magazines, and publishers were shut down, and authors were silenced. WWII thus
254:
During the first part of the 13th century, the Přemyslid rulers of
Bohemia expanded their political and economic influence westward and came into contact with the political and cultural kingdoms of Western Europe. This cultural exchange was evident in literature through the introduction of German
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theological writing first appears at the beginning of the 15th century; he wrote first in Latin, later in Czech, and this divide remained for much of the later period: poetry and intellectual prose used primarily Latin, whereas popular prose was written in Czech or German. Hus writings center on
1203:
brought with it a wave of repression of the newly emergent Czech culture, and this meant a return to the past, to traditional Czech values and history: the
Hussites and the Awakening. The war, however, also precipitated a crisis of values, of faith in progress, religion, and belief, which found
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branches. Unlike in other
European countries of the time, the nobility in Bohemia was not a part of the literary audience and thus this split of literary effort led to a certain lack of development and stagnation of Czech baroque literature in comparison to other European countries of the time,
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at the beginning of the century, the lack of progress in implementing these ideals of freedom and brotherhood led to both a skepticism toward the possibility of ever achieving these ideals, and renewed efforts to do so. The common link between authors of this generation is their adherence to a
568:
revolution of the 15th century created a definite break in the literary evolution of Czech literature and forms its own separate history within Czech literature. The main aim of this literature was to communicate and argue for a specific religious doctrine and its form was generally prose.
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Normalization reinstated the severe censorship of the 1950s, shut down most of the literary magazines and newspapers, and silenced authors who did not conform. More than ever before, literature split into the legal, illegal, and exile branches. Many authors fled to the U.S. and Canada
574:
technical, theological questions; however, he did publish a set of his Czech sermons and created rules of orthography and grammar that would be used to create the foundations of modern Czech in the 17th and 18th centuries. Only fragments remain of the literary works of the radical
833:
By the 1830s, the foundations of Czech literature were laid and authors now began to focus more on the artistic merits of their work and less on developing the idea of Czech literature and culture as a whole. During this time period two main types of literature were produced:
901:). These authors rejected the narrow ideal of a purely national culture and favored one that incorporated Czech literature into European culture and drew inspiration from the progress made outside of the Czech lands. Their work, however, also commented on the encroachment of
586:). In general, Hussite writings differed from the preceding era by their focus on social questions – their audience consisted of the lower and lower middle classes. Works defending Catholicism and attacking the Hussite utraquists were also written, one example being
657:
decidedly affected Czech literary development. The forceful re-Catholicization and
Germanization of Bohemia and the ensuing confiscations and expulsions virtually eliminated the Protestant middle classes and split the literature into two parts: the domestic
790:
took up the challenge of reexamining Czech history. As part of the effort to establish a pedigree for Czech literature and culture, Czech historians of the time sought evidence of heroic epics of the Middle Ages. They appeared to find such evidence in the
1118:, although this influence waned throughout the decade. In prose, the work of the modernist generation was only now coming into its own, but the different stylistic waves that affected their prose are also evident in the work of the new generation —
815:
239:, though it does approach its topics with then-contemporary politics in mind, and attempts to legitimize the ruling dynasty. Cosmas' work was updated and extended by several authors in the latter part of the 12th and during the 13th centuries.
1881:
The fall of communism in 1989 marked another break in Czech literature — plurality and freedom returned. The works of many of the illegal and exiled authors working under the communist regime were published for the first time (for instance
1035:
1503:) remained. The historical novel marked a new resurgence (Kratochvíl, Vančura, Durych, Schulz) as a way to write about the present while cloaking it in historical novels, as did prose inspired by folk tales and folk culture (
218:
Bohemia was
Christianized in the late 9th to 10th centuries, and the earliest written works associated with the kingdom of Bohemia are Middle Latin works written in the 12th to 13th centuries (with the exception of the Latin
223:, supposedly of the 10th century but of dubious authenticity). The majority of works from this period are chronicles and hagiographies. Bohemian hagiographies focus exclusively on Bohemian saints (Sts. Ludmila, Wenceslas,
1538:
1948 brought the ultimate victory of the
Communists, and the subsequent end of civil freedoms — any literature contrary to the official perspective was banned and the authors persecuted. The official literary style became
1890:) and many of them returned to public life and publishing. Although some critics would say that contemporary Czech literature (since 1989) is relatively marginalised in comparison with Czech film-making, writers such as
1854:). The new literary generation of the 1980s was marked by the need to rebel, to act outside of the bounds of society — their work draws on the war generation (Group 42), and is often brutal, aggressive, and vulgar (
3042:
1443:) turned instead to lyricism, to quiet, memory-filled poetry. Prose, after the years of realistic journalism, turned to epics, existential novels, and subjective perspectives. Folk-inspired ballads (
1842:
and were jailed for doing so. Samizdat literature again returned to Catholicism, to memoirs and diaries of daily life (Vaculík). Memory and history were also chief motifs of samizdat literature (
1411:) parties radicalized and threatened the stability of the democracy. This led the authors of the time to focus on public matters and spirituality; Catholicism gained in importance (Kalista,
2255:
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saw in the classics of antiquity an ideal for literature and culture. The main feature of the literature of this period is the competition between Catholics writing in Latin, e.g.
191:
Most literature in the Czech Republic is now written in Czech, but historically, a considerable part of Czech literary output was written in other languages as well, including
1157:
After their rebellious first decade, the new generation of poets (Toman, Neumann, Šrámek) turned toward nature and life in their work. This decade also marked the return of
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Pre-romanticism formed the transition between enlightened classicism and romanticism – the pre-romantics did not completely abandon the emphasis on poetic forms drawn from
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782:, who translated many classics of world literature and spent his life establishing Czech literature as a serious, rich literature capable of great development.
1475:) appeared. During this period, Karel Čapek wrote his most politically charged (and well-known) plays in response to the rise of fascist dictators. After the
231:), although numerous legends about Bohemian saints were also written by foreign authors. The most important chronicle of the period is the Chronica Boemorum (
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1435:) began as poets, but their work is much darker, full of images of death and fear. The older avantgarde (Teige, Nezval) also turned away from poetism to
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The year 1848 brought to the fore a new generation of Czech authors who followed in the footsteps of Mácha, and published their work in the new almanac
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After the heady optimism of the 1920s, the 1930s brought with them an economic crisis, which helped spur a political crisis: both the left (
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1292:, and S. K. Neumann). The avantgarde soon split, however, into the radical proletarian socialist and communist authors (Wolker, Neumann,
766:, but relaxed the strict separation between the genres and turned away from didactic genres toward more lyric, folk-inspired works (e.g.
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590:'s works. The Hussite period also developed the genre of Czech religious songs as a replacement for Latin hymns and liturgy, e.g. the
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in 1938, literature once more mirrored the current political present and called for national solidarity and a return to the past.
1352:), as well as the genres of documentary prose, which sought to paint as accurate a picture of the world as possible (Karel Čapek,
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Only at the end of the 1950s did the tight censorial control begin to ease — some poets were allowed to publish again (Hrubín,
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into Czech literature, seeking to document the rapid changes in society and modernization. The first avantgarde style was
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especially in genres that were written for noble courts. The largest personality of Czech evangelical baroque writing is
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Weiskopf, Franz Carl. Hundred towers: a Czechoslovak anthology of creative writing. New York : L.B. Fischer, 1945.
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2191:-An overview, in English, of the history of Czech literature since its inception to the present day. (January 2009)
774:.) It was during this period that the idea of a truly national literature and culture developed, as a rejection of
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1638:. In prose, new authors abandoned polemics about socialism and instead turned toward personal and civic morality (
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1090:, their work focused on concrete reality, free of any pathos, or complicated symbolism. Many of the new poets (
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The last literary generation of the 19th century signaled a decided break with the past and the advent of
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At the end of the 18th century, the Bohemian lands underwent a considerable change – the Habsburg emperor
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778:'s vision of a bi-lingual and bi-cultural Czech-German state. The perhaps greatest figure of this era is
627:, to construct a more complex grammatical structure, based on Latin, as well as an influx of loan words.
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The new generation of poets distanced themselves from both the neo-romantics and the modernists: led by
854:, which emphasized the freedom of the individual and focused on subjectivity and the subconscious (e.g.
276:
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2209:– many of the links are to Czech pages, most descriptions in English. Contains also a historic overview
1975:
1907:
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1796:
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1683:). The 1960s also brought the debuts of a new generation of authors who grew up during the excesses of
1676:
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1815:, small underground presses that hand-published much of the work of the underground, illegal authors.
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and all avantgarde leanings were suppressed. Many authors went into exile — to Germany, the U.S., the
1527:) all shared a similar harrowing experience of the war; their works all bear the hallmark of tragedy,
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2015:
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rendered books and pamphlets more accessible, which slowly changed literature's status in society.
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by Jaroslav Hašek is the most translated novel of the Czech literature (58 languages as of 2013).
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intensified, and new demands were laid on the cultural knowledge of authors and their audience.
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1960:
1811:. Seifert, Mikulášek, Skácel were all also barred from publishing; their work was published as
1547:. Of those that stayed, many chose to write in secret and remain unpublished (the surrealists (
1415:, Halas, Vančura, Durych). Changes were apparent first in poetry: the new generation of poets (
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and history begin to appear (Vaculík, M. Kundera, Hrubín), as do modern historical novels (
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912:, who continued in the romantic tradition, but also incorporated more contemporary styles:
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862:.) These authors were generally published in either newspapers or in the literary magazine
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organized the largest samizdat editions. It was many of these illegal authors who signed
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and focused increasingly on the simple life as opposed to the unfettered romantic ideal.
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to the Czech throne following the Hussite wars, a new cultural wave swept into Bohemia.
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literature, which strove to educate the readers and encourage them to be loyal to the
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are public figures and sell books in large numbers. Contemporary Czech poetry, in
1519:). The generation of authors that debuted during the war and shortly afterwards (
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983:). Notable poets of this period drew on the works and translations of the poet
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faction – these were generally Latin apologia defending the Taborite doctrine (
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Article about current state of Czech culture and Western mis-perceptions of it
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1614:). Prose lagged behind poetry for much of the period, with the exception of
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system and supported a new religious and ideological tolerance. Enlightened
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928:); the second was the great return to poetry, especially epic poetry (e.g.
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1508:
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604:
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1691:— their works dealt not with changing the world, but with living in it:
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1688:
1587:). Most of their works were published only during the 1960s and 1990s.
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1622:. Shorter works, such as the short story also became popular again.
1224:(Čapek brothers) and visions of a universal brotherhood of mankind (
1695:, responsibility both moral and literary. These included the poets
2275:– regularly updated Czech literature news and resources in English
1731:. The close of the reform years also saw a return to experiments:
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1850:), as were brutally honest, factual testimonials of daily life (
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2263:– English translations of contemporary (c. 1995) Czech writers.
259:, in the latter part of the 13th century. After the murder of
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Resources in English on Czech Literature, Cinema and Politics
2269:– translations of contemporary, non-realist Czech literature
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811:, respectively), although both were later proven forgeries.
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thought, and the focus on the person as an isolated being.
280:) are the most striking examples, and artistic prose (e.g.
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Richard Weiner, Jakub Deml, Ladislav Klíma, Podivný Hašek.
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of 1968, came to an abrupt end the same summer, with the
2141:"Slovník české literatury po roce 1945 – Jaroslav ČEJKA"
1598:) and a new literary group formed around the magazine
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Catholic Encyclopedia – brief early history till 1800
1451:), social-themed novels (Olbracht, Vančura, Poláček,
1384:); and Catholically-oriented prose (Jaroslav Durych,
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introduced for the first time to the world the word
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2457:
2406:
2317:
1602:, striving to break the hold of socialist realism (
2235:Lecture about changes after the fall of communism
2172:Writers Under Siege: Czech Literature since 1945
974:– after the wave of optimism in the wake of the
2229:Potápěč – Czech and Slovak Literature Resources
2200:Czech and Slovak Literature Resources at Oxford
653:The demise of the Czech Protestants after the
623:. New literary devices incited scholars, e.g.
2831:
2294:
545:
132:
8:
959:, especially the life of the lower classes (
1197:(S. K. Neumann, the young brothers Čapek).
829:is considered a classic of Czech Literature
742:, who re-codified the grammar of Czech and
2838:
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2246:Columbia Encyclopedia – very brief history
2219:Brief history with a few capsule portraits
552:
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1791:invasion and subsequent "normalization."
615:) and Protestants writing in Czech, e.g.
1308:). A specifically Czech literary style,
932:); and the third focused on prose (e.g.
150:
2231:– Czech Literature Resources. In Czech.
2108:
1926:can boast a poet of European standing.
1870:also influenced literature as a whole (
1030:was a Czech poet, playwright and writer
908:The May generation was followed by the
304:
36:
1063:was the only Czech writer awarded the
2224:Overview from Encyclopædia Britannica
1779:) and ornate, symbol filled fantasy (
1687:, and thus had no ideals about world
683:, and religious prose writings (i.e.
7:
2158:Česká literatura od počátků k dnešku
1654:), the theme of war and occupation (
1439:, and a third group (Hora, Seifert,
1336:literature came into the forefront (
25:
2092:Czech science fiction and fantasy
321:16th-century Renaissance humanism
2397:
2213:Czech Literature since the 1980s
1662:), especially the fate of Jews.
1177:) and the first entrance of the
609:Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic
477:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
439:
2256:The history of Czech literature
2122:1. Auflage. Torst, Praha 1992,
2267:The Cafe Irreal: Czech authors
2174:. Sussex Academic Press, 2007
2087:List of Glagolitic manuscripts
1634:, Hrubín), and the realism of
1:
2049:List of Czech literary awards
1407:) and right (anti-German and
1312:, was developed by the group
580:Mikuláš Biskupec z Pelhřimova
481:Folklore of the Low Countries
38:Culture of the Czech Republic
691:), and historical accounts (
655:Battle of the White Mountain
2357:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
1771:), gritty realistic prose (
1630:), as well as epic poetry (
1263:). An antiwar comedy novel
987:and include, among others,
391:English Renaissance theatre
227:, Cyril and Methodius, and
182:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
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1930:Contemporary Czech authors
744:Antonín Jaroslav Puchmayer
617:Viktorin Kornel of Všehrdy
336:16th century in literature
326:Reformation-era propaganda
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1185:, which soon gave way to
1110:) allied themselves with
1065:Nobel Prize in Literature
1003:); prose authors include
596:, the Jistebnice Hymnal.
2471:Administrative divisions
1751:), experimental poetry (
2273:Czech literature portal
2242:, with readers' polemic
1763:), abstract poetry and
1555:), Holan, Zahradníček,
1501:Miloš Václav Kratochvíl
840:Austro-Hungarian Empire
805:Dvůr Králové Manuscript
752:Václav Kliment Klicpera
673:Adam Michna z Otradovic
211:A writer and historian
32:Part of a series on the
2055:Jaroslav Seifert Prize
1266:The Good Soldier Švejk
1230:Karel Matěj Čapek Chod
1152:Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic
1067:
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989:Josef Svatopluk Machar
965:Karel Matěj Čapek Chod
860:Václav Bolemír Nebeský
830:
809:Zelená Hora Manuscript
794:Rukopis královédvorský
736:Václav Matěj Kramerius
718:
650:
599:After the election of
331:16th century in poetry
282:Smil Flaška z Pardubic
272:Chronicon Aulae Regiae
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2743:(architectural style)
2115:Jindřich Chalupecký:
2065:Magnesia Litera Prize
2043:Czech Literary Awards
1741:Vratislav Effenberger
1447:, K. Čapek, Vančura,
1059:
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981:František Xaver Šalda
817:
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296:Further information:
288:) were also written.
245:
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115:Czech Republic portal
2769:World Heritage Sites
2584:Oil and gas deposits
2261:Czech Literature Now
1461:psychological novels
1320:, Jaroslav Seifert,
800:Rukopis zelenohorský
772:František Čelakovský
298:Bohemian Reformation
267:Chronicle of Dalimil
248:Chronicle of Dalimil
3352:European literature
2847:European literature
2077:Otto's encyclopedia
1378:Jaroslav Jan Paulík
1013:Josef Karel Šlejhar
930:Josef Václav Sládek
844:Karel Jaromír Erben
788:Pavel Jozef Šafárik
601:George of Poděbrady
255:courtly poetry, or
221:Legend of Christian
156:The Strahov Library
2205:2012-04-28 at the
1951:Ivan Martin Jirous
1896:Ivan Martin Jirous
1852:Ivan Martin Jirous
1757:Bohumila Grögerová
1711:, and playwrights
1505:Josef Štefan Kubín
1390:Osvobozené divadlo
1362:Rudolf Těsnohlídek
1298:Antonín Matěj Píša
1140:Rudolf Těsnohlídek
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985:Jaroslav Vrchlický
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725:put an end to the
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2026:Radka Denemarková
2016:Jaroslav Velinský
1981:Sylvie Richterová
1592:Oldřich Mikulášek
1541:socialist realism
1473:Jaroslav Havlíček
1465:Jarmila Glazarová
1382:Vladislav Vančura
1284:(Čapek brothers,
1104:František Gellner
976:French Revolution
949:Karel Václav Rais
903:industrialization
874:Josef Kajetán Tyl
856:Karel Hynek Mácha
784:František Palacký
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1354:Egon Erwin Kisch
1322:Konstantin Biebl
1318:Vítězslav Nezval
1302:Jindřich Hořejší
1290:Jaroslav Seifert
1257:František Langer
1148:Růžena Svobodová
1144:Vienna Secession
1116:women's movement
1061:Jaroslav Seifert
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1364:, Eduard Bass,
1241:interwar period
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1124:A. M. Tilschová
1077:Northern Europe
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2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:80-7106-308-8
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:80-85639-00-9
2125:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:(* 1943)
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Milan Kundera
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1924:Petr Borkovec
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:postmodernism
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Karel Šiktanc
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1821:Jan Vladislav
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:Prague Spring
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:Ivan Vyskočil
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Josef Hanzlík
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:Oldřich Daněk
1665:
1661:
1660:Arnošt Lustig
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Milan Kundera
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Karel Šiktanc
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:Karel Šiktanc
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Vladimír Neff
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Ivan Olbracht
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:Jiří Voskovec
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:Karel Poláček
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Ivan Olbracht
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:expressionism
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:neoclassicism
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Josef Florian
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:impressionism
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:S. K. Neumann
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
961:Ignát Herrman
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:Alois Jirásek
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:neo-romantics
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
828:
826:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
795:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
717:
713:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:hagiographies
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:John Comenius
665:
661:
656:
649:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:Jan Dubravius
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
567:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
535:
533:
532:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
488:
487:
482:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
430:
429:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
392:
389:
388:
387:
382:
379:
378:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
312:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
262:
261:Wenceslas III
258:
250:
249:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:can refer to
163:
157:
153:
142:
137:
135:
130:
128:
123:
122:
120:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2983:Old English
2962:
2868:Anglo-Norman
2739:
2723:
2697:Coat of arms
2692:Architecture
2660:Prostitution
2630:Demographics
2493:Constitution
2171:
2170:Holý, Jiří,
2157:
2135:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2006:Jáchym Topol
2001:Michal Šanda
1996:Petr Stančík
1966:Petra Hůlová
1956:Jiří Hájíček
1936:Michal Ajvaz
1912:Petra Hůlová
1900:Jáchym Topol
1884:Jan Křesadlo
1880:
1856:Jáchym Topol
1832:Václav Havel
1801:Karel Michal
1793:
1753:Josef Hiršal
1721:Václav Havel
1693:authenticity
1652:Pavel Kohout
1640:Jan Trefulka
1624:
1599:
1589:
1537:
1533:
1513:Jaromír John
1493:Václav Řezáč
1488:World War II
1484:protectorate
1481:
1421:Vilém Závada
1413:Karel Schulz
1402:
1374:Karel Konrád
1366:Jaromír John
1271:
1264:
1249:Rudolf Medek
1245:Czech Legion
1238:
1199:
1175:Josef Váchal
1156:
1096:Fráňa Šrámek
1085:
1069:
1048:
1042:
1019:20th century
1005:Vilém Mrštík
993:Antonín Sova
969:
953:Alois Mrštík
938:
907:
886:
880:
878:
869:
863:
832:
822:
808:
804:
798:
792:
761:
758:19th century
720:
652:
621:Václav Hájek
598:
591:
588:Jan Rokycana
563:
491:Scandinavian
475:
385:
275:
271:
265:
253:
246:
220:
217:
190:
186:Czech people
161:
160:
80:
56:Architecture
26:
3252: [
3186:(Provençal)
3174:Montenegrin
3041: [
2734:Nationalism
2655:LGBT rights
2635:Drug policy
2569:Electricity
2425:Czech lands
2362:Czech lands
2011:Miloš Urban
1941:Jan Balabán
1904:Miloš Urban
1892:Petr Šabach
1888:Ivan Blatný
1860:Petr Placák
1836:Jan Lopatka
1824: [
1729:Josef Topol
1709:Jiří Kuběna
1673:Jiří Šotola
1612:Jiří Šotola
1581:Jan Zábrana
1553:Karel Hynek
1511:, Vančura,
1482:The German
1445:Josef Čapek
1346:Eduard Bass
1342:Karel Čapek
1326:Karel Teige
1294:Karel Teige
1274:Jiří Wolker
1253:Josef Kopta
1234:F. X. Šalda
1201:World War I
1179:avant-garde
1136:Jan Opolský
1108:Petr Bezruč
1092:Karel Toman
1039:Karel Čapek
926:Václav Šolc
852:romanticism
836:Biedermeier
433:Continental
372:Anglo-Irish
354:Elizabethan
306:Reformation
292:Reformation
168:written in
3341:Categories
3309:in English
3207:Portuguese
3154:Macedonian
3149:Luxembourg
3144:Lithuanian
2903:Belarusian
2764:Television
2749:Philosophy
2724:Literature
2650:Irreligion
2645:Healthcare
2578:(currency)
2533:Parliament
2508:Government
2337:Marcomanni
2152:References
2037:Pavel Šrut
1761:Emil Juliš
1733:surrealism
1725:Milan Uhde
1717:Jiří Šlitr
1697:Jiří Gruša
1648:Ivan Klíma
1596:Jan Skácel
1577:Egon Bondy
1557:Jiří Kolář
1521:Jiří Orten
1437:surrealism
1398:Jan Werich
1306:Jan Herben
1286:Josef Hora
1214:Jakub Deml
1204:outlet in
1167:Jakub Deml
1132:Jiří Mahen
1120:naturalism
1100:Viktor Dyk
1028:Viktor Dyk
945:Jan Herben
941:naturalism
899:Jan Neruda
768:Ján Kollár
731:classicism
664:Protestant
625:Veleslavín
176:(formerly
166:literature
96:Philosophy
81:Literature
3296:Ukrainian
3222:Sardinian
3192:Old Norse
3179:Norwegian
3124:Kashubian
3092:Icelandic
3087:Hungarian
2928:Bulgarian
2883:Aromanian
2873:Aragonese
2640:Education
2599:Transport
2513:Judiciary
2498:Elections
2476:Districts
2408:Geography
2215:– lecture
2103:Footnotes
1961:Emil Hakl
1840:Charta 77
1809:Ota Pavel
1685:Stalinism
1681:Ota Filip
1656:Jiří Weil
1626:popular (
1405:Communist
1358:Jiří Weil
1338:Jan Weiss
1334:fantastic
1161:authors (
1112:anarchism
972:modernism
922:decadence
918:Symbolism
823:Babička (
764:antiquity
629:Gutenberg
523:Icelandic
508:Norwegian
257:Minnesang
225:Procopius
184:), or by
172:, in the
91:Mythology
3314:in Welsh
3301:Venetian
3249:Silesian
3227:Scottish
3212:Romanian
3197:Ossetian
3184:Occitan
3169:Moldovan
3114:Jèrriais
3075:medieval
3055:Georgian
3050:Galician
3028:Friulian
2998:Estonian
2953:Croatian
2893:Austrian
2888:Asturian
2878:Armenian
2863:Albanian
2800:Category
2714:Language
2665:Religion
2459:Politics
2203:Archived
2071:See also
1813:samizdat
1773:Jan Hanč
1747:poetry (
1745:nonsense
1636:Group 42
1565:Jan Hanč
1525:Group 42
1509:Jan Drda
1314:Devětsil
1300:, Hora,
1222:civilism
1195:civilism
1191:futurism
1159:Catholic
1114:and the
1041:'s play
889:) (e.g.
870:Blossoms
821:, whose
807:and the
723:Josef II
660:Catholic
605:Humanism
576:Taborite
465:Romanian
404:Morality
399:Pastoral
367:Scottish
315:Overview
229:Adalbert
76:Folklore
3326:Yiddish
3286:Turkish
3276:Swedish
3271:Spanish
3266:Slovene
3244:Serbian
3217:Russian
3159:Maltese
3139:Latvian
3129:Kosovar
3109:Italian
3070:ancient
3023:Frisian
3013:Flemish
3008:Finnish
3003:Faroese
2978:English
2958:Cypriot
2943:Cornish
2938:Chuvash
2933:Catalan
2923:British
2913:Bosnian
2908:Belgian
2784:Outline
2740:Panelák
2702:Cuisine
2679:Culture
2613:Society
2594:Tourism
2576:Koruna
2552:Economy
2486:Regions
2319:History
1689:utopias
1545:Vatican
1459:), and
1409:fascist
1386:Jan Čep
1330:Utopian
1310:poetism
1282:naivism
1142:); the
955:); and
914:realism
850:), and
750:, e.g.
571:Jan Hus
566:Hussite
518:Finnish
513:Swedish
503:Faroese
460:Sorbian
421:Revenge
416:Tragedy
409:History
348:British
106:Theatre
71:Cuisine
3305:Welsh
3261:Slovak
3202:Polish
3119:Kazakh
3080:modern
3060:German
3038:Gagauz
3033:Gaelic
3018:French
2968:Danish
2918:Breton
2898:Basque
2858:Abkhaz
2805:Portal
2564:Energy
2440:Rivers
2164:
2126:
1830:, and
1789:Soviet
1600:Květen
1280:) and
1193:, and
1187:cubism
1081:Russia
1079:, and
1073:France
1044:R.U.R.
1011:, and
999:, and
957:Prague
920:, and
842:(e.g.
727:feudal
697:Jesuit
498:Danish
455:Slovak
445:German
237:Cosmas
213:Cosmas
197:German
101:Sports
66:Cinema
3281:Swiss
3256:]
3232:Scots
3134:Latin
3097:Irish
3065:Greek
3045:]
2973:Dutch
2963:Czech
2791:Index
2759:Sport
2729:Music
2625:Crime
1828:]
1050:robot
865:Květy
803:(the
748:drama
701:Bible
450:Swiss
440:Czech
362:Welsh
274:(the
235:) by
193:Latin
170:Czech
86:Music
3164:Manx
2719:Flag
2707:Wine
2528:Army
2342:Samo
2332:Boii
2162:ISBN
2124:ISBN
1918:and
1886:and
1834:and
1807:and
1765:dada
1618:and
1486:and
1396:and
1332:and
1239:The
897:and
846:and
797:and
786:and
770:and
687:and
679:and
619:and
611:and
564:The
284:and
270:and
195:and
2687:Art
2523:Law
1878:).
1866:);
1743:),
1400:).
1236:).
1220:),
1154:).
1126:);
967:).
936:).
887:May
882:Máj
631:'s
61:Art
3343::
3254:cs
3043:ru
1914:,
1910:,
1906:,
1902:,
1898:,
1894:,
1874:,
1862:,
1858:,
1846:,
1826:cs
1819:,
1775:,
1759:,
1755:,
1739:,
1727:,
1723:,
1719:,
1715:,
1707:,
1703:,
1699:,
1679:,
1675:,
1671:,
1658:,
1650:,
1646:,
1642:,
1610:,
1606:,
1594:,
1583:,
1579:,
1575:,
1571:,
1567:,
1563:,
1559:,
1551:,
1523:,
1515:,
1507:,
1499:,
1495:,
1471:,
1467:,
1455:,
1431:,
1427:,
1423:,
1419:,
1392:,
1380:,
1376:,
1368:,
1360:,
1356:,
1348:,
1344:,
1340:,
1324:,
1296:,
1288:,
1276:,
1259:,
1255:,
1251:,
1232:,
1228:,
1216:,
1212:,
1189:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1150:,
1138:,
1134:,
1106:,
1102:,
1098:,
1094:,
1075:,
1015:.
1007:,
995:,
991:,
963:,
951:,
947:,
916:,
893:,
876:.
858:,
754:.
703:.
675:,
582:,
199:.
188:.
2839:e
2832:t
2825:v
2302:e
2295:t
2288:v
2143:.
2130:.
1795:(
1767:(
1735:(
1463:(
1316:(
1247:(
1208:(
1146:(
1122:(
885:(
868:(
827:)
553:e
546:t
539:v
140:e
133:t
126:v
20:)
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