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Accelerators, and was subsequently decommissioned as part of the LHC Injector
Upgrade project. In the decommissioning process, Linac 2 was disconnected from the other accelerators of CERN, so it can no longer used to inject particles into CERN accelerators or experiments. However, much of the Linac 2 accelerator hardware is left (as of October 2023) in place, and can now be visited as part of a guided tour.
442:(PSB) where both electrons are then stripped from each of the hydrogen ions and thus only the nucleus containing one proton remains. By using hydrogen ions instead of protons, the beam loss at the injection is reduced and simplified and this also allows more particles to accumulate in the synchrotron.
641:
Hübner, Kurt; Carli, Christian; Steerenberg, Rende; Burnet, Jean-Paul; Lombardi, Alessandra; Haseroth, Helmut; Vretenar, Maurizio; Küchler, Detlef; Manglunki, Django; Zickler, Thomas; Martini, Michel; Maury, Stephan; Métral, Elias; Gilardoni, Simone; Möhl, Dieter; Chanel, Michel; Steinbach, Charles;
452:
Linac4 has increased the energy by a factor of three over its predecessor, Linac 2, and achieve an energy of 160 MeV. This energy increase, when combined with the increased accumulation of particles, has allowed the intensity of the beams for LHC to almost double. This is part of the planned future
374:
was constructed inside the former tunnel of Linac 1 and got commissioned in the summer of 1994 (construction started
October 1992). It had been specially constructed to accelerate heavy ions, after tests with Linac 1 and an increasing demand from the scientific community suggested to build a new
280:
From then on, the Linac experienced a phase of rapid development and constant improvement of the output parameters. This culminated in 1978, when a maximal proton current of 70 mA at pulse lengths of 100 ÎĽs could be reached. From 1972 on, the Linac didn't deliver the protons directly to the PS
358:
In the late 2000s, it was considered whether to upgrade Linac 2 or build a new linac for injecting particles into HL-LHC. The decision was in the end made to build a new accelerator, the Linac4 to succeed Linac 2 in 2020. Linac 2 was switched off 12 November 2018 at 15:00 by CERN's
Director of
339:
Originally, it had been discussed to further upgrade the first Linac instead of building a completely new linear accelerator. However, it quickly became clear that the costs of such an update would almost be as expensive as the new Linac. Another fact in favor of this new construction was the
311:
The Linac ceased to be used in experiments in summer of 1992. It was then decommissioned and removed from its tunnel to make room for Linac 3; the construction of which started
October 1992 after the Linac had been removed from the tunnel. Parts of the Linac remain as museum pieces in the
343:
Construction of Linac 2 started in
December 1973, with an estimated budget of 21.3 million CHF, and was completed in 1978. Linac 2 was 36 meters long and was based at ground level at the main CERN site. It was located in a building parallel to the old Linac tunnel.
276:
in
England. The first beams were accelerated in 1958, at currents of 5 mA and a pulse length of 20 ÎĽs, which was the world record at that time. The accelerator was fully operational by September 1959, when the design energy of 50 MeV was first reached.
340:
possibility to ensure a smooth transition from one Linac to the other without any downtime in between. Also this two linac approach meant that the old Linac could provide a back-up for the new Linac for the first years of operation.
448:
Linac4 has been built in its own tunnel, parallel to Linac 2, in the main CERN site. The reason for building the accelerator in its own new tunnel is that its building could take place simultaneously with the operation of Linac 2.
584:
Wolf, B.H.; Leible, K.; Spädtke, P.; Klabunde, J.; Langenbeck, B.; Angert, N.; Gough, R.A.; Staples, J.; Caylor, R.; Howard, D.; MacGill, R.; Tanabe, J.; Haseroth, H.; Hill, C.; Tetu, P.; Weiss, M.; Geller, R. (1987).
335:
replaced the Linac as CERN's primary source of proton beams in 1978. It kept the same beam energy of 50 MeV, but allowed for more intense beams with beam currents of up to 150 mA and a longer pulse duration of 200 ÎĽs.
331:
was announced in 1973. It was decided to build a new linear accelerator, since the old Linac was unable to keep up with the technical advances of the other machines within CERN's accelerator complex.
288:
After Linac 2 had taken over the task of accelerating protons in 1978, the Linac continued to be used as a reliable testbed for new developments. This included the testing and implementation of a
413:(LHC) for a unique run of data taking: For the first time, xenon ions were accelerated and collided in the LHC. For six hours, LHC's four experiments could take data of the colliding xenon ions.
347:
Throughout its lifetime, Linac 2 went through several updates to keep up with the advances of CERN's accelerator system. The most important upgrade was the replacement of the old 750 kV
431:(which is a name/spelling not used by CERN), is a current 86 metre-long linear accelerator that replaced the retired Linac 2. Unlike its predecessors, Linac4 accelerates negative
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in 1984. Furthermore, ways to create and accelerate deuterons, α-particles and H atoms were developed. The latter were used as test beams for
225:
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642:
Scrivens, Richard; Lewis, Julian; Rinolfi, Louis; Giovannozzi, Massimo; Hancock, Steven; Plass, GĂĽnther; Garoby, Roland (2013).
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Haseroth, H.; Hill, C.; Têtu, P.; Weiss, M.; Wolf, B. H.; Leible, K. D.; Spätke, P.; Klabunde, J.; Langenbeck, B. (1986).
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285:(PSB). The PSB had been built to allow for higher energies of the protons beams already before they enter the PS.
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ions in 2017 for NA61's fixed-target physics programme. On
October 12, 2017, these were delivered to the
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793:[Vers l'expérimentation, première pleine accélération des ions dans le linac à ions plomb].
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272:(PS). Conceived in the early 1950s, its principle design was based on a similar accelerator at
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New and
Proposed Linacs at CERN: The LEP (e+/e-) Injector and the SPS Heavy Ion (Pb) Injector
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The first injection of a particle beam from Linac4 into the PSB occurred in
December 2020.
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791:"Leading lead ions towards physics, first full acceleration of ions in the Lead Linac"
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from a standstill to be used by the larger circular accelerators at the facility.
852:
375:
Linac dedicated specifically to this task. The accelerated particles are mainly
1386:
445:
CERN approved the construction of Linac4 in June 2007. Project started in 2008.
974:
M. Meddahi and G. Rumolo, Proc. IPAC'23, Venice, Italy, May 2023 (2023-05-01).
268:, was CERN's first linear accelerator, built to inject 50 MeV protons into the
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904:"CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Vol. 6 (2020): Linac4 design report"
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427:(CERN uses this name/spelling), sometimes imprecisely referred to as
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Linac4, replacing Linac 2 in 2020, accelerates negative hydrogen ions
745:
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Linac 2, operating from 1978 to 2018, was used to accelerate protons
841:
Never Run Your ECR Ion Source with Argon in
Afterglow for 6 Months!
394:
After preparations from 2013 on, Linac 3 was adapted to accelerate
1381:
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698:[Nouveau Linac + «Booster» = multiplication des protons].
654:
406:
395:
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810:"Operation of the GTS-LHC Source for the Hadron Injector at CERN"
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Project study for a new 50 MeV linear accelerator for the C. P. S
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542:
History, Developments and Recent Performance of the CERN Linac 1
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391:. For LEIR's commissioning, also oxygen ions were accelerated.
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65:
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591:
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
300:. From late 1986 on, the Linac was also used to accelerate
416:
Linac 3 is expected to stay in use at least until 2022.
292:
as the initial accelerator, which replaced the original
231:
Linac 3, currently (as of 2020) used to accelerate ions
1637:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
645:
Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Volume 2
207:
The first CERN Linac, operating from 1958 until 1992
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478:"1959 - 1969: Ten years in the life of a machine"
1057:"LS2 Report: Beams circulate in the PS Booster"
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902:CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs (2020-09-18).
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327:, in the beginning simply referred to as the
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976:"Performance with the upgraded LHC injectors"
855:NA61/SHINE Sheds Light on Strong Interactions
502:High current performance of the CERN PS Linac
8:
19:
565:
563:
1131:European Organization for Nuclear Research
1122:
1108:
1100:
1017:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
696:"New Linac + 'old' Booster = many protons"
1013:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
702:(45). Geneva: CERN: 1–2. 6 November 1978.
653:
587:"Heavy ion injector for the CERN Linac 1"
764:"The tale of a billion-trillion protons"
720:(46). Geneva: CERN: 1. 12 November 1973.
814:High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics
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197:
37:Current particle and nuclear facilities
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992:
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797:(24). Geneva: CERN: 1–3. 13 June 1994.
166:Produces isotopes for medical purposes
18:
1606:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
1033:"CERN unveils new linear accelerator"
398:ions in 2015. These were used by the
176:Internal view of the first CERN Linac
7:
519:Ion acceleration in the CERN Linac 1
383:and fixed target experiments at the
1669:The Globe of Science and Innovation
14:
1094:Virtual Visit of the Linac4 in 3D
1702:
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1199:Large Electron–Positron Collider
961:"LHC Run 3: The final countdown"
379:ions, which are provided to the
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200:
28:
405:Similarly, Linac 3 accelerated
778:Linac4 Technical Design Report
260:some times referred to as the
156:Produces radioactive ion beams
16:Group of particle accelerators
1:
1689:Scientific committees of CERN
987:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2023-MOXD1
488:(11): 337–346. November 1969.
1654:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
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611:10.1016/0168-9002(87)90074-X
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77:Accelerates protons and ions
1728:Particle physics facilities
1583:Non-accelerator experiments
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1366:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
876:LHC report: xenon in action
115:
97:Accelerates protons or ions
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440:Proton Synchrotron Booster
370:, also referred to as the
353:Radio-frequency quadrupole
349:Cockcroft-Walton generator
294:Cockcroft-Walton generator
290:radio-frequency quadrupole
283:Proton Synchrotron Booster
1697:
1684:Directors-general of CERN
733:The New CERN 50-MeV LINAC
191:that accelerate beams of
27:
1616:Future Circular Collider
1238:Super Proton Synchrotron
107:Injects heavy ions into
1611:Compact Linear Collider
1247:List of SPS experiments
1208:List of LEP experiments
1149:List of LHC experiments
716:[A new Linac].
146:Decelerates antiprotons
1002:Cite journal requires
927:Cite journal requires
912:10.23731/CYRM-2020-006
624:CERN Document Server:
499:Taylor, C. S. (1964).
177:
1140:Large Hadron Collider
664:10.5170/CERN-2013-005
626:first tank of Linac 1
457:increase of the LHC.
411:Large Hadron Collider
175:
1659:Microcosm exhibition
1361:30 cm Bubble Chamber
948:Linear accelerator 4
890:Linear accelerator 3
731:E. Boltezer et al.:
555:Linear accelerator 1
281:anymore, but to the
1375:Linear accelerators
963:. 18 February 2022.
766:. 30 November 2018.
603:1987NIMPA.258....1W
189:linear accelerators
87:Accelerates protons
24:
1678:(2013 documentary)
1421:Other accelerators
1356:2 m Bubble Chamber
1322:Proton Synchrotron
861:2018-07-20 at the
839:D KĂĽchler et al.:
820:(Suppl 1): 51–54.
714:"Un nouveau Linac"
270:Proton Synchrotron
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1733:CERN accelerators
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1467:LPI (LIL and EPA)
1037:symmetry magazine
673:978-92-9083-391-8
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135:antiprotons
1722:Categories
1351:Gargamelle
1282:NA61/SHINE
1066:2021-10-29
1042:2017-09-05
808:Dumas, L.
597:(1): 1–8.
464:References
455:luminosity
400:NA61/SHINE
372:Lead Linac
51:and heavy
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329:new Linac
316:exhibit.
314:Microcosm
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1061:cern
1019:link
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1008:help
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668:ISBN
436:ions
389:LEIR
387:and
377:lead
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274:AERE
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