Optical disc drive

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substantial investment and likely to be confined to "responsible" organisations, into an activity that could be undertaken with "mono-liner" equipment, this having been developed in the late 1980s and capable of packaging "the whole process into a single box" that could occupy "no more space than a couple of office desks". Consequently, the CD manufacturing industry had grown to include less reputable organisations and, by 1994, could produce a volume of discs twice that of the estimated demand for "legitimate CDs", with music industry organisations claiming that illicit copies were outselling legitimate copies by significant margins in some markets. Philips and the IFPI envisaged that combinations of codes, each identifying a disc mastering establishment and the manufacturing plant used to make a particular disc, would assist in identifying those responsible for illicit CD production. However, the scheme relied on existing manufacturing plants upgrading their equipment to support the introduction of this measure, and the accompanying challenge of convincing such facilities was perceived as "a little difficult" in cases where those facilities were already involved in making considerable numbers of illicit discs.

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attracted to the lower spindle because of the magnets they have. When the tray is opened, a mechanism driven by the movement of the tray pulls the lower spindle away from the upper spindle and vice versa when the tray is closed. When the tray is closed, the lower spindle touches the inner circumference of the disc, and slightly raises the disc from the tray to the upper spindle, which is attracted to the magnet on the lower disc, clamping the disc in place. Only the lower spindle is motorized. Trays in half height drives often fully open and close using a motorized mechanism that can be pushed to close, controlled by the computer, or controlled using a button on the drive. Trays on half height and slim drives can also be locked by whatever program is using it, however it can still be ejected by inserting the end of a paper clip into an emergency eject hole on the front of the drive. Early CD players such as the Sony CDP-101 used a separate motorized mechanism to clamp the disc to the motorized spindle.

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SCSI connectors, and small volume of sales in comparison to proprietary cost-reduced applications, but most importantly because most consumer market computer systems did not have any sort of SCSI interface in them the market for them was small. However, support for multitude of various cost-reduced proprietary optical drive bus standards were usually embedded with sound cards which were often bundled with the optical drives themselves in the early years. Some sound card and optical drive bundles even featured a full SCSI bus. Modern IDE/ATAPI compliant Parallel ATA and Serial ATA drive control chipsets and their interface technology is more complex to manufacture than a traditional 8bit 50 Mhz SCSI drive interface, because they feature properties of both the SCSI and ATA bus, but are cheaper to make overall due to economies of scale.

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speeds; at 25,000 RPMs CDs become unreadable while Blu-rays cannot be written to beyond 5,000 RPMs. With a single laser beam, the only way to increase read and write speeds without reducing the pit length of the disc (which would allow for more pits and thus bits of data per revolution, but may require smaller wavelength light) is by increasing the rotational speed of the disc which reads more pits in less time, increasing data rate; hence why faster drives spin the disc at higher speeds. In addition, CDs at 27,500 RPMs (such as to read the inside of a CD at 52x) may explode causing extensive damage to the disc's surroundings, and poor quality or damaged discs may explode at lower speeds.

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access offered by magnetic media closely enough that many conventional file systems will work as-is. Such discs, however, are not readable in most CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives or on most operating systems without additional third-party drivers. The division into packets is not as reliable as it may seem as CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W) drives can only locate data to within a data block. Although generous gaps (the padding referred to above) are left between blocks, the drive nevertheless can occasionally miss and either destroy some existing data or even render the disc unreadable.

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the thumb on the spindle to remove the disc, flexing it slightly in the process and returning to its normal shape after removal. The outer rim of the spindle may have a texturized silicone surface to exert friction keeping the disc from slipping. In slim drives most if not all components are on the disc tray, which pops out using a spring mechanism that can be controlled by the computer. These trays cannot close on their own; they have to be pushed until the tray reaches a stop.

1265: 1957: 944: 924: 1711:(Z-CLV) scheme. This divides the disc into several zones, each having its own constant linear velocity. A Z-CLV recorder rated at "52×", for example, would write at 20× on the innermost zone and then progressively increase the speed in several discrete steps up to 52× at the outer rim. Without higher rotational speeds, increased read performance may be attainable by simultaneously reading more than one point of a data groove, also known as 1610:

that are spaced evenly to read 6 separate portions of the groove of the disc in parallel, effectively increasing read speeds at lower RPMs, reducing drive noise and stress on the disc. The beams then reflect back from the disc, and are collimated and projected into a special photodiode array to be read. The first drives using the technology could read at 40x, later increasing to 52x and finally 72x. It uses a single optical pickup.

173: 1292: 152: 6328: 199: 6348: 36: 1724: 237: 1649: 213: 6338: 1429: 2316: 2451:") for Blu-ray Discs; this was a significant technical advance because better protection was desired for the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD. Technically Blu-ray Disc also required a thinner layer for the narrower beam and shorter wavelength 'blue' laser. The first BD-ROM players ( 2245: 2217:). For example, the read retry count specifies how often the drive should attempt reading a damaged sector. A higher value may increase the chance of successfully reading individual damaged sectors, but at the expense of responsiveness, since it adds delays during which the device seems unresponsive to the computer. 1904:. This was intended to protect the disc from accidental damage by enclosing it in a tougher plastic casing, but did not gain wide acceptance due to the additional cost and compatibility concerns—such drives would also inconveniently require "bare" discs to be manually inserted into an openable caddy before use. 1617:, itself based on Blu-ray) the drive has 4 optical pickups, two on each side of the disc, with each pickup having two lenses for a total of 8 lenses and laser beams. This allows for both sides of the disc to be read and written to at the same time, and for the contents of the disc to be verified during writing. 1844:(unless 80 mm optical disc adapter is used) or any non-standard sizes, usually have no emergency eject hole or eject button, and therefore have to be disassembled if the optical disc cannot be ejected normally. However, some slot-loading optical drives have been engineered to support miniature discs. The 4026:. The RID-Code consists of a supplier code (e.g. "PHI" for Philips), a model number and the unique ID of the recorder. Quoting Philips, the RID "enables a trace for each disc back to the exact machine on which it was made using coded information in the recording itself. The use of the RID code is mandatory." 3983:. Many such DVRs use variable-rate video compression schemes which require them to record in short bursts; some allow simultaneous playback and recording by alternating quickly between recording to the tail of the disc whilst reading from elsewhere. The Blu-ray Disc system also encompasses this technology. 3978:

The DVD+RW disc format eliminates this unreliability by embedding more accurate timing hints in the data groove of the disc and allowing individual data blocks (or even bytes) to be replaced without affecting backward compatibility (a feature dubbed "lossless linking"). The format itself was designed

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While drives are burning DVD+R, DVD+RW and all Blu-ray formats, they do not require any such error correcting recovery as the recorder is able to place the new data exactly on the end of the suspended write effectively producing a continuous track (this is what the DVD+ technology achieved). Although

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In the fourth photo, the inside of the optics package can be seen. Note that since this is a CD-ROM drive, there is only one laser, which is the black component mounted to the bottom left of the assembly. Just above the laser are the first focusing lens and prism that direct the beam at the disc. The

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In the third photo, the components under the cover of the lens mechanism are visible. The two permanent magnets on either side of the lens holder as well as the coils that move the lens can be seen. This allows the lens to be moved up, down, forwards, and backwards to stabilize the focus of the beam.

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Two parallel guide rods that run between upper left and lower right in the photo carry the "sled", the moving optical read-write head. As shown, this "sled" is close to, or at the position where it reads or writes at the edge of the disc. To move the "sled" during continuous read or write operations,

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With both types of mechanisms, if a CD or DVD is left in the drive after the computer is turned off, the disc cannot be ejected using the normal eject mechanism of the drive. However, tray-loading drives account for this situation by providing a small hole where one can insert a paperclip to manually

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To support 8 centimetre diameter discs, drives with mechanical tray loading (desktop computer drives) have an indentation in the tray. It can however only be used in horizontal operation. Slot loading drives, frequently used in game consoles and car radios, might be able to accept 8 centimetre discs

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According to Phillips, the administrator of the SID codes, the SID code provides an optical disc production facility with the means to identify all discs mastered or replicated in its plant, including the specific Laser Beam Recorder (LBR) signal processor or mould that produced a particular stamper

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Compared to a CD's 1.2 mm layer of polycarbonate, a DVD's laser beam only has to penetrate 0.6 mm in order to reach the recording surface. This allows a DVD drive to focus the beam on a smaller spot size and to read smaller pits. DVD lens supports a different focus for CD or DVD media with

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With reference to the top photo, just to the right of image center is the disc motor, a metal cylinder, with a gray centering hub and black rubber drive ring on top. There is a disc-shaped round clamp, loosely held inside the cover and free to rotate; it's not in the photo. After the disc tray stops

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to use with external drives was developed at some point. This interface was traditionally used to connect a printer, but despite popular myth it is not its only use and various different external auxiliary devices exist for the IEEE-1278 bus, including but not limited to tape backup drives etc. This

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Because keeping a constant transfer rate for the whole disc is not so important in most contemporary CD uses, a pure CLV approach had to be abandoned to keep the rotational speed of the disc safely low while maximizing data rate. Some drives work in a partial CLV (PCLV) scheme, by switching from CLV

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Later CD drives kept the CLV paradigm, but evolved to achieve higher rotational speeds, popularly described in multiples of a base speed. As a result, a 4× CLV drive, for instance, would rotate at 800-2000 RPM, while transferring data steadily at 600 KiB/s, which is equal to 4 × 150 KiB/s.

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Slim drives use a special spindle with spring loaded specially shaped studs that radiate outwards, pressing against the inner edge of the disc. The user has to put uniform pressure onto the inner circumference of the disc to clamp it to the spindle and pull from the outer circumference while placing

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relatively small volumes of data, but backing up of entire hard drives, which as of 2015 typically contain many hundreds of gigabytes or even multiple terabytes, is less practical. Large backups are often instead made on external hard drives, as their price has dropped to a level making this viable;

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Starting in the mid-2010s, computer manufacturers began to stop including built-in optical disc drives on their products, with the advent of cheap, rugged (scratches can not cause corrupted data, inaccessible files or skipping audio/video), fast and high capacity USB drives and video on demand over

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In Zen's system (developed in conjunction with Sanyo and licensed by Kenwood), a diffraction grating is used to split a laser beam into 7 beams, which are then focused into the disc; a central beam is used for focusing and tracking the groove of the disc leaving 6 remaining beams (3 on either side)

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layer (not in the data recording layer), to lead and synchronize the speed of recording head. Double-layered writable media have: a first polycarbonate layer with a (shallow) groove, a first data layer, a semi-reflective layer, a second (spacer) polycarbonate layer with another (deep) groove, and a

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Fixed-length packet writing (on CD-RW and DVD-RW media) divides up the disc into padded, fixed-size packets. The padding reduces the capacity of the disc, but allows the recorder to start and stop recording on an individual packet without affecting its neighbours. These resemble the block-writable

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drive interface, which by the time the CD-ROM was introduced, was already being used to support two hard drives and were completely incapable of supporting removable media, a drive falling off or being removed from the bus while the system was live, would cause an unrecoverable error and crash the

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interface were originally the only system interface available, but they never became popular in the price sensitive low-end consumer market which constituted majority of the demand. They were less common and tended to be more expensive, because of the cost of their interface chipsets, more complex

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of the disc passed under its head at a constant speed. The implication of CLV, as opposed to CAV, is that disc angular velocity is no longer constant, and the spindle motor needed to be designed to vary its speed from between 200 RPM on the outer rim and 500 RPM on the inner, keeping the

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Zen Technology and Sony have developed drives that use several laser beams simultaneously to read discs and write to them at higher speeds than what would be possible with a single laser beam. The limitation with a single laser beam comes from wobbling of the disc that may occur at high rotational

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Some drives can only read data where as others can both read data and write data to writable discs. Drives which can read but not write data are "-ROM" (read-only memory) drives, even if they can read from writable formats such as "-R" and "-RW". Some drives have mixed read and write capabilities,

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Although the RID was introduced for music and video industry purposes, the RID is included on every disc written by every drive, including data and backup discs. The value of the RID is questionable as it is (currently) impossible to locate any individual recorder due to there being no database.

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During the times of CD writer drives, they are often marked with three different speed ratings. In these cases, the first speed is for write-once (R) operations, the second speed for re-write (RW) operations, and the last speed for read-only (ROM) operations. For example, a 40×/16×/48× CD writer

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The higher the writing speed, the less time a laser has to heat a point on the media, thus its power has to increase proportionally. DVD burners' lasers often peak at about 200 mW, either in continuous wave and pulses, although some have been driven up to 400 mW before the diode fails.

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Half height drives fasten the disc using 2 spindles containing a magnet each, one under and one above the disc tray. The spindles may be lined with flocking or a texturized silicone material to exert friction on the disc, to keep it from slipping. The upper spindle is left slightly loose and is

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rotates a leadscrew to move the "sled" throughout its total travel range. The motor, itself, is the short gray cylinder just to the left of the most-distant shock mount; its shaft is parallel to the support rods. The leadscrew is the rod with evenly-spaced darker details; these are the helical

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There were also some early CD-ROM drives for desktop PCs in which its tray-loading mechanism will eject slightly and user has to pull out the tray manually to load a CD, similar to the tray ejecting method used in internal optical disc drives of modern laptops and modern external slim portable

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The standard use of RID and SID mean that each disc written contains a record of the machine that produced a disc (the SID), and which drive wrote it (the RID). This combined knowledge may be very useful to law enforcement, to investigative agencies, and to private or corporate investigators.

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aims to make packet-written CD-RW and DVD+RW discs as convenient to use as that of removable magnetic media by having the firmware format new discs in the background and manage media defects (by automatically mapping parts of the disc which have been worn out by erase cycles to reserve space

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became a very common problem as high-speed CD recorders began to appear in home and office computers, which—for a variety of reasons—often could not muster the I/O performance to keep the data stream to the recorder steadily fed. The recorder, should it run short, would be forced to halt the

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A significant motivation for introducing the SID code was to identify disc manufacturing plants producing unauthorised copies of commercial CDs. By the 1990s, the production process for CDs had evolved from requiring a "clean-room" environment involving multiple processes, this demanding a

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used to come with built-in optical drives. Some laptop computers used modular systems (see Lenovo UltraBay). Throughout the 2010s, they ceased to come with built-in optical disc drives in order to reduce costs and make them lighter, requiring consumers to purchase external optical drives.

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The gray metal chassis is shock-mounted at its four corners to reduce sensitivity to external shocks, and to reduce drive noise from residual imbalance when running fast. The soft shock mount grommets are just below the brass-colored screws at the four corners (the left one is obscured).

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the internet. Excluding an optical drive allows for circuit boards in laptops to be larger and less dense, requiring less layers, reducing production costs while also reducing weight and thickness, or for batteries to be larger. Computer case manufacturers also began to stop including

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Read compatibility with existing DVD drives may vary greatly with the brand of DVD+R DL media used. Also drives that predated the media did not have the book code for DVD+R DL media in their firmware (this was not an issue for DVD-R DL though some drives could only read the first

999:, with capacity of 1.44 MB, have been made obsolete: optical media are cheap and have vastly higher capacity to handle the large files used since the days of floppy discs, and the vast majority of computers and much consumer entertainment hardware have optical writers. 2180:

A SCSI card could be installed in desktop PCs to cater for an external SCSI drive enclosure or to run internally mounted SCSI Hard disk drives and optical drives, though SCSI was typically somewhat more expensive than other options, with some OEMs charging a premium for

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This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read like the pits and lands on pressed discs. For recordable discs, the process is permanent and the media can be written to only once. While the reading laser is usually not stronger than 5

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same laser. With the newer Blu-ray Disc drives, the laser only has to penetrate 0.1 mm of material. Thus the optical assembly would normally have to have an even greater focus range. In practice, the Blu-ray optical system is separate from the DVD/CD system.

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At this early stage anticipating anything is merely speculation but it's possible to make some informed predictions. From a practical perspective, spinning an optical disc at 10,000 RPM has long proven the realistic limit for half-height drives and 5,000 RPM for

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entire system. Early consumer grade laptops simply had no built-in high-speed interface for supporting an external storage device. High-end workstation systems and laptops featured a SCSI interface which had a standard for externally connected devices.

2416:, was released in 1995, and was capable of holding 4.7 GB per layer; with the first DVD players shipping on November 1, 1996, by Panasonic and Toshiba in Japan and the first DVD-ROM compatible computers being shipped on November 6 of that year by 3917:

The internal buffer of optical disc writer drives is: 8 MiB or 4 MiB when recording BD-R, BD-R DL, BD-RE, or BD-RE DL media; 2 MiB when recording DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-R DL, DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD+RW DL, DVD-RAM, CD-R, or CD-RW media.

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mechanism where the drive lid is manually opened upwards and the disc is placed directly onto the spindle (for example, all PlayStation One consoles, PlayStation 2 Slim, PlayStation 3 Super Slim, GameCube consoles, Nintendo Wii Mini, most

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The Source Identification Code (SID) is an eight character supplier code that is placed on optical discs by the manufacturer. The SID identifies not only manufacturer, but also the individual factory and machine that produced the disc.

1885:, and some standalone CD recorders feature top-loading drives). These sometimes have the advantage of using spring-loaded ball bearings to hold the disc in place, minimizing damage to the disc if the drive is moved while it is spun up. 951:. An individual error does not cause data loss yet, but a higher rate means the error correction mechanism is more strained, which can predict a possible age-related future data loss. The depicted rate is well within a healthy range. 1233:. (In some slim drives, two USB connectors are required, each supplying power, but only one the data.) Half height drives are also faster than Slim drives due to this, since more power is required to spin the disc at higher speeds. 3857:

For DVD writer drives, Blu-ray Disc combo drives, and Blu-ray Disc writer drives, the writing and reading speed of their respective optical media are specified in its retail box, user's manual, or bundled brochures or pamphlets.

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is a scheme in which the recorder writes incrementally to disc in short bursts, or packets. Sequential packet writing fills the disc with packets from bottom up. To make it readable in CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives, the disc can be

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Compact disc drives are no longer manufactured outside of audio devices. Read-only DVD and Blu-ray drives are also manufactured, but are less commonly found in the consumer market and mainly limited to media devices such as

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could include a CD-ROM drive interface. Initially, such interfaces were proprietary to each CD-ROM manufacturer. A sound card could often have two or three different interfaces which are able to communicate with the CD-ROM

1686:. But to ensure no disc capacity was wasted, a head had to transfer data at a maximum linear rate at all times too, without slowing on the outer rim of the disc. This led to optical drives—until recently—operating with a 1410:

in the plastic disk. Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the laser's wavelength, the reflected beam's phase is shifted in relation to the incoming beam, causing mutual destructive

2037:"), ability to manually hard-limit rotation speed in a way that overrides the universal speed setting (separately for reading and writing), and adjusting the lens and tray movement speeds where a lower setting reduces 1402:(ROM), during the manufacturing process the tracks are formed by pressing a thermoplastic resin into a nickel stamper that was made by plating a glass 'master' with raised 'bumps' on a flat surface, thus creating 1022:

exist) for local use, and data for distribution, but only on a small scale; mass-producing large numbers of identical discs by pressing (replication) is cheaper and faster than individual recording (duplication).

3914:). This means that the drive has to temporarily suspend the write operation while it changes speed and then recommence it once the new speed is attained. This is handled in the same manner as a buffer underrun. 3738:

DVD+RW discs did not work in early video players that played DVD-RW discs. This was not due to any incompatibility with the format but was a deliberate feature built into the firmware by one drive manufacturer.

1311:). The PUH is also known as a laser pickup, optical pickup, pickup, pickup assembly, laser assembly, laser optical assembly, optical pickup head/unit or optical assembly. It usually consists of a semiconductor 2431:

released a multi-beam optical drive that achieved burning speeds as high as 72×, which would require dangerous spinning speeds to attain with single-beam burning. However, it suffered from reliability issues.

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moving inward, as the motor and its attached parts rise, a magnet near the top of the rotating assembly contacts and strongly attracts the clamp to hold and center the disc. This motor is an "outrunner"-style

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drive is capable of writing to CD-R media at speed of 40× (6,000 kbit/s), writing to CD-RW media at speed of 16× (2,400 kbit/s), and reading from a CD-ROM media at speed of 48× (7,200 kbit/s).

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drives. Additionally, there may be digital and analog outputs for audio. The outputs may be connected via a header cable to the sound card or the motherboard or to headphones or an external speaker with a

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For DVDs, base or 1× speed is 1.385 MB/s, equal to 1.32 MiB/s, approximately nine times faster than the CD base speed. For Blu-ray drives, base speed is 6.74 MB/s, equal to 6.43 MiB/s.

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format, which was supposed to combine the audio clarity of CD's and the convenience of a cassette size. The standard capacity holds 80 minutes of audio. In January 2004, Sony revealed an upgraded

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of 780 nm (within the infrared) were used. For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm (red color), and for Blu-ray Disc this was reduced even further to 405 nm (violet color).

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External drives were popular in the beginning, because the drives often required complex electronics to institute, rivaling in complexity the Host computer system itself. External drives using

1565:(DL) media have two independent data layers separated by a semi-reflective layer. Both layers are accessible from the same side, but require the optics to change the laser's focus. Traditional 849:. Some drives can only read from certain discs, while other drives can both read and record. Those drives are called burners or writers since they physically burn the data onto on the discs. 1825:

mechanism, where the disc is slid into a slot and drawn in by motorized rollers. Slot-loading optical drives exist in both half-height (desktop) and slim type (laptop) form factors.

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at any time by writing a final table-of-contents to the start of the disc; thereafter, the disc cannot be packet-written any further. Packet writing, together with support from the

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in the recording layer of the disc. Depending on the amount of power applied, the substance may be allowed to melt back (change the phase back) into crystalline form or left in an

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The optical sensor out of a CD/DVD drive. The two larger rectangles are the photodiodes for pits, the inner one for land. This one also includes amplification and minor processing.

4007: 3940:" of the data to record and to record it to disc in the one session. This was acceptable for archival purposes, but limited the general convenience of CD-R and CD-RW discs as a 1382:

Readability (the ability to read physically damaged or soiled discs) may vary among optical drives due to differences in optical pickup systems, firmwares, and damage patterns.

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standard developed for making Parallel ATA/IDE interfaces compatible with removable media. Some devices may support vendor-specific commands such as recording density ("

2485:-inch bays for installing optical disc drives. However, new optical disc drives are still (as of 2020) available for purchase. Notable optical disc drive OEMs include 1574:

second data layer. The first groove spiral usually starts on the inner edge and extends outwards, while the second groove start on the outer edge and extends inwards.

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format. They are also very commonly used in computers to read software and media distributed on disc and to record discs for archival and data exchange purposes.

1987:-standards at the time did not support, or have any provisions for any sort of removable media or hot-plugging of disk drives. Most modern internal drives for 2045:

drives, as well as the ability to force overspeed burning, meaning beyond speed recommended for the media type, for testing purposes, as implemented on some

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Some optical drives additionally throttle the reading speed based on the contents of optical discs, such as max. 40× CAV (constant angular velocity) for the

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The optical drives in the photos are shown right side up; the disc would sit on top of them. The laser and optical system scans the underside of the disc.

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When the optical disc drive was first developed, it was not easy to add to computer systems. Some computers such as the IBM PS/2 were standardizing on the

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Although most laptop manufacturers no longer have optical drives bundled with their products, external drives are still available for purchase separately.

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video game consoles are able to load both standard size DVDs and 80 mm discs in the same slot-loading drive. Its successor's slot drive however, the

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that senses the beam reflected off the disc. Above the main photodiode is a second photodiode that is used to sense and regulate the power of the laser.

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or as these were somewhat cost-prohibitive to sell to consumer applications, a proprietary cost-reduced version of the bus. This is because conventional

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media may be used, but they are not easily accessed with a standard drive, as they must be physically turned over to access the data on the other side.

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to CAV only when a rotational limit is reached. But switching to CAV requires considerable changes in hardware design, so instead most drives use the

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May not work in some early-model DVD-ROM drives. CD-R would not work in any drive that did not have a 780 nm laser. CD-RW compatibility varied.

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As of 2021, most of the optical disc drives on the market are DVD and Blu-ray drives which read from and record to those formats, along with having

4630: 6164: 6025: 4086: 3887:'s "Lossless Link"). These can suspend and resume the recording process in such a way that the gap the stoppage produces can be dealt with by the 784: 5553: 2272:

In contrast, the mechanism shown in the second photo, which comes from a cheaply made DVD player, uses less accurate and less efficient brushed

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Drive models may support adjustment of behavioural parameters for performance optimization and testing purposes, such as the read retry count (

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in existing implementations, an optical drive encountering damaged sectors may cause computer programs trying to access the drives, such as

2131:-inch hard disk and did not include a place for a large internal device. Also IBM PCs and clones at first only included a single (parallel) 1678:

On the other hand, optical drives were developed with an assumption of achieving a constant throughput, in CD drives initially equal to 150

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The drive reduces the rotation speed of discs when encountering damage, since a lower reading speed improves readability of damaged media.

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In response, manufacturers of CD recorders began shipping drives with "buffer underrun protection" (under various trade names, such as

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and adapted to hold any form of digital data. The CD-ROM format has a storage capacity of 650 MB. Also in 1984, Sony introduced a

6222: 2506: 2330:. The video signal was stored as an analog format like a video cassette. The first digitally recorded optical disc was a 5-inch audio 1092:

variants) with different writing speed settings and testing the highest capacity of an individual disc that would be achievable using

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Some early optical drives have dedicated buttons for CD playback controls on their front panel, allowing them to act as a standalone

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The rotational mechanism in an optical drive differs considerably from that of a hard disk drive's, in that the latter keeps a

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DVD+RW format was released before DVD+R. All DVD+RW only drives could be upgraded to write DVD+R discs by a firmware upgrade.

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units. Although allowing more convenient insertion, those have the disadvantages that they cannot usually accept the smaller

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Unlike tray and slot loading mechanisms by default, top-load optical drives can be opened without being connected to power.

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consoles are the only home video game consoles that are currently using optical discs as its primary storage format, as the

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An optical disk recorder encodes (also known as burning, since the dye layer is permanently burned) data onto a recordable

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and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is detected by photodiodes that create corresponding electrical signals.

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are used, the first to maintain the proper distance between lens and disc, to ensure the laser beam is focused as a small

79: 4838: 6392: 6372: 4709: 4022:(RID) to allow media to be uniquely associated with the recorder that has written it. This standard is contained in the 276: 2557:

Most optical drives are backward compatible with their ancestors up to CD, although this is not required by standards.

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in October 2000, and the first commercial recording device was released to market on April 10, 2003. In January 2005,

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to both move the sled and spin the disc. Some older drives use a DC motor to move the sled, but also have a magnetic

86: 5988: 5810: 5775: 4071: 3854:, an additional speed rating (e.g. the 16× in 52×/32×/52×/16×) is designated for DVD-ROM media reading operations. 2379: 1640:

Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks (not-to-scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.

805: 499: 313: 4813: 1648: 5345: 4179: 4142: 1754: 1736: 1664: 1077: 745: 5645: 2139: 1345:, a continuous spiral data path. Optical disc media are 'read' beginning at the inner radius to the outer edge. 137: 6387: 6341: 5945: 5860: 4355: 4150: 4146: 2463:

on June 20, 2006. The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by

1781: 1687: 1081: 692: 68: 1765: 1194:

optical drives, because speeds on slim type optical drives are constrained to the physical limitations of the

2170:

was slow but an option for low-to-midrange laptops without integrated or PCMCIA extension bus connected SCSI.

5872: 3643: 3588: 3319: 2494: 1443: 616: 485: 452: 46: 5695: 5659: 2092:. Some portable versions for laptops power themselves from batteries or directly from their interface bus. 1868:

optical disc drives. Like the top-loading mechanism, they have spring-loaded ball bearings on the spindle.

1594: 6397: 6377: 6083: 5973: 5968: 5928: 4305: 4096: 3980: 1849: 1668: 1376: 1053: 936: 881: 644: 492: 266: 261: 2303:

The irregular orange material is flexible etched copper foil supported by thin sheet plastic; these are "

6331: 6062: 6003: 5768: 3964: 3932:

CD recording on personal computers was originally a batch-oriented task in that it required specialised

1913: 1905: 1272: 1115: 948: 798: 753: 609: 602: 5102: 4745: 1495:, the writing laser is considerably more powerful. DVD lasers operate at voltages of around 2.5 volts. 6347: 5503:"Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-ray Discs a Reality" 5114: 6313: 6308: 6138: 6040: 6010: 5057:

LiteOn eTAU108 - DVD±RW (±R DL) / DVD-RAM drive - Hi-Speed USB Series Specification sheet and picture

4091: 2026: 1937: 1917: 1758: 1341:

on the disc. The second servo moves the pickup head along the disc's radius, keeping the beam on the

1199: 1111: 992: 988: 724: 703: 688: 478: 4421: 3891:

logic built into CD players and CD-ROM drives. The first of these drives were rated at 12× and 16×.

1390: 1264: 5923: 5331: 4920: 4884: 4762: 4447: 3895: 2530: 2502: 2428: 2421: 2066: 553: 4781: 4670: 4499: 1956: 1896:

Some early CD-ROM drives used a mechanism where CDs had to be inserted into special cartridges or

1364:

if supported by the drive) that can be turned using a fine screwdriver. The potentiometer is in a

6098: 4976: 4808: 3884: 2542: 2296:

that splits the laser beam in multiple directions. To the bottom right of the mirror is the main

1992: 1882: 984: 288: 5450: 3990:

elsewhere on the disc). As of February 2007, support for Mount Rainier is natively supported in

93: 4254:

on a damaged disc. Device name may vary depending on system and the number of connected drives.

1682:/s. It was a feature important for streaming audio data that always tend to require a constant 1003:, high-capacity, small, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required. 943: 6195: 6045: 5893: 4691: 4401: 4374: 4368: 4184: 4111: 4066: 1988: 1929: 996: 729: 659: 595: 182: 5313: 4395: 3906:

later interfaces were able to stream data at the required speed, many drives now write in a '

3779:

Recorder firmware may blacklist or otherwise refuse to record to some brands of DVD-RW media.

2236:

lists all code pages. The values may be interpreted varyingly among drive models or vendors.

2034: 2025:

bus interface, but communicate using the SCSI protocol commands on software level as per the

4116: 3956: 2304: 2194: 2190: 2054:

that many early optical drives are equipped with. At one time, computer software resembling

1897: 1171: 923: 464: 5034: 4106: 3941: 3862: 2144: 1980: 1715:, but drives with such mechanisms are more expensive, less compatible, and very uncommon. 1613:

In Sony's system (used on their proprietary Optical Disc Archive system which is based on

1583: 1536: 1000: 980: 909: 5243: 5147:"Picture of the front panel of a NEC CDR-502 with standalone CD playback control buttons" 2455:

BD-P1000) were shipped in mid-June 2006. The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released by

1979:-protocol on a command bus level, and initial systems used either a fully featured SCSI 1442:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1291: 6303: 6232: 6180: 6120: 5935: 5529: 5379: 5146: 4727: 3947: 2490: 2277: 1365: 1334: 861:

discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.

842: 349: 333: 329: 281: 172: 6366: 5963: 5903: 5750: 5741: 5432: 5161:"Photo of early CD-ROM drives with Audio CD control buttons and 3.5mm headphone plug" 4189: 4023: 3991: 2265: 2166: 2077: 2062:

from the disc as digital data, to be played back or converted to other file formats.

2038: 1960: 1857: 1837: 1614: 1570: 1349: 1316: 1277: 711: 651: 4830: 3868:

recording process, leaving a truncated track that usually renders the disc useless.

3813:

As of October 2006, recently released BD drives are able to read and write CD media.

3759:

Early DVD+RW and DVD+R recorders could not write to DVD-R(W) media (and vice versa).

2363:-inch optical disc drive in 1987, with dual-sided discs capable of holding 325 151: 5855: 5805: 5791: 5410: 3968: 2331: 2132: 1984: 1968: 1964: 1845: 1833: 1361: 1353: 1076:, which allows for testing such as observing the writing speeds and patterns (e.g. 1043: 1019: 964: 928: 905: 850: 846: 637: 308: 251: 228: 5611: 4588: 3979:

to deal with discontinuous recording because it was expected to be widely used in

2420:. Sales of DVD-ROM drives for computers in the U.S. began on March 24, 1997, when 198: 5297: 5200: 4513: 1642:* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes. 1379:(AGC) to vary the power of the laser to ensure reliable playback of CD-RW discs. 4236: 3960: 3851: 3800: 2447:

announced that they had developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating ("

2229: 2158: 2051: 1996: 1901: 1806: 1743: 1655: 1587: 1348:

Near the laser lens, optical drives are usually equipped with one to three tiny

1312: 1154: 1118: 1103: 1093: 968: 35: 5477: 5271: 3823:

Older CD player models might struggle with the low reflectivity of CD-RW media.

2224:

command-line utility allows manually controlling such parameters. For example,

1731:

Both DVDs and CDs have been known to explode when damaged or spun at excessive

1569:(SL) writable media are produced with a spiral groove molded in the protective 1006:

Disc recording is restricted to storing files playable on consumer appliances (

6252: 6050: 6020: 5983: 5326: 4962: 4290: 3937: 3876: 2546: 2349:(KDDI). Sony eventually released the first commercial erasable and rewritable 2297: 2059: 1672: 1591: 1327: 1320: 1136: 1036: 960: 834: 734: 526: 456: 162: 158: 5746: 5737: 4264: 4145:

of ×48 on CDs, ×16 on DVDs and ×12 on Blu-ray Discs refer to that equivalent

3769:

Will work in all drives that read DVD-R as compatibility ID byte is the same.

1229:

are usually able to operate entirely on power delivered through a computer's

6293: 6262: 6227: 6115: 6110: 6093: 6055: 4193: 4081: 4076: 2655: 2611: 2538: 2409: 2383: 2342: 2324: 2280:

to keep track of the position. Most drives in computers use stepper motors.

2149:(1998), showing parallel ports to connect between a printer and the computer 2055: 2014: 1723: 1372: 991:

is the only handheld console to use optical discs, using Sony's proprietary

956: 877:

TS-LB23, which can only read Blu-ray discs but read and write CDs and DVDs.

826: 759: 580: 522: 428: 424: 404: 396: 361: 3994:. All previous versions of Windows require a third-party solution, as does 1739:

for CDs or around 18×CAV in the case of DVDs) at which drives can operate.

1428: 17: 5755: 5069: 4219: 1805:

mechanism, where the disc is loaded onto a motorized tray (as utilized by

955:

Optical disc drives are an integral part of standalone appliances such as

236: 6298: 6257: 6217: 6190: 6185: 6035: 6015: 5998: 5940: 5908: 3995: 2394: 2387: 2364: 2273: 2085: 1933: 1925: 1853: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1683: 1230: 1122: 1015: 932: 885: 719: 666: 561: 518: 400: 392: 345: 341: 337: 212: 6278: 6242: 5993: 5898: 5867: 5502: 4971: 4121: 4015: 3898:

DVR-108, released in the second half of 2004. At that time however, no

3894:

The first optical drive to support recording DVDs at 16× speed was the

3046: 2878: 2606: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2498: 2486: 2452: 2448: 2436: 2417: 2413: 2401:

format, which increased the capacity to 1 GB (48 hours of audio).

2046: 2042: 2030: 1945: 1941: 1841: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1440:

about laser wattages for reading and writing of individual media types.

1214: 1107: 935:

discs (RVL-001 model only), the predecessor game console, allowing for

931:

game console is compatible with 8 centimetre diameter discs to support

858: 566: 460: 447: 440: 436: 416: 412: 373: 357: 6351: 3708:

Some types of CD-R media with less-reflective dyes may cause problems.

1876:

A small number of drive models, mostly compact portable units, have a

1780:

contents and even lower limitations on earlier models such as 4× CLV (

6288: 5830: 5218: 4652: 4154: 3533: 3264: 3102: 2990: 2710: 2601: 2596: 2371: 2293: 2174: 1814: 1732: 1512: 1472: 1225:

optical drives require separate external power input, while external

1167: 1073: 1031: 897: 589: 585: 546: 513: 471: 408: 388: 369: 317: 179: 5131:

SmartWrite can overspeed certain 16X DVD±R media to a maximum of 24X

2319:

The Z-CLV recording pattern is easily visible after burning a DVD-R.

2315: 5887: 5293: 5291: 4862: 4306:

TSSTcorp SE-208AB portable external DVD drive — User manual: Using

2307:" that connect everything to the electronics (which is not shown). 2244: 353: 5850: 5840: 3899: 3880: 3872: 2934: 2822: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2624: 2591: 2583: 2398: 2375: 2341:

The first erasable optical disc drives were announced in 1983, by

2314: 2243: 2138: 1955: 1861: 1722: 1532: 1524: 1508: 1468: 1389: 1290: 1282: 1271: 1263: 1100: 1089: 1085: 1069: 1065: 1010:, music, etc.), relatively small volumes of data (e.g. a standard 976: 942: 922: 893: 838: 572: 539: 420: 384: 325: 4556: 4153:, if accessed at the outermost disc edge, and amounts to similar 4006:

Owing to pressure from the music industry, as represented by the

1675:

is generally achievable at the outer disc compared to the inner.

1375:, such high powers are used during writing. Some CD players have 1371:

The laser diode used in DVD writers can have powers of up to 100

6202: 5918: 5820: 4763:

https://pro.sony/s3/cms-static-content/file/49/1237494482649.pdf

4531: 4481: 2766: 2629: 2619: 2578: 2510: 2464: 2456: 2440: 2346: 2335: 2096: 2073: 2022: 1976: 1492: 1476: 1464: 1126: 1061: 1007: 972: 889: 365: 321: 5764: 5760: 5647:"16fach-DVD-Brenner Pioneer DVR-108 Der schnellste DVD-Brenner" 5277:. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. October 16, 2001 5174: 5160: 4965:"What Happens When you put a GameCube disc into a Nintendo Wii" 4367:

Taylor, Jim H.; Johnson, Mark R.; Crawford, Charles G. (2006).

6283: 5316:. IDG Enterprise. September 19, 1983 – via Google Books. 2514: 2460: 2444: 2405: 2386:

data storage format, with a larger data capacity of 3.28

2260:

which has an external rotor – every visible part of it spins.

2089: 2081: 1679: 1484: 1422: 1357: 1133: 1011: 854: 379: 29: 5017:"Nintendo Support: What Discs Are Compatible with the Wii U?" 845:

as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from

5590:"Ever own a computer with a DVD drive? You may be owed $ 10" 4942:"| Wii - General Information: System & Accessories" 4239:

List of supported devices by dosc quality scanning software

3967:, can be used to mimic random write-access as in media like 2248:

Internal mechanism of a DVD-ROM Drive. See text for details.

1735:. This imposes a constraint on the maximum safe speeds (56× 1539:

form, enabling marks of varying reflectivity to be created.

1152:

Optical drives for computers come in two main form factors:

947:

Some optical drives support measuring the error rate in the

4631:"Life in the fast lane can be a disc-shattering experience" 3799:

As of April 2005, all DVD+R DL recorders on the market are

1323:

for detecting the light reflected from the disc's surface.

218:

Lenses from a Blu-ray writer in a Sony Vaio E series laptop

5675:"Intellectual Property & Standards/Licensing Programs" 841:

light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible

1832:

Slot-loading optical disc drives are prominently used in

1239:

optical drives hold discs in place from both sides while

5660:

Pioneer DVR-108 – Product information and specifications

4825: 4823: 2058:

controlled playback of the CD. Today the information is

5701:. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 2177:

optical drive interface was also developed for laptops.

1483:) by selectively heating (burning) parts of an organic 1299:

The most important part of an optical disc drive is an

1018:, however, higher-capacity formats such as multi-layer 4646: 4644: 2228:

sets the read retry count to 10 for the optical drive

1190:

optical drives operate upwards of twice the speeds as

1174:). They exist as both internal and external variants. 4686: 4684: 2323:

The first laser disc, demonstrated in 1972, was the

1180:

optical drives are around 4 centimetres tall, while

927:

The 12 centimetre slot-loading optical drive of the

6271: 6173: 6147: 6131: 6076: 5956: 5798: 5696:"Pocket guide to recognising pirate music products" 4710:"Kenwood's 72X CD can't keep pace with 24X CD-RW -" 2292:tall, thin object in the center is a half-silvered 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5633:"Pioneer DVR-108: 16x-DVD-Brenner im PC-WELT-Test" 5272:"Computer Peripherals - Chapter 12. Optical Disks" 4532:"Laser diodes from CD-RW drives can cut and burn!" 2213:), and the option to deactivate error correction ( 1813:drives), a manually operated tray (as utilized in 1753:are limited to ×48 for CDs, ×16 for DVDs and ×12 ( 533:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD) 5608:"CD-R/DVD ROM Compatibility Study - Introduction" 4351: 4349: 4347: 1046:for errors and detecting poor recording quality. 5372:"DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)" 1757:) for Blu-ray Discs. Writing speeds on selected 1597:technology for labeling specially coated discs. 1243:optical drives fasten the disc from the bottom. 4857: 4855: 4831:"View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives" 4804:"Spinning out of control: Risk of CD explosion" 4514:"5. Conditions That Affect CDs and DVDs • CLIR" 3718:May not work in non MultiRead-compliant drives. 5719:Frost, Tim (July 1994). "A pressing problem". 5567:"Sony Unveils First Blu-Ray Disc Drive Burner" 5776: 4921:"Guide For Different Types Of Optical Drives" 4692:"KenWood 72x TrueX CD-ROM | CdrInfo.com" 806: 8: 5115:"Lite-On iHAS324 - Printer Friendly version" 5036:CD-210PU USB interface portable CD-ROM drive 4877:"DVR-107D, DVR-107BK General Specifications" 4612:(5th ed.). January 2018. Archived from 4397:The CD-ROM Drive: A Brief System Description 2153:This was solved through several techniques: 2088:interfaces exist, most modern drives being 1667:(CAV), in other words a constant number of 1056:software, optical disc writers are able to 967:, and video game consoles. As of 2017, the 5783: 5769: 5761: 5669: 5667: 5266: 5264: 5059:- CNet.com, 2009; accessed July 11th 2020. 4728:"Target PC :: Kenwood 72X IDE CD-ROM" 4603:"White Paper Blu-ray Disc™ Format General" 4373:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 7–8. 1829:open the drive tray to retrieve the disc. 1203: 1184:optical drives are around 1 cm tall. 1044:predictively scanning the surface of discs 813: 799: 224: 4589:"Cross Section of DVD+R DL Optical Media" 4575:"Cross Section of DVD+R DL Optical Media" 4557:"Powerful laser diodes from DVD-RW drive" 3902:supported that high recording speed yet. 2424:released their PC-DVD kit to the market. 2378:, introduced in 1984, as an extension of 2269:grooves that engage a pin on the "sled". 1195: 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5554:Sony Rearranges Blu-ray Release Schedule 5530:"Samsung Ships the First Blu-ray Player" 4448:"100mW-Laserdioden aus 16x-DVD-Brennern" 4047:Use of RID and SID together in forensics 2563: 1221:optical drives run on 5 volts, external 1213:demand much more electrical power and a 1096:, without writing any data to the disc. 4476: 4474: 4472: 4170: 4134: 4087:List of optical disc authoring software 2527:Philips & Lite-On Digital Solutions 1630: 785:High-definition optical disc format war 227: 204:The CD/DVD drive lens on an Acer laptop 5141: 5139: 4323:"BluRay — Recording and reading speed" 4265:"Überbrennen von CD-Rs: Informationen" 2393:In September 1992, Sony announced the 2334:(CD) in a read-only format created by 1900:, somewhat similar in appearance to a 1864:, lacks miniature disc compatibility. 1627:Disk drive performance characteristics 1099:Few optical drives allow simulating a 1035:in professional environments magnetic 624:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD) 507:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD) 5344:Faulkner, Joey (September 24, 2012). 5244:"SCSI-2 Spec - Direct-access devices" 5201:"cdtool(1) [debian man page]" 4293:Samsung ODD SE-S084D AV Connectivity" 4200:from the original on October 20, 2016 4180:"Nintendo Switch Will Use Cartridges" 1276:Optical pickup unit with two visible 1202:) rather than the performance of the 7: 6337: 4802:Spurgeon, Brad (December 11, 2004). 1801:Current optical drives use either a 58:adding citations to reliable sources 4310:mode (FAT32 file system simulation) 4178:Frank, Allegra (October 20, 2016). 4102:Optical disc recording technologies 3928:Optical disc recording technologies 1948:discs use optical disc cartridges. 1746:optical disc drives released since 1527:media, the laser is used to melt a 1027:and center the disc automatically. 27:Type of computer disk storage drive 4671:"Kenwood's 72X True X CDROM Drive" 4422:"Tearing Down A PS3 Blu Ray Drive" 4296:(published on September 14th 2010) 3828: 3818: 3808: 3794: 2507:Toshiba Samsung Storage Technology 2013:-inch (also written as 5.25 inch) 1999:are designed to fit in a standard 25: 5636:(PCwelt.de, 2004-08-12) (German)] 5556:. High-Def Digest, June 15, 2006. 5451:"Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype" 3784: 3774: 3764: 3754: 3743: 3733: 3723: 3713: 3703: 2374:format was developed by Sony and 2147:C4381A CD-Writer Plus 7200 Series 2017:and connect to their host via an 1326:Initially, CD-type lasers with a 1319:for focusing the laser beam, and 6346: 6336: 6327: 6326: 5346:"MiniDisc, the forgotten format" 5021:en-americas-support.nintendo.com 4992:PlayStation 3 Instruction Manual 4979:from the original on 2021-12-12. 1975:All optical disc-drives use the 1647: 1633: 1427: 780:History of optical storage media 500:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) 235: 211: 197: 171: 150: 136: 34: 6165:Optical disc authoring software 5650:− CHIP.DE (2004-10-16) (German) 5092:. December 2002. p. 30,80. 4841:from the original on 2020-07-11 4653:"Kenwood 52X TrueX EIDE CD-ROM" 4482:"CD-Recordable FAQ - section 5" 1132:), for compatibility with most 1042:Some optical drives also allow 45:needs additional citations for 5756:Understanding CD-R & CD-RW 5478:"Sony BDZ-S77 Recorder Review" 5370:Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997). 4746:"Kenwood launches 72x CD unit" 4356:Pioneer computer drive archive 4151:the respective original speeds 4149:required for this multiple of 3908:zoned constant linear velocity 2570:Optical disc or optical media 1902:3.5 inch micro floppy diskette 1709:zoned constant linear velocity 1360:, and usually a third one for 1106:from optical discs containing 143:A CD-RW/DVD-ROM computer drive 1: 4220:"QPxTool - check the quality" 2240:Internal mechanism of a drive 1747: 486:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD) 5610:. 2002-02-03. Archived from 5528:Costa, Dan (June 15, 2006). 4020:Recorder Identification Code 3852:combo (CD-RW/DVD-ROM) drives 2226:sdparm --set RRC=10 /dev/sr0 1196:drive motor's rotation speed 1058:simulate the writing process 919:Appliances and functionality 493:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD) 4780:. p. 2. Archived from 4237:QPxTool - check the quality 1742:The reading speeds of most 1658:CD-ROM drive (without case) 1352:(usually separate ones for 645:Nintendo optical disc (NOD) 631:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc 610:Ultra Density Optical (UDO) 6414: 6155:CD copy protection schemes 4072:Cue sheet (music software) 4034:Source Identification Code 4002:Recorder Unique Identifier 3925: 2569: 2439:prototype was unveiled by 2380:Compact Disc Digital Audio 2041:, as implmenented on some 2033:"), laser power setting (" 1671:(RPM). With CAV, a higher 1624: 1030:Optical discs are used to 479:Universal Media Disc (UMD) 6322: 6077:Hardware/software/content 4777:Kenwood 72× CD-ROM Review 4635:The Sydney Morning Herald 3211:DVD±RW/DVD+R DL recorder 2566: 1665:constant angular velocity 1172:compact desktop computers 1078:constant angular velocity 746:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions 554:Personal Video Disc (PVD) 6383:Optical computer storage 5401:Staff (March 24, 1997). 5070:"cdvdcontrol • man page" 4908:Pioneer DVR-A06 brochure 4400:. Springer. p. 13. 4155:physical rotation speeds 3942:removable storage medium 1782:constant linear velocity 1766:Digital Audio Extraction 1688:constant linear velocity 1082:constant linear velocity 963:, Blu-ray Disc players, 908:and disc media players. 6160:CD player manufacturers 5721:Personal Computer World 4394:Stan, Sorin G. (1998). 3981:digital video recorders 2495:Hitachi-LG Data Storage 2345:(Panasonic), Sony, and 2165:A method for using the 1817:computers, also called 752:Universal Disk Format ( 617:3D optical data storage 596:Video Single Disc (VSD) 5299:Lasers & Optronics 5248:www.staff.uni-mainz.de 5219:"Linux sdparm utility" 5103:Manpage for cdrecord.1 5089:Maximum PC – Bear Year 4500:"Compatibility of DVD" 4224:qpxtool.sourceforge.io 4097:Optical disc authoring 2320: 2249: 2209:), write retry count ( 2150: 1972: 1914:Magneto-optical drives 1850:backward compatibility 1728: 1669:revolutions per minute 1438:is missing information 1395: 1377:automatic gain control 1296: 1288: 1287:Pickup head, side view 1280: 1269: 1054:optical disc authoring 1052:With an option in the 952: 940: 937:backward compatibility 882:backward compatibility 706:(layer jump recording) 272:Recording technologies 262:Optical disc authoring 5569:. Sony. July 18, 2006 3842:Recording performance 2408:format, developed by 2347:Kokusai Denshin Denwa 2338:and Philips in 1975. 2318: 2247: 2234:sdparm --all /dev/sr0 2142: 2027:ATA Package Interface 1959: 1906:Ultra Density Optical 1797:Tray and slot loading 1726: 1625:Further information: 1595:photothermal printing 1590:, or the alternative 1578:Photothermal printing 1393: 1368:with the laser lens. 1294: 1286: 1275: 1267: 1260:Optical pickup system 1204:optical pickup system 949:error correction code 946: 926: 603:Magneto-optical discs 178:A removable internal 6174:Variants based on CD 6139:Orange-Book-Standard 5413:on February 18, 1998 4677:. December 15, 2001. 4092:MultiLevel Recording 3971:and magnetic disks. 3900:recordable DVD media 3850:During the times of 3835:"DVD Multi Recorder" 2052:3.5mm AUX plug cable 1938:Optical Disc Archive 1918:Universal Media Disc 1842:80 mm diameter discs 1776:tracks, 16× CAV for 1695:data rate constant. 1621:Rotational mechanism 1582:Some drives support 1487:layer with a laser. 1303:, which is inside a 989:PlayStation Portable 69:"Optical disc drive" 54:improve this article 6393:Japanese inventions 6373:American inventions 5747:How CD Burners Work 5403:"Creative Does DVD" 5332:Computer Chronicles 5327:Japanese PCs (1984) 4885:Pioneer Electronics 4750:www.theregister.com 4637:. December 9, 2002. 4455:mikrocontroller.net 4143:angular disc speeds 3861:In the late 1990s, 2567:Optical disc drive 2531:Pioneer Corporation 2503:Samsung Electronics 2067:compact disc player 1952:Computer interfaces 1883:portable CD players 1398:On factory-pressed 348:), Super Video CD ( 301:Optical media types 6099:Portable CD player 5979:CD copy protection 5457:. October 11, 2000 4816:on March 25, 2014. 4809:The New York Times 4428:. 12 November 2019 4269:www.kautz-lucas.de 4252:badblocks /dev/sr0 3934:authoring software 3883:'s "JustLink" and 3480:BD-RE DL recorder 2543:Yamaha Corporation 2467:on July 18, 2006. 2328:12-inch video disc 2321: 2258:brushless DC motor 2250: 2201:SCSI configuration 2151: 1989:personal computers 1973: 1792:Loading mechanisms 1761:media are higher. 1755:angular velocities 1729: 1690:(CLV). The spiral 1543:Double-sided media 1396: 1297: 1289: 1281: 1270: 1217:of 12 V DC, while 997:Floppy disk drives 979:'s successor, the 953: 941: 831:optical disc drive 332:, Super Audio CD ( 289:Burst cutting area 267:Authoring software 257:Optical disc drive 6360: 6359: 6196:Video Single Disc 5588:Hollister, Sean. 5509:. January 9, 2005 5382:on March 29, 1997 4716:. August 7, 2000. 4657:www.anandtech.com 4112:Phase-change Dual 4067:Computer hardware 3922:Recording schemes 3697: 3696: 3644:BD-RE XL recorder 3427:BD-R DL recorder 2305:flexible circuits 2117:-inch floppy and 1940:as well as early 1930:Professional Disc 1601:Multi beam drives 1503:Rewriteable media 1461: 1460: 823: 822: 660:Professional Disc 567:MD Data, MD Data2 461:Mini Blu-ray Disc 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 6405: 6350: 6340: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6228:Hybrid DVD-Audio 5989:CD manufacturing 5929:business card CD 5785: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5671: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5409:. Archived from 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5378:. Archived from 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4812:. Archived from 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4771: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4732:www.targetpc.com 4724: 4718: 4717: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4651:Andrawes, Mike. 4648: 4639: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4619:on Oct 28, 2021. 4618: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4364: 4358: 4353: 4342: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4327:www.hughsnews.ca 4319: 4313: 4303: 4297: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4175: 4158: 4139: 4117:Receiver (radio) 3957:operating system 3889:error-correcting 3864:buffer underruns 3832: 3822: 3812: 3798: 3788: 3778: 3768: 3758: 3747: 3737: 3727: 3717: 3707: 3589:BD-R XL recorder 3158:DVD±RW recorder 2564: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2191:Windows Explorer 2130: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2004: 1752: 1749: 1727:An exploded disc 1651: 1637: 1554:Dual layer media 1456: 1453: 1447: 1431: 1423: 1419:Recordable media 1255:Laser and optics 1129: 1001:USB flash drives 910:Laptop computers 815: 808: 801: 700:(packet writing) 465:Ultra HD Blu-ray 453:BD-R & BD-RE 239: 225: 215: 201: 175: 154: 140: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6388:Optoelectronics 6363: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6318: 6267: 6169: 6143: 6127: 6072: 5952: 5794: 5789: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5626: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5476:Liadov, Maxim. 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5437:www.kenwood.com 5433:"Press Release" 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5376:Video Discovery 5369: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5325: 5321: 5314:"Computerworld" 5312: 5311: 5307: 5296: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4844: 4842: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4757: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4696:www.cdrinfo.com 4690: 4689: 4682: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4610:blu-raydisc.com 4605: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4370:DVD Demystified 4366: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4304: 4300: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4235: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4161: 4147:linear velocity 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4107:Optical jukebox 4062: 4049: 4036: 4004: 3930: 3924: 3844: 3839: 3826: 3816: 3806: 3792: 3782: 3772: 3762: 3752: 3741: 3731: 3721: 3711: 3701: 3374:BD-RE recorder 2656:Audio CD player 2616:Pressed CAT BD 2555: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2313: 2242: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2185:Due to lack of 2127: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2009: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1954: 1894: 1874: 1799: 1794: 1750: 1721: 1659: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1629: 1623: 1603: 1584:Hewlett-Packard 1580: 1556: 1545: 1507:For rewritable 1505: 1479:disc (called a 1457: 1451: 1448: 1441: 1432: 1421: 1400:read only media 1388: 1386:Read-only media 1335:servomechanisms 1262: 1257: 1158:(also known as 1150: 1145: 1127: 1039:are also used. 1014:holds 4.7 985:game cartridges 981:Nintendo Switch 921: 870: 819: 790: 789: 775: 767: 766: 681: 673: 672: 302: 294: 293: 277:Recording modes 247: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 216: 207: 206: 205: 202: 193: 192: 191: 176: 167: 166: 165: 155: 146: 145: 144: 141: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6334: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6183: 6181:5.1 Music Disc 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6121:Mini CD single 6113: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5744: 5733: 5732:External links 5730: 5727: 5726: 5723:. p. 497. 5711: 5687: 5663: 5652: 5638: 5624: 5599: 5580: 5558: 5546: 5520: 5494: 5468: 5442: 5424: 5393: 5362: 5336: 5319: 5305: 5287: 5260: 5235: 5210: 5192: 5166: 5152: 5135: 5106: 5095: 5079: 5061: 5049: 5026: 5008: 4982: 4954: 4933: 4912: 4900: 4868: 4851: 4819: 4794: 4766: 4755: 4737: 4719: 4701: 4680: 4662: 4640: 4622: 4594: 4580: 4566: 4548: 4523: 4505: 4491: 4468: 4439: 4413: 4406: 4386: 4379: 4359: 4343: 4314: 4298: 4282: 4256: 4244: 4229: 4211: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4048: 4045: 4035: 4032: 4018:developed the 4003: 4000: 3948:Packet writing 3936:to create an " 3923: 3920: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3833:Also known as 3824: 3814: 3804: 3790: 3780: 3770: 3760: 3750: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3709: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2554: 2551: 2491:LG Electronics 2312: 2309: 2278:rotary encoder 2241: 2238: 2202: 2199: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2095:Drives with a 1953: 1950: 1893: 1892:Cartridge load 1890: 1873: 1870: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1720: 1717: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1622: 1619: 1602: 1599: 1579: 1576: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1504: 1501: 1459: 1458: 1435: 1433: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1387: 1384: 1366:series circuit 1350:potentiometers 1278:potentiometers 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1170:computers and 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:Key components 1141: 1125:(simulated as 983:, began using 920: 917: 869: 866: 843:light spectrum 821: 820: 818: 817: 810: 803: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 757: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 732: 727: 714: 709: 708: 707: 701: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 663: 656: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 576: 569: 557: 550: 543: 536: 529: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 463:, 4K Blu-ray ( 446:Blu-ray Disc ( 443: 376: 330:5.1 Music Disc 307:Compact disc ( 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 285: 284: 282:Packet writing 279: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 232: 231: 217: 210: 209: 208: 203: 196: 195: 194: 177: 170: 169: 168: 156: 149: 148: 147: 142: 135: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6410: 6399: 6398:Video storage 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6378:Audio storage 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Rainbow Books 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Mixed Mode CD 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5751:HowStuffWorks 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:HowStuffWorks 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5614:on 2002-02-03 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5394: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5363: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5207:. 2004-07-29. 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5180: 5179:hinterhof.net 5176: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5083: 5080: 5076:. 2014-02-26. 5075: 5074:helpmanual.io 5071: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5038: 5037: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4958: 4955: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4795: 4784:on 2012-03-01 4783: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4409: 4407:0-7923-8167-X 4403: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4380:0-07-142396-6 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4286: 4283: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190:Washington DC 4187: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4024:Rainbow Books 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3992:Windows Vista 3988: 3987:Mount Rainier 3984: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3320:BD-R recorder 3318: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2553:Compatibility 2552: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2525:(merged into 2524: 2520: 2517:(merged into 2516: 2512: 2508: 2505:(merged into 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493:(merged into 2492: 2488: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422:Creative Labs 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2266:stepper motor 2261: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2218: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:parallel port 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Parallel port 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Digital audio 1958: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1858:PlayStation 3 1855: 1851: 1848:, because of 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:vehicle audio 1835: 1834:game consoles 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1615:Archival Disc 1611: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571:polycarbonate 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1455: 1445: 1439: 1436:This section 1434: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362:Blu-ray Discs 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1285: 1279: 1274: 1266: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:desktop drive 1157: 1156: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020:Blu-ray Discs 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965:DVD recorders 962: 958: 950: 945: 938: 934: 930: 925: 918: 916: 914: 911: 907: 906:game consoles 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 867: 865: 862: 860: 856: 852: 851:Compact discs 848: 847:optical discs 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 796: 794: 793: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 761: 758: 755: 751: 747: 744: 742: 739: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 717: 716:File systems 715: 713: 712:Rainbow Books 710: 705: 702: 699: 698:Mount Rainier 696: 695: 694: 690: 687: 684: 683: 677: 676: 669: 668: 664: 662: 661: 657: 655: 653: 652:Archival Disc 649: 647: 646: 642: 640: 639: 635: 633: 632: 628: 626: 625: 621: 619: 618: 614: 612: 611: 607: 605: 604: 600: 598: 597: 593: 591: 587: 584: 582: 577: 575: 574: 570: 568: 565: 563: 558: 556: 555: 551: 549: 548: 544: 542: 541: 537: 535: 534: 530: 528: 524: 520: 517: 515: 511: 509: 508: 504: 502: 501: 497: 495: 494: 490: 488: 487: 483: 481: 480: 476: 474: 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 451: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344:), Video CD ( 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 312: 310: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 243: 242: 238: 234: 233: 230: 229:Optical discs 226: 214: 200: 189: 186: 185: 181: 174: 164: 160: 153: 139: 124: 121: 113: 110:December 2016 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 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Retrieved 4183: 4173: 4137: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4005: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3969:flash memory 3952: 3946: 3931: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3893: 3877:"BURN-Proof" 3870: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3834: 3827: 3817: 3807: 3793: 3783: 3773: 3763: 3753: 3742: 3732: 3722: 3712: 3702: 2666:Read 2647: 2640: 2588:Pressed DVD 2559: 2556: 2521:), Lite-On, 2469: 2434: 2426: 2412:, Sony, and 2403: 2392: 2369: 2340: 2332:compact disc 2325: 2322: 2302: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2251: 2219: 2204: 2184: 2152: 2143: 2102: 2094: 2071: 2064: 1997:workstations 1974: 1969:parallel ATA 1967:output, and 1965:analog audio 1921: 1909: 1895: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1846:Nintendo Wii 1831: 1827: 1823:slot-loading 1822: 1818: 1810: 1803:tray-loading 1802: 1800: 1769: 1763: 1741: 1730: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1677: 1662: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1581: 1567:single layer 1566: 1562: 1559:Double layer 1558: 1557: 1548:Double-sided 1547: 1546: 1506: 1497: 1489: 1480: 1462: 1449: 1437: 1413:interference 1407: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1381: 1370: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1325: 1308: 1304: 1301:optical path 1300: 1298: 1295:Optical path 1249: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1208: 1198:(around 5000 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1148:Form factors 1139:appliances. 1123:audio tracks 1119:file systems 1098: 1051: 1048: 1041: 1029: 1025: 1005: 987:, while the 954: 929:Nintendo Wii 915: 902: 879: 873:such as the 871: 863: 830: 824: 665: 658: 650: 643: 638:Hyper CD-ROM 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 578: 571: 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 445: 378: 340:, CD Video ( 306: 256: 252:Optical disc 187: 183: 157:An external 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 6233:Hybrid SACD 6212:Purple Book 6132:Court cases 6106:CD recorder 6004:CD bronzing 5835:Yellow Book 5825:Orange Book 5573:January 22, 5539:October 17, 5513:October 18, 5487:October 19, 5461:October 17, 5417:December 5, 5223:sg.danny.cz 4675:HotHardware 4457:(in German) 4339:slim-types. 4271:(in German) 4204:October 25, 3961:file system 3801:Super Multi 2575:Pressed CD 2326:Laservision 2232:"sr0", and 2230:device file 2159:sound cards 1878:top-loading 1856:games, and 1807:half-height 1751: 2007 1744:half-height 1656:half-height 1588:LightScribe 1529:crystalline 1452:August 2020 1321:photodiodes 1313:laser diode 1305:pickup head 1268:Pickup head 1237:Half-height 1223:half height 1211:half-height 1188:Half-height 1178:Half-height 1155:half-height 1104:flash drive 1094:overburning 1037:tape drives 969:PlayStation 961:DVD players 868:Drive types 833:(ODD) is a 579:LaserDisc ( 18:CD recorder 6367:Categories 6352:Wiktionary 6253:Picture CD 6051:Rock Ridge 6021:CD-i Ready 6011:CD subcode 5994:CD ripping 5974:CD burning 5957:Technology 5946:White Book 5913:Beige Book 5861:Green Book 5705:2010-07-27 5681:2010-07-27 5618:2020-07-20 5482:Digit-Life 5386:August 20, 5301:, Volume 6 5281:2011-07-16 5043:2007-10-08 5002:2023-06-07 4948:2013-01-07 4944:. Nintendo 4927:2019-06-12 4845:2020-07-11 4788:2007-10-08 4486:cdrfaq.org 4165:References 3926:See also: 2435:The first 2367:per side. 2343:Matsushita 2298:photodiode 2187:asynchrony 2056:CD players 1759:write-once 1713:multi-beam 1673:throughput 1592:LabelFlash 1563:dual layer 1373:milliwatts 1339:laser spot 1328:wavelength 1137:multimedia 957:CD players 837:that uses 835:disc drive 735:Rock Ridge 704:Mount Fuji 560:MiniDisc ( 527:HD DVD-RAM 457:Blu-ray 3D 190:disc drive 163:SuperDrive 80:newspapers 6294:LaserDisc 6263:VinylDisc 6116:CD single 6111:CD ripper 6094:CD player 6056:ISO 13490 6031:El Torito 6026:4ch CD-DA 5924:shaped CD 5890:(Karaoke) 5877:Blue Book 5677:. Philips 5534:PCMag.com 5455:CD R Info 5329:(14:24), 5303:, page 77 5125:14 August 4923:. 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