258:
223:
242:
329:(revenue or tax farms), in particular the highly lucrative opium pacht. These farms were auctioned off with much fanfare and ceremony at the local colonial administrator's residence to the highest bidders, and were most frequently won by members of the Cabang Atas or others allied to, or backed, by them. Menghong Chen highlights, however, that among some more established Cabang Atas families, commercial activities as represented by the revenue farms were looked down upon, hence a gradual shift towards landownership and agriculture. In any case, the accumulation of great fortunes among Cabang Atas families received the protection of Dutch colonial law. This legal certainty gave a firm basis to the creation of long-lasting bureaucratic and landowning dynasties of great wealth in colonial Indonesia that were not as common in pre-revolutionary China.
20:
380:
273:
365:
1652:
1523:
457:, scion of a Cabang Atas family, and dominated by others of Phoa's class and background. The aim of the organization was to renew and purify the practice of Confucianism in the Dutch East Indies, and to introduce modern educational opportunities to the colony's Chinese subjects. Another important organization was the charity foundation
241:
401:, the Dutch colonial authorities made a concerted effort to appoint government officials, including Chinese officers, based on merit rather than family background. Some of these candidates came from Peranakan families outside the Cabang Atas, such as the Semarang-based, left-wing newspaper owner editor and journalist,
505:
and many
European cultural and social mores. European education and westernisation among the Cabang Atas began in the second half of the nineteenth century, and became the norm by the beginning of the twentieth century. By the start of the twentieth century, Dutch had become the most commonly spoken
513:
from 1945 until 1949. The end of Dutch colonial rule in 1950 saw the exile and emigration of many families of the Cabang Atas. The turbulent early decades of
Indonesian independence also ensured an end to their centuries-long dominating and privileged position in Indonesian political, economic and
19:
257:
506:
language at the homes of most families of the Cabang Atas. While tying them ever closer to the colonial authorities, the
European outlook of the class put them at odds with the overwhelming majority of the Chinese-Indonesian population they had traditionally led.
222:
336:'. There was extensive intermarriage between Cabang Atas families in order to consolidate their political power and influence, as well as estates and fortunes. Social mobility, however, was possible; Cabang Atas families sometimes took in successful
448:
Beyond the
Chinese officership, members of the Cabang Atas took a leading role in the emerging modernization social and cultural movement of the late colonial period. The influential Confucian and educational organization
477:
or CHH, a modern political party that was seen as the mouthpiece of the colonial
Chinese establishment. CHH's chairman was none other than Majoor Han Tjiong Khing's distant cousin, the Dutch-educated landlord
210:. This gave them a high degree of political and legal jurisdiction over the local Chinese community. By colonial Indonesian tradition, descendants of Chinese officers bore the hereditary title
923:
The decline of the
Chinese Council of Batavia: the loss of prestige and authority of the traditional elite amongst the Chinese community from the end of the nineteenth century until 1942
133:. As a class, they intermarried to maintain their political and economic power, owned extensive agricultural landholdings and monopolised the colonial government's lucrative
272:
498:. Due to their largely establishment background, progressive elements dubbed CHH's parliamentary arm as the 'Packard group' after the expensive cars many of them used.
1487:
1555:
470:, better known as Njonja Kapitein Lie Tjian Tjoen, who as the wife, daughter and daughter-in-law of Chinese officers came from the ranks of the Cabang Atas.
316:. This gave them significant seigniorial powers over the indigenous peasants living on their landholdings, but also earned them much enmity and resentment.
125:(published in 1933). The term refers to a small group of old gentry families that dominated the Dutch colonial institution of the Chinese officership (see '
356:(1866–1924), who firmly sealed the family's social ascent by marrying into the Cabang Atas and by his eventual elevation to the Chinese officership.
1608:
185:— played an instrumental role in establishing Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some families came of
2336:
1595:
861:
437:
Nonetheless, descendants of the Cabang Atas continued to feature prominently in the officership until the end of colonial rule: for example,
2326:
1630:
2341:
1980:
391:
921:
1456:
1392:
1353:
1319:
1252:
1225:
1198:
1164:
1130:
1051:
897:
820:
771:
716:
91:, they exerted a powerful influence on the political, economic and social life of pre-revolutionary Indonesia, in particular on its
379:
2169:
1548:
1188:
473:
Politically, the Cabang Atas also pioneered
Chinese-Indonesian involvement in modern politics. They were mainly associated with
634:
2331:
966:
1215:
1242:
501:
Their close proximity to Dutch colonial authorities meant that many families of the Cabang Atas were early adopters of the
2225:
2192:
2144:
2039:
810:
483:
40:
509:
Already attacked for their perceived Dutch sympathies in the late colonial period, the Cabang Atas bore the brunt of the
482:, a doyen of the Cabang Atas and landowning gentry of Batavia. CHH representatives in Indonesia's first legislature, the
1602:
1309:
189:, but many more started off as successful merchant families. They shared some common traits with the scholar-gentry of
1673:
1618:
1541:
761:
812:
Perkawinan
Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20
2022:
464:
305:
1828:
1742:
1217:
Changing
Financial Landscapes in India and Indonesia: Sociological Aspects of Monetization and Market Integration
2107:
2014:
1154:
616:
162:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1502:
887:
598:
296:
1527:
1343:
1041:
2121:
1120:
662:
628:
610:
165:, in a period that lasted until the latter's bankruptcy in 1799. Many of these Chinese magnates — such as
1421:
851:
2346:
1943:
622:
604:
510:
157:
The oldest families of the Cabang Atas traced their roots in
Indonesia back to early Chinese allies and
100:
196:
The foundation of their political power was their near-hereditary control of the bureaucratic posts of
706:
438:
193:, but accumulated much greater dynastic wealth thanks partly to the protection of Dutch colonial law.
2316:
2159:
1613:
398:
373:
96:
1446:
99:
of the early twentieth century, but their political, economic and social influence lasted until the
2127:
2073:
2009:
1938:
1900:
672:
592:
450:
279:
182:
130:
92:
49:
1275:
Williams, Lea E.; Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for International (1960).
417:
2187:
2154:
2032:
2027:
2004:
1849:
1763:
1710:
1481:
487:
228:
1590:
571:('my Lord'; 'my Lady'): short form of the above or the styles of descendants of Chinese officers
428:
459:
2134:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2068:
2063:
1737:
1635:
1452:
1388:
1349:
1315:
1248:
1221:
1194:
1160:
1126:
1047:
962:
893:
889:
The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society
857:
816:
767:
712:
333:
53:
1278:
Overseas Chinese nationalism: the genesis of the Pan-Chinese movement in Indonesia, 1900-1916
1075:
996:
2179:
2174:
2078:
1998:
1966:
1949:
1933:
1758:
1687:
1087:
1008:
405:. Also not born into the Cabang Atas were a number of significant totok appointees, such as
956:
649:: the political institution dominated by families of the Cabang Atas in colonial Indonesia.
2321:
2149:
1975:
1927:
1795:
495:
352:(1835–1900), who married a middle-class Peranakan woman; and the latter's Peranakan son
2139:
2057:
1993:
1987:
1889:
1883:
1823:
1694:
1156:
De Chinese gemeenschap van Batavia, 1843-1865: een onderzoek naar het Kong Koan-archief
1076:"La communauté chinoise de Surabaya. Essai d'histoire, des origines à la crise de 1930"
658:
502:
232:
190:
186:
178:
166:
118:
763:
Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910
332:
Ethnically and culturally, families of the Cabang Atas were overwhelmingly creolised '
2310:
2285:
1894:
1276:
474:
454:
442:
402:
387:
353:
349:
320:
319:
The economic foundation of the Cabang Atas, as pointed out by the American historian
313:
95:. Their institutional control of the Chinese officership declined with the colonial
646:
479:
467:
369:
364:
263:
197:
170:
134:
126:
112:
88:
57:
24:
2280:
997:"The Han Family of East Java. Entrepreneurship and Politics (18th-19th Centuries)"
1382:
2262:
2217:
652:
576:
491:
406:
383:
341:
283:
212:
2254:
1244:
Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th-20th Centuries)
1190:
Strange company: Chinese settlers, mestizo women and the Dutch in Voc Batavia
117:
The phrase 'Cabang Atas' was first used by the colonial Indonesian historian
2236:
1640:
668:
424:
158:
1779:
1122:
The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century
1091:
1012:
1651:
1522:
453:, founded in 1900, was headed for many decades by its founding President,
2291:
2164:
1682:
1625:
1575:
1564:
486:, were largely scions of the Cabang Atas: presided by Kan, they included
1448:
Dutch colonial education: the Chinese experience in Indonesia, 1900-1942
2208:
1859:
1801:
441:, the last Majoor der Chinezen of Surabaya, was a direct descendant of
340:, or newly arrived, settlers as sons-in-law. As cited by the historian
309:
248:
81:
1785:
1533:
557:('your Ladyship' or 'my Lady'): used by the wives of Chinese officers
536:
1384:
Growing pains: the Chinese and the Dutch in colonial Java, 1890-1942
2272:
1423:
Oei Tiong Ham Concern: the first business empire of Southeast Asia
413:
378:
363:
325:
287:
18:
581:: a hereditary title used by male descendants of Chinese officers
2244:
1772:
397:
In the early twentieth century, in keeping with their so-called
1537:
323:, was their monopolistic control of the colonial government's
1426:. Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University
530:
used an elaborate system of titles in the Dutch East Indies:
541:('your Excellency'): a Malay prefix used by Chinese officers
60:, high-ranking colonial civil bureaucrats with the ranks of
140:
In older literature, the Cabang Atas is referred to as the
445:, the city's first Dutch-appointed Kapitein der Chinezen.
344:, notable examples included the late nineteenth-century,
950:
948:
946:
944:
655:: a hereditary title borne by scions of the Cabang Atas.
549:('your Lordship' or 'my Lord'): used by Chinese officers
52:—was the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
1314:(4th ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1303:
1301:
1299:
294:
In addition, most families of the Cabang Atas owned
129:'); this was colonial Indonesia's equivalent of the
2271:
2253:
2235:
2216:
2207:
2088:
2050:
1959:
1920:
1913:
1839:
1813:
1751:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1666:
1659:
1583:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1311:
Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches
1247:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
845:
843:
841:
839:
853:Menjadi Tjamboek Berdoeri: memoar Kwee Thiam Tjing
1376:
1374:
1372:
1348:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
264:Oey Djie San, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tangerang
56:. They were the families and descendants of the
233:Be Biauw Tjoan, Majoor der Chinezen of Semarang
850:Kwee, Thiam Tjing; Berdoeri, Tjamboek (2010).
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
755:
1549:
1043:Power, Politics, and Culture in Colonial Java
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
8:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
374:5th and last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia
30:of Batavia (by Charles Sayers, circa 1937).
2213:
1917:
1727:
1663:
1556:
1542:
1534:
1486:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1345:Ny. Lie Tjian Tjoen: mendahului sang waktu
1125:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1159:(in Dutch). Amsterdam University Press.
958:The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia
955:Blussé, Leonard; Chen, Menghong (2003).
711:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Hasta Wahana.
684:
403:Sie Hian Liang, Lieutenant der Chinezen
218:
23:Portrait of Yan and Coen, grandsons of
1479:
1387:. Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka.
7:
1445:Govaars-Tjia, Ming Tien Nio (2005).
488:Jo Heng Kam, Lieutenant der Chinezen
16:Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia
929:(Thesis). Leiden: Leiden University
144:(Indonesian for 'Chinese gentry').
856:(in Indonesian). Komunitas Bambu.
354:Oei Tiong Ham, Majoor der Chinezen
14:
1074:Lombard-Salmon, Claudine (1997).
995:Lombard-Salmon, Claudine (1991).
766:. Singapore: Equinox Publishing.
463:, headed for many decades by the
392:First Lady of pre-communist China
312:); or appanage leaseholds in the
1650:
1521:
920:Erkelens, Monique (2013-10-15).
271:
256:
247:Majoor Be Biauw Tjoan's private
240:
221:
1220:. Münster: LIT Verlag Münster.
72:. They were referred to as the
48:)—literally 'upper branch' in
1:
2337:Chinese diaspora in Indonesia
41:Van Ophuijsen Spelling System
1119:Osterhammel, Jürgen (2014).
815:. Rotterdam: Steve Haryono.
586:List of Cabang Atas families
181:(1673-1743), founder of the
177:(1580-1644); or the sons of
2327:Social history of Indonesia
1474:Riwajat Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
1451:. Chinese Heritage Centre.
1281:. Massachusetts: Free Press
2363:
2342:Chinese Indonesian culture
300:or private domains in the
110:
1648:
1572:
1420:Yoshihara, Kunio (1989).
1308:Suryadinata, Leo (2015).
1241:Salmon, Claudine (2013).
617:Tio family of Pasar Baroe
1214:Schrader, Heiko (1997).
1187:Blussé, Leonard (1985).
705:Liem, Thian Joe (2004).
314:Javanese princely states
163:Dutch East India Company
1574:(*) : state where
1153:Chen, Menghong (2011).
809:Haryono, Steve (2017).
760:Rush, James R. (2007).
599:Khouw family of Tamboen
465:women's rights activist
297:particuliere landerijen
93:local Chinese community
76:in Indonesian, and the
1507:(in Malay). Good Luck.
1381:Lohanda, Mona (2002).
1193:. Foris Publications.
1092:10.3406/arch.1997.3396
1013:10.3406/arch.1991.2711
892:. Jakarta: Djambatan.
886:Lohanda, Mona (1996).
663:Landed gentry in China
635:Oei family of Simongan
629:Kwee family of Ciledug
611:Lie family of Pasilian
431:Luitenant der Chinezen
420:Luitenant der Chinezen
394:
376:
304:(rural hinterland) of
207:Luitenant der Chinezen
70:Luitenant der Chinezen
31:
2332:Social class in China
1501:Tio, Ie Soei (1969).
1472:Nio, Joe Lan (1940).
1291:Khoe A Fan LUITENANT.
1040:Ong, Hok Ham (2003).
623:Lauw-Sim-Zecha family
605:Tan family of Cirebon
511:Indonesian Revolution
384:Madame Wellington Koo
382:
368:Official portrait of
367:
266:with European guests.
187:gentry stock in China
173:Kapitein der Chinezen
111:Further information:
101:Indonesian revolution
22:
1530:at Wikimedia Commons
1504:Lie Kimhok 1853-1912
1342:A. Bobby Pr (2014).
388:Majoor Oei Tiong Ham
1636:South Africa (Zulu)
673:Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
593:Han family of Lasem
451:Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan
409:Majoor der Chinezen
183:Han family of Lasem
131:Chinese mandarinate
27:Majoor der Chinezen
395:
377:
284:Majoor Tjong A Fie
54:colonial Indonesia
32:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2203:
2202:
2117:Baltic countries
1909:
1908:
1719:
1718:
1526:Media related to
863:978-979-3731-84-1
455:Phoa Keng Hek Sia
334:Peranakan Chinese
2354:
2263:Marshall Islands
2214:
2089:Central, Eastern
1918:
1728:
1664:
1654:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1525:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
992:
973:
972:
952:
939:
938:
936:
934:
928:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
883:
868:
867:
847:
834:
833:
831:
829:
806:
785:
784:
782:
780:
757:
730:
729:
727:
725:
708:Riwayat Semarang
702:
439:Han Tjiong Khing
399:'Ethical Policy'
275:
260:
244:
225:
123:Riwajat Semarang
87:As a privileged
58:Chinese officers
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2267:
2249:
2231:
2199:
2090:
2084:
2046:
1988:The Netherlands
1955:
1905:
1835:
1809:
1747:
1715:
1699:
1655:
1646:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1046:. Metafor Pub.
1039:
1038:
1027:
1017:
1015:
994:
993:
976:
969:
954:
953:
942:
932:
930:
926:
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
900:
885:
884:
871:
864:
849:
848:
837:
827:
825:
823:
808:
807:
788:
778:
776:
774:
759:
758:
733:
723:
721:
719:
704:
703:
686:
681:
643:
588:
520:
496:Han Tiauw Tjong
412:(1860–1921) in
362:
290:
276:
267:
261:
252:
245:
236:
231:, residence of
226:
155:
153:Origin and rise
150:
115:
109:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:Samoan Islands
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:United Kingdom
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1999:United Kingdom
1996:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:post-Columbian
1685:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1517:
1516:External links
1514:
1511:
1510:
1493:
1464:
1457:
1437:
1407:
1393:
1368:
1354:
1334:
1320:
1295:
1267:
1253:
1233:
1226:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1165:
1145:
1131:
1104:
1086:(1): 121–206.
1066:
1052:
1025:
974:
967:
940:
912:
898:
869:
862:
835:
821:
786:
772:
731:
717:
683:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
666:
659:Scholar-gentry
656:
650:
642:
639:
638:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
587:
584:
583:
582:
572:
558:
554:Twa Kongsi Nio
550:
542:
519:
516:
503:Dutch language
418:Lie Hin Liam,
386:, daughter of
361:
360:Modern history
358:
292:
291:
277:
270:
268:
262:
255:
253:
246:
239:
237:
227:
220:
191:Imperial China
179:Han Siong Kong
167:Souw Beng Kong
154:
151:
149:
146:
142:baba bangsawan
119:Liem Thian Joe
108:
107:Origin of term
105:
97:Ethical Policy
74:baba bangsawan
25:Khouw Kim An,
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2015:Great Britain
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1829:Indo-European
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:pre-Columbian
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1458:9789810548605
1454:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1394:9789799722904
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1355:9789797098728
1351:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1323:
1321:9789814620505
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1256:
1254:9789814414326
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1227:9783825826413
1223:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:9789067652117
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1168:
1166:9789087281335
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1134:
1132:9781400849949
1128:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:(in French).
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1053:9789793019116
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:(in French).
1002:
998:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
964:
960:
959:
951:
949:
947:
945:
941:
925:
924:
916:
913:
901:
899:9789794282571
895:
891:
890:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
859:
855:
854:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
824:
822:9789090302492
818:
814:
813:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
787:
775:
773:9789793780498
769:
765:
764:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
732:
720:
718:9789799695215
714:
710:
709:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
685:
678:
674:
670:
667:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
624:
620:
618:
614:
612:
608:
606:
602:
600:
596:
594:
590:
589:
585:
580:
579:
578:
573:
570:
569:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
533:
532:
531:
529:
525:
517:
515:
514:social life.
512:
507:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
475:Chung Hwa Hui
471:
469:
466:
462:
461:
456:
452:
446:
444:
443:Han Bwee Kong
440:
435:
433:
432:
426:
422:
421:
415:
411:
410:
407:Tjong A Fie,
404:
400:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
371:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
350:Oei Tjie Sien
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
327:
322:
321:James R. Rush
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
289:
285:
281:
274:
269:
265:
259:
254:
250:
243:
238:
234:
230:
224:
219:
217:
215:
214:
209:
208:
204:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
168:
164:
160:
152:
147:
145:
143:
138:
136:
135:revenue farms
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
106:
104:
103:(1945-1950).
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
21:
2347:Kapitan Cina
2122:Ritterschaft
2120:
2091:and Caucasus
1854:
1800:
1778:
1771:
1578:still exists
1503:
1496:
1473:
1467:
1447:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1422:
1398:. Retrieved
1383:
1359:. Retrieved
1344:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1310:
1290:
1283:. Retrieved
1277:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1243:
1236:
1216:
1209:
1189:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1155:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1121:
1095:. Retrieved
1083:
1079:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1042:
1016:. Retrieved
1007:(1): 53–87.
1004:
1000:
957:
931:. Retrieved
922:
915:
903:. Retrieved
888:
852:
826:. Retrieved
811:
777:. Retrieved
762:
722:. Retrieved
707:
647:Kapitan Cina
575:
574:
567:
566:
561:
560:
553:
552:
545:
544:
535:
534:
527:
523:
521:
508:
500:
472:
468:Aw Tjoei Lan
458:
447:
436:
434:in Batavia.
430:
429:Khoe A Fan,
419:
408:
396:
370:Khouw Kim An
348:businessman
345:
337:
331:
324:
318:
301:
295:
293:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:
172:
156:
141:
139:
127:Kapitan Cina
122:
121:in his book
116:
113:Kapitan Cina
89:social class
86:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
46:Tjabang Atas
45:
39:
35:
33:
26:
2317:Cabang Atas
2218:Australasia
1994:Switzerland
1890:Philippines
1846:Indonesia*
1528:Cabang Atas
1430:23 February
1138:23 February
1097:23 February
1059:23 February
1018:23 February
905:23 February
779:23 February
724:23 February
528:Cabang Atas
492:Loa Sek Hie
342:Ong Hok Ham
229:Kebon Dalem
159:compradores
36:Cabang Atas
2311:Categories
2255:Micronesia
2160:Montenegro
2108:Azerbaijan
1626:Madagascar
1476:. Batavia.
1400:31 October
968:9004131574
679:References
568:Kongsi Nio
546:Twa Kongsi
460:Ati Soetji
302:Ommelanden
251:orchestra.
175:of Batavia
50:Indonesian
2273:Polynesia
2237:Melanesia
2226:Australia
2188:Ruthenian
2128:Lithuania
1840:Southeast
1567:by nation
1482:cite book
961:. BRILL.
669:Kong Koan
484:Volksraad
480:H. H. Kan
425:Tangerang
280:residence
2184:Ukraine
2074:Portugal
2058:Holy See
2019:Ireland
2010:Scotland
1895:Thailand
1884:Cambodia
1872:Malaysia
1860:Javanese
1850:Balinese
1796:Nobility
1764:Mongolia
1660:Americas
1609:Ethiopia
1603:Eswatini
1576:monarchy
1565:Nobility
1285:20 April
1080:Archipel
1001:Archipel
933:27 April
641:See also
203:Kapitein
80:in Java
66:Kapitein
2292:Hawai‘i
2209:Oceania
2193:Galicia
2170:Romania
2155:Hungary
2150:Germany
2145:Georgia
2140:Bohemia
2135:Croatia
2113:Austria
2103:Armenia
2098:Albania
2028:Ireland
2005:England
1976:Kingdom
1972:France
1967:Belgium
1939:Iceland
1934:Finland
1928:Denmark
1901:Vietnam
1855:Chinese
1824:Princes
1802:Yangban
1768:Japan*
1738:Lebanon
1679:Mexico
1641:Morocco
1631:Somalia
1614:Nigeria
1596:Mamluks
1361:25 June
1327:9 April
1260:25 June
1172:9 April
828:25 June
537:Padoeka
524:ba-poco
326:pachten
310:Jakarta
306:Batavia
249:gamelan
161:of the
148:History
82:Hokkien
78:ba-poco
2322:Gentry
2180:Serbia
2175:Russia
2165:Poland
2033:Norman
2023:Gaelic
1981:Empire
1950:Sweden
1944:Norway
1914:Europe
1878:Brunei
1820:India
1792:Korea
1780:Daimyō
1743:Turkey
1711:Brazil
1674:Canada
1619:Rulers
1584:Africa
1455:
1391:
1352:
1318:
1251:
1224:
1197:
1163:
1129:
1050:
965:
896:
860:
819:
770:
715:
671:&
562:Kongsi
518:Titles
372:, the
199:Majoor
171:first
62:Majoor
2286:Tonga
2079:Spain
2069:Malta
2064:Italy
2051:South
1921:North
1865:Malay
1814:South
1786:Meiji
1759:China
1704:South
1667:North
1591:Egypt
927:(PDF)
414:Medan
346:totok
338:totok
308:(now
288:Medan
2245:Fiji
1960:West
1773:Kuge
1752:East
1731:West
1724:Asia
1695:Cuba
1488:link
1453:ISBN
1432:2018
1402:2018
1389:ISBN
1363:2019
1350:ISBN
1329:2018
1316:ISBN
1287:2018
1262:2019
1249:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1174:2018
1161:ISBN
1140:2018
1127:ISBN
1099:2018
1061:2018
1048:ISBN
1020:2018
963:ISBN
935:2020
907:2018
894:ISBN
858:ISBN
830:2018
817:ISBN
781:2018
768:ISBN
726:2018
713:ISBN
661:and
633:The
627:The
621:The
615:The
609:The
603:The
597:The
591:The
565:and
522:The
494:and
427:and
390:and
278:The
205:and
68:and
34:The
1088:doi
1009:doi
653:Sia
577:Sia
526:or
423:in
286:in
282:of
213:Sia
2313::
2001:*
1484:}}
1480:{{
1410:^
1371:^
1298:^
1289:.
1107:^
1084:53
1078:.
1028:^
1005:41
999:.
977:^
943:^
872:^
838:^
789:^
734:^
687:^
490:,
416:,
216:.
201:,
169:,
137:.
84:.
64:,
44::
2288:*
2228:*
2081:*
2060:*
1990:*
1969:*
1952:*
1946:*
1930:*
1897:*
1886:*
1880:*
1874:*
1676:*
1643:*
1605:*
1557:e
1550:t
1543:v
1490:)
1461:.
1434:.
1404:.
1365:.
1331:.
1264:.
1230:.
1203:.
1176:.
1142:.
1101:.
1090::
1063:.
1022:.
1011::
971:.
937:.
909:.
866:.
832:.
783:.
728:.
665:.
235:.
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
