33:
2044:
2056:
105:, one of two Yerkes classifications still in common use, along with D-type. The "c" in "cD" refers to the fact that the galaxies are very large, hence the adjective supergiant, while the "D" refers to the fact that the galaxies appear diffuse. A backformation of "cD" is frequently used to indicate "central Dominant galaxy". cDs are also frequently considered the largest galaxies.
170:, or undigested off-center nuclei in the cD galaxy. The envelope or halo may also consist of the "intra-cluster light", originating from stars stripped away from their original galaxy, and it can be up to 3 million light years in diameter. It is estimated that the cD galaxy alone contributes 1–7%, depending on the cluster mass, of the total
214:
of the large galaxy and its trailing galaxies will join with those of other galaxies who preceded them in the same fate. A giant or supergiant diffuse or elliptical galaxy will result from this accumulation. The centers of merged or merging galaxies can remain recognizable for long times, appearing
145:
Massive galaxies such as supergiant elliptical galaxies are important to understanding the evolution of the
Universe, because they, along with other large-early type galaxies, account for half of the Universe's stellar mass, contribute a lot to its chemical enrichment and provide clues to the star
158:" mode of growth leads to the large diameter and luminosity of the cDs. The second-brightest galaxy in the cluster is usually under-luminous, a consequence of its having been "eaten". Remains of "eaten" galaxies sometimes appear as a diffuse halo of
826:
Vikhlinin, A.; Kravtsov, A.; Forman, W.; Jones, C.; Markevitch, M.; Murray, S. S.; Van
Speybroeck, L. (April 2006). "Chandra Sample of Nearby Relaxed Galaxy Clusters: Mass, Gas Fraction, and Mass-Temperature Relation".
132:
are similar to cD BCG galaxies, leading some to theorize that the cD results from the creation of a fossil group, and then the new cluster accumulating around the fossil group. However, cDs themselves are not found as
189:
is believed to play an important role in the formation of cD galaxies at the centres of galaxy clusters. This process begins when the motion of a large galaxy in a cluster attracts smaller galaxies and
116:
in radius. They appear elliptical-like, with large low surface brightness envelopes which may belong as much to the galaxy cluster as the cD galaxy. It is currently thought that cDs are the result of
573:, "Intracluster light and the extended stellar envelopes of cD galaxies: an analytical description", Marc S. Seigar, Alister W. Graham, Helmut Jerjen, July 2007, Volume 378, Issue 4, pp. 1575–1588,
1063:
570:
880:
154:
cD galaxies are believed to grow via mergers of galaxies that spiral in to the center of a galaxy cluster, a theory first proposed by
Herbert J. Rood in 1965. This "
1866:
194:
into a wake behind it. This over-density follows behind the larger galaxy and exerts a constant gravitational force on it, causing it to slow down. As it loses
1913:
1563:
40:
2082:
1296:
102:
1979:
507:
1898:
1279:
1984:
1711:
661:
1881:
897:(January 1983). "Relaxation and tidal stripping in rich clusters of galaxies. I. Evolution of the mass distribution".
1999:
1954:
1762:
1351:
1346:
1319:
524:
676:"A preserved high-z compact progenitor in the heart of NGC 3311 revealed with MUSE 2D stellar population analysis"
1680:
232:
1964:
1876:
1871:
1777:
1673:
1631:
1341:
1314:
1066:, "'Tuning Fork' Classification of Rich Clusters of Galaxies", Herbert J.Rood, Gummuluru N. Sastry, June 1971,
385:
125:
1169:
1137:
1959:
1944:
1891:
1550:
1538:
1533:
1447:
1412:
1383:
1373:
363:
228:
937:"Relaxation and tidal stripping in rich clusters of galaxies. II. Evolution of the luminosity distribution"
1462:
1361:
1095:, Juan M. Uson, Stephen P. Boughn, and Jeffrey R. Kuhn, 26 October 1990, Vol. 250, no. 4980, pp. 539–540,
738:
297:
1989:
1886:
1588:
874:
433:
223:
Type-cD galaxies are also used to define clusters. A galaxy cluster with a cD at its centre is termed a
112:(S0) or elliptical galaxies (E#), but many times larger, some having envelopes that exceed one million
981:"Relaxation and tidal stripping in rich clusters of galaxies. III. Growth of a massive central galaxy"
2019:
1969:
1804:
1716:
1452:
1336:
1272:
1239:
1217:
1075:
1036:
992:
948:
906:
846:
797:
742:
697:
582:
224:
1782:
1690:
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1513:
1388:
167:
129:
109:
2055:
537:
2014:
2009:
1994:
1949:
1918:
1903:
1821:
1789:
1626:
1578:
1568:
1247:
1243:
1228:"Intracluster light and the extended stellar envelopes of cD galaxies: an analytical description"
1221:
1079:
862:
836:
715:
687:
644:
590:
586:
474:
459:
186:
155:
1185:
1177:
1153:
1145:
263:
786:"Cannibalism among the galaxies—Dynamically produced evolution of cluster luminosity functions"
674:
Barbosa, C.E.; Spiniello, C.; Arnaboldi, M.; Coccato, L.; Hilker, M.; Richtler, T. (May 2021).
2047:
2029:
2004:
1974:
1853:
1695:
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1429:
1395:
1356:
1309:
1181:
1173:
1149:
1141:
1092:
369:
357:
70:
67:
1206:"A Preliminary Classification of the Forms of Galaxies According to Their Stellar Population"
553:
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1836:
1816:
1811:
1799:
1653:
1474:
1407:
1231:
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1205:
1096:
1067:
1044:
1000:
956:
914:
854:
805:
705:
701:
636:
635:
IAU Symposium 245, "Star
Formation in Bulges from GALEX", Sukyoung K. Yi, 5 September 2007,
623:
574:
504:
320:
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1831:
1523:
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121:
1040:
996:
952:
910:
850:
801:
746:
1772:
1605:
1508:
1503:
1457:
473:"Uncertainties on Clusters of Galaxies Distances", C. Adami, M.P. Ulmer, 18 July 2000,
375:
324:
307:
249:
198:, the large galaxy gradually spirals toward the centre of the cluster. Once there, the
195:
134:
82:
32:
2076:
1928:
1794:
1757:
1528:
1491:
1479:
1331:
1326:
1235:
1020:
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894:
719:
578:
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117:
74:
64:
866:
610:
1923:
1826:
1767:
1752:
1658:
1583:
1378:
1368:
1138:"FIGURE 3. The entropy of the intracluster medium in spherical shells of radius r."
268:
710:
675:
1100:
446:
2024:
1841:
1731:
1721:
1518:
1484:
1424:
1304:
211:
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1663:
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491:
284:
278:
259:
254:
113:
36:
1736:
339:
1251:
594:
1227:
1124:
Lodi News-Sentinel, "Giant Galaxy
Discovered", UPI, 26 October 1990, p. 9
841:
478:
344:
334:
329:
312:
303:
17:
274:
1573:
1558:
1288:
316:
293:
244:
171:
60:
763:
1213:
1170:"FIGURE 4. Optical, radio and X-ray images of the Perseus cluster."
1071:
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1024:
1005:
980:
961:
936:
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858:
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785:
692:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1593:
648:
31:
207:
199:
163:
78:
1261:
388:- a broader list containing type-cD galaxies, arranged by size.
1230:, Marc S. Seigar, Alister W. Graham, Helmut Jerjen, July 2007
203:
159:
124:. cD galaxies are one of the types frequently found to be the
613:, Swinburne University of Technology (accessed 14 April 2010)
432:
Surface
Photometry and the Structure of Elliptical Galaxies,
1257:
319:, a class-4 elliptical galaxy, it is the brightest within
605:
603:
540:, Andrea Gibson, 5 January 2005 (accessed 15 April 2010)
1093:"The Central Galaxy in Abell 2029: An Old Supergiant"
664:, Fraser Cain, 27 April 2006 (accessed 15 April 2010)
514:, Kevin McLin, 14 April 2010 (accessed 14 April 2010)
494:, J. P. Leahy, 15 March 1997 (accessed 14 April 2010)
137:, unlike fossil groups. cDs form around 20% of BCGs.
1115:, United Press International, 27 October 1990, p. 16
347:, the first identified gravitationally lensed object
1937:
1852:
1745:
1704:
1614:
1549:
1440:
1295:
300:eruption event, the most energetic outburst known.
277:, the large central galaxy of the massive cluster
271:(currently home to one of the largest black holes)
81:, they can be found near the centres of some rich
1025:"The nature of multiple-nucleus cluster galaxies"
784:Hausman, M. J.; Ostriker, J. P. (November 1977).
571:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
315:, is also known as the Caldwell 35, a supergiant
662:"How Do Fossil Galaxy Clusters Form so Quickly?"
538:"Scientists observe largest explosion in space"
434:"Chapter 11. cD and Brightest Cluster Galaxies"
1914:List of the most distant astronomical objects
1273:
8:
879:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
735:The Dynamics of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies
566:
564:
562:
1208:, W. W. Morgan, Yerkes Obeservatory, 1958,
1280:
1266:
1258:
758:
756:
609:COSMOS—The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy,
1048:
1004:
960:
840:
809:
709:
691:
39:within the Abell 3571 cluster, imaged by
626:, David Darling (accessed 14 April 2010)
469:
467:
63:morphology classification, a subtype of
398:
215:as multiple "nuclei" of the cD galaxy.
101:The cD-type is a classification in the
872:
835:(2). Chicago, Illinois, USA: 691–709.
527:, Fraser Cain (accessed 14 April 2010)
7:
436:, John Kormendy, S. Djorgovski, 1989
423:Galaxy Clusters, Jan Hartlap, page 3
41:Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
414:Proceedings of PATRAS 2008, page 59
146:formation history of the Universe.
103:Yerkes galaxy classification scheme
622:Internet Encyclopedia of Science,
25:
790:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
405:Sidereal Times, June 2002, page 3
2054:
2043:
2042:
1236:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11899.x
1188: ; (accessed 15 April 2010)
1156: ; (accessed 15 April 2010)
579:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11899.x
27:Galaxy morphology classification
1985:Galaxy formation and evolution
1980:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
262:, the large central galaxy of
1:
525:"What is the Largest Galaxy?"
1101:10.1126/science.250.4980.539
680:Astronomy & Astrophysics
287:, the central galaxy in the
1867:Galaxies named after people
711:10.1051/0004-6361/202039809
445:A Dictionary of Astronomy,
108:cD galaxies are similar to
73:. Characterized by a large
2099:
2083:Galaxy morphological types
2000:Gravitational microlensing
1955:Galactic coordinate system
764:"Curious About Astronomy?"
503:Global Telescope Network,
2038:
1029:The Astrophysical Journal
985:The Astrophysical Journal
941:The Astrophysical Journal
899:The Astrophysical Journal
829:The Astrophysical Journal
733:Rood, Herbert J. (1965).
641:10.1017/S174392130801819X
296:, the host galaxy of the
128:(BCG) of a cluster. Many
120:. Some cDs have multiple
91:central dominant galaxies
85:. They are also known as
1965:Galactic magnetic fields
1778:Brightest cluster galaxy
1674:Luminous infrared galaxy
1082:(accessed 14 April 2010)
651:(accessed 14 April 2010)
597:(accessed 15 April 2010)
556:(accessed 14 April 2010)
481:(accessed 14 April 2010)
449:(accessed 14 April 2010)
386:List of largest galaxies
372:(S0, SA0, SAB0, SB0, E9)
233:"cD cluster of galaxies"
126:brightest cluster galaxy
1960:Galactic habitable zone
1945:Extragalactic astronomy
1534:Supermassive black hole
1448:Active galactic nucleus
1113:Ellensburg Daily Record
702:2021A&A...649A..93B
550:Encyclopædia Britannica
460:"supergiant elliptical"
364:Giant elliptical galaxy
1712:Low surface brightness
1463:Central massive object
739:University of Michigan
298:Ophiuchus Supercluster
87:supergiant ellipticals
44:
1990:Galaxy rotation curve
323:in the constellation
130:fossil group galaxies
35:
2025:Population III stars
2020:Intergalactic travel
1970:Galactic orientation
1837:Voids and supervoids
510:16 July 2010 at the
490:An Atlas of DRAGNs,
2015:Intergalactic stars
1904:Large quasar groups
1899:Groups and clusters
1763:Groups and clusters
1622:Lyman-alpha emitter
1514:Interstellar medium
1244:2007MNRAS.378.1575S
1222:1959PASP...71..394M
1080:1971PASP...83..313R
1041:1984ApJ...280L...5M
997:1985ApJ...289...18M
953:1984ApJ...276...26M
911:1983ApJ...264...24M
851:2006ApJ...640..691V
802:1977ApJ...217L.125O
747:1965PhDT.........3R
587:2007MNRAS.378.1575S
505:"Types of Galaxies"
229:"cD galaxy cluster"
110:lenticular galaxies
2010:Intergalactic dust
1995:Gravitational lens
1950:Galactic astronomy
1919:Starburst galaxies
1659:blue compact dwarf
1615:Energetic galaxies
1579:BL Lacertae object
1252:astro-ph/0612229v2
737:(PhD thesis). The
595:astro-ph/0612229v2
187:Dynamical friction
182:Dynamical friction
45:
2070:
2069:
2030:Galaxy X (galaxy)
2005:Illustris project
1975:Galactic quadrant
1696:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
1686:Green bean galaxy
1681:Hot dust-obscured
1632:Luminous infrared
1396:Elliptical galaxy
979:(February 1985).
458:encyclopedia.com
370:Lenticular galaxy
358:Elliptical galaxy
174:mass within 12.5
71:elliptical galaxy
16:(Redirected from
2090:
2058:
2046:
2045:
1691:Hanny's Voorwerp
1601:Relativistic jet
1475:Dark matter halo
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1189:
1163:
1157:
1131:
1125:
1122:
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1111:"Galaxy Found",
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1055:
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1017:
1011:
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1008:
973:
967:
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935:(January 1984).
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842:astro-ph/0507092
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660:Universe Today,
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523:Universe Today,
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479:astro-ph/0007265
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321:Caldwell Objects
21:
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1524:Galaxy filament
1468:Galactic Center
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1254:(MNRAS 07/2007)
1198:
1196:Further reading
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122:galactic nuclei
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97:Characteristics
83:galaxy clusters
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1072:10.1086/129128
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1050:10.1086/184257
1021:Merritt, David
1012:
1006:10.1086/162860
977:Merritt, David
968:
962:10.1086/161590
933:Merritt, David
924:
919:10.1086/160571
895:Merritt, David
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859:10.1086/500288
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325:Coma Berenices
310:
308:Fornax Cluster
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255:Abell 1413 BCG
252:
250:Abell 1201 BCG
247:
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196:kinetic energy
183:
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135:field galaxies
118:galaxy mergers
98:
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53:cD-type galaxy
49:type-cD galaxy
26:
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1827:Superclusters
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1758:Galactic tide
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1717:Ultra diffuse
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1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
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1667:
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1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:Active nuclei
1548:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
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1520:
1517:
1515:
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1498:
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1219:
1215:
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1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:9 July 2009,
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:9 July 2009,
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
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1081:
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1073:
1069:
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1038:
1034:
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1016:
1013:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
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986:
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972:
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890:
887:
882:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
824:Section 8 of
821:
818:
812:
807:
803:
799:
796:: L125–L128.
795:
791:
787:
780:
777:
765:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
667:
663:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
632:
629:
625:
619:
616:
612:
611:"CD Galaxies"
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
543:
539:
533:
530:
526:
520:
517:
513:
509:
506:
500:
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487:
484:
480:
476:
470:
468:
464:
461:
455:
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442:
439:
435:
429:
426:
420:
417:
411:
408:
402:
399:
392:
387:
384:
382:
381:Type-D galaxy
379:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
290:
289:Virgo Cluster
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
267:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:tidal streams
165:
161:
157:
156:cannibalistic
149:
147:
140:
138:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2060:
2048:
1783:fossil group
1705:Low activity
1539:Ultramassive
1400:
1369:Dwarf galaxy
1352:intermediate
1347:grand design
1165:
1161:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1087:
1059:
1032:
1028:
1023:(May 1984).
1015:
988:
984:
971:
944:
940:
927:
902:
898:
889:
875:cite journal
832:
828:
820:
793:
789:
779:
767:. Retrieved
734:
728:
683:
679:
669:
656:
631:
618:
549:
545:
536:EurekAlert,
532:
519:
499:
486:
454:
441:
428:
419:
410:
401:
269:Holmberg 15A
225:"cD cluster"
222:
185:
176:virial radii
153:
144:
107:
100:
90:
86:
56:
52:
48:
46:
29:
1842:void galaxy
1805:cannibalism
1790:Interacting
1746:Interaction
1732:Blue Nugget
1722:Dark galaxy
1627:Lyman-break
1519:Protogalaxy
1485:Disc galaxy
554:"cD-galaxy"
447:"cD galaxy"
219:cD clusters
212:dark matter
192:dark matter
114:light years
1882:Polar-ring
1727:Red nugget
1669:faint blue
1529:Spiral arm
1384:spheroidal
1374:elliptical
1357:Magellanic
1342:flocculent
1310:Lenticular
1297:Morphology
1180: ; E-
1148: ; E-
693:2012.11609
624:"D galaxy"
492:"Glossary"
393:References
285:Messier 87
279:Abell 2029
264:Abell 3571
260:ESO 383-76
141:Importance
37:ESO 383-76
1817:Satellite
1812:Jellyfish
1800:collision
1737:Dead disk
1654:Starburst
1569:Markarian
1441:Structure
1408:Irregular
1379:irregular
1224:(PASP 70)
1186:1476-4687
1178:0028-0836
1154:1476-4687
1146:0028-0836
1091:Science,
991:: 18–32.
947:: 26–37.
905:: 24–48.
720:232157305
649:0709.0177
340:Perseus A
57:cD galaxy
18:CD galaxy
2077:Category
2049:Category
1938:See also
1862:Galaxies
1589:X-shaped
1420:Peculiar
1362:unbarred
1320:unbarred
1289:Galaxies
1035:: L5–8.
867:18940822
769:28 March
508:Archived
352:See also
345:QSO 0957
335:NGC 6166
330:NGC 6086
313:NGC 4889
304:NGC 1399
239:Examples
1909:Quasars
1877:Nearest
1872:Largest
1773:cluster
1606:Seyfert
1240:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1076:Bibcode
1037:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
949:Bibcode
907:Bibcode
847:Bibcode
798:Bibcode
743:Bibcode
698:Bibcode
583:Bibcode
306:in the
275:IC 1101
59:) is a
43:in 2019
2061:Portal
1892:Spiral
1795:merger
1574:Quasar
1559:Blazar
1497:corona
1413:barred
1389:spiral
1337:barred
1332:anemic
1327:Spiral
1315:barred
1184:
1176:
1166:Nature
1152:
1144:
1134:Nature
865:
718:
686:: 19.
317:galaxy
294:NeVe 1
245:3C 401
172:baryon
150:Growth
65:type-D
61:galaxy
51:(also
1929:Voids
1854:Lists
1832:Walls
1768:group
1753:Field
1647:ELIRG
1642:HLIRG
1637:ULIRG
1594:DRAGN
1584:Radio
1564:LINER
1458:Bulge
1430:Polar
1248:arXiv
863:S2CID
837:arXiv
716:S2CID
688:arXiv
645:arXiv
591:arXiv
475:arXiv
200:stars
166:, or
79:stars
68:giant
1887:Ring
1492:Halo
1480:Disc
1425:Ring
1305:Disc
1182:ISSN
1174:ISSN
1150:ISSN
1142:ISSN
881:link
771:2007
366:(gE)
360:(E#)
210:and
208:dust
164:dust
162:and
75:halo
47:The
1664:pea
1453:Bar
1232:doi
1210:doi
1202:PDF
1097:doi
1068:doi
1064:PDF
1045:doi
1033:280
1001:doi
989:289
957:doi
945:276
915:doi
903:264
855:doi
833:640
806:doi
794:217
706:doi
684:649
637:doi
575:doi
231:or
227:or
204:gas
160:gas
89:or
77:of
2079::
1401:cD
1246:,
1238:,
1216:,
1168:,
1136:,
1074:,
1043:.
1031:.
1027:.
999:.
987:.
983:.
955:.
943:.
939:.
913:.
901:.
877:}}
873:{{
861:.
853:.
845:.
831:.
804:.
792:.
788:.
755:^
741:.
714:.
704:.
696:.
682:.
678:.
643:,
602:^
589:,
581:,
561:^
552:,
466:^
235:.
206:,
202:,
178:.
93:.
55:,
1281:e
1274:t
1267:v
1250::
1242::
1234::
1220::
1212::
1204:—
1099::
1078::
1070::
1053:.
1047::
1039::
1009:.
1003::
995::
965:.
959::
951::
921:.
917::
909::
883:)
869:.
857::
849::
839::
814:.
808::
800::
773:.
749:.
745::
722:.
708::
700::
690::
647::
639::
593::
585::
577::
477::
281:.
20:)
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