652: – Often, one channel will take on the role of another channel type on a regular basis. An example of this would be a college with a strong television production curriculum assuming the roles of educational access and public access. Beyond the typical curated educational access programming, a public access television element would be added where public access television producers would make shows using college owned ( or shared) equipment and college students as crew. This can be very beneficial to both entities, as the students earn credits for the work while contributing to the public access channel. However, difficulties can arise when the programming made for public access is of a type that does not reflect the values or tastes of the supporting college, and in such situations, colleges often make the decision to downplay or abandon the public access element of the channel, depending on how much funding is earned by assuming the public access television duties.
1172:
Studio complaints usually focus on the lack of equipment or facilities, poor equipment condition, and staff indifference. Accusations are often made that these situations arose as a result of willful neglect on the part of a city, a cable company, or other third party organization, with the intention of making the public-access television facilities so inviable that interest in them will wane and facilities can be closed. Complaints may also reflect viewers' general disagreement with other people's viewpoints. Complaints may also reflect discrimination in the resources a PEG organization applies to one type of programming vs. another.
657:
channel 3 or 10, Educational access on a channel numerically near a PBS station, and Public Access in the high 90's or higher on a digital-only service tier. Various Cable TV companies have marginalized PEG programming in other ways, such as moving some or all of them to a sub-menu on the cable box, giving subscribers limited bandwidth access (and limited picture quality) to the channel, while also separating the PEG channels from the commercial channel lineup in an effort to fulfill their franchise obligations while discouraging the channels use, and hopefully eliminate the PEG channels that have the least political power.
1056:, hopefully allowing other general fund monies to be used to operate the facilities, employ staff, develop curriculum, operate training workshops, schedule, maintain equipment, manage the cablecast of shows and publish promotion materials to build station viewership. Funding and operating budgets vary significantly with the municipality's finances. Frequently it is left to the cable franchise to determine how they operate public-access television. The FCC does not mandate a cable franchise to provide any of the above services mentioned.
1060:
apply, depending on local franchise agreements or facility policy. Many public-access television channels try to favor locally produced programs while others also carry regionally or nationally distributed programming. Such programming—regional, national or even international—is usually aired on a channel curated by the PEG operator, which also carries programs produced by professional producers. A show that originates outside the municipality is often referred to as "bicycled", "dub and submit", or "satellite" programming.
609:
than others. Although the use of television in schools can be traced to those schools serving the bedroom communities of
Manhattan in the 1960s, where executives and technicians of early television lived, the creation of PEG channels expanded the value of television as a school or community resource. Students produced and aired community stories in part to serve community stakeholders and in part to engage in active learning. These schools developed school-based community television as a storytelling laboratory.
1950:
86:
780:" recognize the great potential of the cable technology to further the achievement of long-established regulatory goals in the field of television broadcasting by increasing the number of outlets for community self-expression and augmenting the public's choice of programs and types of services. . . . They also reflect our view that a multi-purpose CATV operation combining carriage of broadcast signals with program origination and
133:
1938:
1914:
1926:
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45:
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centers. Programming distributed by these centers ranges from student or parent produced media to coverage of local school functions and bodies (such as the School
Council meetings or Committee). There are a number of notable educational-access television organizations that produce programming for a national audience and experiences a very broad distribution.
874:, 440 U.S. 689 (1979), determining that the FCC's new requirements exceeded the agency's statutory powers as granted to them by Congress. The Supreme Court explicitly rejected the notion that cable companies were "common carriers", meaning that all persons must be provided carriage. Instead, the Supreme Court took the stance that cable companies were
772:"no CATV system having 3,500 or more subscribers shall carry the signal of any television broadcast station unless the system also operates to a significant extent as a local outlet by cablecasting and has available facilities for local production and presentation of programs other than automated services."
1078:
Educational-access television centers usually operate a cable channel on the local cable system and often include elements and principle that echo public-access television in terms of training and resources. Many school media and video training programs are based in the educational-access television
847:
in 1972, which required all cable systems in the top 100 U.S. television markets to offer three access-channels, one each for public, educational, and local government use. The rule was amended in 1976 to require that cable systems in communities with 3,500 or more subscribers set aside up to 4 cable
608:
channel 21, programming within city limits. Educational-access channels are generally reserved for educational purposes and are not for government-access or public-access television. Many schools have adapted educational access channels to enhance school curriculum. Some schools have done this better
1175:
Another challenge in maintaining public-access television facilities as a free speech forum can come from within the membership of the PEG facility itself, by the overuse of commercial video programmers whose program content contains sponsorship underwriting advertisements like the type permitted on
1136:
with free, open access to the cable systems and as a result cable operators or PEG organizations have occasionally (rightfully or wrongfully) banned producers, discriminated between programming in their allocation of airtime, or have removed or banned programming based upon potential legal problems,
656:
The channel numbering, signal quality, and tier location of these channels are usually negotiated with a local authority, but often, these choices are made with the intention of one or more of the parties involved to marginalize one channel and emphasize another, such as placing
Government access on
1171:
PEG television stations and studios are sometimes poorly managed and/or poorly supported, and give rise to numerous complaints. Station complaints range from poor scheduling and playback, programming playing late or not at all, or signal strength being so weak that the program becomes unwatchable.
1059:
Users of public-access television stations may participate at most levels of this structure to make content of their choosing. Generally, anyone may have their programming aired on a public-access television channel. Users are not restricted to cable subscribers, though residency requirements may
1189:
Public-access television organizations remain in service in their municipalities. In a changing technology industry, many PEG organizations began investing in training and technology to distribute media in new ways using the
Internet. In the twenty-first century, the consumer media market became
1156:
or "The
Digital Infrastructure and Video Competition Act of 2006," has changed the laws by which cable TV companies operate and as a result many public-access television studios in the state have closed. The California Public Utilities Commission now franchises cable television. However, they do
1003:
PEG access may be mandated by local or state government to provide any combination of television production equipment, training and airtime on a local cable system to enable members of the public, accredited educational institutions, and government to produce their own shows and televise them to a
826:
which is a term that comes from the bus and shipping industries, where, in exchange for being offered a charter for their operations by the government, companies were required to give all persons passage. Thus, if CATV operators we considered common carriers, then they certainly would have to give
1007:
Municipalities must take initiative and petition the cable operator to provide the funding for PEG access as laid out by law, but municipalities may also choose to take no action and will instead keep the cable television franchise fees in a general fund. A municipality may also choose to allow
645:
terms that usually refer to a channel space assigned on a Cable TV System intended to provide the content to all or some of the above listed access channels, and may contain other "access" programming such as "religious access" or the TV programming of a local institution, such as a college or a
433:
and offers students the limited ability (within FCC guidelines) to produce their own programs to air on a public television station for television production experience. These qualities are in stark contrast to PEG channel content, which is mostly locally produced, especially in conjunction with
1032:
PEG channels may be run by public grassroots groups, individuals, private non-profits, or government organizations. Policies and regulations are subject to their own ordinances and community standards, initially defined within the individual franchise agreements between community (government)
810:
In contrast with public-access television, which is government-mandated access for programming, local programming is now usually programming of local interest produced by the cable operator or PEG organizations. The term is also generally accepted to refer to television programming that is not
1023:
the PEG and local origination channels may take many forms. Large communities often have a separate organization for each PEG type, smaller communities may have a single organization that manages all three. Because each organization will develop its own policies and procedures concerning the
1140:
Funding for PEG is usually managed from local governments issuing the cable television franchise agreement. This same government often receives cable television franchise fees that come from the cable companies. Negotiation for PEG television services can often be hindered by obstructive or
1074:
is the institution set aside for fulfilling the needs of the educational departments and organizations within the municipality. Educational-access television channels may be associated with a specific school, school district or even private organization that is contracted to operate the
1144:
PEG television has been challenged by cable TV operators and telephone companies, who are now expanding into the cable TV business. These companies have lobbied for significant legislation through the U.S. Congress and through various state legislatures to reduce or end PEG television.
1206:
media, and countless new methods for distributing information and ideas. As cable television adopts new technologies, many public-access television centers adapted these new technologies in order to continue serving their missions and goals within their own constituency.
734:), along with Sidney Dean (City Club of NY), were instrumental in developing the theoretical legal basis and the practical need for public-access television, and helped to eventually obtain public-access television requirements in the franchise agreement between the
942:, allowing local communities to require PEG channels, however, it in fact had the opposite effect. Since the franchise agreement is a license between the cable operator and the municipality, the municipality could always stipulate a PEG channel requirement, and the
954:, and make PEG mandatory, the result was a law which allowed the municipality to opt out of PEG requirements, and keep 100% of the cable television franchise fees for their general fund, while providing no PEG facilities or television
1117:, digital video playback servers and new Internet technologies have made digital content production the norm. The dropping cost of digital production and distribution gear has changed the way many PEG facilities operate.
1180:
stations. Programming could then become very similar to other cable channels and programming without such sponsorship could be deprived of fair treatment by the administrators of a public-access television facility.
1012:(GATV) but not public-access television or may replace it with governmental access television or may take away Public-access television altogether, depending on the disposition of the local government or its voters.
867:, 406 U.S. 649 (1972), the Supreme Court upheld the FCC's requirements for Local Origination facilities. However the public-access television requirement did not survive legal scrutiny seven years later.
856:
Cable companies saw this regulation as an unlawful intrusion by the federal government into their business practices, and immediately started challenging the legality of these new rules. Two important
1168:
content (including public-access television) is not subject to the same rules. Because cable television is a closed system with elective access there are fewer rules and restrictions about content.
1500:
1601:
390:
broadcasting service of professionally produced, highly curated content. It is not public-access television, and has no connection with cable-only PEG television channels. Although
1125:
PEG television has come under fire from many sources including cable TV providers, local governments and officials, producers, viewers and even corporate litigation from potential
934:
as part of a cable operator's proposal for a franchise renewal ... that channel capacity be designated for public, educational, or governmental use." – 47 USC § 531(a)(emph. added)
413:. There is no generally accepted right of access for citizens to use broadcast studio facilities of PBS member stations, nor right of access by community content producers to the
1745:
1063:
In the event that a public-access television channel becomes filled with programming, a franchise may state that more television channels may be added to satisfy the demand.
1313:
1267:
965:
did contain some benefits for PEG, as it barred cable operators from exercising editorial control over content of programs carried on PEG channels, and absolved them from
919:
575:
The channels are reserved free or at a minimal cost. The local origination television content revolves primarily around community interest, developed by individuals and
1990:
879:
911:. However, the legislative imperatives of compromise between the demands of the people and the demands of the cable industry yielded a law with only small benefits for
723:
channel for public use. The rent for equipment usage and studio time was opposed and later dropped. This free-access requirement was the contractual beginnings of PEG.
143:
973:
1094:
channel to cablecast city council meetings, election programming, local emergency announcements and other events and programs as valued by the local government.
1624:. In the United States, the state of California has taken over the franchising of cable television, but left the regulation of PEG to the local government.
1417:
1970:
623:
and other civic meetings. Government channels are generally reserved for government purposes and not for education-access or public-access television.
213:
58:
646:
library. These channels are usually created as cost saving measures for the Cable TV company if their franchises or governing authorities allow it.
466:
1141:
restricting behavior from the cable company, a competing cable provider, or the government officials and staff issuing the franchise agreement.
787:, might best exploit cable channel capacity to the advantage of the public and promote the basic purpose for which this Commission was created:"
665:
In the United States, public-access television is an alternative system of television which originated as a response to disenchantment with the
1845:
1153:
843:
Hundreds of public-access television production facilities were launched in the 1970s after the
Federal Communications Commission issued its
1113:
decks and an automated video switching system. Recently, the low cost of digital production and distribution equipment, such as cameras,
1731:
1652:
1642:
Linder, Laura R. Public Access
Television: America's Electronic Soapbox. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. Page 6.
803:
Origination cablecasting. Programing (exclusive of broadcast signals) carried on a cable television system over one or more channels and
757:
The public policy origins begin at the federal level with the concept of local origination. It was the first attempt by officials at the
1615:
1164:
and PEG television. PEG television has been reported to the FCC about infractions that may apply to broadcast television, even though
1040:
Services available at public-access television organizations are often low cost or free of charge, with an inclusive, content neutral,
898:
260:
958:. Since 1984, many public-access television centers have closed around the country as more municipalities take the opt-out provision.
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232:
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758:
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344:
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177:
72:
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988:, in part because it required cable operators to act on behalf of the federal government to control expression based on content.
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1975:
1343:
1328:
1449:
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1318:
742:
473:
217:
31:
1037:, motivated individuals and groups have been able to make creative stipulations to serve an individual community's needs.
1015:
Municipalities have a broad spectrum of franchise agreements with cable television service providers and may not create a
731:
620:
246:
155:
107:
64:
1904:
1980:
1475:
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there are "open channels". In most countries public-access television channels are broadcast on cable but in
Australia,
1087:
1009:
977:
1799:
98:
1985:
1278:
749:
requirements, i.e., facilities and equipment, channel capacity, and funding, came out of this work of these pioneers.
379:
228:
159:
1574:
1177:
1090:(GATV) is a resource of the city to address local municipal programming needs. Often the city or town may use the
947:
391:
1818:
206:
1114:
705:
1424:
976:
of 1992, which gave the FCC authority to create rules requiring cable operators to prohibit certain shows. The
882:
rights, and that the requirement for public-access television was in fact a burden on these free speech rights.
1879:
1333:
1041:
950:
prevents
Congress from interfering. So while the intent may have been to correct the omission which led to the
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601:
812:
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576:
1347:
1302:
1255:
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827:
all persons access to carriage on their cable channels. However, this was specifically rejected by the
619:
for the local government bodies and other legislative entities to access the cable systems to televise
1102:
Equipment available for public-access television broadcasting is evolving quickly. At its birth, the
253:
1954:
1734:. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. June 22, 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011.
1357:
1216:
1161:
1160:
Municipalities, local governments and even residents often confuse the difference between commercial
875:
693:
685:
594:
410:
1894:
Swedish "Riksförbundet Öppna
Kanaler" organisation, representing local public TV stations in Sweden.
1298:
1157:
not regulate PEG television, which remains the purview of the various city and county governments.
689:
1575:"Learn about cable TV systems: headend and modulator | FTTH & Triple Play Broadband equipment"
1367:
1071:
586:
568:
418:
325:
1942:
1739:
1199:
1133:
796:
605:
538:
472:
PEG channels are generally funded by cable television companies through revenues derived from
402:
383:
336:
1527:"The Technology Source Archives - Instructional Television's Changing Role in the Classroom"
1165:
1103:
1034:
985:
955:
943:
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572:
531:
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Since 53% to 60% of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and
439:
352:
333:
1930:
1653:"Collection: Jefferson Cable Corporation collection | ArchivesSpace Public Interface"
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1053:
1024:
commercial content of a program, constituent services differ greatly between communities.
966:
923:
746:
735:
1048:
ideology. Monies from cable television franchise fees are paid to government for use of
791:
In 1971, this rule was rescinded, and replaced with a requirement for PEG facilities and
85:
1224:
1137:
the values of the PEG organization, or the values or desires of the cable TV provider.
823:
782:
682:
561:
318:
1925:
741:
The legal basis of the local municipality regulating cable companies—which use public
1964:
1404:
1107:
857:
720:
712:
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627:
542:
534:
494:
450:
430:
340:
329:
1937:
1129:. Special interest groups have also frequently applied pressure on PEG operations.
1033:
franchise grantor and system operator. While many of these agreements are similar
992:
939:
885:
This judicial action prompted PEG advocates to begin work on what would become the
458:
1782:"47 U.S. Code § 531 – Cable channels for public, educational, or governmental use"
1781:
1759:
1258:
transmission is common (UHF or digital). All channels are for profit operations.
719:, head of the Cable TV and Communications Commission, made recommendations for a
1913:
1690:
1220:
1045:
454:
443:
414:
195:
848:
TV channels and provide access to equipment and studios for use by the public.
1918:
1678:
1675:
1203:
1149:
991:
Currently the ACM and others are focusing on operational challenges after new
564:
348:
321:
761:(FCC) to create a service like PEG through regulation of the cable industry.
465:
which can disrupt regularly scheduled programming. PBS is also funded by the
1873:
1803:
1616:"Time Warner Cable moving PEG channels to digital-only format - FierceCable"
1288:
1232:
1110:
1019:
through these agreements. Depending on the size of the community and their
897:
642:
422:
356:
17:
1855:
1552:
815:
company or other media source for national or international distribution.
1283:
1049:
1016:
912:
462:
406:
1450:"Public, Educational, and Governmental Access Channels ("PEG Channels")"
1353:
1248:
1236:
697:
560: – Generally quite free of editorial control, a form of
1674:
See the interview with George Stoney conducted by Paula Gloria, here:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1228:
27:
Non-commercial mass media where the general public can create content
1602:"Local access channel moved from 2 to 97 but the info remains vital"
1867:
1195:
1191:
896:
870:
In 1979, the U.S. Supreme Court sided against the FCC in the case
453:, most stations solicit individual donations by methods including
398:
of PEG, PBS bears little resemblance to public-access television.
553:, which is codified under 47 USC § 531. PEG channels consist of:
905:
Congress acted to save PEG from the result of the Supreme Court
819:
631: – Cable television channels that are similar to
405:
content. Instead, it broadcasts content produced for a national
1897:
1846:"L.I. Cable Company Ordered to Restore a Public-Access Program"
860:
Supreme Court cases involved a company known as Midwest Video.
1861:
745:
in order to make profits—to meet certain minimum standards of
692:'s Dale City Television (DCTV) and Bob & Janeen Burrel at
189:
126:
79:
38:
1732:"MIDWEST VIDEO CASE – The Museum of Broadcast Communications"
995:
rules in various states are directly threatening PEG access.
776:
In a report filed with this regulation, the Commission said,
359:(Alternate Media Center), and Sidney Dean (City Club of NY).
142:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
982:
Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium v. FCC
434:
local origination studio facilities. And in the case of the
1665:
Ralph Engelman, "Origins of Public Access Cable Television"
485:
PEG (public, educational, and government access television)
421:
outside of some universities or technical colleges such as
1691:"United States v. Midwest Video Corp. 406 U.S. 649 (1972)"
980:(ACM) and others brought suit. The U.S. Supreme Court, in
635:
where a fee is paid-for-services of reserved channel time.
708:
and Jefferson Cable Corporation's Cablevision 10 and 11.
681:
The first experiments in public-access television and/or
805:
subject to the exclusive control of the cable operator.
799:
persisted, however the rules have been modified to say
151:
103:
1891:
1902:
1885:
1802:. Public Access Awareness Association. Archived from
1388:, the Canadian equivalent of public-access television
818:
Also note that at this time, the FCC was considering
1075:
educational-access television channel for the city.
1888:
european network for community radio and television
501:
489:
446:zones available to anyone for free or little cost.
220:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1314:List of American public access television programs
1268:List of American public-access television programs
920:1984 Cable Franchise Policy and Communications Act
880:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
641:television and "Community Access television" are
1882:– community television stations around the world
1760:"FCC v. Midwest Video Corp. 440 U.S. 689 (1979)"
1744:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1716:FCC V. MIDWEST VIDEO CORP., 440 U. S. 689 (1979)
600:unique to cable television systems and transmit
1202:syndication and aggregation, mobile-device and
974:Cable Television Protection and Competition Act
541:. Public-access television was created in the
438:, public-access television, the facilities and
362:Public-access television is often grouped with
1418:"Public Broadcasting Revenue Fiscal Year 2005"
1106:PEG facilities were composed of racks full of
339:. Public-access television was created in the
140:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1870:national organization for PEG access centers
1726:
1724:
1722:
669:system, and in order to fulfill some of the
549:(FCC) and has since been mandated under the
484:
324:where the general public can create content
1858:Massachusetts advocacy for PEG TV stations.
351:, based on pioneering work and advocacy of
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1851:New York Times Published: August 14, 1994
1579:FTTH & Triple Play Broadband equipment
512:Public, educational, and government access
483:
364:public, educational, and government access
1819:"Cable flips channel on public access TV"
1501:"Cable TV and the value of public access"
1476:"Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984"
476:, member fees, grants and contributions.
394:television bears some resemblance to the
298:Learn how and when to remove this message
280:Learn how and when to remove this message
178:Learn how and when to remove this message
1991:1969 establishments in the United States
1405:History: Tisch School of the Arts at NYU
1219:channels in other countries, notably in
915:and public-access television advocates.
1909:
1397:
730:, and Red Burns (who had served on the
467:federal government of the United States
366:television channels, under the acronym
1737:
1215:There are public-access television or
571:content which is transmitted through
7:
865:United States v. Midwest Video Corp.
218:adding citations to reliable sources
1553:"School-Based Community Television"
829:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
1971:American public access television
1817:Johnson, Reed (January 5, 2009).
1800:"Cable Communication Act of 1984"
1786:LII / Legal Information Institute
1454:Federal Communications Commission
1294:Chicago Access Network Television
759:Federal Communications Commission
567:where ordinary people can create
547:Federal Communications Commission
345:Federal Communications Commission
97:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
54:This article has multiple issues.
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1364:York Community Access Television
1339:Seattle Community Access Network
963:Cable Communications Act of 1984
887:Cable Communications Act of 1984
551:Cable Communications Act of 1984
427:Milwaukee Area Technical College
194:
131:
84:
43:
1555:. The Berkeley Electronic Press
1344:Tri-Valley Community Television
1329:Naperville Community Television
1132:PEG often struggles to balance
474:cable television franchise fees
205:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
1386:Community television in Canada
1370:), early public access station
1360:), early public access station
1319:Manhattan Neighborhood Network
32:Public access (disambiguation)
1:
1862:American Community Television
1072:Educational-access television
1067:Educational-access television
984:, 95–124 (1996) held the law
930:"A franchising authority ...
583:Educational-access television
545:between 1969 and 1971 by the
401:PBS generally does not offer
343:between 1969 and 1971 by the
317:) is traditionally a form of
1886:Community Media Forum Europe
1868:Alliance for Community Media
1864:national advocacy for PEG TV
1381:Alliance for Community Media
1088:Government-access television
1083:Government-access television
1010:government-access television
978:Alliance for Community Media
940:law which creates new rights
901:U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater
613:Government-access television
530:) refers to three different
1279:Boston Neighborhood Network
711:Also, at that same time in
380:Public Broadcasting Service
315:community-access television
154:, discuss the issue on the
2007:
1265:
1115:non-linear editing systems
948:United States Constitution
872:FCC v. Midwest Video Corp.
839:Federal mandate by the FCC
392:non-commercial educational
378:In the United States, the
229:"Public-access television"
29:
1874:"PEG channels" Fact Sheet
1028:Structure and programming
706:Charlottesville, Virginia
1334:Queens Public Television
1042:first-come, first-served
615: – Cable
602:instructional television
558:Public-access television
429:, which owns the area's
311:Public-access television
110:may contain suggestions.
95:may need to be rewritten
1898:Swedish Open TV Channel
1127:copyright infringements
852:Midwest Video decisions
813:commercial broadcasting
738:and the cable company.
667:commercial broadcasting
577:nonprofit organizations
528:local-access television
431:two PBS member stations
1976:Television terminology
1348:Tri-Valley, California
1303:New Haven, Connecticut
1256:Terrestrial television
952:Midwest Video decision
938:This appeared to be a
936:
908:Midwest Video decision
902:
845:Third Report and Order
808:
789:
774:
766:First Report and Order
598:educational technology
591:educational television
569:television programming
388:educational television
347:(FCC), under Chairman
326:television programming
1788:. Cornell Law School.
1633:47 U.S.C. 531 (2007).
1324:NSTV (North Shore TV)
1021:contractual agreement
928:
900:
801:
778:
770:
673:of cable television.
633:commercial television
585: – Is
505:Between 1969 and 1971
1806:on December 6, 1998.
1762:. Supreme.justia.com
1531:technologysource.org
1358:Stoughton, Wisconsin
1217:community television
1162:broadcast television
972:Congress passed the
694:Stoughton, Wisconsin
686:community television
595:synchronous learning
589:, a curated form of
374:Distinction from PBS
214:improve this article
160:create a new article
152:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1981:American inventions
1677:(part 1) and here:
1620:www.fiercecable.com
1299:Citizens Television
1178:Public Broadcasting
922:written by Senator
878:under the law with
732:Canadian Film Board
690:Dale City, Virginia
688:began in 1968 with
486:
419:television stations
417:stewarded by these
1986:1969 introductions
1880:Global Village CAT
1581:. December 3, 2015
1456:. December 9, 2015
1368:York, Pennsylvania
969:for that content.
903:
768:, the FCC stated,
587:distance education
539:specialty channels
337:specialty channels
313:(sometimes called
1823:Los Angeles Times
1600:MARINO, SUZANNE.
1505:Santa Maria Times
1152:, the passage of
1134:freedom of speech
797:local programming
795:. The concept of
606:Time Warner Cable
514:television (also
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1211:Outside the U.S.
1166:cable television
1104:state of the art
986:unconstitutional
956:channel capacity
944:contracts clause
793:channel capacity
764:In 1969, in the
700:, and 1970 with
671:social potential
639:Municipal-access
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743:rights-of-way
739:
737:
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729:
728:George Stoney
724:
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721:leased-access
718:
717:Fred Friendly
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713:New York City
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702:Robert Monroe
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543:United States
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535:narrowcasting
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495:United States
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459:pledge drives
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231: –
230:
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225:Find sources:
219:
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203:This article
201:
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168:December 2010
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33:
19:
1850:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1812:
1804:the original
1794:
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1754:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1670:
1661:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1619:
1610:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1412:
1400:
1214:
1188:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1101:
1098:Technologies
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1050:right-of-way
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993:deregulation
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212:Please help
207:verification
204:
174:
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141:
116:January 2022
113:
104:You can help
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
36:
18:Cable access
1828:October 27,
1766:October 27,
1559:November 7,
1221:Scandinavia
1046:free speech
1035:boilerplate
932:may require
726:Filmmakers
520:PEG channel
502:Established
455:fundraising
444:free-speech
1965:Categories
1943:Television
1856:MassAccess
1695:Justia Law
1393:References
1204:cell phone
1150:California
1121:Challenges
999:Principles
835:decision.
593:, it is a
565:mass media
411:satellites
349:Dean Burch
330:narrowcast
322:mass media
240:newspapers
59:improve it
1434:March 10,
1289:Channel J
1233:Australia
1111:videotape
967:liability
913:consumers
643:ambiguous
463:telethons
423:Milwaukee
357:Red Burns
328:which is
270:June 2024
156:talk page
108:talk page
65:talk page
1931:Politics
1740:cite web
1680:(part 2)
1480:mtsu.edu
1375:See also
1284:BronxNet
1017:monopoly
926:, said,
785:services
677:Pioneers
573:cable TV
415:airwaves
407:audience
332:through
150:You may
1905:Portals
1585:July 3,
1536:July 3,
1510:July 3,
1485:July 3,
1460:July 3,
1354:WSTO TV
1249:Denmark
1237:Germany
1052:use of
946:of the
831:in the
698:WSTO TV
661:History
490:Country
254:scholar
1892:RĂ–K-TV
1253:Norway
1245:Sweden
1241:Norway
1229:Canada
1185:Future
1154:AB2987
1108:analog
650:Hybrid
516:PEG-TV
480:PEG-TV
451:grants
256:
249:
242:
235:
227:
106:. The
1876:– FCC
1428:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1235:. In
1196:vlogs
1192:blogs
604:, on
461:, or
261:JSTOR
247:books
158:, or
1830:2009
1768:2009
1746:link
1587:2018
1561:2011
1538:2018
1512:2018
1487:2018
1462:2018
1436:2011
1251:and
1243:and
1231:and
918:The
820:CATV
537:and
524:PEGA
233:news
1919:Law
1200:RSS
1148:In
863:In
704:in
696:'s
425:'s
368:PEG
216:by
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1821:.
1784:.
1742:}}
1738:{{
1721:^
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244:·
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166:(
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20:)
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