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printed if opposite color modes are being combined in both mediums. When designing items to be printed, designers view the colors which they are choosing on an RGB color mode (their computer screen), and it is often difficult to visualize the way in which the color will turn out post-printing because of this.
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The problem of computing a colorimetric estimate of the color that results from printing various combinations of ink has been addressed by many scientists. A general method that has emerged for the case of halftone printing is to treat each tiny overlap of color dots as one of 8 (combinations of CMY)
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Spectrum of the visible wavelengths on printed paper (SCA Graphosilk). Shown is the transition from red to yellow. White, red, blue, and green are shown for reference. Readings from a white orchid flower, a rose (red and yellow petals), and a red cyclamen flower are shown for comparison. The units of
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on the black line art marked the outline of solid or tint color areas. In some cases a black keyline was used when it served as both a color indicator and an outline to be printed in black because usually the black plate contained the keyline. The K in CMYK represents the keyline or black plate, also
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The CMYK color model is based on the CMY color model, which omits the black ink. However, the imperfect black generated by mixing commercially practical cyan, magenta, and yellow inks is unsatisfactory, so four-color printing uses black ink in addition to the subtractive primaries. Common reasons for
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The RSWOP.icm cyan-magenta-yellow-black (CMYK) color profile targets the "Specifications for Web Offset
Publications" (SWOP) printing standard. This color profile is installed when you install Microsoft Office. However, by default, this color profile is not installed in Windows Vista. Therefore, you
431:
displays and CMYK prints can be difficult, since the color reproduction technologies and properties are very different. A computer monitor mixes shades of red, green, and blue light to create color pictures. A CMYK printer instead uses light-absorbing cyan, magenta, and yellow inks, whose colors are
448:
To reproduce color, the CMYK color model codes for absorbing light rather than emitting it (as is assumed by RGB). The "K" component absorbs all wavelengths and is therefore achromatic. The cyan, magenta, and yellow components are used for color reproduction and they may be viewed as the inverse of
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printing, in which specific colored inks are used to generate the colors appearing on paper. Some printing presses are capable of printing with both four-color process inks and additional spot color inks at the same time. High-quality printed materials, such as marketing brochures and books, often
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Similar to monitors, the inks used in printing produce a color gamut that is "only a subset of the visible spectrum" although both color modes have their own specific ranges. As a result of this, items which are displayed on a computer monitor may not completely match the look of items which are
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a solid color. Magenta printed with a 20% halftone, for example, produces a pink color, because the eye perceives the tiny magenta dots on the large white paper as lighter and less saturated than the color of pure magenta ink. Halftoning allows for a continuous variability of each color, which
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colored lights, and black is the absence of light. In the CMYK model, it is the opposite: white is the natural color of the paper or other background, black results from a full combination of colored inks. To save cost on ink, and to produce deeper black tones,
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of scattered light between and within the areas complicates the physics and the analysis; empirical formulas for such analysis have been developed, in terms of detailed dye combination absorption spectra and empirical parameters.
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of light and produce a perfect black, practical inks fall short of their ideal characteristics, and the result is actually a dark muddy color that does not quite appear black. Black ink absorbs more light and yields much better
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include photographs requiring process-color printing, other graphic effects requiring spot colors (such as metallic inks), and finishes such as varnish, which enhances the glossy appearance of the printed piece.
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This diagram shows three examples of color halftoning with CMYK separations, as well as the combined halftone pattern and how the human eye would observe the combined halftone pattern from a sufficient
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because inks "subtract" the colors red, green and blue from white light; white light minus red leaves cyan, white light minus green leaves magenta, and white light minus blue leaves yellow.
795:
171:
The CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking colors on a lighter, usually white, background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected. Such a model is called
505:, which show up as non-linear components in the color-to-density mapping. More complex interactions such as Neugebauer blending can be modelled in higher-dimension lookup tables.
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that describe the spaces being converted. An ICC profile defines the bidirectional conversion between a neutral "profile connection" color space (CIE XYZ or Lab) and a selected
482:
Since RGB and CMYK spaces are both device-dependent spaces, there is no simple or general conversion formula that converts between them. Conversions are generally done through
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494:, in this case both RGB and CMYK. The precision of the conversion depends on the profile itself, the exact methodology, and because the gamuts do not generally match, the
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When a very dark area is wanted, a colored or gray CMY "bedding" is applied first, then a full black layer is applied on top, making a rich, deep black; this is called
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A combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks soaks the paper with ink, making it slower to dry, causing bleeding, or (especially on low quality paper such as
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considerably expand the gamut. Light, saturated colors often cannot be created with CMYK, and light colors in general may make visible the halftone pattern. Using a
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ICC profiles, internally built out of lookup tables and other transformation functions, are capable of handling many effects of ink blending. One example is the
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The amount of black to use to replace amounts of the other inks is variable, and the choice depends on the technology, paper and ink in use. Processes called
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When subtractive CMY inks are combined at full strength, pairwise combinations are red, green, and blue. Combining all three gives an imperfect black color.
3151:
3103:
2888:
572:
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317:). To avoid even slight blurring when reproducing text (or other finely detailed outlines) using three inks would require impractically accurate
228:) allows for less than full saturation of the primary colors; tiny dots of each primary color are printed in a pattern small enough that humans
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enables continuous color mixing of the primaries. Without halftoning, each primary would be binary, i.e. on/off, which only allows for the
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The image above, (left) separated for printing with process cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) inks; (right) separated for CMY and black (K).
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and dark colors are produced by using black ink instead of or in addition to the combination of cyan, magenta, and yellow.
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513:. The resultant color would be an area-weighted colorimetric combination of these primary colors, except that the
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Although a combination of 100% cyan, magenta, and yellow inks should, in theory, completely absorb the entire
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are used to decide on the final mix; different CMYK recipes will be used depending on the printing task.
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Standardization of printing practices allow for some profiles to be predefined. One of them is the US
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970:"KB933845 How to obtain and install the Microsoft Standard CMYK Profile (RSWOP.icm) in Windows Vista"
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98:) in the top image is actually a blend of cyan, magenta, yellow and black, as magnification under a
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spectral power are simply raw sensor values (with a linear response at specific wavelengths).
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Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
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may experience unexpected results when you use certain programs that manage color.
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RGB. Cyan absorbs red, magenta absorbs green, and yellow absorbs blue (-R,-G,-B).
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Black ink is less expensive than the combination of colored inks that makes black.
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of eight colors: white, the three primaries, the three secondaries, and black.
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136:, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. The abbreviation
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or of 16 (combinations of CMYK) colors, which in this context are known as
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CMYK are the process printers which often have a relatively small color
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525:, which has its ICC color profile built into some software including
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Text is typically printed in black and includes fine detail (such as
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794:
Zeng, Huanzhao (2003). Eschbach, Reiner; Marcu, Gabriel G (eds.).
473:
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388:
314:
287:
202:
1008:– A Windows software with source code for converting CMYK to RGB.
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1191:
293:
141:
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1039:
765:"Top 8 Large Format Printing Tips To Achieve High-End Projects"
1584:
1447:
1288:
1269:
1035:
804:. Color Imaging VIII: Processing, Hardcopy, and Applications.
428:
739:
Handbook of Print Media: Technologies and
Production Methods
847:
Sams Teach
Yourself Adobe Photoshop Elements 2 in 24 Hours
1567:
For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see
305:
In traditional preparation of color separations, a red
470:
Early representation of the three-color process (1902)
343:
A black made with just CMY inks is sometimes called a
19:"CMYK" redirects here. For the EP by James Blake, see
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2100:
1900:
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796:"3-D Color Separation Maximizing the Printer Gamut"
29:"CMYB" redirects here. For the cMyb gene tree, see
844:
626:
379:CMYK or process color printing is contrasted with
685:Forensic Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
419:Comparison of some RGB and CMYK color gamut on a
656:"The Difference Between RGB and CMYK, Explained"
436:, halftoning, or some other optical technique.
16:Subtractive color model, used in color printing
1017:– Tool for RGB to CMYK color converter online.
1600:
1051:
712:The Guild Handbook of Scientific Illustration
186:, white is the "additive" combination of all
8:
478:Approximation of the image using CMY colors.
328:) weakening the paper so much that it tears.
3152:Conservation and restoration of photographs
2889:Comparison of digital and film photography
1607:
1593:
1585:
1058:
1044:
1036:
523:Specifications for Web Offset Publications
3109:Photographs considered the most important
937:
935:
900:Damien van Holten, Printinternational, "
246:
1026:– animated illustration of RGB vs. CMYK
775:from the original on September 29, 2020
590:
974:Beta Archive > Microsoft KB Archive
688:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 331.
882:from the original on February 7, 2023
7:
715:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 242.
296:colors of offset printing on a paper
140:refers to the four ink plates used:
3104:Museums devoted to one photographer
498:and constraints such as ink limit.
2651:Timeline of photography technology
873:"Overview of color in Illustrator"
395:'s proprietary six-color (CMYKOG)
14:
3202:
3192:
3191:
1569:
1568:
851:. Sams Publishing. p. 108.
763:Davies, Helen (August 3, 2020).
272:
263:
81:
70:
52:
40:
3203:
654:Menegus, Bryan (May 20, 2016).
633:. Watson–Guptill. p. 178.
310:sometimes called the key plate.
93:
945:Digital Color Imaging Handbook
919:L. R. Ingersoll Physics Museum
1:
2701:Painted photography backdrops
2633:Golden triangle (composition)
1908:35 mm equivalent focal length
736:Kipphan, Helmut, ed. (2001).
411:Comparison with RGB displays
407:, including desktop models.
2411:Intentional camera movement
3256:
3099:Most expensive photographs
2456:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1481:Colour Index International
915:"Subtractive Color Mixing"
563:Grey component replacement
375:Other printer color models
369:gray component replacement
251:A color photograph of the
211:
28:
18:
3187:
1565:
1073:
948:. CRC Press. p. 68.
604:. SPIE Press. p. 1.
444:Spectrum of printed paper
301:using black ink include:
3033:Digital image processing
1021:Color Space Fundamentals
742:. Springer. p. 87.
601:Digital Color Halftoning
423:xy chromaticity diagram.
2706:Photography and the law
598:Kang, Henry R. (1999).
568:Jacob Christoph Le Blon
3053:Gelatin silver process
2077:Science of photography
2062:Photographic processes
2040:Perspective distortion
942:Gaurav Sharma (2003).
682:Sigel, Jay A. (2015).
479:
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424:
297:
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209:
2511:Schlieren photography
2050:Photographic printing
1973:Exposure compensation
1012:RGB to CMYK converter
709:R. S. Hodges (2003).
477:
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418:
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250:
206:
3240:Printing terminology
2295:Straight photography
1933:Chromatic aberration
1498:Federal Standard 595
1078:List of color spaces
1030:ICC profile registry
625:Roger Pring (2000).
511:Neugebauer primaries
427:Comparisons between
391:. Processes such as
365:under color addition
218:With CMYK printing,
3162:photographic plates
2847:Digital photography
2025:Hyperfocal distance
1938:Circle of confusion
843:Carla Rose (2003).
814:2003SPIE.5008..260Z
801:Proceedings of SPIE
515:Yule–Nielsen effect
361:under color removal
2666:Autochrome Lumière
2661:Analog photography
2486:Pigeon photography
2275:Social documentary
1754:discontinued films
548:CcMmYK color model
480:
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3018:Collodion process
2954:Chromogenic print
2941:Color photography
2451:Multiple exposure
2426:Lo-fi photography
1953:Color temperature
1582:
1581:
822:10.1117/12.472012
695:978-1-118-89772-0
243:Comparison to CMY
3247:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3073:Print permanence
3023:Cross processing
2981:CMYK color model
2966:Color management
2919:Foveon X3 sensor
2914:Three-CCD camera
2558:Miniature faking
2516:Sabattier effect
2128:Astrophotography
1983:Zebra patterning
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1187:RGB color spaces
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976:. March 15, 2007
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527:Microsoft Office
496:rendering intent
484:color management
333:visible spectrum
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111:CMYK color model
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88:What appears as
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2603:Diagonal method
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2233:Photojournalism
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1928:Black-and-white
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1875:Slide projector
1870:Movie projector
1749:available films
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1486:CI list of dyes
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1413:Imaginary color
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1197:rg chromaticity
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2017:
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1975:
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1232:SMPTE 240M/"C"
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997:External links
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488:color profiles
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401:CcMmYK process
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212:Main article:
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180:additive color
134:color printing
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3114:Photographers
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3009:
3008:Bleach bypass
3006:
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2982:
2979:
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2976:primary color
2974:
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2961:Reversal film
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2496:Rephotography
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2123:Architectural
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1464:and standards
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1159:CIELUV (1976)
1157:
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1154:CIELAB (1976)
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955:0-8493-0900-X
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858:0-672-32430-X
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749:3-540-67326-1
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611:0-8194-3318-7
607:
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575:CMYK standard
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224:(also called
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115:process color
112:
102:demonstrates.
101:
91:
84:
73:
55:
43:
32:
25:
23:
3174:Polaroid art
3068:K-14 process
3063:Instant film
3058:Gum printing
3013:C-41 process
2998:Photographic
2980:
2899:Image sensor
2894:Film scanner
2548:Sun printing
2481:Print toning
2268:space selfie
2238:Pictorialism
2168:Ethnographic
2148:Conservation
2020:Guide number
2015:Focal length
1575:Color vision
1377:
1083:Color models
985:
978:. Retrieved
973:
964:
944:
922:. Retrieved
909:
896:
884:. Retrieved
867:
846:
838:
805:
799:
789:
777:. Retrieved
768:
758:
738:
731:
711:
704:
684:
677:
665:. Retrieved
659:
649:
628:
620:
600:
593:
533:RSWOP.icm).
520:
507:
500:
481:
447:
438:
432:mixed using
426:
386:
378:
358:
351:
349:
344:
342:
319:registration
299:
239:
235:reproduction
225:
219:
217:
177:
172:
170:
163:
156:
149:
142:
137:
118:
114:
110:
108:
21:
3230:Color space
3179:Stereoscopy
3043:E-6 process
3038:Dye coupler
2971:color space
2884:Digiscoping
2877:camera back
2792:Philippines
2721:Visual arts
2711:Glass plate
2696:Heliography
2595:Composition
2570:Ultraviolet
2526:Stereoscopy
2521:Slow motion
2506:Scanography
2421:Kite aerial
2361:Contre-jour
2253:Post-mortem
2243:Pornography
2223:Neues Sehen
2158:Documentary
2092:Zone System
2067:Reciprocity
1993:Film format
1923:Backscatter
1901:Terminology
1771:beauty dish
1670:rangefinder
1635:light-field
1616:Photography
1553: [
1508:ICC profile
1067:Color space
980:1 September
902:RGB Vs CMYK
769:Front Signs
292:Inspection
253:Teton Range
193:unsaturated
173:subtractive
126:color model
123:subtractive
3224:Categories
3169:Lomography
3000:processing
2949:Print film
2865:comparison
2832:Uzbekistan
2782:Luxembourg
2742:Bangladesh
2691:Dufaycolor
2671:Box camera
2628:Simplicity
2585:Zoom burst
2580:Xerography
2575:Vignetting
2565:Time-lapse
2553:Tilt–shift
2446:Mordançage
2436:Luminogram
2401:Holography
2396:High-speed
2376:Fill flash
2356:Burst mode
2334:Techniques
2315:Vernacular
2310:Underwater
2305:Toy camera
2285:Still life
2213:Monochrome
2203:High-speed
2153:Cloudscape
2143:Conceptual
2045:Photograph
2030:Lens flare
2010:Film speed
1892:Zone plate
1838:wide-angle
1823:long-focus
1398:Hexachrome
1207:Wide-gamut
1149:UVW (1964)
1144:YUV (1960)
1139:RGB (1931)
1134:XYZ (1931)
924:October 4,
886:October 4,
877:Adobe Inc.
779:October 4,
667:October 4,
585:References
492:colorspace
462:Conversion
397:Hexachrome
381:spot color
353:rich black
221:halftoning
199:Halftoning
132:, used in
119:four color
100:microscope
31:MYB (gene)
3119:Norwegian
3083:Stop bath
3028:Developer
2656:Ambrotype
2618:Lead room
2541:Slit-scan
2476:Photogram
2471:Panoramic
2381:Fireworks
2366:Cyanotype
2208:Landscape
1853:telephoto
1801:reflector
1796:monolight
1791:lens hood
1776:cucoloris
1712:safelight
1623:Equipment
1550:JIS Z8102
1333:Rec. 2100
1321:Rec. 2100
1316:Rec. 2020
1247:Rec. 2100
1242:Rec. 2020
629:WWW.Color
434:dithering
326:newsprint
226:screening
208:distance.
168:(black).
3235:Printing
3198:Category
2904:CMOS APS
2802:Slovenia
2730:Regional
2676:Calotype
2613:Headroom
2491:Redscale
2406:Infrared
2351:Brenizer
2325:Wildlife
2248:Portrait
2193:Forensic
2183:Fine-art
2118:Aircraft
2108:Abstract
1988:F-number
1968:Exposure
1943:Clipping
1918:Aperture
1786:hot shoe
1707:enlarger
1702:Darkroom
1513:ISCC–NBS
1403:HSL, HSV
1388:Coloroid
1383:ColorADD
1311:Rec. 709
1306:Rec. 601
1237:Rec. 709
1227:Rec. 601
1212:ProPhoto
1169:CIECAM16
1164:CIECAM02
1116:CIECAM16
1101:CIECAM02
880:Archived
830:20555157
773:Archived
537:See also
503:dot gain
421:CIE 1931
230:perceive
214:Halftone
90:cerulean
3209:Outline
3145:Related
2837:Vietnam
2822:Ukraine
2757:Denmark
2737:Albania
2716:Tintype
2643:History
2608:Framing
2501:Rollout
2466:Panning
2416:Kirlian
2320:Wedding
2198:Glamour
2178:Fashion
2163:Eclipse
2133:Banquet
2055:Albumen
1865:Monopod
1843:fisheye
1811:softbox
1660:pinhole
1650:instant
1640:digital
1533:Pantone
1528:Ostwald
1518:Munsell
1423:OSA-UCS
810:Bibcode
808:: 260.
661:Gizmodo
553:Cycolor
393:Pantone
336:blacks.
307:keyline
188:primary
121:) is a
95:
3207:
3196:
3129:street
3124:Polish
2817:Turkey
2812:Taiwan
2797:Serbia
2787:Norway
2762:Greece
2747:Canada
2341:Afocal
2300:Street
2280:Sports
2263:Selfie
2218:Nature
2173:Erotic
2138:Candid
2113:Aerial
2101:Genres
2003:medium
1880:Tripod
1848:swivel
1761:Filter
1739:holder
1734:format
1630:Camera
1573:
1373:CcMmYK
1222:DCI-P3
1024:
1015:
1006:
952:
855:
828:
746:
719:
692:
637:
608:
367:, and
315:serifs
161:, and
152:agenta
3134:women
3092:Lists
3048:Fixer
2931:Pixel
2860:D-SLR
2807:Sudan
2777:Korea
2772:Japan
2767:India
2752:China
2536:Strip
2461:Night
2441:Macro
2346:Bokeh
2290:Stock
2258:Ruins
1998:large
1828:prime
1806:snoot
1766:Flash
1744:stock
1719:Drone
1680:still
1665:press
1655:phone
1645:field
1557:]
1418:Oklab
1366:Other
1357:YCoCg
1352:xvYCC
1340:YPbPr
1328:ICtCp
1301:YCbCr
1282:SECAM
1277:YDbDr
1217:scRGB
1202:Adobe
1111:CAM16
1003:XCmyk
826:S2CID
389:gamut
159:ellow
117:, or
3157:film
2872:MILC
2371:ETTR
2228:Nude
2188:Fire
2087:Sync
1885:head
1833:zoom
1818:Lens
1781:gobo
1729:base
1724:Film
1695:view
1543:list
1476:ANPA
1471:ACES
1428:PCCS
1378:CMYK
1294:NTSC
1257:Y′UV
1192:sRGB
1106:iCAM
982:2023
950:ISBN
926:2020
888:2020
853:ISBN
806:5008
781:2020
744:ISBN
717:ISBN
690:ISBN
669:2020
635:ISBN
606:ISBN
573:SWOP
531:Agfa
529:(as
294:CMYK
138:CMYK
109:The
24:(EP)
22:CMYK
2909:CCD
1690:toy
1685:TLR
1675:SLR
1538:RAL
1523:NCS
1503:HKS
1493:DIC
1453:TSL
1448:YJK
1443:HWB
1438:RYB
1408:HCL
1393:LMS
1345:MAC
1289:YIQ
1270:PAL
1265:YUV
1179:RGB
1126:CIE
1093:CAM
818:doi
429:RGB
184:RGB
178:In
145:yan
3226::
1555:ja
1433:RG
984:.
972:.
934:^
917:.
875:.
824:.
816:.
798:.
771:.
767:.
658:.
363:,
356:.
347:.
166:ey
154:,
147:,
1608:e
1601:t
1594:v
1577:.
1059:e
1052:t
1045:v
958:.
928:.
904:"
890:.
861:.
832:.
820::
812::
783:.
752:.
725:.
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671:.
643:.
614:.
321:.
255:.
164:k
157:y
150:m
143:c
92:(
33:.
26:.
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