CSS - Knowledge (XXG)

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simplify web development by promoting reusability and maintainability, it also improves site performance because styles can be offloaded into dedicated .css files that browsers can cache. Additionally, even if the styles cannot be loaded or are disabled, this separation maintains the accessibility and readability of the content, ensuring that the site is usable for all users, including those with disabilities. Its multi-faceted approach, including considerations for selector specificity, rule order, and media types, ensures that websites are visually coherent and adaptive across different devices and user needs, striking a balance between design intent and user accessibility.

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another file, the style sheet, resulting in considerably simpler HTML. And additionally, as more and more devices are able to access responsive web pages, different screen sizes and layouts begin to appear. Customizing a website for each device size is costly and increasingly difficult. The modular nature of CSS means that styles can be reused in different parts of a site or even across sites, promoting consistency and efficiency.

9768: 4041: 2753:. Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet. Depending on the browser and the website, a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers, or may remove all added styles, and view the site using the browser's default styling, or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes. Browser extensions like 5225:. They provide a number of ready-made options for designing and laying out the web page. Although many of these frameworks have been published, some authors use them mostly for rapid prototyping, or for learning from, and prefer to 'handcraft' CSS that is appropriate to each published site without the design, maintenance and download overhead of having many unused features in the site's styling. 375: 4381: 4280:

were dropped, and in a few cases, defined behaviors were changed to bring the standard into line with the predominant existing implementations. CSS 2.1 became a Candidate Recommendation on February 25, 2004, but CSS 2.1 was pulled back to Working Draft status on June 13, 2005, and only returned to Candidate Recommendation status on July 19, 2007.

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letter spacing, line-height, list-style, text-align, text-indent, text-transform, visibility, white-space, and word-spacing. Properties that cannot be inherited are background, border, display, float and clear, height, and width, margin, min- and max-height and -width, outline, overflow, padding, position, text-decoration, vertical-align, and z-index.

5107:(e.g., desktop, tablet, or mobile device), screen resolutions, the geographic location of the user, and many other variables. CSS also enables responsive design, ensuring that content dynamically adapts to different screen sizes and orientations, enhancing accessibility and user experience across a wide range of environments. 4914: 2387:, which means that factors such as the font size of a parent element can affect the rendered measurement. These eight units were a feature of CSS 1 and retained in all subsequent revisions. The proposed CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 will, if adopted as a W3C Recommendation, provide seven further length units: 5003:, which are pieces of JavaScript code designed to make browsers behave consistently. These workarounds—and the need to support fallback functionality—can add complexity to development projects, and consequently, companies frequently define a list of browser versions that they will and will not support. 5121:

When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and "cascading", a global style sheet can be used to affect and style elements site-wide. If the situation arises that the styling of the elements should be changed or adjusted, these changes can be made by editing rules in the global style sheet.

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CSS facilitates the publication of content in multiple presentation formats by adjusting styles based on various nominal parameters. These parameters include explicit user preferences (such as themes or font size), compatibility with different web browsers, the type of device used to view the content

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Since these specification snapshots are primarily intended for developers, there has been a growing demand for a similar versioned reference document targeted at authors, which would present the state of interoperable implementations as meanwhile documented by sites like Can I Use... and the MDN Web

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Improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www-style mailing list. Of these nine proposals, two were especially influential on what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets and Stream-based

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The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes "Snapshots", a collection of whole modules and parts of other drafts that are considered stable enough to be implemented by browser developers. So far, five such "best current practices" documents have been published as Notes, in 2007, 2010, 2015, 2017, and

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Prefixed properties are rendered obsolete by the time of standardization. Programs are available to automatically add prefixes for older browsers and to point out standardized versions of prefixed parameters. Since prefixes are limited to a small subset of browsers, removing the prefix allows other

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As the size of CSS resources used in a project increases, a development team often needs to decide on a common design methodology to keep them organized. The goals are ease of development, ease of collaboration during development, and performance of the deployed stylesheets in the browser. Popular

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CSS styles often must be duplicated in several rules to achieve the desired effect, causing additional maintenance and requiring more thorough testing. Some new CSS features were proposed to solve this but were abandoned afterward. Instead, authors may gain this ability by using more sophisticated

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As websites adopt newer code standards that are incompatible with older browsers, these browsers can be cut off from accessing many of the resources on the web (sometimes intentionally). Many of the most popular sites on the internet are not just visually degraded on older browsers due to poor CSS

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on 25 February 2004, but it was reverted to a Working Draft on 13 June 2005 for further review. It returned to Candidate Recommendation on 19 July 2007 and then updated twice in 2009. However, because changes and clarifications were made, it again went back to Last Call Working Draft on 7 December

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headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type. This made documents more complex, larger, and more error-prone and difficult to maintain. CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure. CSS can define color, font, text alignment, size, borders,

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With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This has advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different target devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling still display the content.

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Problems with the patchy adoption of CSS and errata in the original specification led the W3C to revise the CSS 2 standards into CSS 2.1, which moved nearer to a working snapshot of current CSS support in HTML browsers. Some CSS 2 properties that no browser successfully implemented

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elements in a page based on nesting. Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them. In general, descendant elements inherit text-related properties, but their box-related properties are not inherited. Properties that can be inherited are color, font,

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Before CSS, nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup. All font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders, and sizes had to be explicitly described, often repeatedly, within the HTML. CSS lets authors move much of that information to

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Unlike CSS 2, which is a large single specification defining various features, CSS 3 is divided into several separate documents called "modules". Each module adds new capabilities or extends features defined in CSS 2, preserving backward compatibility. Work on CSS level 3 started

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refers to the relative weights of various rules. It determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply. Based on the specification, a simple selector (e.g. H1) has a specificity of 1, class selectors have a specificity of 1,0, and ID selectors have a specificity of

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have been created to facilitate the management of such user style sheets. In the case of large projects, cascading can be used to determine which style has a higher priority when developers do integrate third-party styles that have conflicting priorities, and to further resolve those conflicts.

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CSS has various levels and profiles. Each level of CSS builds upon the last, typically adding new features and typically denoted as CSS 1, CSS 2, CSS 3, and CSS 4. Profiles are typically a subset of one or more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user interface.

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CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, offers a flexible way to style web content, with styles originating from browser defaults, user preferences, or web designers. These styles can be applied inline, within an HTML document, or through external .css files for broader consistency. Not only does this

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Scoping rules for properties such as z-index look for the closest parent element with a position: absolute or position: relative attribute. This odd coupling has undesired effects. For example, it is impossible to avoid declaring a new scope when one is forced to adjust an element's position,

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or CSS filters). The adoption of new functionality in CSS can be hindered by a lack of support in major browsers. For example, Internet Explorer was slow to add support for many CSS 3 features, which slowed the adoption of those features and damaged the browser's reputation among developers.

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CSS level 2 revision 1, often referred to as "CSS 2.1", fixes errors in CSS 2, removes poorly supported or not fully interoperable features and adds already implemented browser extensions to the specification. To comply with the W3C Process for standardizing technical specifications,

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The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1, resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on November 4, 1997. It was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 12, 1998. CSS level 3, which was started in 1998, is still under development as of 2014.

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Inheritance is a key feature in CSS; it relies on the ancestor-descendant relationship to operate. Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants. Inheritance relies on the document tree, which is the hierarchy of

4105:, made consistent site appearance difficult, and users had less control over how web content was displayed. The browser/editor developed by Tim Berners-Lee had style sheets that were hard-coded into the program. The style sheets could therefore not be linked to documents on the web. 5041:", is dynamic (equivalent of JavaScript "onmouseover") and has potential for misuse (e.g., implementing cursor-proximity popups), but CSS has no ability for a client to disable it (no "disable"-like property) or limit its effects (no "nochange"-like values for each property). 4187:

In 2005, the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly. This meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1, CSS 3 Selectors, and CSS 3 Text were pulled back from Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level.

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One common way to format CSS for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line. In addition to formatting CSS for readability, shorthand properties can be used to write out the code faster, which also gets processed more quickly when being rendered:

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Multiple style sheets can be imported. Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used; for example, the screen version can be quite different from the printed version, so authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium.

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The advantages of this may not be immediately clear but the power of CSS becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or, even better, an external CSS file. For example, suppose the document contains the style element:

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property was used in some versions. In order to ensure a consistent experience for their users, web developers often test their sites across multiple operating systems, browsers, and browser versions, increasing development time and complexity. Tools such as

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to render web pages, and support for CSS functionality is not consistent between them. Because browsers do not parse CSS perfectly, multiple coding techniques have been developed to target specific browsers with workarounds (commonly known as

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CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998. A superset of CSS 1, CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute, relative, and fixed positioning of elements and

4078:) in the 1980s, and CSS was developed to provide style sheets for the web. One requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from different sources on the web. Therefore, existing style sheet languages like 990:

Classes and IDs are case-sensitive, start with letters, and can include alphanumeric characters, hyphens, and underscores. A class may apply to any number of instances of any element. An ID may only be applied to a single element.

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Individual browser vendors occasionally introduced new parameters ahead of standardization and universalization. To prevent interfering with future implementations, vendors prepended unique names to the parameters, such as

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The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display. Declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority, such as the user agent style. The process is called

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spacing, layout and many other typographic characteristics, and can do so independently for on-screen and printed views. CSS also defines non-visual styles, such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers. The

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JavaScript is part of the triad of technologies that all Web developers must learn: HTML to specify the content of web pages, CSS to specify the presentation of web pages, and JavaScript to specify the behavior of web

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directive that will allow developers to target browsers with support for certain functionality directly within their CSS. CSS that is not supported by older browsers can also sometimes be patched in using JavaScript

4141:. This resulted in W3C adding work on CSS to the deliverables of the HTML editorial review board (ERB). Lie and Bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect of the project, with additional members, including 2917:

1,0,0. Because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system, commas are used to separate the "digits" (a CSS rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11,11, not 121).

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Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or

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Modules that build on things from CSS Level 2 started at Level 3. Some of them have already reached Level 4 or are already approaching Level 5. Other modules that define entirely new functionality, such as

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However, even when later "version 5" web browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS, they were still incorrect in certain areas. They were fraught with inconsistencies, bugs, and other

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browser. Thereafter, Lie and Bos worked together to develop the CSS standard (the 'H' was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides HTML).

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If no color is assigned to the em element, the emphasized word "illustrate" inherits the color of the parent element, p. The style sheet p has the color pink, hence, the em element is likewise pink:

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Multiple simple selectors may be joined using combinators to specify elements by location, element type, id, class, or any combination thereof. The order of the selectors is important. For example,

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comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which declaration applies if more than one declaration of a property match a particular element. This cascading priority scheme is predictable.

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Properties are specified in the CSS standard. Each property has a set of possible values. Some properties can affect any type of element, and others apply only to particular groups of elements.

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methodologies include OOCSS (object-oriented CSS), ACSS (atomic CSS), CSS (organic Cascade Style Sheet), SMACSS (scalable and modular architecture for CSS), and BEM (block, element, modifier).

4224:, which had been the leader since its introduction of CSS support fifteen months earlier. Other browsers followed soon afterward, and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS 2. 9736: 7278: 5134:, type or relationship to others. This is much more efficient than repeating style information inline for each occurrence of the element. An external stylesheet is usually stored in the 4451:, the concept of media types, support for aural style sheets (which were later replaced by the CSS 3 speech modules) and bidirectional text, and new font properties such as shadows. 3807:

items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in the text, one after the other across the available space until there is no more room, then starting a new line below.

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An absolutely positioned item has no place in, and no effect on, the normal flow of other items. It occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items.

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CSS 2.1 went to Proposed Recommendation on 12 April 2011. After being reviewed by the W3C Advisory Committee, it was finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June 2011.

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A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available. Other content then flows alongside the floated item.

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to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural content; and enable the .css file to be

4264:") alongside an alternative, corrected "standards mode". Other non-Microsoft browsers also provided mode-switch capabilities. It, therefore, became necessary for authors of 4153:(JSSS). The spec was never finished, and is deprecated. By the end of 1996, CSS was ready to become official, and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in December. 3811:

items stack vertically, like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list. Normal flow also includes the relative positioning of block or inline items and run-in boxes.

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components, templates, and code snippets, including typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface elements, as well as optional functionality provided by

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Currently, there are profiles for mobile devices, printers, and television sets. Profiles should not be confused with media types, which were added in CSS 2.

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that prevented CSS from being usefully adopted. It was more than three years before any web browser achieved near-full implementation of the specification.

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This further decouples the styling from the HTML document and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external CSS file.

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and Materialize. Like programming and scripting language libraries, CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as external .css sheets referenced in the HTML

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Without CSS, web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as HTML tables that hinder accessibility for vision-impaired users (see

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to show that the authors intended CSS to be interpreted correctly, in compliance with standards, as opposed to being intended for the now long-obsolete

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Additionally, cascading can help create themed designs, which help designers fine-tune aspects of a design without compromising the overall layout.

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prefixed properties, which are so common and persistent on the web that other families of browsers have decided to support them for compatibility.

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There is no single, integrated CSS4 specification, because the specification has been split into many separate modules which level independently.

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There is no way to name a CSS rule, which would allow (for example) client-side scripts to refer to the rule even if its selector changes.

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had all been taking place in one group, the HTML Editorial Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working groups:

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Non-zero numeric values representing linear measures must include a length unit, which is either an alphabetic code or abbreviation, as in

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CSS implements pseudo-classes that allow a degree of user feedback by conditional application of alternate styles. One CSS pseudo-class, "

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CSS 2.1 went back and forth between Working Draft status and Candidate Recommendation status for many years. CSS 2.1 first became a

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applies to all div elements that are inside elements of class myClass. This is not to be confused with concatenated identifiers such as

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were not suitable. CSS, on the other hand, let a document's style be influenced by multiple style sheets by way of "cascading" styles.

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around the time of publication of the original CSS 2 recommendation. The earliest CSS 3 drafts were published in June 1999.

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elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code. If the author later wanted to make

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Docs. A W3C Community Group has been established in early 2020 in order to discuss and define such a resource. The actual kind of

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an E element that is the source anchor of a hyperlink whose target is either not yet visited (:link) or already visited (:visited)

9573: 9067: 8733: 7299: 6374: 5902: 5753: 9788: 9451: 7325: 6400: 5856: 5273: 5267: 5206: 7166: 6035: 5256:(CSS). It also serves as a foundation for many tools designed to make CSS development easier and more accessible to beginners. 3341:

Inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet, allowing for shorter CSS.

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items cannot be floated. Other elements normally flow around floated items, unless they are prevented from doing so by their

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an E element whose "foo" attribute value is a list of whitespace-separated values, one of which is exactly equal to "bar"

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In addition to these testing tools, many sites maintain lists of browser support for specific CSS properties, including

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The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1, published on 17 December 1996.

4348: 4093:. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML. Variations in 1181:

The following table provides a summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it.

530: 143: 6543: 5675: 5138:, and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being reloaded, further reducing data transfer over a network. 4220:, shipped in March 2000, was the first browser to have full (better than 99 percent) CSS 1 support, surpassing 9338: 8672: 8050: 7556: 6622: 5063: 5059: 2758: 2110:. Optional white-space may be around the declaration block, declarations, colons, and semi-colons for readability. 341: 336: 5522: 9516: 9320: 9000: 8958: 8911: 8898: 8880: 8586: 8435: 8282: 7210: 6965: 6887: 6883: 6849: 6815: 6454: 5810: 5624: 5376: 5287: 5241: 5235: 5202: 4269: 4237: 4213: 4064: 1002:

are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree.

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CSS 2.1 was planned as the first and final revision of level 2—but low-priority work on CSS 2.2 began in 2015.

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Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of Standard Generalized Markup Language (

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The styles can also be placed in an external CSS file, as described below, and loaded using syntax similar to:

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support but do not work at all, in large part due to the evolution of JavaScript and other web technologies.

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B like that, which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications.

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an E element whose "foo" attribute has a hyphen-separated list of values beginning (from the left) with "en"

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pseudo-element, one cannot target specific ranges of text without needing to utilize placeholder elements.

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Using CSS, the same element can be coded using style properties instead of HTML presentational attributes:

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declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself.

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resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation (CSS1) being released in 1996. In particular, a proposal by

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project, and was formerly maintained by ZURB. Since 2019, Foundation has been maintained by volunteers.

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Style Sheet Proposal (SSP). Two browsers served as testbeds for the initial proposals; Lie worked with

965:(the phrase "CSS class", although sometimes used, is a misnomer, as element classes—specified with the 5130:

A stylesheet, internal or external, specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements selected by

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are used to specify offsets and positions.The element having position static is not affected by the

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As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of

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to the right of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its left side.

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to the left of the line that it would have appeared in; other items may flow around its right side.

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an element of type E in language "fr" (the document language specifies how language is determined)

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rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual

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is also up to debate, which means that the document, once produced, might not be called "CSS4".

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an E element whose class is "warning" (the document language specifies how class is determined)

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For example, under pre-CSS HTML, a heading element defined with red text would be written as:

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The lowest priority: browser default value is determined by W3C initial value specifications

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tactile devices. CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a

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to improve the page load speed between the pages that share the file and its formatting.

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Before CSS, this sort of maintenance was more difficult, expensive, and time-consuming.

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A property definition applies to all media types unless a media-specific CSS is defined

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and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties.

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was released, Microsoft introduced a backward-compatible mode of CSS interpretation ("

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Due to the modularization, different modules have different stability and statuses.

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have slightly different syntax as compared to their non-vendor-prefix counterparts.

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was influential; he became co-author of CSS1, and is regarded as co-creator of CSS.

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with "class A, but with modifications". However, it is not possible to define a CSS

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element because it has a higher specificity, and thus, the paragraph appears green:

2439:), etc., are defined structurally using HTML. In print and on the screen, choice of 2126:

Values may be keywords, such as "center" or "inherit", or numerical values, such as

2017:

a user interface element E that is checked (for instance a radio button or checkbox)

8646: 8526: 8425: 8361: 8356: 8346: 8297: 8237: 7844: 6354: 6350: 6028: 4991: 4980: 4425: 4332: 4209: 4118: 4102: 4040: 929: 925: 491: 486: 481: 432: 393: 187: 8849: 8292: 944:: an identifier unique within the document, denoted in the selector language by a 9305: 9156: 6242: 821:

is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free

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are credited as the original developers. Among its capabilities are support for

4261: 4229: 4094: 3995:

Forces the element to appear underneath ('clear') floated elements to the left (

2476: 974: 957:: an identifier that can annotate multiple elements in a document, denoted by a 945: 760: 640: 635: 525: 469: 72: 6767: 6450: 6109: 5646: 4380: 3940:

in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled

3455:

The whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored. This code snippet:

1119:

applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements, whereas

9652: 9178: 9136: 9099: 9030: 8536: 8322: 8312: 8257: 8247: 8116: 7939: 7890: 7860: 7661: 6642:(1st print. ed.). Harlow, England; Reading, MA.: Addison Wesley Longman. 5350: 5299: 5295: 4249: 3392:

Suppose there is a p element with an emphasizing element (<em>) inside:

2920:

Thus the selectors of the following rule result in the indicated specificity:

2463: 2336: 2320: 749: 584: 579: 457: 447: 92: 7158: 6178: 5445: 1636:

an E element whose "foo" attribute value begins exactly with the string "bar"

828:

In addition to HTML, other markup languages support the use of CSS including

37:"Pseudo-element" redirects here. For pseudoelement symbols in chemistry, see 9290: 9228: 8371: 8366: 8227: 8060: 8055: 8016: 7985: 7980: 7944: 7885: 7738: 6845: 6788: 6425: 5569: 4983:

have been built to reduce the complexity of maintaining these environments.

4970: 4944:, have been designated as Level 1 and some of them are approaching Level 2. 3928:. The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non-static ancestor. 2619:

elements blue instead, this could be done by changing the style element to:

901:"CSS class" redirects here. For non-CSS use of element classes in HTML, see 6517: 6143: 5647:"W3C CSS2.1 specification for rule sets, declaration blocks, and selectors" 4721: 1651:

an E element whose "foo" attribute value ends exactly with the string "bar"

6547: 6209:"Interview Robert Cailliau on the WWW Proposal: "How It Really Happened."" 5671: 5425: 9240: 9208: 9168: 9104: 8916: 8621: 8485: 8302: 8232: 8188: 8183: 8065: 7990: 7975: 6841: 6807: 6238: 6139: 6072: 5198: 4538: 4418:

Text attributes such as spacing between words, letters, and lines of text

4409: 4402: 4253: 4169: 4146: 4098: 4068: 2440: 776: 768: 8688: 6614: 5197:

that are meant to allow for easier, more standards-compliant styling of

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Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes

9627: 9383: 9233: 8995: 8820: 8581: 8566: 8440: 8178: 8111: 7929: 7830: 6490: 5518: 4941: 4629: 4584: 4448: 30:

This article is about the markup styling language. For other uses, see

6961: 6879: 5490:"Web-based Mobile Apps of the Future Using HTML 5, CSS and JavaScript" 2880:

If a property is not specified, it is inherited from a parent element

1807:

an E element, the n-th sibling of its type, counting from the last one

1747:

an E element, the n-th child of its parent, counting from the last one

9657: 9578: 9446: 9368: 9250: 9203: 9141: 9094: 9005: 8641: 8606: 8591: 8556: 8460: 8391: 8277: 8272: 8242: 8168: 8002: 7934: 7825: 7815: 7733: 7686: 7408: 7180: 6987: 6909: 6811: 6789:

Cascading Style Sheets Standard Boasts Unprecedented Interoperability

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Sometimes, multiple property values are indented onto their own line:

1666:

an E element whose "foo" attribute value contains the substring "bar"

860: 737: 630: 606: 4675: 4370:

browsers to see the functionality. An exception is certain obsolete

4291:

files into Compact Slide Show files, so some web servers served all

2198:), RGBA values that specify both color and alpha transparency (e.g. 982:

elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the

17: 6298: 5591: 5015:

Some noted limitations of the current capabilities of CSS include:

4815: 4791: 4607: 4562: 9373: 9343: 9333: 9295: 9245: 9223: 9213: 9151: 9089: 9084: 8978: 8546: 8455: 7709: 7681: 7644: 7099: 7069: 7039: 7013: 6592: 5201:

using the Cascading Style Sheets language. CSS frameworks include

4912: 4883: 4379: 4039: 3334: 2448: 2380: 1456:

an E element whose "foo" attribute value is exactly equal to "bar"

829: 764: 741: 611: 601: 596: 589: 464: 437: 5971:

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

5574:

Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification

5544:"W3C CSS2.1 specification for pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes" 5024:

preventing one from using the desired scope of a parent element.

4208:

added more support, but it was typically incomplete and had many

4200:

was released that year, featuring some limited support for CSS.

2835:

Most browsers have the accessibility feature: a user-defined CSS

9363: 9265: 9052: 8973: 8475: 8021: 7704: 7639: 7529: 7350: 7129: 6935: 5342: 5291: 4994:. Additionally, CSS 3 defines feature queries, which provide an 4265: 4196:

The CSS 1 specification was completed in 1996. Microsoft's

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CSS rule or CSS inline style overwrites a default browser value

2328: 1066:

makes a selection that may consist of partial elements, such as

725: 423: 198: 8853: 8692: 8142: 7759: 7583: 7545: 7541: 4974:

Additionally, a proprietary syntax for the non-vendor-prefixed

977:

for the origins of the "class" system of the Web content model)

9487: 9300: 9255: 9163: 8769: 8121: 6762: 6737: 6687: 6662: 2813:

A style applied to an HTML element via HTML "style" attribute

2472: 845: 841: 837: 733: 729: 7432:"OOCSS, ACSS, BEM, SMACSS: what are they? What should I use?" 6667: 5807:"HTML 5. A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML" 5019:

Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position

222: 150: 7271:"Looking at the Web with Internet Explorer 6, one last time" 4510:

stage, implementations are advised to drop vendor prefixes.

7471:

Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide, Fifth Edition

4454:

The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 2 recommendation.

4256:. The IE Windows box model bugs were so serious that, when 4431:

Margin, border, padding, and positioning for most elements

4358:

Occasionally, the parameters with vendor prefixes such as

4125:

browser. Bert Bos implemented his own SSP proposal in the

4287:

extension was used by a software product used to convert

3838:

property. If an item is positioned in any way other than

6546:. File extension database. 12 March 2010. Archived from 1933:

an E element that has no children (including text nodes)

5878:"Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance" 4987: 2462:

Before CSS, document authors who wanted to assign such

149:

CSS 3 is being developed as multiple separate modules.

4438:

The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 1 Recommendation.

4055:

on 10 October 1994. At the time, Lie was working with

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of W3C; DOM Working group, chaired by Lauren Wood of

4149:

presented an alternative style sheet language called

4145:

of Microsoft, participating as well. In August 1996,

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the element with class="db-Yw" and ID equal to "myid"

1044:

A pseudo-class classifies document elements, such as

6144:"Simple style sheets for SGML & HTML on the web" 5903:"Can a CSS class inherit one or more other classes?" 2802:" annotation overwrites the previous priority types 9723: 9666: 9641: 9609: 9587: 9551: 9525: 9505: 9480: 9439: 9413: 9397: 9319: 9283: 8897: 8888: 8778: 8752: 8726: 8494: 8390: 8331: 8207: 8153: 8079: 8035: 8001: 7919: 7770: 7697: 7630: 7604: 6777:

CSS 2.1 specification (W3C Proposed Recommendation)

5214: 5079: 5074:

Cannot target specific text without altering markup

5058:stylesheet languages which compile to CSS, such as 5053:

Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule

5033: 4928:

discussing the state of CSS in 2019, as several CSS

4268:files to ensure they contained special distinctive 4020: 4008: 3996: 3963: 3949: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3126: 3096: 3054: 3021: 2991: 2961: 2934: 2847: 2794: 2262: 2238: 2199: 2171: 2161: 2152: 2146: 2145:

Color values can be specified with keywords (e.g. "

2133: 2127: 2055: 2025: 2004: 1983: 1962: 1941: 1920: 1899: 1878: 1857: 1836: 1815: 1785: 1755: 1725: 1695: 1674: 1659: 1644: 1629: 1608: 1587: 1566: 1545: 1515: 1494: 1479: 1464: 1449: 1434: 1419: 1401: 1377: 1356: 1335: 1317: 1299: 1278: 1257: 1236: 1215: 1200: 1147: 1120: 1093: 1076: 1067: 1054: 1045: 1027: 1015: 1006: 962: 949: 217: 204: 194: 180: 170: 142: 124: 113: 103: 91: 79: 5960: 5958: 5956: 4506:) status and are considered moderately stable. At 2749:One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater 2082:A declaration block consists of a pair of braces ( 2047:an E element that does not match simple selector s 1954:an E element being the target of the referring URI 928:of a specific type, e.g. the second-level headers 6213:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4884:CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI) 1621:an F element immediately preceded by an E element 7181:"Call for Participation in CSS4 Community Group" 6022: 6020: 5938:. Mozilla Developers. 2017-12-07. Archived from 3797:CSS 2.1 defines three positioning schemes: 3346:inheritance in class-based programming languages 1173:which applies to div elements of class myClass. 881:. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more 5248:designed to reduce development time and ensure 1558:generated content before an E element's content 7134:Can I Use… Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc 6752:CSS 2 specification (1998 recommendation) 5028:Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable 4415:Color of text, backgrounds, and other elements 1579:generated content after an E element's content 8865: 8704: 7557: 6639:Cascading style sheets: designing for the Web 6078:Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web 3311:In the above example, the declaration in the 1005:One example of a widely used pseudo-class is 809:The CSS specifications are maintained by the 686: 401: 39:Skeletal formula § Pseudoelement symbols 8: 7367:Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design 7014:"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2010" 6988:"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2007" 6880:"Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Snapshot 2010" 6693:Cascading Style Sheets level 1 specification 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 5842:Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide 5834: 5832: 5776:"5. Distance Units: the <length> type" 4676:CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module 4234:Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. x for Windows 2869:Last rule declaration has a higher priority 2142:(80 percent of the parent element's width). 44: 7404:"Is Zurb Foundation in active development?" 6327:. World Wide Web Consortium. 18 July 2008. 5341:framework, providing a responsive grid and 4906:"CSS4" redirects here. For other uses, see 4482:"CSS3" redirects here. For other uses, see 2479:the use of all presentational HTML markup. 1996:a user interface element E that is disabled 9645: 9509: 8894: 8872: 8858: 8850: 8711: 8697: 8689: 8150: 8139: 7767: 7756: 7601: 7580: 7564: 7550: 7542: 7534: 6768:Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 revision 1 6571:"What Are CSS Vendor or Browser Prefixes?" 6169: 6167: 6165: 6029:"Cascading HTML style sheets – a proposal" 5965:Bos, Bert; et al. (7 December 2010). 5649:. World Wide Web Consortium. 7 June 2011. 5546:. World Wide Web Consortium. 7 June 2011. 4539:CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3 4512: 2086:) enclosing a semicolon-separated list of 1975:a user interface element E that is enabled 1777:an E element, the n-th sibling of its type 1717:an E element, the n-th child of its parent 1291:the first formatted letter of an E element 744:). CSS is a cornerstone technology of the 693: 679: 419: 408: 394: 240: 7351:"Why I Abandoned @apply — Tab Completion" 5430:. Beijing; Farnham: O'Reilly. p. 1. 5163:Tableless web design § Accessibility 4270:"standards-compliant CSS intended" marker 3900:The default value places the item in the 56:The official logo of the latest version, 6962:"CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1" 6812:"Descriptions of all CSS specifications" 4412:properties such as typeface and emphasis 3537:is functionally equivalent to this one: 2922: 2888:CSS property definition in HTML document 2771:CSS priority scheme (highest to lowest) 2769: 2169:), RGB values on a 0 to 255 scale (e.g. 1270:the first formatted line of an E element 1249:an E element during certain user actions 1183: 9794:Internet properties established in 1996 9763: 9731:International World Wide Web Conference 7364:Cederholm, Dan; Ethan Marcotte (2009). 6198: 6196: 6134: 6132: 6130: 5387: 5096:Separation of content from presentation 3954:property may have one of three values. 1849:an E element, first sibling of its type 1507:an E element, first child of its parent 1411:an F element descendant of an E element 720:and styling of a document written in a 653: 422: 354: 328: 302: 266: 243: 7211:"CSS3 Solutions for Internet Explorer" 6325:"The W3C Team: Technology and Society" 6150:from the original on 23 September 2009 5102:Separation of content and presentation 4514:Summary of main module-specifications 3832:There are five possible values of the 3344:Inheritance in CSS is not the same as 2138:(50 percent of the viewport width) or 2098:Each declaration itself consists of a 1912:an E element, only sibling of its type 1891:an E element, only child of its parent 1870:an E element, last sibling of its type 1828:an E element, last child of its parent 920:Selectors may apply to the following: 889: 771:. This separation can improve content 757:separation of content and presentation 43: 7384:from the original on 20 December 2012 7080:from the original on 13 February 2017 6615:"CSS Snapshot 2023 - 2.4. CSS Levels" 5977:from the original on 18 February 2011 5845:(3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. 4585:CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3 4240:, had a flawed implementation of the 4133:Lie's proposal was presented at the " 2068:an F element preceded by an E element 7: 9405:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 7110:from the original on 1 February 2019 7050:from the original on 27 January 2017 6968:from the original on 19 October 2012 6942:from the original on 31 October 2012 6524:from the original on 29 October 2010 6279:from the original on 2 December 2009 6249:from the original on 12 October 2014 6177:. University of Oslo. Archived from 4630:CSS Generated Content Module Level 3 1369:an E element with ID equal to "myid" 877:A style sheet consists of a list of 9814:World Wide Web Consortium standards 6636:Bos, Bert; Wium Lie, Håkon (1997). 6481:"Incorrect MIME Type for CSS Files" 6243:"Stream-based Style sheet Proposal" 5780:CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 5627:from the original on 1 October 2023 4283:In addition to these problems, the 4236:, as opposed to the very different 3315:attribute overrides the one in the 1441:an E element with a "foo" attribute 7169:from the original on Nov 26, 2023. 7020:from the original on 16 March 2011 6994:from the original on 8 August 2016 6890:from the original on 16 March 2011 6822:from the original on 31 March 2011 6581:from the original on Nov 30, 2020. 5653:from the original on 28 March 2008 5550:from the original on 30 April 2012 5324:This paragraph is an excerpt from 5276:(formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a 5266:This paragraph is an excerpt from 5234:This paragraph is an excerpt from 5169:Tableless web design#Accessibility 4769:Multi-column Layout Module Level 1 4156:Development of HTML, CSS, and the 4147:Netscape Communication Corporation 1687:an E element, root of the document 1600:an F element child of an E element 105:Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) 25: 9804:Typesetting programming languages 7191:from the original on Feb 10, 2023 6856:from the original on 3 March 2011 6625:from the original on Feb 8, 2024. 6603:from the original on Feb 4, 2024. 6516:McBride, Don (27 November 2009). 6305:from the original on 24 June 2010 6110:"Cascading Style Sheets, level 1" 5817:from the original on 15 July 2014 5756:from the original on 14 June 2019 5424:Flanagan, David (18 April 2011). 5314:, and other interface components. 4800:, and part migrated to css3-break 3364:Given the following style sheet: 9766: 7239:Simmons, Jen (August 17, 2016). 6479:Nitot, Tristan (18 March 2002). 6377:from the original on 27 May 2010 6331:from the original on 28 May 2010 6038:from the original on 4 June 2014 6027:Lie, Hakon W (10 October 1994). 5786:from the original on 7 June 2019 5580:from the original on 2006-04-23. 5427:JavaScript: the definitive guide 5252:compatibility when working with 4816:CSS Fragmentation Module Level 3 2858:) overwrites generic definition 2846:A specific contextual selector ( 732:(including XML dialects such as 373: 65: 50: 9628:Multimodal Interaction Activity 9588:Community & business groups 7281:from the original on 2016-10-12 7251:from the original on 2016-10-11 7221:from the original on 2016-10-12 7140:from the original on 2018-02-19 6916:from the original on 2014-05-30 6743:Cascading Style Sheets, level 2 6720:from the original on 2014-10-26 6668:Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 6569:Kyrnin, Jennifer (2019-11-12). 6461:from the original on 2011-06-28 6432:from the original on 2005-12-10 6403:from the original on 2010-11-25 6371:"JavaScript-Based Style Sheets" 6116:from the original on 2014-04-09 5913:from the original on 2017-10-14 5884:from the original on 2014-06-11 5859:from the original on 2014-02-15 5750:Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 5727:from the original on 2024-03-27 5678:from the original on 2014-05-30 5598:from the original on 2014-06-03 5525:from the original on 2011-02-14 5500:from the original on 2014-10-20 5470:from the original on 2010-11-29 5406:from the original on 2015-09-25 5268:Bootstrap (front-end framework) 2237:), or HSL or HSLA values (e.g. 1309:all elements with class="db-Yw" 7302:. meyerweb.com. Archived from 7241:"Using Feature Queries in CSS" 6426:"CSS 2.1 – Anne's Weblog" 4792:CSS Paged Media Module Level 3 3844:, then the further properties 2311:; or a percentage sign, as in 755:CSS is designed to enable the 1: 7209:Lazaris, Louis (2010-04-28). 6451:"Archive of W3C News in 2007" 6301:. World Wide Web Consortium. 6275:. World Wide Web Consortium. 6146:. World Wide Web Consortium. 6112:. World Wide Web Consortium. 5488:Clark, Scott (23 July 2010). 5466:. World Wide Web Consortium. 5353:extensions. Foundation is an 5117:Style sheet (web development) 4932:4 modules were being advanced 3150:Consider this HTML fragment: 2466:characteristics to, say, all 2151:"), hexadecimal values (e.g. 883: 873:Style sheet (web development) 667:Comparison of browser engines 9426:Web Accessibility Initiative 7515:MDN Getting Started with CSS 6544:"css file extension details" 5723:. MDN Web Docs. 2024-04-05. 5519:"W3C CSS validation service" 5298:-based design templates for 4563:CSS Box Model Module Level 3 3781:'fourth.example.com' 3757:'second.example.com' 2689:"path/to/file.css" 813:(W3C). Internet media type ( 45:Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 9711:(browser/editor, 1996–2012) 7495:. Manning Publications Co. 7370:. New Riders. p. 114. 5617:"CSS Syntax Module Level 3" 4892: 4870: 4847: 4825: 4802: 4778: 4754: 4730: 4707: 4685: 4662: 4640: 4616: 4594: 4571: 4549: 4349:Microsoft Internet Explorer 3769:'third.example.com' 3745:'first.example.com' 9835: 6003:. Pearson Education, Inc. 5323: 5265: 5233: 5183: 5160: 5145: 5114: 5099: 4905: 4699:CSS Template Layout Module 4481: 4051:CSS was first proposed by 3912:The item is placed in the 3626: 3323:To demonstrate specificity 3280:To demonstrate specificity 1177:Summary of selector syntax 900: 870: 844:. CSS is also used in the 57: 36: 29: 9648: 9517:World Wide Web Foundation 9512: 9421:Markup Validation Service 9001:Linked Data Notifications 8881:World Wide Web Consortium 8829: 8663: 8587:Internet Explorer for Mac 8149: 8138: 7766: 7755: 7600: 7579: 6964:. W3C. 19 November 2018. 6884:World Wide Web Consortium 6850:World Wide Web Consortium 6816:World Wide Web Consortium 6702:CSS level 1 specification 6455:World Wide Web Consortium 5967:"9.3 Positioning schemes" 5811:World Wide Web Consortium 5697:"Index of CSS properties" 5377:Flash of unstyled content 5288:front-end web development 5236:Blueprint (CSS framework) 4097:implementations, such as 4065:World Wide Web Consortium 3275:"color: green;" 2751:control over presentation 2431:elements), sub-headings ( 811:World Wide Web Consortium 662:Document markup languages 118:World Wide Web Consortium 64: 49: 7489:Grant, Keith J. (2018). 7468:; Weyl, Estelle (2023). 7328:. GitHub. Archived from 7269:Hutchinson, Lee (2019). 6910:"All CSS specifications" 6593:"Compatibility Standard" 6486:Mozilla Developer Center 6175:"Cascading Style Sheets" 6001:Spring into HTML and CSS 5805:W3C HTML Working Group. 5283:directed at responsive, 4964:Each web browser uses a 4654:CSS Fonts Module Level 3 4608:CSS Color Module Level 3 4499:Candidate Recommendation 4465:Candidate Recommendation 4192:Difficulty with adoption 3697: 3636: 3539: 3457: 3394: 3366: 3152: 2674: 2621: 2567: 2531: 2484: 716:used for specifying the 93:Internet media type 7474:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. 7438:. Hiljá. Archived from 6269:Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk 5839:Meyer, Eric A. (2006). 5294:, CSS and (optionally) 5148:Progressive enhancement 4364:-webkit-linear-gradient 4300:application/x-pointplus 4151:JavaScript Style Sheets 2546:"color: red;" 2427:For example, headings ( 153:summarize their status. 9789:Cascading Style Sheets 5932:"Shorthand properties" 5326:Foundation (framework) 5254:Cascading Style Sheets 4933: 4385: 4351:and early versions of 4048: 2698:"stylesheet" 2455:for these elements is 2160:, also abbreviated as 934:elements specified by 903:class attribute (HTML) 823:CSS validation service 706:Cascading Style Sheets 381:Cascading Style Sheets 245:Cascading Style Sheets 157:; 9 months ago 130:; 27 years ago 8720:Style sheet languages 5672:"Full property table" 5396:"CSS developer guide" 5111:Site-wide consistency 4924: 4908:CSS4 (disambiguation) 4745:Media Queries Level 4 4484:CSS3 (disambiguation) 4383: 4254:CSS hacks and filters 4214:Internet Explorer 5.0 4043: 3938:absolutely positioned 3155:<!DOCTYPE html> 2728:Multiple style sheets 2435:), sub-sub-headings ( 748:, alongside HTML and 553:Document Object Model 128:17 December 1996 9799:Stylesheet languages 9773:Computer programming 8572:IBM Home Page Reader 7187:. 24 February 2020. 6878:(12 December 2010). 6844:(26 February 2011). 6810:(18 February 2011). 6714:"Aural style sheets" 5752:. 17 December 1996. 5362:Design methodologies 5278:free and open-source 4522:Specification title 4360:-moz-radial-gradient 4117:to implement CSS in 3926:absolute positioning 3820:Absolute positioning 3715:'Comic Sans' 2843:Selector specificity 2707:"text/css" 1207:an element of type E 967:HTML class attribute 714:style sheet language 558:Browser Object Model 363:Stylesheet languages 175:Style sheet language 155:7 December 2023 32:CSS (disambiguation) 27:Style sheet language 7106:. 22 January 2019. 7100:"CSS Snapshot 2018" 7076:. 31 January 2017. 7070:"CSS Snapshot 2017" 7046:. 13 October 2015. 7040:"CSS Snapshot 2015" 6936:"A Word About CSS4" 6912:. W3C. 2014-05-22. 6677:CSS 1 specification 6621:. 7 December 2023. 6599:. 24 January 2024. 5997:Holzschlag, Molly E 5592:"Selectors Level 3" 4515: 4355:that use EdgeHTML. 4329:the browsing engine 4274:IE5/Windows browser 4258:Internet Explorer 6 4248:without the use of 4198:Internet Explorer 3 3602:background-position 3520:background-position 2772: 2766:CSS priority scheme 825:for CSS documents. 531:Character encodings 46: 9737:Steering Committee 9617:Device Description 9595:Web Advertising BG 8734:Desktop publishing 6846:"CSS current work" 6794:2011-06-10 at the 6773:2011-11-09 at the 6748:2011-01-16 at the 6698:2011-02-11 at the 6673:2011-02-09 at the 6369:(22 August 1996). 6081:. Addison Wesley. 5746:"6.1 Length units" 4934: 4513: 4496:Some modules have 4428:and other elements 4386: 4162:HTML Working Group 4135:Mosaic and the Web 4049: 2877:Parent inheritance 2770: 182:Container for 81:Filename extension 9754: 9753: 9719: 9718: 9637: 9636: 9501: 9500: 8847: 8846: 8786:JavaScript (JSSS) 8686: 8685: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8342:Internet Explorer 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7510:MDN CSS reference 7377:978-0-321-64338-4 7300:"Pure CSS Popups" 7215:Smashing Magazine 6422:Anne van Kesteren 6241:(31 March 1995). 6219:on 6 January 2011 6207:(November 1997). 6203:Petrie, Charles; 6142:(14 April 1995). 5437:978-1-4493-9385-4 5142:Page reformatting 5045:Cannot name rules 4922: 4899: 4898: 4861:Selectors Level 4 4839:Selectors Level 3 4716:css3-mediaqueries 4424:of text, images, 4384:CSS Snapshot 2021 4174:CSS Working Group 4019:) or both sides ( 3828:Position property 3629:Indentation style 3590:background-repeat 3508:background-repeat 3188:"utf-8" 3143: 3142: 2906: 2905: 2078:Declaration block 2075: 2074: 938:, in particular: 890:declaration block 859:CSS has a simple 703: 702: 418: 417: 285:image replacement 239: 238: 195:Contained by 151:Regular snapshots 114:Developed by 16:(Redirected from 9826: 9771: 9770: 9762: 9743:First conference 9712: 9704: 9696: 9688: 9680: 9646: 9510: 9493:XHTML+MathML+SVG 8912:Activity Streams 8895: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8851: 8770:Extensible (XSL) 8713: 8706: 8699: 8690: 8151: 8140: 7866:Samsung Internet 7768: 7757: 7602: 7581: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7530:Official website 7506: 7485: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7326:"CSS apply rule" 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7165:. 21 July 2023. 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6934:Atkins, Tab Jr. 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6876:Etemad, Elika J. 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6804: 6798: 6785: 6779: 6760: 6754: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6685: 6679: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6493:. Archived from 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6273:"Libwww Hackers" 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6215:. Archived from 6205:Cailliau, Robert 6200: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6171: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6136: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6065: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6014: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5962: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5392: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5133: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5040: 5039: 5036: 4997: 4977: 4931: 4923: 4895: 4880: 4873: 4857: 4850: 4835: 4828: 4812: 4805: 4788: 4781: 4764: 4757: 4740: 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3497: 3494: 3491: 3490:background-image 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2923: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2773: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2668: 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1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1793:nth-last-of-type 1791: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1663: 1662: 1648: 1647: 1633: 1632: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1483: 1482: 1468: 1467: 1453: 1452: 1438: 1437: 1423: 1422: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1327:the element with 1324: 1323: 1320: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1204: 1203: 1184: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 964: 951: 820: 695: 688: 681: 646:Rendering engine 536:named characters 420: 410: 403: 396: 382: 377: 241: 235: 232: 230: 228: 226: 224: 210: 186:Style rules for 165: 163: 158: 138: 136: 131: 69: 54: 47: 21: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9765: 9757: 9755: 9750: 9715: 9710: 9702: 9694: 9686: 9678: 9662: 9633: 9605: 9583: 9547: 9521: 9497: 9476: 9435: 9409: 9393: 9359:SMIL Timesheets 9315: 9279: 9184:Information Set 8969:Geolocation API 8899:Recommendations 8890: 8884: 8878: 8848: 8843: 8825: 8816:SMIL Timesheets 8774: 8760:Cascading (CSS) 8748: 8744:User interfaces 8739:Web development 8722: 8717: 8687: 8682: 8651: 8577:IBM WebExplorer 8490: 8386: 8327: 8203: 8145: 8126: 8075: 8031: 7997: 7915: 7762: 7743: 7693: 7626: 7596: 7575: 7570: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7519: 7503: 7488: 7482: 7464: 7460: 7458:Further reading 7455: 7445: 7443: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7378: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7335: 7333: 7324:Tab Atkins Jr. 7323: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7284: 7282: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7254: 7252: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7224: 7222: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7194: 7192: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7141: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7111: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7016:. 12 May 2011. 7012: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6990:. 12 May 2011. 6986: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6919: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6796:Wayback Machine 6786: 6782: 6775:Wayback Machine 6761: 6757: 6750:Wayback Machine 6736: 6732: 6723: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6700:Wayback Machine 6686: 6682: 6675:Wayback Machine 6661: 6657: 6650: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6550:on 18 July 2011 6542: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6464: 6462: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6435: 6433: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6378: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6271:(7 June 2002). 6267: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6202: 6201: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6172: 6163: 6153: 6151: 6138: 6137: 6128: 6119: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6069:Lie, Håkon Wium 6067: 6066: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6011: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5964: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5862: 5860: 5853: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5782:. 6 June 2019. 5774: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5656: 5654: 5645: 5644: 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HTMLGoodies. 5487: 5486: 5482: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5438: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5373: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5239: 5231: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5188: 5182: 5177: 5175:Standardization 5165: 5159: 5150: 5144: 5131: 5128: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5055: 5047: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5013: 4995: 4975: 4962: 4960:Browser support 4929: 4913: 4911: 4904: 4893: 4878: 4871: 4855: 4848: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4803: 4786: 4779: 4762: 4755: 4738: 4731: 4715: 4708: 4693: 4686: 4670: 4663: 4648: 4641: 4624: 4617: 4602: 4595: 4579: 4572: 4557: 4550: 4534:css3-background 4533: 4487: 4480: 4460: 4444: 4395: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4344: 4336: 4324: 4321:Mozilla Firefox 4316: 4312: 4310:Vendor prefixes 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4194: 4107:Robert Cailliau 4057:Tim Berners-Lee 4038: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3964: 3950: 3946: 3944:Float and clear 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3448: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3330: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266:"xyz" 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2911: 2899:Browser default 2854: 2851: 2848: 2798: 2795: 2779:CSS source type 2768: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2505:"red" 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2467: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2376: 2368: 2360: 2348: 2340: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2315:. Some units – 2312: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2103: 2096: 2083: 2080: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2011: 2008: 2005: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1660: 1645: 1630: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1480: 1465: 1450: 1435: 1420: 1405: 1402: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1321: 1318: 1303: 1300: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1201: 1194: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007: 997: 918: 906: 899: 875: 869: 857: 818: 722:markup language 699: 414: 380: 221: 205: 166: 161: 159: 156: 154: 134: 132: 129: 125:Initial release 99: 87: 75: 71:Example of CSS 60: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9832: 9830: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9745:("WWW1", 1994) 9740: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9713: 9705: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9672: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9655: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9555: 9553: 9552:Working groups 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9526:Elected groups 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9495: 9490: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9431:Web Components 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9389:XMLHttpRequest 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9325: 9323: 9321:Working drafts 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9078:Filter Effects 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9034: 9033: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8397: 8395: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8214: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8158: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8006: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7838: 7836:Microsoft Edge 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7636: 7634: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7523: 7522:External links 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7486: 7480: 7466:Meyer, Eric A. 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7442:on 2 June 2015 7430:Antti, Hiljá. 7422: 7395: 7376: 7356: 7342: 7316: 7291: 7261: 7231: 7201: 7172: 7150: 7121: 7091: 7061: 7031: 7005: 6979: 6953: 6926: 6901: 6867: 6833: 6799: 6780: 6755: 6730: 6705: 6680: 6655: 6648: 6628: 6606: 6584: 6561: 6535: 6508: 6471: 6442: 6413: 6397:"CSS software" 6388: 6367:Troy Chevalier 6363:Donna Converse 6342: 6316: 6290: 6260: 6230: 6192: 6161: 6126: 6101: 6087: 6049: 6016: 6009: 5988: 5952: 5923: 5894: 5869: 5851: 5828: 5797: 5767: 5737: 5712: 5688: 5663: 5638: 5608: 5583: 5561: 5535: 5510: 5480: 5464:"What is CSS?" 5455: 5436: 5416: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5330: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5290:. It contains 5272: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5240: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5191:CSS frameworks 5184:Main article: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5161:Main article: 5158: 5155: 5146:Main article: 5143: 5140: 5127: 5124: 5115:Main article: 5112: 5109: 5100:Main article: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5075: 5072: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5009: 4961: 4958: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4889:Recommendation 4886: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4844:Recommendation 4841: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4742: 4739:mediaqueries-4 4735: 4734: 4729: 4727:Recommendation 4724: 4719: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4659:Recommendation 4656: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4613:Recommendation 4610: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4591:Recommendation 4588: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4568:Recommendation 4565: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4479: 4476: 4459: 4456: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4399:Håkon Wium Lie 4394: 4391: 4353:Microsoft Edge 4311: 4308: 4193: 4190: 4143:Thomas Reardon 4091:web developers 4053:Håkon Wium Lie 4045:Håkon Wium Lie 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 3993: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3973: 3958:positioned or 3945: 3942: 3933: 3930: 3921: 3918: 3909: 3906: 3897: 3894: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3802: 3794: 3791: 3698: 3637: 3627:Main article: 3624: 3621: 3540: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3395: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3018: 3017: 3014: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2675: 2622: 2568: 2532: 2485: 2457:presentational 2420: 2417: 2132:(200 pixels), 2123: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2095: 2092: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1733:nth-last-child 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1089: 1086: 1064:pseudo-element 1000:Pseudo-classes 996: 995:Pseudo-classes 993: 988: 987: 980: 979: 978: 952: 932: 917: 916:Selector types 914: 898: 895: 871:Main article: 868: 865: 856: 853: 849:widget toolkit 746:World Wide Web 701: 700: 698: 697: 690: 683: 675: 672: 671: 670: 669: 664: 656: 655: 651: 650: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 627: 626: 616: 615: 614: 609: 604: 594: 593: 592: 582: 577: 572: 571: 570: 560: 555: 550: 545: 544: 543: 538: 528: 523: 518: 517: 516: 509:HTML attribute 506: 505: 504: 499: 494: 489: 479: 478: 477: 475:Mobile Profile 472: 462: 461: 460: 455: 450: 445: 435: 427: 426: 416: 415: 413: 412: 405: 398: 390: 387: 386: 385: 384: 368: 367: 366: 365: 357: 356: 352: 351: 350: 349: 344: 339: 331: 330: 326: 325: 324: 323: 318: 313: 305: 304: 300: 299: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 259:CSS Zen Garden 256: 248: 247: 237: 236: 219: 215: 214: 211: 202: 201: 199:HTML Documents 196: 192: 191: 184: 178: 177: 172: 171:Type of format 168: 167: 148: 146: 144:Latest release 140: 139: 126: 122: 121: 115: 111: 110: 107: 101: 100: 97: 95: 89: 88: 85: 83: 77: 76: 70: 62: 61: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9831: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9709: 9706: 9701: 9698: 9693: 9690: 9685: 9682: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9610:Closed groups 9608: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9506:Organizations 9504: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 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