155:: CALO provides assistance as its user interacts with other people, both in electronic forums (e.g. email) and in physical meetings. If given access to participate in a meeting, CALO automatically generates a meeting transcript, tracks action item assignments, detects roles of participants, and so forth. CALO can also put together a "PrepPak" for a meeting containing information to read ahead of time or have at your fingertips as the meeting progresses.
123:) under its Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL) program. DARPA's five-year contract brought together over 300 researchers from 25 of the top university and commercial research institutions, with the goal of building a new generation of cognitive assistants that can reason, learn from experience, be told what to do, explain what they are doing, reflect on their experience, and respond robustly to surprise.
194:
made a collection of successful machine learning and reasoning technologies developed in the PAL program, primarily from the CALO project, available online. The available technologies include both general-purpose learning methods along with more focused learning applications. The PAL software and
182:
Every year, the CALO system, after living with its user for a period of time, is given an achievement-style test of 153 "administration assistant" questions, primarily focused on what it has learned about the user's life. Evaluators measure how well CALO's performance on these questions improves
198:
The PAL capabilities have been modularized, packaged, and adapted to industry standards to facilitate their incorporation into target applications. Various infrastructure components and APIs are available to simplify interaction with the technologies. PAL capabilities were integrated into the
143:: As the user works with email, appointments, web pages, files, and so forth, CALO uses machine learning algorithms to build a queryable model of who works on which projects, what role they play, how important they are, how documents and deliverables are related to this, etc.
127:
was the lead integrator responsible for coordinating the effort to produce an assistant that can live with and learn from its users, provide value to them, and then pass a yearly evaluation that measures how well the system has learned to do its job.
183:
year-over-year, and how much of CALO's performance is due to "learning in the wild" (new knowledge, tasks, and inferences it has been able to acquire on its own, as opposed to function or knowledge hard-wired into the system by a developer).
544:
Adam Cheyer, Jack Park, and
Richard Giuli. Workshop on The Semantic Desktop - Next Generation Personal Information Management and Collaboration Infrastructure at the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2005). 6 November 2005, Galway,
508:, P. Berry, K. Conley, M. Gervasio, B. Peintner, T. Uribe, and N. Yorke-Smith. Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi Agent Systems (AAMAS'06) Industrial Track, Hakodate, Japan, May 2006.
651:, K. Judah, T. Dietterich, A. Fern, J. Irvine, M. Slater, P. Tadepalli, M. Gervasio, C. Ellwood, B. Jarrold, O. Brdiczka, J. Blythe. IJCAI Workshop on Intelligence and Interaction, Pasadena, CA. July 13, 2009.
1683:
514:, Jose-Luis Ambite, Vinay K. Chaudhri, Richard Fikes, Jessica Jenkins, Sunil Mishra, Maria Muslea, Tomas Uribe, Guizhen Yang. Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence, July 2006.
88:, delivered in several phones and tablets; Social Kinetics, a social application that learned personalized intervention and treatment strategies for chronic disease patients, sold to
149:: CALO can help its user put together new documents such as PowerPoint presentations, leveraging learning about structure and content from previous documents accessed in the past.
250:
In the first four years of the project, CALO-funded research has resulted in more than five hundred publications across all fields of artificial intelligence. Here are several:
615:, David Morley and, Karen Myers. Proceedings of the Third Int. Joint Conf. on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS-04), New York, NY, pp. 712–719, July 2004.
704:
1648:
633:, R. Morris, P. Morris, Khatib, L. and N. Yorke-Smith. Proceedings of ICAPS'05 Workshop on Constraint Programming for Planning and Scheduling, Monterey, CA, June 2005.
360:
63:
597:, Simone Stumpf, Margaret Burnett, Thomas G. Dietterich, Kevin Johnsrude, Jonathan Herlocker, and Vidya Rajaram. Institution: Oregon State University Corvallis, OR
1680:
585:, Peter E. Clark, David Morley, Vinay K. Chaudhri, and Karen L. Myers. In Workshop on the Role of Ontologies in Planning and Scheduling, Monterey, CA; June 7, 2005.
627:, P. Berry, K. Myers, T. Uribe, and N. Yorke-Smith. Proceedings of CP'05 Workshop on Constraint Solving under Change and Uncertainty, Sitges, Spain, October 2005.
734:
161:: CALO can automate routine tasks for you (e.g. travel authorizations), and can be taught new procedures and tasks by observing and interacting with the user.
70:". The name was inspired by the Latin word "Calo" which means "soldier's servant". The project started in May 2003 and ran for five years, ending in 2008.
569:, Ion Muslea and Thomas J. Lee. Proceedings of the Twentieth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2005), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2005.
551:, Y. Liu and E. Shriberg (2006). 4th ASA/ASJ Joint Meeting Lay Language Papers. Popular version of paper IaSC2, 4th ASA/ASJ Joint Meeting, Honolulu, HI.
223:
490:, K. Myers and N. Yorke-Smith. Proceedings of AAAI 2005 Fall Symposium on Mixed-Initiative Problem Solving Assistants, Arlington, VA, November 2005.
1423:
1623:
563:, P.M. Berry, M. Gervasio, B. Peintner, T. Uribe, and N. Yorke-Smith. AAAI Spring Symposium on Distributed Plan and Schedule Management, Mar 2006.
1348:
1073:
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1023:
335:
T. Duong; H. Bui; D. Phung; S. Vekatesh (2005). "Activity recognition and abnormality detection with the switching hidden semi-Markov model".
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998:
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682:
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579:, Cenk Gazen, Steven Minton, and Craig A. Knoblock. Proceedings of the AAAI 2004 Workshop on Advances in Text Extraction and Mining, 2004.
538:, J. Shen, L. Li, T. Dietterich, and J. Herlocker. 2006 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 86–92. Sydney, Australia.
167:: CALO can learn your preferences for when you need things done by, and help you manage your busy schedule (PTIME published in ACM TIST).
1598:
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173:: As part of Task management, CALO can learn to acquire new resources (electronic services and real-world people) to help get a job done.
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802:
Berry, Pauline M.; Gervasio, Melinda; Peintner, Bart; Yorke-Smith, Neil (July 2011), "PTIME: Personalized assistance for calendaring",
405:
Proceedings of AAAI Workshop on
Intelligent Agent Architectures: Combining the Strengths of Software Engineering and Cognitive Systems
1123:
231:
520:, X. Bao, J.Herlocker, and T. Dietterich. 2006 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. 178–185. Sydney, Australia.
712:
77:
39:
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645:, Z. Marx, M. T. Rosenstein, L. P. Kaelbling, and T. G. Dietterich. NIPS 2005 Workshop on Transfer Learning, Whistler, BC.
639:, M. T. Rosenstein, Z. Marx, L. P. Kaelbling, and T. G. Dietterich. NIPS 2005 Workshop on Transfer Learning, Whistler, BC.
912:
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526:, Xuerui Wang, Natasha Mohanty, and Andrew McCallum. LinkKDD2005 August 21, 2005, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
372:
307:
66:
that attempted to integrate numerous AI technologies into a cognitive assistant. CALO is an acronym for "
1427:
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311:
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270:(2005-11-27). "A* based joint segmentation and classification of dialog acts in multiparty meetings".
893:
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51:
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447:(2005-04-03). "Can Modeling Redundancy In Multimodal, Multi-party Tasks Support Dynamic Learning?".
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Task
Management under Change and Uncertainty: Constraint Solving Experience with the CALO Project
416:
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Multi-Conditional
Learning: Generative/Discriminative Training for Clustering and Classification
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A Hybrid
Learning System for Recognizing User Tasks from Desktop Activities and Email Messages
479:(2006). "A Case Study in Engineering a Knowledge Base for an Intelligent Personal Assistant".
315:
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124:
27:
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Recovery from
Interruptions: Knowledge Workers? Strategies, Failures and Envisioned Solutions
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Speaker
Overlaps and ASR Errors in Meetings: Effects Before, During, and After the Overlap
576:
420:
101:
89:
74:
909:
Proceedings of the 21st
Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
889:
235:
326:(2005). "Active Preference Learning for Personalized Calendar Scheduling Assistance".
1696:
621:, Ozgur Cetin and Elizabeth Shriberg. Proceedings of the IEEE ICASSP, Toulouse, 2006
384:
113:
387:. "Asimovian Multiagents: Applying Laws of Robotics to Teams of Humans and Agents".
823:
735:"3. Improvements ahead: How humans and AI might evolve together in the next decade"
668:
380:
352:
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425:
JCDL '06: Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on
Digital libraries
210:
The available technologies were developed by research teams at SRI International,
518:
Fewer Clicks and Less
Frustration: Reducing the Cost of Reaching the Right Folder
881:
758:
Pan, Sinno Jialin; Yang, Qiang (October 2010), "A Survey on Transfer Learning",
472:
460:
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105:
97:
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Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
289:
22:
902:"Learning by Demonstration to Support Military Planning and Decision Making"
901:
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549:
More Than Words Can Say: Using Prosody to Find Sentence Boundaries in Speech
104:
that makes intelligent selections of web content based on user preferences;
81:
355:(2006). "Analysis of Privacy Loss in Distributed Constraint Optimization".
781:
1649:"User initiated learning for adaptive interfaces - PARC, a Xerox company"
965:
423:(2006-06-11). "Bibliometric Impact Measures Leveraging Topic Analysis".
389:
Programming Multi-Agent-Systems: 4th International Workshop, ProMAS 2006
337:
IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
561:
Multi-Criteria Evaluation in User-Centric Distributed Scheduling Agents
200:
848:
607:
Skeletons in the Parser: Using Shallow Parsing to Improve Deep Parsing
557:, Andrew McCallum, Chris Pal, Greg Druck, and Xuerui Wang. AAAI, 2006.
936:
502:, Charles Sutton and Andrew McCallum. Proceedings of HLT/EMNLP, 2005.
272:
IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, 2005
93:
403:(2004). "Balancing Formal and Practical Concerns in Agent Design".
708:
120:
119:
CALO was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (
109:
85:
195:
related publications are available at the PAL Framework website.
567:
Online Query Relaxation via Bayesian Causal Structures Discovery
532:, H. Bui, D. Phung, and S. Venkatesh. Proceedings of AAAI, 2004.
204:
496:, Nadia Ghamrawi and Andrew McCallum. CIKM'05, Bremen, Germany.
488:
A Cognitive Framework for Delegation to an Assistive User Agent
357:
The Twenty-First National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
73:
The CALO effort has had many major spin-offs, most notably the
530:
Hierarchical Hidden Markov Models with General State Hierarchy
500:
Composition of Conditional Random Fields for Transfer Learning
589:
A Probabilistic Model of Redundancy in Information Extraction
435:(July 2006). "Building an Intelligent Personal Assistant".
207:
command and control system and fielded to Iraq in 2010.
804:
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology
643:
Transfer Learning with an Ensemble of Background Tasks
1675:
136:
CALO assists its user with six high-level functions:
631:
Temporal Planning with Preferences and Probabilities
603:, Kamal Nigam, Andrew McCallum, and Tom M. Mitchell.
760:
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
512:
Design and Implementation of the CALO Query Manager
45:
33:
21:
739:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech
524:Group and Topic Discovery from Relations and Text
937:"'Big Red One' debuts new communication system"
649:User Initiated Learning for Adaptive Interfaces
506:Deploying a Personalized Time Management Agent
68:Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes
8:
601:Semi-Supervised Text Classification Using EM
16:
1676:DARPA's PAL (CALO/RADAR) Framework website
705:"Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL)"
591:, D. Downey, O. Etzioni, and S. Soderland.
15:
771:
279:
224:Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
841:Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL)
673:"A Software Secretary That Takes Charge"
970:PAL: Personalized Assistant that Learns
660:
141:Organizing and Prioritizing Information
542:IRIS: Integrate. Relate. Infer. Share.
449:CHI 2005 Workshop: CHI Virtuality 2005
427:. Association for Computing Machinery.
494:Collective Multi-Label Classification
7:
609:, M. Swift, J. Allen, and D. Gildea.
733:Center, Pew Research (2018-12-10).
216:University of Massachusetts Amherst
112:, a personalized travel guide; and
14:
232:University of Southern California
1626:. calosystem.org. Archived from
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1001:. calosystem.org. Archived from
685:from the original on 7 June 2012
165:Scheduling and Reasoning in Time
980:from the original on 2012-12-10
947:from the original on 2012-11-07
918:from the original on 2012-12-10
147:Preparing Information Artifacts
64:artificial intelligence project
637:To Transfer or Not to Transfer
153:Mediating Human Communications
116:, a game development startup.
78:intelligent software assistant
40:Intelligent software assistant
1:
583:A Portable Process Language
573:Populating the Semantic Web
1724:
1651:. Parc.com. Archived from
212:Carnegie Mellon University
613:The SPARK Agent Framework
290:10.1109/ASRU.2005.1566537
80:that is now part of the
816:10.1145/1989734.1989744
228:Oregon State University
220:University of Rochester
1230:on September 19, 2010
1080:on September 19, 2010
782:10.1109/TKDE.2009.191
246:Selected publications
671:(14 December 2008).
274:. pp. 215–219.
108:, a smart calendar;
96:project, which is a
373:Pradeep Varakantham
308:Melinda T. Gervasio
256:Matthias Zimmermann
240:Stanford University
171:Resource allocation
18:
1703:Virtual assistants
1686:2013-07-02 at the
1630:on August 21, 2010
1605:on August 21, 2010
1580:on August 21, 2010
1555:on August 21, 2010
1530:on August 21, 2010
1505:on August 21, 2010
1480:on August 21, 2010
1455:on August 21, 2010
1430:on August 21, 2010
1405:on August 21, 2010
1380:on August 21, 2010
1355:on August 21, 2010
1330:on August 21, 2010
1305:on August 21, 2010
1280:on August 21, 2010
1255:on August 21, 2010
1205:on August 21, 2010
1180:on August 21, 2010
1155:on August 21, 2010
1130:on August 21, 2010
1105:on August 21, 2010
1055:on August 21, 2010
1030:on August 21, 2010
1005:on August 21, 2010
941:United States Army
678:The New York Times
349:Jonathan P. Pearce
312:Michael D. Moffitt
264:Elizabeth Shriberg
23:Original author(s)
1708:SRI International
974:SRI International
898:Jake Kolojejchick
845:SRI International
766:(10): 1345–1359,
457:Vinay K. Chaudhri
437:AAAI Invited Talk
345:Rachel Greenstadt
316:Martha E. Pollack
299:978-0-7803-9479-7
192:SRI International
125:SRI International
57:
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28:SRI International
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281:10.1.1.329.4676
268:Andreas Stolcke
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159:Task Management
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102:news aggregator
90:RedBrick Health
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951:2012-09-10
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656:References
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768:CiteSeerX
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