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non-certificated, public-use aircraft. The first helicopter was built up
November, 1981 and was placed in service at Hemet-Ryan Helitack Base. Six more F Model Hueys were built up and placed in service at helitack bases throughout California in the summer of 1982. During the first two years CAL FIRE employed “Personal Service Contract” pilots. Each base was assigned a full-time pilot and a seasonal relief pilot who covered two bases. The majority of the contract pilots became state employees in 1984. The helitack unit was designed to be a cohesive unit which consisted of the helicopter and helitack crew. A typical configuration for the helicopter was a Helitack Fire Captain in the copilot's seat and a Helitack Fire Captain plus six fire-fighters in the passenger compartment. The water bucket was replaced in 1984 with a newly designed Canadian 324-US-gallon (1,230 L)
728:
role in the CAL FIRE's
Initial Attack strategy during the late 70s. In 1978 three Bell 205 medium helicopters were hired in addition to the standby helicopters. One helicopter was located at the Howard Forest, Mendocino Ranger Unit Headquarters. The other two were located at Hemet/Ryan Field and the Monte Vista, San Diego Ranger Unit Headquarters. Each of the medium helicopters was assigned 11 person helitack crews. Unfortunately, in the mid to late 1970s CAL FIRE experienced an increased accident rate throughout the helicopter program. Five accidents involving contractor-owned Bell Jet Rangers occurred in 1979.
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708:" crew to be transported by helicopter to increase the early arrival of manpower and equipment to an initial attack fire. Although the crews were trained for hover jumping and had purchased heli-jump suits from the US Forest Service, it was never found necessary to make a jump. Six helitack bases were established in the early 1970s. They were staffed with contracted Bell JetRangers. A typical CAL FIRE helitack crew which responded with the helicopter consisted of one fire captain and two to three seasonal firefighters.
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832:. The original order for 12 Firehawks replaced the Super Hueys on a one-to-one basis, but in 2022, additional funding was approved to purchase four additional Firehawks increase surge capacity and to maintain operational capabilities during mandatory maintenance cycles. The Super Hueys are expected to be retained on reserve status.
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300 imp gal) capacity of the Super Huey. Additionally, the
Firehawk's advanced avionics offer night-flying capabilities that were previously unavailable. Crews also report that while the Firehawk is physically larger, it has more maneuverability, allowing it to access more and smaller landing zones than the Super Huey.
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As a result of the accidents, CAL FIRE decided that better approach would be for the agency to own and operate its own helicopters. In 1981, CAL FIRE leased 12 excess UH-1F Hueys which had previously been used by the USAF in
Vietnam. Nine helicopters were initially reconditioned, and were operated as
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Both the F model and the Super Huey maintenance programs were developed by CAL FIRE using the most restrictive overhaul/replacement criteria of the military or Bell
Helicopter. All maintenance is performed by contract mechanics. Big Valley built up and maintained the F model helicopters from 1981 to
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were used the most through the 1970s. The helicopters were located at CAL FIRE facilities which protected high value timberlands and critical watershed areas generally in
Northern and Central California with one located at Ryan Field in Southern California. The helicopter began playing an increasing
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engines at speeds in excess of 200 kn (370.4 km/h). A contract for building 23 of the new S-2T airtankers was entered into, with 13 delivered by the end of 2002, seven additional aircraft delivered and placed in service by the end of 2004 and the final three in 2005. As the new air tankers
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had been causing a concern. An accidental drop of a water bucket could cause catastrophic results, while a fixed tank reduced the exposure. In addition, some areas where the helicopters operated had few water sources from which a helicopter could fill its bucket. A fixed tank allowed the helicopter
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for fighting brush and grass fires. During the four fire seasons from 1954 to 1957, CAL FIRE used several small airtankers on a call-when-needed basis. These were primarily spray airplanes converted for use as firefighters. Also during this period, several enterprising aviation companies had been
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The UH-1H aircraft were significantly modified to meet CAL FIRE's specialized needs. The modified helicopters were designated as Super Hueys. The Super Huey included a larger, more powerful engine, transmission and rotor system. The tail boom and tail rotor were also modified to accommodate the
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Three separate leases with the U.S. Navy brought a total of 55 S-2s and 60 engines for the program. This allowed CAL FIRE to keep the fleet going until the mid-1990s when it was decided to upgrade from S-2A to S-2T air tankers. In 1987, CAL FIRE entered into an agreement with Marsh
Aviation of
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and four TBM Avenger air tankers. The N3Ns and
Stearmans were World War II biplanes used for pilot training and converted for use as agricultural spray planes. They were capable of carrying up to 200 gallons of fire retardant chemicals. The TBM, a World War II torpedo bomber, could deliver 600
577:., Sis-Q Flying Service, TBM Inc. and Hemet Valley Flying Service to modify and tank ten S-2 air tankers during the 1973/1974 winter period. As a result, 12 S-2As were placed in service in 1974 and five more were built by Bay Aviation Services and put into the fleet for the 1975 fire season.
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The
Firehawk has twin turbine engines, providing redundancy and enabling the airship to carry heavier payloads, including up to 1,000 U.S. gallons (3,800 L; 830 imp gal) of water or fire retardant, a significant increase over the 360 U.S. gal (1,400 L;
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to build a prototype S-2T. This prototype was placed in service and used at several bases. The success of the prototype led to acquisition of 26 S-2E/G aircraft in 1996. The E/G series S-2 was larger and newer. It could haul 1200 gallons of retardant with two
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and
Logistics Specialties Incorporated (LSI). DynCorp provides tanker and tactical aircraft pilot services, and all aircraft maintenance services. All CAL FIRE helicopters are flown by CAL FIRE pilots. LSI provides procurement and parts management services.
1552:. According to their site usage guidelines, "In general, information presented on this web site, unless otherwise indicated, is considered in the public domain. It may be distributed or copied as permitted by law". For more information, please review the
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The average annual budget of the CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program is nearly $ 20 million. A total of 18 CAL FIRE personnel oversee the program, with an additional 130 contract employees providing mechanical, pilot and management services.
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completed a test program that showed the S-2 was a suitable replacement for the TBM. Two S-2 prototype air tankers were placed in service in 1973 with the prototype tank being built at the CAL FIRE Mobile Equipment Facility in
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maintenance facility. A crew of California Conservation Corp (CCC) members reassembled the aircraft. They were placed in service in 1976. The O-2 program was a success and served the Department for more than 20 years.
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rapidly approached, CAL FIRE started a search for a replacement that ultimately resulted in the acquisition in 1989 of the UH-1H. The airframes that CAL FIRE obtained were part of 100 that had been released by the
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By 1970, concerns with maintainability and accidents occurring in the TBM fleet led to an evaluation of the Grumman S-2 Tracker as a new generation air tanker. Although they were still active in the
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In 1993, CAL FIRE obtained 16 twin-engine turbine-powered North American OV-10A aircraft from the U.S. Navy. The OV-10s replaced the O-2s as the CAL FIRE's next-generation air tactical platform.
736:. In the mid-1980s, fixed water dropping tanks were installed on several helicopters. Water bucket operations over ever-increasing populated regions in the urban interface areas of eastern
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Three TBM accidents in 1973 and three F7F accidents in 1974 accelerated the CAL FIRE S-2 modification program. As a result, contracts were entered into with four California contractors,
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and water drops. While both air tankers and helicopters are equipped to carry fire retardant or water, the helicopters can also transport firefighters, equipment and injured personnel.
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October 7, 2014 N449DF T-81 Geoffrey "Craig" Hunt: Left wing severed after striking tree, followed by descending left roll until impacting the top of 800-foot tall rock cliff.
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facility. They also started building up the first Super Hueys in 1989. San Joaquin Helicopters completed the Super Huey build-ups and maintained them in their facility in
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and the S-2 modification being completed by Hemet Valley Flying Service. These conversions were accomplished using plans developed by Ontario Lands and Forests in
528:. The air tanker program continued to expand until finally in the early 1970s, a total of 14 TBMs, five F7Fs, one PBY and one B-17 comprised the CAL FIRE fleet.
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June 29, 1986 N415DF T-77 Richard Boyd, Clarence R. Lind: Training flight; stalled after water drop. Suspect simulated engine failure practice being given..
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for air tanker use. Thus, in 1958 CAL FIRE first contracted for air tanker services with private aviation companies. That year contracts were let for three
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H airtankers to the fleet, which will only become fully operation in 2023 because of the extensive modifications required to convert them to air tankers.
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The possibility of using aircraft for fighting wildland fires in California was first proposed in 1931 and again in the late 1940s after
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October 5, 1998 N416DF T-96 Gary Nagel: Left wing tip impacted ground during tight turn to final on high wind, quartering tailwind drop.
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July 27, 1982 N416DF T-96 James P. Eakin: Aircraft struck tree on final approach to fire, losing some flight controls before crashing.
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June 19, 1992 N427DF T-92 Roger Stark: After drop struck tree, severing about 11.5 feet (3.5 m) off the left wing.
651:, did not provide the airspeed and safety needed for the new air tanker program. In 1974, CAL FIRE acquired 20 retired
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July 13, 1984 N451DF T-92 Ted Bell Jr.: En route to fire, flew up a canyon he could not clear. Energy management.
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June 13, 1979 N404DF T-80 Gayle E. Eaton: Stall/spin during base-to-final turn (following leadplane) for drop.
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During the ensuing years other aircraft were converted to air tankers and used by CAL FIRE. Among these were
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force rather than rely solely on contract or national resources. The Aviation Management Program is based at
79:
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September 28, 1984 N436DF T-100 Ed Real: Stalled turning into raising terrain after drop. Energy management.
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Tactical planes fly overhead at a fire, directing the airtankers and helicopters to critical fire areas for
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August 27, 2001 N450DF/T-87 Larry Groff, N442DF/T-92 Lars Stratte: Midair collision over bus accident.
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In the mid-1970s, CAL FIRE found that the contractor-owned air tactical planes, mostly single-engine
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was awarded the contract in 2000 and continued to maintain the Super Hueys at Mather and later at
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for distribution to states as Federal Excess Personal Property (FEPP) for wildland fire fighting.
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In 1960 the Division of Forestry decided to experiment with a small, skilled initial attack, or "
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August 20, 1978 N448DF T-95 James M. Lippitt: Suspected stall on final approach for drop.
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June 29, 1976 N414DF T-94 William W. Sears: Possible pilot incapacitation/heart attack.
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CAL FIRE began using contractor-owned helicopters for fire control in the mid-1960s.
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October 7, 1987 N444DF T-79 Don Johnson: Stalled making a climbing turn after drop.
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This article contains material that originally came from a State of California
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H 4,000-gallon airtankers. These aircraft are stationed at 14 airtanker and 11
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UH-1H helicopters in hotter and higher conditions typical of California.
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1372:"Fire Hawk helicopter ready for fire season at Columbia Air Attack Base"
1310:"An inside look at Cal Fire's newest airtankers for fighting wildfires"
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were delivered and placed in service, the original S-2As were retired.
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1341:. CAL FIRE (California Dept of Forestry & Fire Protection). 2022.
1282:. CAL FIRE (California Dept of Forestry & Fire Protection). 2020.
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to obtain water from sources previously unobtainable with the bucket.
1530:"Accident Marsh S-2F3AT Turbo Tracker N449DF, Tuesday 7 October 2014"
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bases located statewide and can reach most fires within 20 minutes.
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engine, giving the aircraft greater performance than the standard
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in Poland and outfitted for firefighting by United Rotorcraft in
1467:. CAL FIRE (California Dept of Forestry & Fire Protection).
1431:. CAL FIRE (California Dept of Forestry & Fire Protection).
1224:. CAL FIRE (California Dept of Forestry & Fire Protection).
227:(known also as CAL FIRE). Due to the frequency and severity of
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for a three year exclusive use contract utilizing a wide body
15:
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In 2019, CAL FIRE began replacing the Super Hueys with new
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Orders are aircraft to be transferred from US Coast Guard
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Firehawk helicopters. The Firehawk airframe was built by
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CAL FIRE Super Huey, formerly an EH-1H, assigned to the
255:(CAL FIRE) emergency response air program includes 23
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As the 1991 lease agreement expiration date with the
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California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
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California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
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CDF/Cal Fire S2 Fatal Airtanker Accidents, 1973–2014
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tactical aircraft. It is in the process of adding 7
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
797:and later at the Aviation Management facility at
1397:"CAL FIRE's new Firehawk arrives at Sacramento"
639:during the 2007 Southern California firestorm
235:, the state has elected to establish its own
174:18 CAL FIRE personnel, 130 contract employees
8:
118:
1573:CDF Aviation Management Procedures Handbook
289:CAL FIRE's current support contractors are
1248:"CAL FIRE Aviation Program Overview (PDF)"
117:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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189:14 air tanker bases, 11 helicopter bases
1636:Government agencies established in 1958
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1121:Charles M. Schulz–Sonoma County Airport
612:, at a cost of $ 5 million per year.
251:In support of its ground forces, the
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1510:from the original on 5 December 2022
1465:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
1429:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
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1339:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
1280:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
1252:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
1222:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
221:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
119:CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program
44:adding citations to reliable sources
1096:Air Attack, jointly operated with
1056:Air Attack, jointly operated with
962:Air Attack, jointly operated with
930:Air Attack, jointly operated with
597:In 2007, CAL FIRE contracted with
14:
1631:1958 establishments in California
1474:from the original on 3 April 2023
1438:from the original on 3 April 2023
1395:Gabbert, Bill (15 October 2019).
1348:from the original on 3 April 2023
1308:Cummings, Brandi (19 July 2019).
1289:from the original on 3 April 2023
1228:from the original on 3 April 2023
502:Naval Aircraft Factory N3N Canary
487:. In 1953, the Nolta brothers of
55:"CDF Aviation Management Program"
946:Helitack, jointly operated with
124:
20:
31:needs additional citations for
1:
1458:"SIKORSKY S70i CAL FIRE HAWK"
1422:"UH-1H SUPER HUEY HELICOPTER"
1052:Porterville Municipal Airport
1039:Paso Robles Municipal Airport
243:near Sacramento, California.
1370:McCarthy, Guy (2022-04-21).
1026:Sacramento McClellan Airport
887:Boggs Mountain Helitack Base
660:Davis-Monthan Air Force Base
259:1,200-gallon airtankers, 12
152:Sacramento McClellan Airport
1000:Howard Forest Helitack Base
987:Hollister Municipal Airport
518:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
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1641:Firefighting in California
1030:Headquarters / Air Attack
658:observation aircraft from
615:In 2019, CAL FIRE added 7
603:McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10
514:Beechcraft 18 (Twin Beech)
211:
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784:purchased by CDF in 2020.
697:crew, takes off from the
522:Consolidated PBY Catalina
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352:Beechcraft Super King Air
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1626:Government of California
1092:Redding Regional Airport
845:CAL FIRE aviation bases
751:US Department of Defense
608:jet air tanker known as
496:converting World War II
493:agriculture spray planes
303:CAL FIRE aviation fleet
179:Facilities and equipment
1567:CDF air program website
1134:Ukiah Municipal Airport
780:A video montage of the
958:Nevada County Air Park
926:Fresno Air Attack Base
900:Chico Regional Airport
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725:Aerospatiale Alouettes
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662:. These O-2s had been
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537:Edwards Air Force Base
1554:site's use guidelines
991:Air Attack, Helitack
978:Air Attack, Helitack
917:Air Attack, Helitack
875:Bieber Helitack Base
779:
689:
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623:Air Tactical Aircraft
599:10 Tanker Air Carrier
566:, while fighting the
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491:proposed using their
1597:38.6665°N 121.3928°W
1067:Prado Helitack Base
526:Grumman F7F Tigercat
498:Grumman TBM Avengers
263:helicopters, and 16
40:improve this article
1621:Aerial firefighting
1593: /
1146:Vina Helitack Base
1108:Rohnerville Airport
864:Alma Helitack Base
846:
830:Englewood, Colorado
805:from 1989 to 1999.
664:forward air control
606:aerial firefighting
489:Willows, California
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237:aerial firefighting
223:is a branch of the
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1602:38.6665; -121.3928
1548:2007-10-25 at the
1376:The Union Democrat
1218:"Aviation Program"
974:Hemet-Ryan Airport
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811:McClellan Airfield
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682:Helicopter Program
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631:Air Attack 460, a
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368:Training aircraft
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241:McClellan Airfield
1501:United Rotorcraft
1332:"C130H Airtanker"
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1013:Kneeland Airport
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913:Columbia Airport
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320:Gallons (Liters)
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1401:Fire Aviation
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954:Grass Valley
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717:Hiller FH1100
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583:Mesa, Arizona
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417:Sikorsky S-70
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96:November 2017
88:
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60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1578:
1572:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1500:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1464:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1428:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1350:. Retrieved
1338:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1279:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1221:
1212:
1160:
1159:
1104:Rohnerville
1048:Porterville
1035:Paso Robles
834:
819:
799:Mather Field
787:
759:
746:US Air Force
743:
734:Bambi bucket
730:
710:
703:
677:
666:aircraft in
642:
614:
596:
579:
572:
560:Grumman S-2T
530:
511:
485:World War II
482:
451:360 (1,400)
374:Grumman S-2T
288:
284:
277:
257:Grumman S-2T
250:
220:
218:
148:Headquarters
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1600: /
1588:121°23′34″W
1138:Air Attack
1125:Air Attack
1112:Air Attack
1083:Air Attack
1043:Air Attack
1022:McClelland
970:Hemet Ryan
904:Air Attack
795:Yolo County
649:Cessna 210s
645:Cessna 182s
562:landing at
479:Air Tankers
448:Helicopter
427:Helicopter
311:In service
207:Helicopters
163:Established
138:Area served
1615:Categories
1585:38°39′59″N
1381:2024-02-14
1257:August 26,
1204:References
983:Hollister
826:PZL Mielec
803:Sacramento
656:Cessna O-2
610:Tanker 910
588:TPE-331 GR
568:North Fire
438:Bell UH-1H
233:California
142:California
66:newspapers
1156:Accidents
1149:Helitack
1070:Helitack
1017:Helitack
1009:Kneeland
1004:Helitack
909:Columbia
891:Helitack
878:Helitack
867:Helitack
853:Airfield
637:Fox Field
591:turboprop
564:Fox Field
509:gallons.
362:Tactical
341:Tactical
308:Aircraft
280:retardant
229:wildfires
195:Airplanes
1546:Archived
1514:13 April
1505:Archived
1478:21 April
1469:Archived
1442:21 April
1433:Archived
1352:21 April
1343:Archived
1293:21 April
1284:Archived
1232:21 April
1226:Archived
1088:Redding
791:Stockton
721:Bell 206
706:helitack
695:Helitack
506:Stearman
322:Carried
273:helitack
247:Overview
185:Stations
171:Staffing
1543:website
1117:Sonoma
1075:Ramona
922:Fresno
872:Bieber
807:DynCorp
763:US Army
753:to the
713:Bell 47
668:Vietnam
546:Ontario
504:, four
474:History
405:Tanker
384:Tanker
314:Orders
291:DynCorp
80:scholar
1406:4 June
1316:4 June
1312:. KCRA
1130:Ukiah
1064:Prado
896:Chico
692:Bieber
672:Fresno
550:Canada
524:, and
459:Total
325:Notes
265:OV-10A
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1508:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1472:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1143:Vina
861:Alma
856:Type
850:Base
840:Bases
635:, at
617:C-130
542:Davis
317:Role
298:Fleet
269:C-130
87:JSTOR
73:books
1516:2022
1480:2023
1444:2023
1408:2021
1354:2023
1318:2021
1295:2023
1259:2024
1234:2023
1098:USFS
1058:USFS
964:USFS
932:USFS
653:USAF
647:and
533:Navy
219:The
166:1958
59:news
813:in
801:in
465:12
462:67
442:12
421:13
378:23
335:16
231:in
42:by
1617::
1503:.
1499:.
1463:.
1427:.
1399:.
1374:.
1362:^
1337:.
1278:.
1250:.
1220:.
719:,
715:,
552:.
548:,
520:,
516:,
445:—
424:3
402:6
399:1
381:—
365:—
359:—
356:2
344:—
338:4
212:25
200:42
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1236:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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