515:
1038:
Pacheco, together with nine other Cadets and
Nationalists, was arrested and accused of attempting against the life of Judge Cooper. On October 22, 1937, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order Number 7731 designating Martín Travieso, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, to perform and discharge the duties of Judge of the District Court of the United States for Puerto Rico in the trial against the Nationalists thereby permitting Judge Cooper to serve as a Government witness. Díaz Pacheco and his comrades were found guilty of the charges against them and were imprisoned.
1342:
699:
106:
1940:. The Carpetas program was a massive collection of information gathered by the island's police on so-called "political subversives". The police had in its possession thousands of extensive carpetas (files) concerning individuals of all social groups and ages. Approximately 75,000 persons were listed as under political police surveillance. The massive surveillance apparatus was aimed primarily against Puerto Rico's independence movement. Thus, many independence supporters moved to the Popular Democratic Party as a means to an end to stop statehood.
1584:
58:
3044:
770:
1055:
conspiracy to incite violence." Among the nine
Nationalists accused was the Captain of the Ponce branch of the Cadets Tomás López de Victoria and fellow Cadets Elifaz Escobar, Santiago González Castro, Juan Pietri and Prudencio Segarra. They served eight years in the State Penitentiary of Puerto Rico. However, since the government's actions against them were unjust, Governor Rexford Guy Tugwell had no other choice but to pardon them.
1487:
922:
707:
1974:
1268:, to attack the local police station. Díaz Matos did as commanded and killed four policemen before fleeing. Fellow Nationalist Hipólito Miranda Díaz was killed while he covered the escape of his comrades. Díaz Matos and his group were captured and arrested by the National Guard. Among the Cadets arrested who were charged with organizing the attack were López de Victoria and Juan Jaca Hernández, Cadet Captain of Arecibo.
47:
1577:
1530:
1334:
1450:, was one of the most notable uprisings of October 30, 1950. It may possibly have been the first time a woman has led a revolt against the United States. In the town square, Canales gave a speech and declared Puerto Rico a free Republic. The town was attacked from the air with P-47 U.S. bomber planes and on land with heavy artillery. The town was held by the Nationalists for three days.
1194:
1025:, one of the physicians who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot and that many were again wounded by the clubs and bare fists of the police. No arms were found in the hands of the civilians and cadets who were wounded nor on the dead. About 150 of the demonstrators were arrested immediately afterward; they were later released on bail.
534:, believed that the cadets had to adopt a system of strict military training if they were to become a powerful Puerto Rican Army. He believed that a well-trained and disciplined army would eventually be able to fight against the United States imperialism which ruled the island. Albizu Campos often referred to the cadets as the
1988:
909:. The march had been organized by the Nationalist Party to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873. The march was also protesting the imprisonment, by the U.S. government, of Nationalist leader Albizu Campos on the alleged sedition charges.
871:
By way of evidence, the prosecution referred to the creation, organization and the activities of the cadets, which the government made reference to as the "Liberting Army of Puerto Rico." The government prosecutors alleged that the military tactics which the cadets were being taught, was for the sole
677:
Cadet recruitment was the responsibility of each
Captain. United States government reports showed that by the mid-1930s, cadet membership was growing exponentially - particularly amongst younger members, aged 18 through 25. The female members of the Nationalist Party had their own organization, known
1556:
Hernández was believed to be dead, however he wasn't, and he was taken to the local hospital along with the wounded police officers where they were operated on for their respective wounds. The battle lasted 15 minutes and at the end of the battle there were five nationalist casualties (four dead and
1020:
Nineteen people were killed and about 235 were wounded. The dead included seventeen men, one woman, and a seven-year-old girl. Some of the dead were demonstrators while others were simply passers-by. Many were chased by the police and shot or clubbed at the entrance of their houses as they tried to
1002:
The flag-bearer of the cadets was shot and killed during the massacre. A young girl by the name of Carmen Fernández proceeded to take the flag but was shot and gravely injured. A young cadet by the name of Bolívar Márquez
Telechea, despite being mortally wounded, dragged himself to a wall and wrote
742:
All of the Cadets were required to wear uniforms during the celebration of
Nationalist activities. These uniforms consisted of white trousers, black shirt, black tie, and an overseas cap. The shirt and cap were both emblazoned with a Cross of Calatrava patch. Cadet officers wore an additional black
733:
Cadets swore to be faithful to the
Nationalist Party and to participate in public activities organized by the party. Contrary to what is believed, they did not swear to overthrow the Government of the United States. They did, however, swear to fight for Puerto Rico's independence from colonial rule
1924:
Both of these men—Ramos Medina and Díaz
Pacheco—provided the FBI with copious and detailed information about the membership, structure, funding, and activities of the Cadets of the Republic. In providing the FBI this information, both men betrayed the Nationalist movement. Díaz Pacheco, of course,
1904:
distanced himself entirely from the uprisings and acted as though they had never occurred. In addition, the news of the U.S. military response, which killed dozens of Puerto Ricans and wounded hundreds more, was prevented from spreading outside of Puerto Rico. Instead, it was called an "incident
1326:
Police
Corporal Aurelio Miranda approached a car carrying some Nationalists. Fellow officers suggested they arrest them right there. Officer Miranda was shot dead in a firefight between the Nationalists and the police. Antonio Alicea, José Miguel Alicea, Francisco Campos (Albizu Campos' nephew),
1066:
at the time, wrote a letter to
President Roosevelt which in part read as follows: "The point I am to make is that the Governor (Winship) himself through his military approach to things has helped keep Puerto Rico in an unnecessary state of turmoil. He seems to think that the political problem of
1054:
The dead included
Nationalist Cadet Ángel Esteban Antongiorgi and National Guard Colonel Luis Irizarry while thirty-six other people were wounded. Despite the Nationalist Party's disavowal of any participation in the attack, several Nationalists were arrested and nine were accused of "murder and
1037:
by order of federal Judge Robert A. Cooper. The next day Díaz Pacheco participated in an assassination attempt on Judge Cooper in believing that Cooper rigged the jury made up of ten United States citizens and two Puerto Ricans, and for sentencing the Nationalist leadership to prison terms. Díaz
795:
watched from her front door on Calle Brumbaugh, near the University of Puerto Rico, as the police shot into the car carrying the four Nationalists. Rondón testified how she saw the police officers shooting at the victims and how she heard one police officer screaming "Do not to let them escape
1516:
Meanwhile, the police continued to fire upon the other Nationalists. Domingo Hiraldo Resto was seriously wounded, but despite his wounds he dragged himself towards the mansion's entrance. He was able to reach the mansion's main door and once there he was motionless and appeared to be dead. He
1046:
On July 25, 1938, Governor Winship chose the city of Ponce for a military parade in commemoration of the 1898 invasion of Puerto Rico by the United States. He wanted to prove that his "Law and Order" policy had been a successful one against the Nationalists, a decision that would prove to be
1083:
Albizu Campos returned to Puerto Rico in 1947 after having been incarcerated for ten years in Atlanta, Georgia and Díaz Pacheco and the Cadets were among those who greeted him. Albizu Campos named Díaz Pacheco Treasurer General of the party. Thus, Díaz Pacheco now served as both, Comandante
1281:
The Nationalist group of Mayagüez was one of the largest. The Cadet Captain was José Antonio Vélez Lugo. It was divided into several units, each assigned to attack different targets. One of the groups attacked the town's police station, resulting in the death of three policemen and three
821:, both members of the Cadets, on his way home after attending Mass in San Juan's Cathedral. Rosado and Beauchamp were arrested and executed without a trial at the police headquarters in San Juan but not before Beauchamp posed solemnly for a news photographer with a stiff military salute.
714:
Cadet candidates were taught the ideals of the party by the Nationalist Municipal Board President. They were then required to take an oath of allegiance to the PRNP. During the verbal oath ceremony the cadets had to place a hand on the Nationalist flag, which was itself symbolic.
31:
1291:
The unit then joined the members of the other units in Barrio La Quinta. Upon the arrival of the local police they headed into the mountains and avoided further casualties through adroit use of guerrilla tactics. Vélez Lugo was eventually captured and charged with attempted
1508:
Díaz Pacheco aimed his sub-machine gun fire at the second floor of the mansion, where the executive offices of Governor Muñoz Marín were located. During the firefight Díaz Pacheco wounded two police officers, Isidoro Ramos and Vicente Otero Díaz, before he was killed by
1376:
The National Guard arrived later that day and ordered the nine men who survived the attack to surrender. Once the nationalists surrendered they were forced to march down Dr. Cueto Street to the local town plaza where their shoes, belts and personal belongings were
3749:
1470:
Early in the morning of October 30, fellow cadets Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto, Gregorio Hernández and Manuel Torres Medina met at the house of Díaz Pacheco, in the San Juan sector of Martín Peña. At 11 A.M., they boarded a green
1253:
It was estimated by the FBI that 40 percent of the Cadet membership participated in the revolts. They participated in every incident of the revolts. However, among the more notable incidents in which the Cadets were involved were the following:
885:
1386:
The group then was taken behind the police station and where, without a trial, they were machine-gunned. Four of the nationalists died. They were nationalists Ríos, Julio Colón Feliciano, Agustín Quiñones Mercado, Antonio Ramos and Antonio
1050:
During the parade, a hail of bullets was fired toward the grandstand in an attempt to assassinate Governor Winship. Winship escaped unscathed in what was the first time in Puerto Rican history that an attempt was made on a governor's life.
1111:
Membership in the cadets began to dwindle as a result of the persecution which the cadets were subject to by local and federal agencies of United States. In the 1950s the official hierarchy of the Cadets of the Republic was the following:
2694:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Executive Order 7731 - DESIGNATING THE HONORABLE MARTIN TRAVIESO AS ACTING JUDGE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR PUERTO RICO FOR THE TRIAL OF THE CASE OF UNITED STATES v. JULIO PINTO GANDIA, ET AL"
1067:
Puerto Rico limits itself to a fight between himself and the Nationalists, that no holds are barred in that fight and that everybody else should keep out. As a matter of fact he has played the Nationalist game and they have played his.
1362:
In Utuado a group of thirty-two Nationalists fought against the local police. The group was reduced to twelve men and retreated to the house of Damián Torres—which was promptly strafed by 50-caliber machinegun fire, from four American
1908:
Hundreds of Cadets and Nationalists were arrested by mid-November 1950 and the party was never the same. The Cadets of the Republic ceased to function as an officially organized military organ of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party.
2991:"Las carpetas: persecución política y derechos civiles en Puerto Rico (Spanish Edition) "; Author: Ramón Bosque-Pérez; Publisher: Centro para la Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Civiles; 1era edición (December 29, 1997);
1893:, and the Puerto Rican Insular Police—all of whom were aligned against the Nationalists. This force was responsible for the machinegunning of Nationalists and Cadets alike and the aerial bombing of the towns of Jayuya and Utuado.
1916:
Aguedo Ramos Medina (who once served as Commander of Instruction for the Cadets) and Faustino Díaz Pacheco (the brother of Cadet Commander Ramón Díaz Pacheco) both "cooperated" with the FBI and provided them vital and ongoing
1552:
with submachine guns approached the car and fired upon Hernández, Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Torres Medina. Both Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Torres Medina were killed, and their motionless bodies were by the right side of the car.
751:
The cadets practiced military drills and were taught military tactics. They used wooden rifles during their training. During the participation of public activities, each cadet company had two standard bearers. One carried the
1327:
Osvaldo Pérez Martínez and Ramón Pedrosa Rivera, Captain of the Ponce Cadets, were arrested and accused of the murder of Corporal Miranda during the revolt. Raúl de Jesús was accused of violation of the Insular Firearms Law.
1075:
After Díaz Pacheco was released from prison he resumed his role as Commander of the Cadets. Unbeknown to him, his brother Faustino had abandoned the Nationalist Party in 1939 and had turned into an informant for the
998:
police chief, and encouraged by the governor, the police fired for over fifteen minutes from four different positions. They fired with impunity on cadets and bystanders alike—killing men, women and children.
2784:
939:, who by then was the Comandante (Commander) of the Cadets of the Republic, and his brother Faustino were present when the peaceful march turned into a bloody police slaughter, which became known as the
1021:
escape. Others were taken from their hiding places and killed. Leopold Tormes, a member of the Puerto Rico legislature, told reporters how a policeman murdered a nationalist with his bare hands. Dr.
1483:
and pistols in hand and immediately began firing at the mansion. Díaz Pacheco headed towards the mansion while the others took cover close to their car, and fired pistols from their positions.
3164:
1084:(Commander) of the Cadets of the Republic and as Treasurer General of the party. As Treasurer General he was responsible for all the funds received by the municipal treasurers of the party.
972:
Without notice to the organizers, or any opportunity to appeal or any time to arrange an alternate venue, the permits were abruptly withdrawn just before the protest was scheduled to begin.
498:). By the 1930s many students, who were also members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and influenced by the teachings of Albizu Campos, joined the Patriotas Jóvenes organization. The
2850:
421:
1461:
Díaz Pacheco was in charge of the group involved in the San Juan revolt. The objective of the revolt was to assassinate the Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín, at his residence
1204:
Various incidents between the government and the party led to a call for an armed revolt by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against United States Government rule over Puerto Rico.
1900:
places final control of territorial affairs with Congress. However, the responses to the uprising appeared to emanate independently from the federal and local authorities. President
1936:. The Cointelpro program was a project conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveying, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic
3714:
2241:
1409:
In addition to the three men killed by the P-47 Thunderbolt planes, these four aircraft inflicted massive damage to the houses, buildings and roads of both Jayuya and Utuado.
1215:
468:
147:
72:
3137:
2656:
1264:
López de Victoria led the revolt, which is referred to by the FBI as the "Arecibo Incident", in the town of Arecibo. He ordered Ismael Díaz Matos, a Nationalist leader in
987:, Puerto Rico's national anthem. As the anthem was being played, the demonstrators—which included the Cadets and the women's branch of the Nationalist Party known as the
2885:
3443:
2966:
3839:
3814:
3739:
2781:
2594:"Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook". By Sharon Ann Navarro and Armando Xavier Mejia. 2004. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
1103:, to sing a patriotic tune, to speak or write of independence, or meet with anyone, or hold any assembly, with regard to the political status of Puerto Rico.
3834:
414:
3734:
502:
adopted the Nationalist Party's independence ideals and dismissed any student who would not swear allegiance to them. The organization was later renamed
167:
1396:
González, who was 17 years old, pleaded for water and instead was bayoneted to death. The five survivors were seriously wounded in what became known as
810:
named Elisha Francis Riggs. Since the entire Insular Police took their orders from Riggs the Nationalists considered him responsible for the massacre.
3844:
3829:
837:
and the following members of the cadets: Erasmo Velázquez, Julio H. Velázquez, Rafael Ortiz Pacheco, Juan Gallardo Santiago, and Pablo Rosado Ortiz.
522:
By order of Albizu Campos, the cadets adopted a military structure with companies in various towns of the island. Albizu Campos, who had served as a
3127:
3033:
3107:
857:
407:
2494:
1517:
suddenly turned and sat on the steps and with his hands held up pleaded for mercy, his pleas however, were answered with a fusillade of gunfire.
743:
seam on the trousers and a white headquarters cap. Cadets who could not afford to buy the entire uniform wore white trousers with a black shirt.
2847:
3004:
2941:
2918:
2870:
2807:
2749:
2599:
2468:
2417:
872:
purpose of overthrowing the Government of the U.S. A jury of seven Puerto Ricans and five Americans voted 7-to-5 not guilty. However, Judge
3047:
2314:
1087:
On May 21, 1948, the Puerto Rican legislature, which was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín approved Law 53. The law which is also known as
976:
172:
796:
alive". However, her testimony was ignored and there were no charges raised against the officers. They were instead given a promotion.
621:. San Juan was the only city with more than one cadet corps. Besides the main city, San Juan also had a cadets corps in the sectors of
3824:
3245:
2033:
2006:
1958:
845:
2955:"Discrimination for Political Beliefs and Associations"; Helfeld, D. M.; Revista del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico; volumen = 25
3338:
2996:
2741:
2725:
2644:
2628:
2573:
3653:
3333:
3275:
2162:
1548:
Hernández, who was also severely wounded, continued firing at the police from under his car. A police officer and a detective from
388:
1099:. The law's main objective was to suppress the independence movement in Puerto Rico. The law made it a crime to own or display a
3348:
3200:
3122:
2055:
781:
On October 24, 1935, local police officers confronted and opened fire on supporters of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party at the
2660:
3809:
3117:
2246:
1505:
of the planned attack thanks to a double agent name E. Rivera Orellana, were already in defensive positions and returned fire.
514:
2889:
2407:
1313:
and Andrés Figueroa Cordero, attacked the members of the US House of Representatives in Washington, DC with automatic pistols.
1218:, began on October 30, 1950, upon the orders of Nationalist leader Albizu Campos, with uprisings in various towns, among them
1033:
On June 7, 1937, Albizu Campos and the other leaders of the Nationalist Party were transferred to the Federal Penitentiary in
3458:
2226:
450:
95:
62:
3674:
3568:
3363:
3132:
1134:
614:
250:
2970:
3428:
3423:
3265:
3112:
3026:
2043:
979:"Viva la Republica, Abajo los Asesinos" message which cadet Bolívar Márquez Telechea wrote with his blood before he died
531:
1341:
3724:
1247:
157:
77:
3603:
3240:
3230:
3220:
2060:
2028:
983:
Tomas López de Victoria, who at the time was the Captain of the Ponce branch of the cadets, ordered the band to play
876:
called for a new jury, this time composed of ten Americans and two Puerto Ricans, and a guilty verdict was achieved.
378:
2762:"Ley Núm. 282 de 2006 -Para declarar el día 21 de septiembre como el Díadel Natalicio de Leopoldo Figueroa Carreras"
2563:
3648:
3313:
3285:
3215:
3210:
3180:
2157:
2018:
1897:
602:
598:
393:
295:
1583:
698:
105:
57:
3819:
3643:
3478:
3308:
3235:
2822:
2152:
966:
950:, a military instructor of the cadets, and other organizers received legal permits for the peaceful protest from
785:. Four Nationalist Party members were killed and one police officer was wounded during the shooting known as the
782:
487:
318:
290:
3418:
2541:
3260:
730:
revolutionists. The black background symbolized the mourning of the Puerto Rican Nation in colonial captivity.
610:
3548:
3343:
2117:
936:
586:
240:
2459:"Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo, 1868-1938"; by: Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia;
3744:
3694:
3553:
3543:
3513:
3398:
3378:
3225:
3019:
2620:
2236:
2112:
2097:
1937:
1560:
E. Rivera Orellana, a sixth "Nationalist" who later turned out to be an undercover agent, was arrested near
1419:
955:
786:
333:
328:
215:
123:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3388:
2363:
2199:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2107:
1479:
at noon and stopped their car 25 feet from their objective's main entrance They got out of the car with a
1227:
834:
830:
590:
554:
383:
358:
343:
280:
275:
230:
2936:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
2913:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 4; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
2802:"El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza"; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 2; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
3704:
3583:
3508:
2639:"Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's democratic revolution"; publisher=Editorial UPR; year=2204; pages=152;
2127:
2092:
2001:
1472:
1310:
1063:
995:
626:
606:
260:
210:
138:
3588:
3473:
3393:
3358:
3270:
2865:
El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by Pedro Aponte Vázquez; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ;
2082:
1096:
478:
The following is a brief history of the Cadets of the Republic, covering the period from 1930 to 1950.
368:
195:
2693:
467:, the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Some members of the cadets participated in the
3689:
3598:
3158:
3102:
2498:
1950:
1490:
The bodies of Carlos Hiraldo Resto and Manuel Torres Medina lie on the ground, after their attack on
1100:
1022:
951:
753:
574:
550:
373:
2720:"Strategy as Politics"; by: Jorge Rodríguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178;
3765:
3658:
3468:
3403:
3383:
3255:
3250:
2214:
2077:
2038:
1886:
562:
464:
300:
190:
3318:
3684:
3638:
3593:
3488:
3438:
2736:"Jaime Benítez y la autonomía universitaria"; by: Mary Frances Gallart; Publisher: CreateSpace;
2390:
2256:
2204:
2147:
2087:
1979:
1235:
947:
906:
865:
849:
594:
582:
527:
285:
265:
200:
3578:
3483:
3195:
3066:
2321:
818:
363:
323:
3043:
3618:
3373:
3328:
3323:
3061:
3000:
2992:
2937:
2914:
2866:
2803:
2745:
2737:
2721:
2640:
2624:
2595:
2569:
2525:
2464:
2413:
2209:
1954:
792:
774:
642:
270:
1928:
Among the factors which have affected the independence movement in Puerto Rico have been the
3770:
3563:
3280:
3205:
3185:
3011:
2439:
2189:
2065:
1993:
1534:
1364:
1306:
1059:
1034:
984:
873:
799:
At the time of the massacre the top-ranking police chief on the island was appointed by the
438:
245:
30:
2761:
1430:
loads of 2,500 pounds. This entire arsenal was unleashed on the towns of Jayuya and Utuado.
3729:
3719:
3503:
3493:
3413:
3190:
2854:
2788:
2174:
2023:
1901:
1486:
1440:
1353:
1345:
P-47 Thunderbolt—the military aircraft used by the United States to bomb Jayuya and Utuado
1243:
1239:
959:
829:
On April 3, 1936, a Federal Grand Jury submitted accusations against Pedro Albizu Campos,
235:
162:
152:
3699:
3679:
3498:
3368:
2251:
2231:
2179:
1480:
1447:
940:
769:
630:
549:. The cadet organization was divided into companies throughout the cities and towns of
205:
128:
706:
3803:
3613:
3573:
3518:
3290:
2194:
2122:
2102:
1882:
861:
800:
727:
506:(Cadets of the Republic) and Joaquín Rodríguez, a Nationalist, was placed in charge.
472:
353:
255:
220:
1949:"War Against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America’s Colony"; Author:
3750:
Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
3608:
3558:
3523:
3408:
2184:
1918:
1576:
1463:
1333:
1302:
963:
890:
814:
719:
546:
446:
348:
338:
225:
1211:) designation of Puerto Rico—a designation widely recognized as a colonial farce.
954:, the mayor of Ponce. However, upon learning of the planned protest, the colonial
722:
on the middle of a black background. The Cross of Calatrava was first used by the
690:
newspaper that at its peak, around 1935–36, cadet membership reached over 10,000.
3448:
3433:
3353:
1881:
The revolt of October 1950 failed because of the overwhelming force used by the
1231:
1223:
1058:
Winship proceeded to declare war against the Nationalists, in response to which
975:
902:
52:
1193:
905:, the cadets were scheduled to participate in a peaceful march in the city of
3086:
1969:
1929:
1538:
926:
853:
523:
2479:
The Puerto Ricans: a documentary history. Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008P179
884:
804:
723:
463:
The Cadets of the Republic were founded and organized in the 1930s by Dr.
3787:
1207:
The revolts specifically repudiated the so-called Free Associated State (
895:
was covering the march and took this photograph when the shooting began.
841:
622:
1003:
with his blood the following message before he succumbed to his wounds:
3081:
3071:
1423:
1265:
1219:
807:
570:
566:
453:
in the twentieth century. The organization was also referred to as the
2391:
FBI Files: Pedro Albizu Campos; File Number 105-11898, Section 2, p.43
3076:
2826:
2050:
19th Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
1095:
was signed into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S.-appointed governor
645:
which had to be followed. Regular cadets were First and Second Class
618:
578:
773:
Elias Beauchamp gives a cadet military salute, moments before being
486:
In the 1920s, there was a non-political student organization in the
2013:
19th Century male leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
1485:
1192:
974:
883:
768:
705:
697:
558:
513:
1591:
List of some Cadets who were arrested during the Uprising of 1950
1427:
3015:
1914:
FBI Files - Puerto Rico Nationalist Party (SJ 100-3, Vol. 23),
1890:
1077:
683:
813:
On February 23, 1936, Riggs was assassinated by Nationalists
1582:
1575:
1537:
of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
888:
Carlos Torres Morales, a photojournalist for the newspaper
718:
The flag showed a white Calatrava Cross, also known as the
2221:
Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
653:. The Commanding Officer of each company held the rank of
1301:
One of the members of these units was Nationalist cadet
16:
Youth organization of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2967:"Puerto Rico Votes on Status: A Primer on Independence"
35:
Raimundo Díaz Pacheco commanding the Nationalist Cadets
2657:"The Ponce Massacre, why is it important to remember?"
2527:
The Imprisonment of Men and Women Fighting Colonialism
946:
Several days before the scheduled Palm Sunday march,
2880:
2878:
2386:
2384:
2169:
Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1475:
and headed towards Old San Juan. The men arrived at
1013:("Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!")
969:) demanded the immediate withdrawal of the permits.
925:
You may watch newsreel scenes of the Ponce massacre
3779:
3758:
3667:
3457:
3299:
3173:
3146:
3095:
3054:
2242:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
1522:
1358:The revolt in the town of Utuado culminated in the
1337:
El Imparcial headline: "Aviation (US) bombs Utuado"
1216:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
914:
657:, who reported to a Sub-Commander with the rank of
469:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
148:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
73:
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
68:
40:
21:
3138:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
2072:Male members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1557:one wounded) plus three wounded police officers.
1921:about the Cadets for a period of several years.
1367:planes. Three men died from this aerial gunfire.
756:, the other carried the Nationalist Party Flag.
1006:
682:(Daughters of Freedom). It is estimated by the
2463:; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008);
2401:
2399:
665:. The Commander-in-Chief reported only to the
3027:
2364:"The Nationalist Insurrection of 1950 (2011)"
415:
8:
2565:Latino Americans and political participation
1953:; Publisher: Nation Books (April 7, 2015);
3034:
3020:
3012:
2681:Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary;
422:
408:
168:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
110:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
86:
18:
2909:
2907:
2798:
2796:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
1446:The revolt in the town of Jayuya, led by
1238:. The most notable uprisings occurred in
3128:Hostosian National Independence Movement
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
1597:
1571:
1418:Each plane was heavily armed with eight
1340:
1332:
1114:
1010:"Viva la República, Abajo los asesinos!"
897:The photo was sent to the U.S. Congress.
3108:Independence Association of Puerto Rico
2619:"The Puerto Rican diaspora"; publisher=
2267:
1422:, four on each wing. They also carried
991:(Daughters of Freedom)—began to march.
858:federal government of the United States
94:
3771:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío
3715:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
3165:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
2951:
2949:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1519:
1305:, who on March 1, 1954, together with
1107:Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
911:
538:(The Liberation Army of Puerto Rico).
3840:Military wings of nationalist parties
3815:History of United States expansionism
3740:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
2817:
2815:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
7:
3048:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
458:(Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico)
3835:Puerto Rican independence activists
702:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Flag
541:Cadet headquarters were located at
173:1954 United States Capitol shooting
2683:Federico Ribes Tovar (1971); p. 64
2544:(in Spanish). Proyecto Salón Hogar
2007:List of revolutions and rebellions
846:Title 18 of the United States Code
536:Ejército Libertador de Puerto Rico
14:
3845:Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico
3830:Political history of Puerto Rico
3042:
2782:Law Library Microform Consortium
1986:
1972:
1528:
1426:that were five inches wide, and
1200:The National Guard occupy Jayuya
1070:
1042:Attempt against Governor Winship
920:
840:These men all were charged with
543:Número 11 de la Calle del Cristo
104:
56:
45:
29:
3118:Puerto Rican Independence Party
2409:Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule
2247:Puerto Rican Independence Party
3654:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
3286:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
3123:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2227:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
2163:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
1816:San Juan Post Office Incident
1071:Puerto Rico's Gag Law (Law 53)
760:Historical events (1930 -1950)
726:of Calatrava and later by the
661:, who in turn reported to the
455:Liberation Army of Puerto Rico
451:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
389:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
63:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
1:
3675:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
3589:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3349:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
3201:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
2056:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
734:by whatever means necessary.
518:Don Pedro Albizu Campos, 1936
369:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
3735:Truman assassination attempt
3113:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
2965:jeanvidal (8 October 2012).
2406:Bosque Pérez, Ramón (2006).
1574:
1573:
3725:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3334:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
2531:Retrieved December 9, 2009.
1457:San Juan Nationalist revolt
962:(who had been appointed by
649:, and larger companies had
158:San Juan Nationalist revolt
78:San Juan Nationalist revolt
3861:
3103:Union Party of Puerto Rico
2412:. SUNY Press. p. 71.
1925:betrayed his own brother.
1898:United States Constitution
1759:Alejandro Figueroa Rosado
1657:José Antonio Ballet Pérez
1214:The revolts, known as the
669:of the Nationalist Party.
3825:Puerto Rican nationalists
3429:María de Lourdes Santiago
3424:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
3266:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
2044:Antonio Valero de Bernabé
1674:Carlos Feliciano Vázquez
1527:
1062:Rexach, a student at the
1029:The Judge Cooper incident
967:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
919:
783:University of Puerto Rico
488:University of Puerto Rico
28:
3261:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
3231:Francisco Ramírez Medina
3221:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
2029:Francisco Ramírez Medina
1905:between Puerto Ricans."
1870:Attack to commit murder
1853:Attack to commit murder
1836:Attack to commit murder
1819:Attack to commit murder
1810:Diego Quiñones González
1802:Attack to commit murder
1793:Marcelino Turell Rivera
1785:Attack to commit murder
1768:Attack to commit murder
1717:Attack to commit murder
1708:Eladio Sotomayor Cancel
1700:Attack to commit murder
1683:Attack to commit murder
1666:Attack to commit murder
1420:.50-caliber machine guns
1152:José Antonio Vélez Lugo
844:and other violations of
510:Organizational structure
3745:Cerro Maravilla murders
3690:Levantamiento de Ciales
3649:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
3569:Tomás López de Victoria
3554:Andres Figueroa Cordero
3544:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
3364:José M. Dávila Monsanto
3226:Antonio Mattei Lluberas
3216:Francisco Gonzalo Marín
3211:Eugenio María de Hostos
3181:Ramón Emeterio Betances
3096:Political organizations
2623:; year=2005; pages=76;
2621:Temple University Press
2393:Retrieved Jan. 8, 2014.
2158:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
2113:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
2019:Ramón Emeterio Betances
1938:political organizations
1630:Attack to commit murder
1610:Incident participation
1568:Arrests and accusations
1501:guards and police, who
1171:Captain of Río Piedras
1135:Tomás López de Victoria
960:General Blanton Winship
956:governor of Puerto Rico
825:Arrest of Albizu Campos
504:Cadetes de la República
443:Cadetes de la República
334:Andres Figueroa Cordero
329:Carmelo Delgado Delgado
296:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
251:Tomás López de Victoria
90:Part of a series on the
3810:History of Puerto Rico
3644:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
3539:Isabel Freire de Matos
3529:Juan Antonio Corretjer
3479:Margot Arce de Vázquez
3309:Antonio Rafael Barceló
3236:José Gualberto Padilla
3174:19th century activists
3154:Cadets of the Republic
3147:Militant organizations
2200:Isabel Freire de Matos
2153:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
2108:Juan Antonio Corretjer
1844:Ángel Colón Feliciano
1691:Ezequiel Lugo Morales
1640:Eduardo López Vázquez
1587:
1580:
1513:guard Carmelo Dávila.
1494:
1400:(The Utuado Massacre).
1346:
1338:
1303:Irvin Flores Rodríguez
1201:
1184:Heriberto Castro Ríos
1139:Colonel/Sub-Commander
1126:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
1017:
980:
898:
831:Juan Antonio Corretjer
778:
777:at police headquarters
711:
703:
519:
435:Cadets of the Republic
344:Isabel Freire de Matos
319:Margot Arce de Vázquez
291:Antonio Vélez Alvarado
231:Juan Antonio Corretjer
134:Cadets of the Republic
23:Cadets of the Republic
3604:Helen Rodríguez Trías
3584:Francisco Matos Paoli
3549:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
3509:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3444:Carlos Alberto Torres
3344:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
3300:20th and 21st century
3241:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
3055:Indigenous resistance
2886:"Nylatinojournal.com"
2542:"La Masacre de Ponce"
2128:Francisco Matos Paoli
2118:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
2093:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2061:Lola Rodríguez de Tió
2002:List of Puerto Ricans
1827:José Avilés Massanet
1646:Martin Peña Incident
1632:(he escaped to Cuba)
1586:
1579:
1489:
1344:
1336:
1311:Rafael Cancel Miranda
1209:Estado Libre Asociado
1196:
1160:Ramón Pedroza Rivera
1093:Puerto Rico's Gag Law
1064:University of Chicago
978:
937:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
887:
833:, Luis F. Velázquez,
772:
709:
701:
517:
379:Helen Rodríguez Trías
261:Francisco Matos Paoli
241:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
211:Rafael Cancel Miranda
3695:Río Piedras massacre
3399:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
3379:Víctor Manuel Gerena
3314:Félix Benítez Rexach
3159:Boricua Popular Army
2853:May 8, 2009, at the
2823:"HISTORIA DE UTUADO"
2495:"pr-secretfiles.net"
2315:"pr-secretfiles.net"
2237:Río Piedras massacre
1951:Nelson Antonio Denis
1725:Justo Toro Castillo
1564:and later released.
1398:La Masacre de Utuado
1179:Captain of Santurce
1155:Captain of Mayagüez
1144:Juan Jaca Hernández
989:Hijas de la Libertad
852:is the criminal and
803:government—a former
787:Río Piedras massacre
765:Río Piedras massacre
680:Hijas de la Libertad
394:Félix Benítez Rexach
313:Notable nationalists
124:Río Piedras massacre
3766:Grito de Lares flag
3659:Olga Viscal Garriga
3634:Clemente Soto Vélez
3624:Vidal Santiago Díaz
3534:José Ferrer Canales
3469:Pedro Albizu Campos
3419:Ángel Rivero Méndez
3404:Antonio S. Pedreira
3389:Luis Lloréns Torres
3384:Edwin Irizarry Mora
3256:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
2215:Olga Viscal Garriga
2143:Clemente Soto Vélez
2133:Vidal Santiago Díaz
2078:Pedro Albizu Campos
2039:Segundo Ruiz Belvis
1887:U.S. National Guard
1782:Naranjito Incident
1776:Ramón Luis Serrano
1765:Naranjito Incident
1742:Manuel Toro Rivera
1533:Newsreel scenes in
1176:Antonio Colón Save
1147:Captain of Arecibo
1129:Commander-in-Chief
835:Clemente Soto Vélez
754:Flag of Puerto Rico
465:Pedro Albizu Campos
359:José Ferrer Canales
301:Olga Viscal Garriga
281:Clemente Soto Vélez
276:Vidal Santiago Díaz
191:Pedro Albizu Campos
185:Nationalist leaders
3685:Intentona de Yauco
3639:Griselio Torresola
3594:Ruth Mary Reynolds
3489:Casimiro Berenguer
3439:Alejandrina Torres
3394:Oscar López Rivera
3359:Pedro Ortiz Dávila
3276:Fernando Fernandez
3271:Manuel Zeno Gandía
2787:2010-12-14 at the
2568:. ABC-CLIO. 2004.
2327:on 1 November 2013
2257:Intentona de Yauco
2205:Ruth Mary Reynolds
2148:Griselio Torresola
2088:Casimiro Berenguer
1980:Puerto Rico portal
1799:Peñuelas Incident
1748:Mayagüez Incident
1731:Mayagüez Incident
1714:Mayagüez Incident
1697:Mayagüez Incident
1663:Mayagüez Incident
1627:Mayagüez Incident
1588:
1581:
1495:
1347:
1339:
1202:
1187:Captain of Utuado
981:
948:Casimiro Berenguer
901:March 21, 1937, a
899:
880:The Ponce massacre
866:criminal procedure
850:United States Code
848:. Title 18 of the
779:
775:summarily executed
747:Drills and tactics
712:
704:
663:Commander-in-Chief
528:United States Army
520:
286:Griselio Torresola
266:Ruth Mary Reynolds
201:Casimiro Berenguer
118:Events and revolts
3797:
3796:
3709:Ley de la Mordaza
3599:Germán Rieckehoff
3514:José Coll y Cuchí
3461:Nationalist Party
3374:Leopoldo Figueroa
3324:Americo Boschetti
3005:978-0-9650043-0-5
2942:978-1-931702-01-0
2919:978-1-931702-01-0
2892:on 26 August 2009
2871:978-1-931702-01-0
2808:978-1-931702-01-0
2750:978-1-4611-3699-6
2600:978-1-85109-523-0
2469:978-1-934461-69-3
2419:978-0-7914-6417-5
2098:José Coll y Cuchí
1912:According to the
1874:
1873:
1680:Arecibo Incident
1621:Noé Martí Torres
1596:
1595:
1546:
1545:
1278:Mayagüez Incident
1191:
1190:
1163:Captain of Ponce
1121:Rank and Company
1101:Puerto Rican flag
1089:Ley de la Mordaza
994:Empowered by the
952:José Tormos Diego
934:
933:
641:The cadets had a
492:Patriotas Jóvenes
432:
431:
374:Germán Rieckehoff
216:José Coll y Cuchí
141:Ley de la Mordaza
98:Nationalist Party
85:
84:
3852:
3820:Anti-imperialism
3251:Juan Ríus Rivera
3186:Mariana Bracetti
3046:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3007:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2969:. Archived from
2962:
2956:
2953:
2944:
2934:
2921:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:. Archived from
2882:
2873:
2863:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2825:. Archived from
2819:
2810:
2800:
2791:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2734:
2728:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2659:. Archived from
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2617:
2602:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2497:. Archived from
2491:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:"Isolina Rondón"
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2360:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2320:. Archived from
2319:
2311:
2066:Mariana Bracetti
1996:
1994:Biography portal
1991:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1934:Carpetas program
1932:program and the
1867:Utuado Uprising
1850:Utuado Uprising
1833:Utuado Uprising
1598:
1572:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1365:P-47 Thunderbolt
1360:Utuado massacre.
1261:Arecibo Incident
1199:
1168:Fernando Lebrón
1115:
1035:Atlanta, Georgia
924:
923:
912:
874:Robert A. Cooper
860:. It deals with
710:The Cross potent
643:chain of command
637:Chain of Command
424:
417:
410:
108:
87:
60:
51:
49:
48:
33:
19:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3775:
3754:
3730:Utuado Uprising
3720:Jayuya Uprising
3663:
3504:Nemesio Canales
3494:Julia de Burgos
3484:Elías Beauchamp
3474:José S. Alegría
3460:
3453:
3414:Miguel Poventud
3301:
3295:
3196:Roberto Cofresí
3191:Mathias Brugman
3169:
3142:
3133:Socialist Front
3091:
3050:
3040:
3010:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2935:
2924:
2912:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2855:Wayback Machine
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2801:
2794:
2789:Wayback Machine
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2735:
2731:
2719:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2618:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2269:
2265:
2175:Julia de Burgos
2083:José S. Alegría
2024:Mathias Brugman
1992:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1946:
1944:Further reading
1902:Harry S. Truman
1889:, the FBI, the
1879:
1861:Eladio Olivero
1631:
1589:
1570:
1529:
1459:
1441:Jayuya Uprising
1357:
1354:Utuado Uprising
1325:
1280:
1263:
1197:
1109:
1097:Jesús T. Piñero
1073:
1044:
1031:
1023:Jose N. Gándara
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
921:
915:External videos
896:
882:
827:
819:Elías Beauchamp
767:
762:
749:
740:
696:
675:
639:
512:
484:
475:colonial rule.
428:
399:
398:
324:Elías Beauchamp
314:
306:
305:
236:Julia de Burgos
196:José S. Alegría
186:
178:
177:
163:Utuado uprising
153:Jayuya Uprising
119:
111:
97:
55:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3858:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3700:Ponce massacre
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Grito de Lares
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Isolina Rondón
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:Blanca Canales
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3369:Elizam Escobar
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Juan Mari Brás
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3008:
2984:
2957:
2945:
2922:
2903:
2874:
2858:
2840:
2811:
2792:
2774:
2753:
2729:
2706:
2685:
2673:
2648:
2632:
2603:
2587:
2574:
2555:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2481:
2472:
2452:
2431:
2418:
2395:
2380:
2368:Write To Fight
2338:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:Grito de Lares
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Ponce massacre
2229:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:Isolina Rondón
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Blanca Canales
2177:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1983:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:978-1568585017
1945:
1942:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:Cadet company
1605:
1604:Name of Cadet
1602:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1566:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1524:
1523:External audio
1481:submachine gun
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:Blanca Canales
1444:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:Ponce Incident
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:Name of Cadet
1108:
1105:
1072:
1069:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1008:
1007:
1005:
941:Ponce massacre
932:
931:
917:
916:
881:
878:
862:federal crimes
826:
823:
793:Isolina Rondón
766:
763:
761:
758:
748:
745:
739:
736:
695:
692:
674:
671:
638:
635:
511:
508:
496:Young Patriots
483:
480:
430:
429:
427:
426:
419:
412:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Isolina Rondón
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:Blanca Canales
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
136:
131:
129:Ponce massacre
126:
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
101:
100:
92:
91:
83:
82:
81:
80:
70:
66:
65:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3857:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Daniel Santos
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Isabel Rosado
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Hugo Margenat
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3564:Lolita Lebrón
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Oscar Collazo
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Rubén Berríos
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:Marcos Xiorro
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Agustín Stahl
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:José de Diego
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:0-9650043-0-9
2994:
2988:
2985:
2973:on 2014-10-06
2972:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2829:on 2016-04-22
2828:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:1-4611-3699-7
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2726:0-8477-0160-3
2723:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2663:on 2013-06-14
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:0-8477-0158-1
2642:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:1-59213-413-0
2626:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2577:
2575:1-85109-523-3
2571:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2529:, 1930 - 1940
2528:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2501:on 2015-09-24
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Isabel Rosado
2193:
2191:
2190:Lolita Lebrón
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Daniel Santos
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Hugo Margenat
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Oscar Collazo
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1981:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:U.S. military
1876:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1307:Lolita Lebrón
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:Jaime Benítez
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:La Borinqueña
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
961:
958:at the time,
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
930:
929:
918:
913:
910:
908:
904:
894:
892:
886:
879:
877:
875:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
788:
784:
776:
771:
764:
759:
757:
755:
746:
744:
737:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
708:
700:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:San Sebastián
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Sabana Grande
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
476:
474:
473:United States
470:
466:
461:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
406:
405:
403:
402:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Daniel Santos
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
354:Isabel Rosado
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Hugo Margenat
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Lolita Lebrón
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:Oscar Collazo
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
142:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
115:
114:
107:
103:
102:
99:
93:
89:
88:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
67:
64:
59:
54:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3786:
3708:
3609:Hiram Rosado
3579:René Marqués
3559:Irvin Flores
3524:Rosa Collazo
3459:Puerto Rican
3409:Pedro Pietri
3246:Manuel Rojas
3161:(Macheteros)
3153:
3067:Agüeybaná II
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2971:the original
2960:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2861:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2732:
2697:. Retrieved
2688:
2680:
2676:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:the original
2651:
2635:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2564:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2475:
2460:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2434:
2423:. Retrieved
2408:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:
2329:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2220:
2219:
2185:Rosa Collazo
2168:
2167:
2071:
2070:
2049:
2048:
2034:Manuel Rojas
2012:
2011:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:intelligence
1913:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1880:
1590:
1562:La Fortaleza
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:La Fortaleza
1549:
1547:
1539:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:La Fortaleza
1491:
1477:La Fortaleza
1476:
1469:
1464:La Fortaleza
1462:
1460:
1439:
1397:
1359:
1352:
1322:
1277:
1260:
1252:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1110:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1047:disastrous.
1045:
1032:
1019:
1009:
1001:
993:
988:
982:
971:
964:US president
945:
935:
927:
900:
891:El Imparcial
889:
870:
839:
828:
815:Hiram Rosado
812:
798:
791:
780:
750:
741:
732:
720:Cross potent
717:
713:
687:
679:
676:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
547:Old San Juan
542:
540:
535:
521:
503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
477:
462:
457:
454:
449:wing of the
447:paramilitary
442:
434:
433:
364:René Marqués
349:Hiram Rosado
339:Irvin Flores
226:Rosa Collazo
140:
133:
96:Puerto Rican
69:Battles/wars
3449:Iris Zavala
3434:Piri Thomas
3354:Juan Dalmau
3062:Agüeybaná I
2548:January 10,
1613:Accusation
1282:bystanders.
903:Palm Sunday
631:Río Piedras
611:San Lorenzo
532:World War I
437:, known in
53:Puerto Rico
3804:Categories
2667:2012-06-05
2581:2009-05-01
2425:2009-03-17
2263:References
1930:Cointelpro
1779:Naranjito
1762:Naranjito
1624:Cabo Rojo
854:penal code
603:San Germán
524:Lieutenant
445:, was the
41:Allegiance
3339:Roy Brown
3302:activists
1877:Aftermath
1813:San Juan
1751:Sedition
1745:Mayagüez
1734:Sedition
1728:Mayagüez
1711:Mayagüez
1694:Mayagüez
1677:Mayagüez
1660:Mayagüez
1649:Sedition
1511:Fortaleza
1499:Fortaleza
1387:González.
1228:Naranjito
805:U.S. Army
724:Crusaders
667:President
651:Sergeants
591:Naranjito
555:Cabo Rojo
500:Patriotas
139:Gag Law (
3788:Claridad
2977:25 April
2896:25 April
2851:Archived
2848:Claridad
2833:25 April
2785:Archived
2767:25 April
2699:25 April
2505:25 April
2461:Page 306
2445:25 April
2373:25 April
2331:25 April
1966:See also
1473:Plymouth
1377:removed.
1248:San Juan
1232:Peñuelas
1224:Mayagüez
996:American
842:sedition
801:American
738:Uniforms
688:El Mundo
647:Soldiers
627:Santurce
623:Hato Rey
607:San Juan
587:Mayagüez
471:against
3759:Symbols
3705:Gag Law
3087:Urayoán
3082:Jumacao
3072:Arasibo
1864:Utuado
1847:Utuado
1830:Utuado
1601:Number
1535:Spanish
1424:rockets
1292:murder.
1266:Arecibo
1220:Arecibo
856:of the
808:Colonel
678:as the
673:Numbers
659:Colonel
655:Captain
575:Isabela
571:Humacao
567:Guayama
551:Arecibo
530:during
526:in the
490:called
482:Origins
439:Spanish
3668:Events
3077:Hayuya
3003:
2995:
2940:
2917:
2869:
2806:
2748:
2740:
2724:
2643:
2627:
2598:
2572:
2467:
2416:
1957:
1885:, the
1796:Ponce
1643:Cayey
1246:, and
1244:Jayuya
1240:Utuado
1198:
728:French
619:Utuado
579:Jayuya
563:Dorado
61:
50:
3780:Media
2325:(PDF)
2318:(PDF)
1236:Ponce
907:Ponce
595:Ponce
583:Lares
559:Cayey
3001:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2979:2016
2938:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2898:2016
2867:ISBN
2835:2016
2804:ISBN
2769:2016
2746:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2701:2016
2641:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2550:2010
2507:2016
2465:ISBN
2447:2016
2414:ISBN
2375:2016
2333:2016
1955:ISBN
1896:The
1858:15.
1841:14.
1824:13.
1807:12.
1790:11.
1773:10.
1540:here
1503:knew
1497:The
1428:bomb
1234:and
928:here
864:and
817:and
694:Oath
686:and
629:and
617:and
1891:CIA
1756:9.
1739:8.
1722:7.
1705:6.
1688:5.
1671:4.
1654:3.
1637:2.
1618:1.
1091:or
1078:FBI
684:FBI
545:in
441:as
3806::
2999:;
2948:^
2925:^
2906:^
2877:^
2814:^
2795:^
2744:;
2709:^
2606:^
2484:^
2398:^
2383:^
2366:.
2341:^
2270:^
1309:,
1250:.
1242:,
1230:,
1226:,
1222:,
1080:.
943:.
868:.
789:.
633:.
625:,
613:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
577:,
573:,
569:,
565:,
561:,
557:,
553:,
460:.
3711:)
3707:(
3035:e
3028:t
3021:v
2981:.
2900:.
2837:.
2771:.
2703:.
2670:.
2584:.
2552:.
2509:.
2449:.
2428:.
2377:.
2335:.
1961:.
1466:.
1015:)
893:,
494:(
423:e
416:t
409:v
143:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
