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473:(H ions) rather than bare protons (H ions). A stripping foil at the PSB injection point will strip the electrons off the hydrogen anions, thus creating protons that are accumulated as beam bunches in the four PSB rings. These proton bunches are then recombined at the exit of the PSB and further transferred down the CERN injector chain.
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only visible PSB infrastructure is located on the Swiss side. The PSB consists of four vertically stacked rings with a radius of 25 meters. Each ring is sectioned into 16 periods with two dipole magnets per period and a triplet focusing structure made up of three quadrupole magnets (focusing, defocusing, focusing). Every
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campus had just been enlarged, now covering French territory as well. The center of PSB's rings sits directly on the border between France and
Switzerland. Due to the countries’ different regulations regarding buildings at the border, it was decided to build the main PSB construction underground. The
454:
The much higher required beam intensity made it necessary to increase the PSB's output energy to 2.0 GeV. This was implemented during Long
Shutdown 2 (2019–2020) by the exchange and update of various key equipment of the PSB, for example the main power supply, the radio-frequency system, the transfer
497:
and one ring in the PS, a special construction is necessary to couple the proton beams in and out. The proton beam coming from Linac 2 is split up vertically into four different beams by the so-called proton distributor: The beam travels through a series of pulsed magnets, which successively deflect
439:(LHC) at the horizon, another upgrade of the PSB to 1.4 GeV was necessary. This upgrade implied more severe adjustments of the hardware than the previous upgrade to 1 GeV, because the limits of PSB's design parameters had been reached. In 2000, the upgrade was completed.
525:(ISOLDE). There, the protons are used to create different types of low-energy radioactive nuclei. With these, a wide variety of experiments ranging from nuclear and atomic physics to solid state physics and life sciences are conducted. In 2010, the
349:, CERN's primary proton source at that time, was unable to keep up with the technical advances of the other machines within the accelerator complex. Therefore, it was decided in 1963 to build a new linear accelerator, which would later be called
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Similarly, the four beamlets are merged again after they have gotten accelerated by the PSB. With a series of different magnetic structures, the beams from the four rings are brought to one vertical level and are then directed towards the PS.
293:
ISR), the demanded beam intensities in the order of 10 protons per pulse exceeded the capabilities of this setup. Therefore, different approaches on how to increase the beam energy already before the protons enter the PS were discussed.
371:
After more than ten years of operation, the constant increase of the beam intensity also demanded an increase in output energy of the PSB. Therefore, with only minor hardware adjustments, the PSB was upgraded to 1 GeV in 1988.
257:(PS). Before the PSB was built in 1972, Linac 1 injected directly into the Proton Synchrotron, but the increased injection energy provided by the booster allowed for more protons to be injected into the PS and a higher
289:, providing the PS with protons of 50 MeV, which were then accelerated by the PS to 25 GeV at beam intensities of approximately 10 protons per pulse. However, with the development of new experiments (mainly at the
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In 1967, the budget of the overall update program was estimated to be 69.5 million CHF (1968 prices). More than half of this sum was devoted to the construction of the PSB, which started one year later, in 1968.
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parts of the incoming beam to different angles. This results in four beamlets filling the four rings, as well as the rising and falling edge of the proton pulse, which get dumped after the proton distributor.
353:. This new machine would provide protons with the same energy as before (50 MeV), but with higher beam currents of up to 150 mA and a longer pulse duration of 200 ÎĽs. Construction of
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The first proton beams in the PSB were accelerated on May 1 in 1972, and the nominal energy of 800 MeV was reached on May 26. In
October 1973, the intermediate intensity goal of 5.2
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rings with a radius of 25 meters, which was proposed in 1964. With this special design, it would become possible to reach the aspired intensities of more than 10 protons per pulse.
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Different suggestions for this new PS injector were made, for example another linear accelerator or five intersecting synchrotron rings inspired by the shape of the
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facility was initiated as part of ISOLDE, which uses leftover protons from ISOLDE targets to produce radioisotopes suitable for medical purposes.
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10 protons per pulse delivered to the PS was reached. In total, it took around two years to achieve the design intensity of 10 protons per pulse.
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protons were accelerated by the PSB. 61.45% of those were delivered to ISOLDE, and only a small fraction of 0.084% were used by the LHC.
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The surface above the PS Booster at CERN. The ring-shaped accelerator is visible as a circular building that rises from the ground.
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The PSB does not only act as a proton injector for the PS but also provides protons at an energy of 1.4 GeV to
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as a dedicated ion linear accelerator became operational, also heavy ions such as
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2010–2026: Future upgrades for the High
Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
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268:(ISOLDE), the only experimental facility directly linked to the PSB.
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The Second Stage CMS Improvement Study: 800 MeV Booster
Synchrotron
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The only direct experiment that is fed by PSB's protons is the
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Injection and transfer lines of the Proton
Synchrotron Booster
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Proceedings of the
Chamonix 2010 Workshop on LHC Performance
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continued to operate as a source of light ions up to 1992.
411:(LEIR) took over PSB's former task of accelerating ions.
462:, provides an output beam energy of 160 MeV, replacing
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Official CERN event at 40 year anniversary of the PSB
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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
628:"CERN Annual Report 1988 Vol. II (french), page 104"
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1999: Preparation for the LHC and upgrade to 1.4 GeV
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started in
December 1973 and was completed in 1978.
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injection complex, which also provides beams to the
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579:Fifty years of the CERN Proton Synchrotron Vol. II
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277:1964–1968: Planning and start of construction
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212:) is the first and smallest circular proton
192:The Proton Synchrotron Booster in its tunnel
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800:European Organization for Nuclear Research
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749:PS Booster Machine: layout and photographs
684:"PBS machine overview: Sketch of period 1"
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563:Past and Present of the CERN PS Booster
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455:line to the PS and the cooling system.
37:Current particle and nuclear facilities
166:Produces isotopes for medical purposes
18:
1275:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
546:"CERN – Division PS – LHC-PS project"
449:High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider
415:1992: Connection to ISOLDE experiment
261:at the end of the accelerator chain.
7:
1338:The Globe of Science and Innovation
754:PS Booster on CERN Document Server
696:"CERN Annual Report 2017, page 23"
313:1972–1974: First beam and start-up
220:) in the accelerator chain at the
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868:Large Electron–Positron Collider
253:, ready to be injected into the
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708:"CERN Website: ISOLDE Facility"
285:(PS) by the linear accelerator
656:"CERN ISOLDE Website: History"
523:On-Line Isotope Mass Separator
421:On-Line Isotope Mass Separator
266:On-Line Isotope Mass Separator
156:Produces radioactive ion beams
1:
1358:Scientific committees of CERN
404:were accelerated by the PSB.
376:1980s–2003: Accelerating ions
1323:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
721:"MEDICIS shows its strength"
341:1973–1978: Update to Linac 2
77:Accelerates protons and ions
1397:Particle physics facilities
1252:Non-accelerator experiments
1035:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
577:"S Gilardoni, D. Mangluki:
97:Accelerates protons or ions
1428:
388:, which were delivered by
291:Intersecting Storage Rings
246:and accelerate them up to
206:Proton Synchrotron Booster
1366:
1353:Directors-general of CERN
759:PS Booster on INSPIRE HEP
710:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
698:Retrieved on 11 July 2018
686:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
674:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
658:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
646:Retrieved on 11 July 2018
642:LEIR Commissioning (2006)
630:Retrieved on 11 July 2018
618:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
614:The New CERN 50-MeV LINAC
602:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
583:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
567:Retrieved on 10 July 2018
548:Retrieved on 09 July 2018
27:
16:CERN particle accelerator
1285:Future Circular Collider
907:Super Proton Synchrotron
107:Injects heavy ions into
1280:Compact Linear Collider
916:List of SPS experiments
877:List of LEP experiments
818:List of LHC experiments
517:Results and discoveries
330:{\displaystyle \times }
146:Decelerates antiprotons
640:"Belochitskii et al.:
367:1988: Upgrade to 1 GeV
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809:Large Hadron Collider
437:Large Hadron Collider
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272:Historical background
226:Large Hadron Collider
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1328:Microcosm exhibition
1030:30 cm Bubble Chamber
612:"E. Boltezer et al:
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1044:Linear accelerators
477:Setup and operation
409:Low Energy Ion Ring
87:Accelerates protons
24:
1347:(2013 documentary)
1090:Other accelerators
1025:2 m Bubble Chamber
991:Proton Synchrotron
407:From 2006 on, the
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283:Proton Synchrotron
255:Proton Synchrotron
241:linear accelerator
232:with an energy of
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1407:CERN accelerators
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1136:LPI (LIL and EPA)
425:Synchro-Cyclotron
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1174:CERN-MEDICIS
999:
941:NA58/COMPASS
729:. Retrieved
727:. 2020-12-18
725:CERN Courier
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133:Decelerates
120:Accelerates
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64:Accelerates
47:Accelerates
1015:PS215/CLOUD
668:"C. Carli:
303:synchrotron
218:synchrotron
214:accelerator
135:antiprotons
1391:Categories
1020:Gargamelle
951:NA61/SHINE
731:2023-07-10
533:References
259:luminosity
51:and heavy
505:In 2017,
435:With the
325:×
248:2.0
239:from the
234:160
1376:Category
1301:LHC@home
1214:Miniball
1209:LUCRECIA
1204:ISOLTRAP
1167:facility
468:hydrogen
392:. After
1219:MIRACLS
1179:COLLAPS
1076:Linac 3
1071:Linac 2
616:(1979)"
600:(1967)"
581:(2013)"
565:(2013)"
527:MEDICIS
495:Linac 2
394:Linac 3
390:Linac 1
361:Linac 1
355:Linac 2
351:Linac 2
347:Linac 1
287:Linac 1
230:protons
162:MEDICIS
103:Linac 3
49:protons
23:Complex
1234:WISArD
1189:EC-SLI
1165:ISOLDE
1081:Linac4
981:HOLEBC
887:DELPHI
848:MoEDAL
802:(CERN)
488:magnet
483:Meyrin
471:anions
464:Linac2
460:Linac4
402:indium
382:oxygen
244:Linac4
152:ISOLDE
116:Linac4
1240:WITCH
1141:n-TOF
1123:PS210
1066:Linac
1061:CLEAR
1051:AWAKE
921:AWAKE
909:(SPS)
882:ALEPH
870:(LEP)
858:FASER
853:TOTEM
828:ATLAS
823:ALICE
811:(LHC)
142:ELENA
1412:CERN
1259:CAST
1229:VITO
1184:CRIS
1131:LEIR
1117:LEAR
1056:CTF3
1010:BEBC
1005:LEIR
993:(PS)
976:LEBC
971:BIBC
956:NA62
946:NA60
936:NA49
931:NA48
926:CNGS
892:OPAL
843:LHCf
838:LHCb
507:1.51
400:and
398:lead
222:CERN
204:The
122:ions
109:LEIR
66:ions
60:LEIR
53:ions
21:CERN
1224:SEC
1199:ISS
1194:IDS
1112:ISR
1000:PSB
966:UA2
961:UA1
833:CMS
384:or
250:GeV
236:MeV
216:(a
210:PSB
83:PSB
73:SPS
43:LHC
1393::
1151:Sp
1146:SC
1107:AD
897:L3
723:.
588:^
553:^
511:10
451:.
129:AD
93:PS
1155:S
1153:p
792:e
785:t
778:v
734:.
672:"
644:"
596:"
509:Ă—
208:(
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