448:
436:
368:(high blood pressure) in some patients and can be corrected. A special computerized method of viewing the images makes renal CT angiography a very accurate examination. CTA is also used in the assessment of native and transplant renal arteries. While CTA is great for imaging of the kidneys, it lacks the ability to perform procedures at the same time. Thus traditional catheter angiography is used in cases of acute renal hemorrhage or acute arterial obstruction.
280:, a minor procedure during which a catheter is passed through the blood vessels all the way to the heart. However, CCTA has not fully replaced this procedure. CCTA is able to detect narrowing of blood vessels in time for corrective therapy to be done. CCTA is a useful way of screening for arterial disease because it is safer, much less time-consuming than catheter angiography, and is also a cost-effective procedure.
2432:
328:(PE), a serious but treatable condition. It has become the technique of choice for detection of pulmonary embolism due to its wide availability, short exam time, ability to see other diseases that may present like pulmonary embolisms, and a high degree of confidence in the validity of the test. In this test, a PE will appear as a dark spot inside the blood vessel or a sudden stop of the bright contrast material.
265:. With the advances in CT technology, patients are typically able to be scanned without needing medicines by simply holding their breath during the scan. CTA is used to assess heart or vessel irregularities, location of stents and whether they are still open, and occasionally to check for atherosclerotic disease. This method displays the anatomical detail of blood vessels more precisely than
170:
36:
468:
bolus, a small amount of contrast is injected in order to detect the speed that the contrast will move through the blood vessels. After determining this speed, the full bolus is injected and the scan is begun at the timing determined by the test bolus. After the scan is completed the images are post-processed to better visualize the vessels and can even be created in the 3D images.
356:
142:
484:
A reaction may occur whenever iodine contrast is injected. These reactions range in severity and it is difficult to predict if they will occur. With the current practice of using low-osmolar contrast these adverse reactions only occur in ~0.1% of cases. The severity of the reaction can be broken down
292:
in the aorta or other major blood vessels. These areas of weakened blood vessel walls that bulge out can life-threatening if they rupture. CTA is the test of choice when assessing aneurysm before and after endovascular stenting due to the ability to detect calcium within the wall. Another positive of
467:
causing it to light up brightly within the blood vessels of interest. In order for the CT scanner to be able to scan the correct area where the contrast is, the scanner uses either automatic detectors which start scanning when enough contrast is present, or small test boluses. With the small test
515:
A patient with a history of allergy to contrast may be advised to take medications such as corticosteroids or histamine (H1) blockers before CTA to lessen the risk of allergic reaction or to undergo a different exam that does not call for contrast material injection. Patients should also be well
312:
or its major branches. Arterial dissection is when the layers of the artery wall peel away from each other; this causes pain and can be life-threatening. CTA is a quick and non-invasive method of identifying dissections and can show the extent of the disease and if there is leakage.
542:, kidney disease or long-standing severe diabetes should be weighed carefully as the use of IV iodine contrast material may further harm kidney function. The decision not to use contrast agents must be weighed against the possibility of misdiagnoses if contrast is not used.
220:(narrowing of vessel). CTA can be used to visualize the vessels of the heart, the aorta and other large blood vessels, the lungs, the kidneys, the head and neck, and the arms and legs. CTA can also be used to localise arterial or venous bleed of the gastrointestinal system.
550:
Compared with other imaging modalities, CTA is associated with a significant dose of ionizing radiation. Varying significantly with patient age, sex, and exam protocol, radiation risk models predict coronary CTA to increase lifetime cancer risk.
363:
Visualization of blood flow in the renal arteries (those supplying the kidneys) in patients with high blood pressure and those suspected of having kidney disorders can be performed using CTA. Stenosis (narrowing) of a renal artery is a cause of
420:
CTA can be used in the legs to detect atherosclerotic disease that has narrowed the arteries. It can also be used to image vessels in suspected blockages, trauma cases, or patients with surgical complications.
562:
By 1994 CT angiography began to replace conventional angiography in diagnosing and characterizing most cardiovascular abnormalities. Prior to this, conventional angiography had been in use for 70 years.
377:
476:
Harms of overuse of CT angiography include radiation exposure and the possibility of finding then seeking treatment for a clinically insignificant pulmonary embolism which ought not be treated.
900:"Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
554:
CT angiography should not be performed in patients who are pregnant as the contrast and radiation may lead to harm to the fetus. The extent of harm to the fetus has not been fully determined.
857:"Current diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in primary care: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians"
396:(narrowing of the vessel), calcium deposits (calcified plaques) in the area where the vessels split can lead to interference with accurate stenosis grading. Because of this,
53:
293:
CTA in abdominal aortic aneurysm assessment is that it allows for better estimation of blood vessel dilation and can better detect blood clots compared to standard
2106:
1790:
1920:
376:
1932:
2260:
794:
447:
1109:
Westermann-Clark E, Pepper AN, Talreja N, Lockey RF (April 2015). "Debunking myths about "allergy" to radiocontrast media in an academic institution".
1532:
2368:
384:
CTA can be used assess acute stroke patients by identifying clots in the arteries of the brain. It can also be used to identify small aneurysms or
1898:
519:
Contrary to popular belief there is no correlation between seafood allergies and reactions to iodine contrast, as shown by many recent studies.
100:
1903:
1422:
1003:
822:"Critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected pulmonary embolism"
72:
786:
1744:
79:
2461:
2296:
2175:
1915:
1824:
1152:
Schabelman E, Witting M (November 2010). "The relationship of radiocontrast, iodine, and seafood allergies: a medical myth exposed".
1754:
984:
Hirai, Toshinori; Korogi, Yukunori; Takahashi, Mutsumasa; Yamashita, Yasuyuki (2005). Catalano, Carlo; Passariello, Roberto (eds.).
757:
705:
665:
435:
119:
1739:
1734:
1617:
86:
339:
assay might be a preferred alternative to test for pulmonary embolism, and that test and a low clinical prediction score on the
1819:
1489:
1239:
Luk L, Steinman J, Newhouse JH (May 2017). "Intravenous
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy-The Rise and Fall of a Threatening Idea".
2180:
2027:
1927:
1910:
1484:
577:
397:
57:
228:
CTA can be used to examine blood vessels in many key areas of the body including the brain, kidneys, pelvis, and the lungs.
68:
2456:
2306:
2160:
1759:
1634:
1626:
1525:
2417:
2351:
2283:
2273:
2251:
2022:
1990:
1621:
528:
2081:
2049:
2032:
1314:"Estimating risk of cancer associated with radiation exposure from 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography"
2155:
1890:
1630:
1499:
385:
266:
46:
2396:
2064:
2054:
1415:
1358:"CT angiography after 20 years: a transformation in cardiovascular disease characterization continues to advance"
790:
405:
147:
2435:
2386:
2165:
2044:
2017:
1778:
1563:
1518:
531:(also called CIN) in any patient. However, recent studies have shown that the risk of kidney injury caused by
93:
2334:
2170:
2111:
2096:
1985:
1807:
1783:
1494:
1449:
242:
237:
2391:
2205:
2074:
2005:
1812:
1469:
321:
2069:
2000:
1866:
1749:
1668:
1575:
1464:
898:
Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P, et al. (September 2008).
254:
443:, automatic bone removal (used in the right image) is helpful for visualizing the intracranial vessels.
2412:
2101:
2039:
1861:
1459:
1408:
213:
2358:
2236:
2059:
1795:
301:
189:
1277:
Do C (May 2017). "Intravenous
Contrast: Friend or Foe? A Review on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy".
941:
Liu PS, Platt JF (February 2014). "CT angiography in the abdomen: a pictorial review and update".
496:
Moderate - requires treatment: severe hives, lightheadedness or brief loss of consciousness, mild
408:, planning for intracranial-extracranial bypass surgery, and involvement of brain tumours such as
2346:
2195:
2190:
2091:
1974:
1829:
1580:
1134:
966:
763:
340:
332:
325:
388:
inside the brain that can be life-threatening. While CTA can produce high quality images of the
335:
when other tests indicate that there is a low probability of a person having this condition. A
2185:
2150:
2145:
2086:
1834:
1683:
1387:
1335:
1294:
1256:
1218:
1189:"Contrast CT Scans in the Emergency Department Do Not Increase Risk of Adverse Renal Outcomes"
1169:
1126:
1091:
1053:
999:
958:
921:
886:
843:
753:
711:
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671:
661:
627:
305:
2123:
2012:
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1248:
1208:
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1118:
1043:
1035:
991:
950:
911:
876:
868:
833:
745:
617:
609:
440:
401:
389:
208:. Using contrast injected into the blood vessels, images are created to look for blockages,
855:
Qaseem A, Snow V, Barry P, Hornbake ER, Rodnick JE, Tobolic T, et al. (Jan–Feb 2007).
2221:
1673:
1639:
1612:
1607:
1541:
1474:
803:
799:
246:
169:
324:(CTPA) is used to examine the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, most commonly to rule out
820:
Fesmire FM, Brown MD, Espinosa JA, Shih RD, Silvers SM, Wolf SJ, Decker WW (June 2011).
598:"CT angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: what the radiologist needs to know"
2363:
1382:
1357:
1213:
1188:
1048:
1023:
881:
856:
622:
597:
539:
532:
838:
821:
2450:
1995:
1964:
1952:
1947:
1705:
1600:
767:
460:
258:
1138:
970:
359:
Volume rendered CTA of renal arteries in patient with medial fibromuscular dysplasia
2378:
2231:
2226:
2133:
1957:
1942:
1876:
1165:
985:
504:
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464:
365:
344:
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17:
1204:
2301:
1856:
1688:
1678:
1658:
1648:
1590:
1585:
1554:
1444:
1432:
1080:"Adverse reactions to contrast material: recognition, prevention, and treatment"
1079:
572:
508:
456:
430:
294:
193:
35:
1290:
1252:
916:
899:
400:
is used more often for this purpose. Other applications of CTA are identifying
1937:
1700:
1695:
1663:
1039:
954:
535:
in patients with no history of kidney problems occurs extremely infrequently.
409:
270:
262:
205:
715:
675:
161:
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2200:
1653:
1373:
995:
277:
1391:
1356:
Rubin GD, Leipsic J, Joseph
Schoepf U, Fleischmann D, Napel S (June 2014).
1339:
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1222:
1173:
1130:
1095:
1057:
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925:
890:
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631:
596:
Wortman JR, Landman W, Fulwadhva UP, Viscomi SG, Sodickson AD (July 2017).
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613:
393:
289:
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217:
209:
197:
749:
2316:
1719:
336:
156:
141:
2311:
872:
807:, American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society
527:
Historically it has been thought that contrast material can lead to
516:
hydrated in order to minimize possible adverse effects of contrast.
355:
2338:
1549:
1510:
1187:
Heller M, Krieger P, Finefrock D, Nguyen T, Akhtar S (July 2016).
490:
446:
309:
273:. Today, many patients can undergo CTA in place of a conventional
250:
201:
1514:
1404:
459:
where images are taken with a certain delay after injection of
380:
CTA of a vascular malformation with intraventricular hemorrhage
1400:
451:
Volume rendered CT scan of abdominal and pelvic blood vessels.
29:
1022:
Kumamaru KK, Hoppel BE, Mather RT, Rybicki FJ (March 2010).
146:
Sagittal thin slice of a computed tomography angiography
987:
CT Angiography in the
Assessment of Intracranial Vessels
489:
Mild - no treatment required: nausea, vomiting, and/or
990:. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 55–67.
1312:
Einstein AJ, Henzlova MJ, Rajagopalan S (July 2007).
1024:"CT angiography: current technology and clinical use"
795:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
404:, dissections of intracranial arteries, detection of
288:
CTA can be used in the chest and abdomen to identify
2405:
2377:
2333:
2282:
2259:
2249:
2214:
2131:
2122:
1973:
1889:
1849:
1768:
1727:
1718:
1562:
1548:
155:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
331:CT angiography should not be used to evaluate for
245:(CCTA) is the use of CT angiography to assess the
173:Axial and coronal view of abdominal CT angiography
347:can exclude pulmonary embolism as a possibility.
261:and then the heart is scanned using a high speed
781:
779:
777:
660:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Medical.
503:Severe - requires immediate treatment: severe
1526:
1416:
698:Grainger & Allison's diagnostic radiology
8:
2256:
2138:
2128:
1724:
1568:
1559:
1533:
1519:
1511:
1423:
1409:
1401:
1351:
1349:
140:
1381:
1329:
1212:
1193:The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
1047:
915:
880:
837:
621:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2369:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
434:
375:
354:
168:
588:
507:, throat swelling, seizure, severe low
412:with surrounding intracranial vessels.
131:
1272:
1270:
1234:
1232:
7:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1017:
1015:
787:American College of Chest Physicians
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
691:
689:
687:
685:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1028:Radiologic Clinics of North America
463:material. The contrast material is
2176:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
1279:Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
1241:Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease
744:. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
25:
1154:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
839:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.01.020
656:Chen MY, Pope TL, Ott DJ (2011).
69:"Computed tomography angiography"
2431:
2430:
602:The British Journal of Radiology
34:
1933:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1490:Digital subtraction angiography
1480:Computed tomography angiography
178:Computed tomography angiography
148:abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
135:Computed tomography angiography
45:needs additional citations for
27:Medical investigation technique
2181:Radioactive iodine uptake test
1485:Magnetic resonance angiography
1166:10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.10.014
578:Magnetic resonance angiography
538:The use of CTA in people with
500:, and/or increased heart rate.
398:magnetic resonance angiography
1:
2161:Radionuclide ventriculography
1635:Lower gastrointestinal series
1627:Upper gastrointestinal series
1123:10.1080/00325481.2015.1012918
300:CTA is used also to identify
2352:Optical coherence tomography
2274:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1862:Dental panoramic radiography
1205:10.5811/westjem.2016.4.28994
826:Annals of Emergency Medicine
529:contrast-induced nephropathy
2478:
2156:Ventilation/perfusion scan
1631:Small-bowel follow-through
1500:Carbon dioxide angiography
1291:10.1053/j.ackd.2017.03.003
1253:10.1053/j.ackd.2017.03.001
1078:Maddox TG (October 2002).
740:Gunderman RB, ed. (2014).
428:
386:arteriovenous malformation
267:magnetic resonance imaging
253:. The patient receives an
235:
2462:X-ray computed tomography
2426:
2397:Dynamic angiothermography
2141:
2065:Abdominal ultrasonography
1571:
1440:
1084:American Family Physician
1040:10.1016/j.rcl.2010.02.006
955:10.1007/s00261-013-0035-3
861:Annals of Family Medicine
791:American Thoracic Society
406:carotid-cavernous fistula
392:for grading the level of
139:
2387:Non-contact thermography
2166:Radionuclide angiography
2018:Doppler echocardiography
917:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310
511:, and/or cardiac arrest.
284:Aorta and great arteries
216:(tearing of walls), and
2171:Radioisotope renography
1495:Fluorescein angiography
1450:Cardiac catheterization
1374:10.1148/radiol.14132232
996:10.1007/3-540-26984-3_5
802:: an initiative of the
243:Coronary CT angiography
238:Coronary CT angiography
232:Coronary CT angiography
2206:Gastric emptying study
1470:CT pulmonary angiogram
1331:10.1001/jama.298.3.317
904:European Heart Journal
696:Goh V, Adam A (2016).
452:
444:
381:
372:Brain and neck vessels
360:
322:CT pulmonary angiogram
212:(dilations of walls),
196:—the visualization of
174:
1867:X-ray motion analysis
1750:X-ray microtomography
1669:Hysterosalpingography
1576:Pneumoencephalography
1465:Pulmonary angiography
1111:Postgraduate Medicine
450:
438:
429:Further information:
379:
358:
255:intravenous injection
172:
2457:Diagnostic radiology
2392:Contact thermography
2102:Emergency ultrasound
2040:Transcranial Doppler
1791:Abdominal and pelvis
1460:Cerebral angiography
614:10.1259/bjr.20170076
455:CT angiography is a
54:improve this article
2359:Confocal microscopy
2237:Indium-111 WBC scan
2060:Echoencephalography
1796:Virtual colonoscopy
750:10.1055/b-002-92682
742:Essential Radiology
485:into three groups:
416:Peripheral arteries
302:arterial dissection
192:technique used for
190:computed tomography
2347:Optical tomography
2196:Dacryoscintigraphy
2191:Immunoscintigraphy
1830:Whole body imaging
1581:Dental radiography
1034:(2): 213–35, vii.
832:(6): 628–652.e75.
793:(September 2013),
608:(1075): 20170076.
453:
445:
382:
361:
333:pulmonary embolism
326:pulmonary embolism
317:Pulmonary arteries
175:
18:CT scan venography
2444:
2443:
2406:Target conditions
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2245:
2244:
2186:Bone scintigraphy
2151:Scintimammography
2146:Cholescintigraphy
1991:contrast-enhanced
1885:
1884:
1845:
1844:
1835:Full-body CT scan
1735:General operation
1714:
1713:
1684:Angiocardiography
1508:
1507:
1005:978-3-540-40148-3
943:Abdominal Imaging
910:(18): 2276–2315.
480:Adverse reactions
441:volume renderings
306:aortic dissection
167:
166:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2469:
2434:
2433:
2257:
2139:
2129:
2013:Echocardiography
1872:Hounsfield scale
1725:
1644:Cholecystography
1569:
1560:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1455:Microangiography
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1090:(7): 1229–1234.
1075:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1019:
1010:
1009:
981:
975:
974:
938:
932:
929:
919:
894:
884:
851:
841:
815:
814:
812:
783:
772:
771:
737:
720:
719:
693:
680:
679:
653:
636:
635:
625:
593:
402:moyamoya disease
390:carotid arteries
204:—throughout the
144:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2477:
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2468:
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2466:
2447:
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2445:
2440:
2422:
2401:
2373:
2321:
2307:PET mammography
2278:
2241:
2227:Gallium-67 scan
2222:Octreotide scan
2210:
2118:
1969:
1881:
1841:
1764:
1745:High-resolution
1710:
1674:Skeletal survey
1640:Cholangiography
1553:
1544:
1542:Medical imaging
1539:
1509:
1504:
1475:Cholangiography
1436:
1429:
1399:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1311:
1310:
1306:
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1275:
1268:
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1065:
1021:
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1006:
983:
982:
978:
940:
939:
935:
897:
873:10.1370/afm.667
854:
819:
810:
808:
804:ABIM Foundation
800:Choosing Wisely
785:
784:
775:
760:
739:
738:
723:
708:
695:
694:
683:
668:
658:Basic radiology
655:
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2364:Endomicroscopy
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2020:
2010:
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2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
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1430:
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1413:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1368:(3): 633–652.
1345:
1324:(3): 317–323.
1304:
1285:(3): 147–149.
1266:
1247:(3): 169–175.
1228:
1199:(4): 404–408.
1179:
1160:(5): 701–707.
1144:
1117:(3): 295–300.
1101:
1063:
1011:
1004:
976:
949:(1): 196–214.
933:
931:
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895:
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816:, which cites
773:
758:
721:
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681:
666:
637:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
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568:
565:
559:
556:
547:
544:
540:kidney failure
533:contrast agent
524:
521:
513:
512:
509:blood pressure
501:
494:
481:
478:
473:
470:
426:
423:
417:
414:
373:
370:
352:
351:Renal arteries
349:
318:
315:
285:
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236:Main article:
233:
230:
225:
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182:CT angiography
165:
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2232:Ga-68-DOTATOC
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2045:Intravascular
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2029:
2026:
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
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2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:
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1972:
1966:
1965:Synthetic MRI
1963:
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1755:Electron beam
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1706:Orbital x-ray
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1601:Bronchography
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759:9781604065732
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707:9780702069352
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461:radiocontrast
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180:(also called
179:
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113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
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81:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2413:Acute stroke
2379:Thermography
2134:scintigraphy
2124:Radionuclide
2112:pre-hospital
1958:Tractography
1877:Radiodensity
1802:
1779:calcium scan
1740:Quantitative
1479:
1431:
1365:
1361:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1282:
1278:
1244:
1240:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1157:
1153:
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1114:
1110:
1104:
1087:
1083:
1031:
1027:
986:
979:
946:
942:
936:
907:
903:
867:(1): 57–62.
864:
860:
829:
825:
809:, retrieved
798:
741:
700:. Elsevier.
697:
657:
605:
601:
591:
561:
553:
549:
537:
526:
518:
514:
505:bronchospasm
498:bronchospasm
483:
475:
454:
419:
383:
366:hypertension
362:
345:Geneva score
330:
320:
304:, including
299:
287:
241:
227:
224:Medical uses
185:
181:
177:
176:
157:OPS-301 code
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2302:Cardiac PET
2075:renal tract
2050:Gynecologic
1982:Techniques
1953:restriction
1928:Angiography
1911:Neurography
1857:Fluoroscopy
1803:Angiography
1784:angiography
1728:Techniques:
1689:Aortography
1679:Angiography
1659:Cystography
1649:Mammography
1591:Myelography
1586:Sialography
1555:radiography
1445:Angiography
1433:Angiography
573:Angiography
457:contrast CT
431:Contrast CT
295:angiography
214:dissections
194:angiography
2451:Categories
2215:Full body:
2001:endoscopic
1975:Ultrasound
1904:functional
1701:Lymphogram
1696:Venography
1664:Arthrogram
584:References
465:radiodense
410:meningioma
341:Wells test
271:ultrasound
263:CT scanner
206:human body
80:newspapers
2418:Pregnancy
2297:Brain PET
2265:gamma ray
2201:DMSA scan
2055:Obstetric
1948:diffusion
1943:Sequences
1921:perfusion
1813:Pulmonary
1760:Cone beam
1654:Pyelogram
1362:Radiology
811:6 January
768:257312634
716:922460588
676:681348027
546:Radiation
425:Technique
290:aneurysms
278:angiogram
269:(MRI) or
210:aneurysms
110:July 2014
2436:Category
2288:positron
1808:Coronary
1392:24848958
1340:17635892
1299:28501076
1261:28501080
1223:27429690
1174:20045605
1139:26420916
1131:25740573
1096:12387435
1058:20609871
971:34899206
963:24026174
926:18757870
891:17261865
848:21621092
632:28362508
567:See also
394:stenosis
275:catheter
259:contrast
247:arteries
218:stenosis
198:arteries
150:(arrows)
2335:Optical
2317:PET-MRI
2097:Carotid
2092:Scrotal
1986:doppler
1916:Cardiac
1825:Thyroid
1769:Targets
1720:CT scan
1383:4669887
1214:4944796
1049:2901244
882:1783928
623:5594987
558:History
523:Kidneys
337:D-dimer
308:in the
249:of the
188:) is a
94:scholar
2312:PET-CT
2087:Breast
2082:Rectal
2006:duplex
1938:Breast
1775:Heart
1390:
1380:
1338:
1297:
1259:
1221:
1211:
1172:
1137:
1129:
1094:
1056:
1046:
1002:
969:
961:
924:
889:
879:
846:
766:
756:
714:
704:
674:
664:
630:
620:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2339:Laser
2261:SPECT
2070:renal
1899:Brain
1850:Other
1550:X-ray
1135:S2CID
967:S2CID
764:S2CID
491:hives
472:Risks
310:aorta
251:heart
202:veins
162:3-228
101:JSTOR
87:books
2107:FAST
1820:Head
1388:PMID
1336:PMID
1318:JAMA
1295:PMID
1257:PMID
1219:PMID
1170:PMID
1127:PMID
1092:PMID
1054:PMID
1000:ISBN
959:PMID
922:PMID
887:PMID
844:PMID
813:2013
754:ISBN
712:OCLC
702:ISBN
672:OCLC
662:ISBN
628:PMID
200:and
73:news
2284:PET
2252:ECT
2250:3D/
2132:2D/
2033:ICE
2028:TEE
2023:TTE
1891:MRI
1622:DXR
1618:DXA
1613:KUB
1608:AXR
1596:CXR
1378:PMC
1370:doi
1366:271
1326:doi
1322:298
1287:doi
1249:doi
1209:PMC
1201:doi
1162:doi
1119:doi
1115:127
1044:PMC
1036:doi
992:doi
951:doi
912:doi
877:PMC
869:doi
834:doi
746:doi
618:PMC
610:doi
439:In
343:or
257:of
186:CTA
184:or
56:by
2453::
2290:):
2267:):
1996:3D
1564:2D
1386:.
1376:.
1364:.
1360:.
1348:^
1334:.
1320:.
1316:.
1293:.
1283:24
1281:.
1269:^
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1243:.
1231:^
1217:.
1207:.
1197:17
1195:.
1191:.
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1133:.
1125:.
1113:.
1088:66
1086:.
1082:.
1066:^
1052:.
1042:.
1032:48
1030:.
1026:.
1014:^
998:.
965:.
957:.
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945:.
920:.
908:29
906:.
902:.
885:.
875:.
863:.
859:.
842:.
830:57
828:.
824:.
797:,
789:;
776:^
762:.
752:.
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710:.
684:^
670:.
640:^
626:.
616:.
606:90
604:.
600:.
297:.
2337:/
2286:(
2263:(
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1633:/
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1620:/
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1527:t
1520:v
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1394:.
1372::
1342:.
1328::
1301:.
1289::
1263:.
1251::
1225:.
1203::
1176:.
1164::
1141:.
1121::
1098:.
1060:.
1038::
1008:.
994::
973:.
953::
928:.
914::
893:.
871::
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850:.
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770:.
748::
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678:.
634:.
612::
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123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
