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685:, Prince of Wales. As Caernarfon was the centre of administration in Gwynedd and a symbol of English power, it was targeted by the Welsh. Madog's forces captured the town in September, and in the process heavily damaged the town walls. The castle was defended by just a ditch and a temporary barricade. It was quickly taken and anything flammable was set alight. Fire raged across Caernarfon, leaving destruction in its wake. In the summer of 1295, the English moved to retake Caernarfon. By November the same year, the English began refortifying the town. Rebuilding the town walls was a high priority, and £1,195 (nearly half the sum initially spent on the walls) was spent on completing the job two months ahead of schedule. Attention then shifted to the castle and on finishing the work that had halted in 1292. Once the rebellion was put down, Edward began building
809:
923:, was partly influenced by a desire to make the structure impressive as a symbol of the new English rule in Wales. This was particularly acute as Caernarfon was made the centre of government in the northern part of the country. The Edwardian castle's layout was mostly dictated by the lie of the land, although the inclusion of the previous castle's motte played a part. It is a narrow enclosure, roughly in the shape of a figure eight. It was divided into two enclosures, upper and lower "wards", in the east and west respectively, with the eastern containing royal accommodation, although this was never completed. The divide was supposed to be established by a range of fortified buildings, however these too were never built.
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1021:. A statue of Edward II was erected in a niche overlooking the town, above the entrance to the King's Gate. In the opinion of architectural historian Arnold Taylor, "No building in Britain demonstrates more strikingly the immense strength of medieval fortifications than the great twin-towered gateway to Caernarfon Castle." The Queen's Gate is unusual in that its entrance is above ground level; this was due to the integration of the earlier motte, raising the ground level of the interior. Externally, the gate would have been approached by a stone ramp which is no longer present.
717:, which were amongst the most expensive and impressive fortifications of the later 12th and early 13th centuries. Subsequent additions to Caernarfon were not major, and what remains of the castle is substantially from the Edwardian period. Despite the expense, much of what was planned for the castle was never carried out. The rears of the King's Gate (the entrance from the town) and the Queen's Gate (the entrance from the south-east) were left unfinished, and foundations in the castle's interior mark where buildings would have stood had work continued.
617:, was created around the site to protect it while the permanent defences were under construction. Timber was shipped from as far away as Liverpool. Stone was quarried from nearby places, such as from Anglesey and around the town. A force of hundreds worked on the excavation of the moat and digging the foundations for the castle. As the site expanded, it began to encroach on the town; houses were cleared to allow the construction. Residents were not paid compensation until three years later. While the foundations for the stone walls were being created,
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labour moved north to help out with
England's war against Scotland. Records show that Walter of Hereford had left Caernarfon and was in Carlisle in October 1300; he remained occupied with the Scottish wars until the autumn of 1304 when building at Caernarfon resumed. Walter died in 1309 and his immediate subordinate, Henry of Ellerton, took over the position of master mason. Construction continued at a steady rate until 1330.
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infant son to their surprise; but the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century. In 1284, Caernarfon was defended by a garrison of forty men, more than the thirty-strong garrisons at Conwy and
Harlech. Even in peace time, when most castles would have a guard of only a few men, Caernarfon was defended by between twenty and forty people due to its importance.
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984:, a Roman emperor. In his dream Maximus had seen a fort, "the fairest that man ever saw", within a city at the mouth of a river in a mountainous country and opposite an island. Edward interpreted this to mean Segontium was the city of Maximus' dream and drew on the imperial link when building Caernarfon Castle. The purported discovery of Magnus's remains and the addition of carved
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528:. The motte, or mound, was integrated into the later Edwardian castle, but the location of the original bailey is uncertain, although it may have been to the north-east of the motte. Excavations on top of the motte in 1969 revealed no traces of medieval occupation, suggesting any evidence had been removed. It is likely that the motte was surmounted by a wooden tower known as a
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699:... to cause 100 suitable masons experienced in such work as the king is engaged upon at Kaernaruan to be chosen in the town of Chester and in other parts within his bailiwick, and to cause them to come with their tools to Kaernaruan without delay, there to do what Edmund the king's brother shall enjoin upon them, as the king needs masons for his work there at once
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1033:. This abutted the south side of the lower ward and was 30.5 metres (100 ft). Though only the foundations survive, the Great Hall would have been an impressive building, featuring fine architecture, and used to host royal entertainment. Had Caernarfon been completed as intended, it could have contained a royal household of several hundred people.
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took over as master mason for the new phase of construction. By the end of 1301, a further £4,500 had been spent on the work; the focus of the work was on the northern wall and towers. The accounts between
November 1301 and September 1304 are missing, possibly because there was a hiatus in work while
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The construction of the new stone castle was part of a programme of building which transformed
Caernarfon; town walls were added, connected to the castle, and a new quay was built. The earliest reference to building at Caernarfon dates from 24 June 1283, when a ditch had been dug separating the
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were built around
Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the work ended in 1330. Although the castle appears mostly complete from the outside, the interior buildings no longer survive and many parts of the structure were never finished. In 1294 the town and castle
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and its towers survive largely intact, all that remains of the buildings contained within the castle are the foundations. While royal lodgings were in the upper ward, the lower ward contained buildings such as the kitchens. The kitchens were located immediately west of the King's Gate. On the basis
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to one of the towers may have been intended to reinforce this narrative. Recent work by historian
Abigail Wheatley suggests that the design of Caernarfon was indeed an assertion of Edward's authority, but that it drew on imagery from Roman sites in Britain with the intent of creating an allusion to
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were mostly complete. At the same time work continued on the castle. Spending on construction was negligible from 1289 and accounts end in 1292. Edward I's campaign of castle-building in Wales cost £80,000 between 1277 and 1304, and £95,000 between 1277 and 1329; by 1292 £12,000 had been spent
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Plan of
Caernarfon Castle: A – Site of Water Gate; B – Eagle Tower; C – Queen's Tower; D – Well Tower; E – Lower Ward; F – Great Hall; G – Kitchens; H – Chamberlain Tower; I – King's Gate; J – Upper Ward; K – Black Tower; L – Granary Tower; M – North-East Tower; N – Cistern Tower; O – Queen's Gate.
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There were two main entrances, one leading from the town (the King's Gate) and one allowing direct access to the castle without having to proceed through the town (the Queen's Gate). Their form was typical of the time: a passage between two flanking towers. If the King's Gate had been completed, a
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In
Caernarfon's case the walls of the town and castle remained in good condition, while features which required maintenance—such as roofs—were in a state of decay and much timber was rotten. Conditions were so poor that of the castle's seven towers and two gatehouses, only the Eagle Tower and the
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in 1301, with control over Wales and its incomes. Since then the title has traditionally been held by the eldest son of the monarch. According to a famous legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of
English" and then produced his
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to the
English throne in 1485 heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. The Tudors were Welsh in origin, and their rule eased hostilities between the Welsh and English. As a result, castles such as Caernarfon, which provided secure centres from which the country could be administered,
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Caernarfon's appearance differs from that of other Edwardian castles through the use of banded coloured stone in the walls and in its polygonal, rather than round, towers. There has been extensive academic debate over the interpretation of these features. Historian Arnold Taylor argued that the
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on the tops of walls and towers, and along the southern face were firing galleries; it was intended to include galleries along the northern face but they were never built. In the opinion of military historian Allen Brown, this combined to make Caernarfon Castle "one of the most formidable
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Caernarfon Castle is now a major tourist attraction, with over 205,000 people visiting the attraction in 2018. A three-year restoration project, costing £5M and concluding in April 2023, has opened up previously-closed areas of the castle, and enabled wheelchair access to the battlements.
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For around two centuries after the conquest of Wales, the arrangements established by Edward I for the governance of the country remained in place. During this time the castle was constantly garrisoned, and Caernarfon was effectively the capital of north Wales. There was a degree of
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began to replace with the current stone structure in 1283. The castle and town established by Edward acted as the administrative centre of north Wales, and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past—nearby is the
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Most of the northern towers had four storeys including a basement. The Eagle Tower at the western corner of the castle was the grandest. It has three turrets which were once surmounted by statues of eagles. The tower contained grand lodgings, and was probably built for Sir
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King's Gate had roofs by 1620. The domestic buildings inside the castle had been stripped of anything valuable, such as glass and iron. Despite the disrepair of the domestic buildings, the castle's defences were in a good enough state that during the
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on the construction of Caernarfon's castle—of which the southern façade was furthest along—and town walls. As the southern wall and town walls completed a defensive circuit around Caernarfon, the plan was to build the castle's northern façade last.
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The ward of Caernarfon Castle, showing (from left to right) the Black Tower, the Chamberlain's Tower, and the Eagle Tower. By the 17th century, the castle's domestic buildings had been stripped of valuable materials such as iron and
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discrimination, with the most important administrative jobs in Wales usually closed to Welsh people. Tension between the Welsh and their English conquerors spilled over at the start of the 15th century with the outbreak of the
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was fought nearby between Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force. In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon was besieged by Welsh troops with support from French forces; the garrison at the time was around thirty. The accession of the
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and Caernarfon. The castles of Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech were the most impressive of their time in Wales, and their construction—along with other Edwardian castles in the country—helped establish English rule. The master
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ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair.
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forces in 1646. It was the last time Caernarfon Castle saw fighting. Although it was ordered in 1660 that the castle and town walls should be dismantled, the work was aborted early on and may never have started.
434:; the fort was probably built here due to the sheltered position and because it could be resupplied via the river Seiont. Caernarfon derives its name from the Roman fortifications. In Welsh, the place was called
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828:, and roofs were repaired, and the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-medieval buildings that were considered to spoil the view, despite the protest of locals. Under the auspices of the
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of Wales. A basement level contained a water gate, through which visitors travelling up the River Seiont could enter the castle. Water was drawn from a well in the eponymous Well Tower.
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Before 1835 the Constable of the castle served as mayor of Caernarfon. A list of the constables from 1284 to 1835 is thus available at the Caernarfon Royal Town Council site, below.
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From 1284 to 1330, when accounts end, between £20,000 and £25,000 was spent on Caernarfon's castle and town walls. Such a sum was enormous and dwarfed the spending on castles such as
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Swallow, Rachel (2021). "Cherchez la femme: a Fresh Interdisciplinary and Multi-Period Approach to Understanding Gender, Place and Space at Caernarfon Castle in Gwynedd, Wales".
532:. The Welsh recaptured Gwynedd in 1115, and Caernarfon Castle came into the possession of the Welsh princes. From contemporary documents written at the castle, it is known that
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became less important. They were neglected, and in 1538 it was reported that many castles in Wales were "moche ruynous and ferre in decaye for lakke of tymely reparations".
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forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war. The castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. The castle was used for the
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War broke out again between England and Wales on 22 March 1282. The Welsh leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, died later that year on 11 December. His brother
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of their insubstantial foundations, Taylor suggests that the kitchens were not strongly built. The other key feature of the castle's domestic side was the
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continued to fight against the English, but in 1283 Edward I was victorious. Edward marched through northern Wales, capturing castles such as that at
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Caernarfon Castle from the west. The town's walls, which were mostly complete by 1285, join with the castle and continue off to the left of the photo.
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oversaw the work, in many cases controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework. Steps,
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Construction at Caernarfon Castle continued over the winter of 1283–84. The extent of completion is uncertain, although architectural historian
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878:'s historic environment division, responsible for the maintenance and care of Wales' historic buildings. In 1986, Caernarfon was added to the
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Avent, Richard (2010), "The Conservation and Restoration of Caernarfon Castle 1845–1912", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.),
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and its successors since 1908, the castle was preserved due to its historic significance. In 1911, Caernarfon was used for the
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on Anglesey, and another at Caernarfon. This early castle was built on a peninsula, bounded by the River Seiont and the
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Brears, Peter (2010), "Food Supply and Preparation at the Edwardian Castles", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.),
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Studded along the curtain wall are several polygonal towers from which flanking fire could be deployed. There were
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speculated that when Edward and Eleanor visited again in Easter 1284 the Eagle Tower may have been complete. The
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625:, his queen. They arrived at Caernarfon on either 11 or 12 July 1283 and stayed for over a month.
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890:" in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site. The castle houses the
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Wheatley, Abigail (2010), "Caernarfon Castle and its Mythology", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.),
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was nominally in command of the whole of northern Wales. He was killed by the Welsh in 1088. His cousin
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2463:(2019). "Living the dream: the legend, lady and landscape of Caernarfon Castle, Gwynedd, North Wales".
582:, Dafydd ap Gruffudd's last castle, was captured. Shortly afterwards, Edward began building castles at
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Vol. 1898: A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerage and baronetage of the British Empire
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Coldstream, Nicola (2003), "Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I's Castles in Wales",
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A letter to the Earl of Chester in 1295, asking him to send masons to Caernarfon urgently.
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The unfinished rear of the King's Gate, the main entrance to the castle from the town.
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The King's Gate was one of the few areas of the castle which still had a roof by 1620.
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on the Isle of Anglesey. The work was overseen by James of Saint George; as a result,
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754:'s army. The town and castle were besieged in 1401, and in November that year the
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and the administrative centre of the county of Gwynedd. According to tradition,
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Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales
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1879:"Caernarfon Castle, Gwynedd: 'One of the great buildings of the Middle Ages'"
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was therefore an assertion of authority by Edward I, and influenced by
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430:, is on the outskirts of the modern town. The fort sat near the bank of the
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1852:"Caernarfon Castle's £5M revamp takes its story beyond English imperialism"
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A painting of Caenarfon castle from the 18th century by Joseph Farrington
894:. During 2015 a new "entrance pavilion" was built, designed by architects
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was discovered, and Edward I ordered its reburial in a local church.
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Demolition work in 1959 to clear modern buildings around the Eagle Tower
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responsible for the design and construction of the castle was probably
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The first fortifications at Caernarfon were built by the Romans. Their
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750:(1400–1415). During the revolt, Caernarfon was one of the targets of
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Blue shows the area built between 1283–92, red that between 1295–1323
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2113:"This is who the Queen has appointed Constable of Caernarfon Castle"
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807:
799:
766:
736:
724:
668:
553:
322:
65:
3694:
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
784:. Caernarfon Castle was besieged three times during the war. The
653:
was born at Caernarfon on 25 April 1284. Edward was created
3678:
2244:
Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003).
1736:
1167:
866:
529:
391:
3950:
3362:
2970:
2737:
2515:
1825:"Evaluation of Tourism Attractor Destinations: interim report"
1040:
947:
concentrations of fire-power to be found in the Middle Ages".
3148:
3946:
2336:(4th ed.), Cardiff: Cadw – Welsh Historic Monuments,
2276:
Smith, J. B. (2004). "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (d. 1282)".
2111:
Williams, Kelly; Forgrave, Andrew (27 September 2018).
1057:
3870:
Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles
860:. Although Caernarfon Castle has been the property of
5214:
1995:
30:"Carnarvon Castle" redirects here. For the ship, see
3727:
Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales
2290:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1795:
New Entrance Pavilion Completed at Caernarfon Castle
562:. The castle was at the south end of the settlement.
390:
in 1911 and again in 1969. The castle is managed by
5094:
5063:
4967:
4926:
4890:
4074:
3984:
3888:
3845:
Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers
3830:
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
3822:
3755:
3707:
3671:
3565:
3421:
3338:
3302:
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3215:
3159:
3004:
2899:
2863:
2832:
2772:
2710:
2595:
2549:
2478:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale
1692:"Criccieth Church of Christ and David Lloyd George"
456:, meaning 'the stronghold in the land over against
398:'s historic environment service. It is part of the
279:
261:
253:
243:
231:
221:
211:
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192:
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118:
41:
3770:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
3230:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
2277:
780:in the mid-17th century it was garrisoned by
645:, enacted on 3 March 1284, made Caernarfon a
2271:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).
1516:
1514:
1512:
963:design of the castle was a representation of the
864:since it was built, it is currently cared for by
609:site of the castle from the town to the north. A
5321:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
2907:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
1215:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
888:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
492:turned his attention to Wales. According to the
404:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
206:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
2230:, London: English Heritage and B. T. Batsford,
1571:
1569:
1371:
1369:
697:
578:. War finally drew to a close in May 1283 when
342:—and the castle's walls are reminiscent of the
2864:Lordship castles built or rebuilt for Edward I
2502:Caernarfon Castle - World History Encyclopedia
374:Despite its dilapidated condition, during the
3962:
3374:
2982:
2749:
2527:
2354:, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 129–139,
2158:, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 140–149,
1208:
1206:
8:
3732:National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors
3330:Town of St George and Related Fortifications
2018:
2016:
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621:apartments were built for Edward I and
325:. The first fortification on the site was a
2176:, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 85–98,
2138:The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide
1983:
1903:
1596:
1317:
1315:
1295:
463:
457:
451:
445:
435:
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329:built in the late 11th century, which King
5271:Buildings and structures completed in 1330
3969:
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3885:
3704:
3381:
3367:
3359:
2998:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
2989:
2975:
2967:
2756:
2742:
2734:
2534:
2520:
2512:
2376:Wilson, David M; Hurst, D Gillian (1970),
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1252:
1250:
1237:
1235:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1009:, passed through five doors and under six
38:
1172:"Caernarfon Castle (Grade I) (3814)"
349:While the castle was under construction,
100:
3663:Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales
3126:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
3045:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
2352:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales
2174:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales
2156:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales
2007:
1971:
1737:Cadw, a division of the Welsh Government
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1197:
967:. The conscious use of imagery from the
844:), eldest son of the newly crowned King
627:
5221:
3860:Mining archaeology in the British Isles
2287:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2280:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1479:
1154:
3810:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
3278:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
2082:
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838:investiture of Edward, Prince of Wales
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7:
3909:Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust
2268:Caernarvon Castle Official Guidebook
2250:. London: Laurence King Publishing.
2100:. Henry Colburn. 1898. p. 1686.
1134:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
5291:Grade I listed buildings in Gwynedd
3684:Cambrian Archaeological Association
3613:Kendrick's Cave Decorated Horse Jaw
2194:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1996:Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003
540:occasionally stayed at Caernarfon.
27:Medieval fortress in Gwynedd, Wales
4492:Llanfihangel-y-Pennant, Dolbenmaen
3855:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
3737:National Monuments Record of Wales
3348:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
2833:Welsh castles repaired by Edward I
834:investiture of the Prince of Wales
388:investiture of the Prince of Wales
25:
3865:Monmouth in the Mesolithic period
1676:Windsor, HRH the Duke of (1951).
1177:National Historic Assets of Wales
502:Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester
360:his rebellion against the English
5248:
5236:
5224:
5197:
5185:
4065:
3931:
3930:
3899:Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust
2949:
2937:
2925:
2823:
2334:Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls
2228:English Heritage Book of Castles
1850:Morris, Steven (27 April 2023).
1044:
1000:Aerial view of Caernarfon Castle
792:, who surrendered Caernarfon to
99:
92:
73:
5301:Historic house museums in Wales
5296:Grade I listed castles in Wales
3850:Festival of British Archaeology
3840:Council for British Archaeology
3805:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
3273:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
2497:Cadw owner of Caernarfon Castle
2247:A World History of Architecture
2210:The Sutton Companion to Castles
1037:Constables of Caernarfon Castle
1005:visitor would have crossed two
5311:Tourist attractions in Gwynedd
3880:Royal Archaeological Institute
3765:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
3225:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
2399:10.1080/00766097.1970.11735332
2136:Allen Brown, Reginald (1984),
574:, and establishing his own at
378:Caernarfon Castle was held by
1:
5316:World Heritage Sites in Wales
3183:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
3064:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
2507:List of Mayors of Caernarforn
2316:The Welsh Castles of Edward I
2212:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing,
558:Map of Caernarfon in 1610 by
550:Conquest of Wales by Edward I
5147:Registered parks and gardens
5102:Parliamentary constituencies
3914:Gwynedd Archaeological Trust
3401:History of the British Isles
3303:British Overseas Territories
2773:Built or rebuilt by Edward I
2304:UK public library membership
2192:The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr
1557:Calendar Close Rolls 1288–96
892:Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum
729:A painting of Caernarfon by
679:Wales broke out in rebellion
382:and besieged three times by
354:were sacked and captured by
317:) is a medieval fortress in
3890:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
3875:Portable Antiquities Scheme
2318:, London: Hambledon Press,
790:John Byron, 1st Baron Byron
314:[kastɛɬkaɨrˈnarvɔn]
79:The castle from across the
5337:
4817:Tal-y-bont (near Barmouth)
3904:Dyfed Archaeological Trust
3747:Sites and monuments record
2378:"Medieval Britain in 1969"
1122:Lord Lieutenant of Gwynedd
547:
486:Norman Conquest of England
413:
195:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
5180:
4063:
3926:
3396:
3197:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
3146:
3093:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
3019:Great Spa Towns of Europe
2920:
2821:
1680:. London: Cassell and Co.
993:legitimacy for the king.
980:, the legendary dream of
871:
458:
291:
287:
87:
72:
55:
46:
4812:Tal-y-bont (near Bangor)
4482:Llanfihangel Bachellaeth
3608:Dog Stone, Mynydd Varteg
3083:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2543:British royal residences
2332:Taylor, Arnold (1997) ,
2314:Taylor, Arnold (1986) ,
1800:Donald Insall Associates
1559:, p 413. Quoted in
1139:List of castles in Wales
1102:Hon. William Ormsby-Gore
896:Donald Insall Associates
858:Charles, Prince of Wales
3835:Archaeologia Cambrensis
3623:Llyn Cerrig Bach Plaque
2932:Architecture portal
2718:Former royal residences
2465:Archaeologia Cambrensis
2455:(subscription required)
2309:(subscription required)
2265:Phillips, Alan (1961).
2208:Friar, Stephen (2003),
1296:Wilson & Hurst 1970
965:Walls of Constantinople
520:, defended by a timber
516:; it would have been a
366:of 1400–1415. When the
344:Walls of Constantinople
327:motte-and-bailey castle
5086:Saint Tudwal's Islands
4487:Llanfihangel-y-Pennant
3456:Prehistoric structures
3429:Archaeological museums
3153:
2723:Historic Royal Palaces
2296:10.1093/ref:odnb/16875
2190:Davies, R. R. (1995),
1739:. 2008. Archived from
1001:
977:Breudwyt Macsen Wledig
939:
931:
919:The architect, Master
916:
813:
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772:
742:
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661:By 1285, Caernarfon's
634:
563:
464:
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267:; 41 years ago
3985:Principal settlements
3588:Cantiorix Inscription
3573:Banc Tynddol sun-disc
3310:Gorham's Cave Complex
3152:
3108:Palace of Westminster
2431:Architectural History
2226:McNeill, Tom (1992),
1412:National Museum Wales
1118:Edmund Seymour Bailey
999:
937:
929:
921:James of Saint George
913:
811:
803:
770:
740:
728:
672:
631:
593:James of Saint George
557:
490:William the Conqueror
4908:Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor
3757:World Heritage Sites
3699:World Heritage Sites
3593:Capel Garmon Firedog
3515:Hill-slope enclosure
3441:Archaeological sites
3390:Archaeology of Wales
3116:St Margaret's Church
3050:Derwent Valley Mills
3036:St Augustine's Abbey
3032:Canterbury Cathedral
2677:Thatched House Lodge
2386:Medieval Archaeology
1058:adding missing items
884:World Heritage Sites
538:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
496:of 1086, the Norman
310:Welsh pronunciation:
217:Cultural: i, iii, iv
3742:Scheduled monuments
3633:Maen Achwyfan Cross
3530:Scheduled monuments
3406:Prehistoric Britain
3320:Inaccessible Island
2944:Monarchy portal
2567:Hillsborough Castle
2408:on 17 December 2010
1764:UNESCO Constitution
1108:The Earl of Snowdon
1082:John Henry Puleston
643:Statute of Rhuddlan
424:, which they named
400:World Heritage Site
331:Edward I of England
136: /
32:MV Carnarvon Castle
5306:Museums in Gwynedd
5286:Castles in Gwynedd
4075:Towns and villages
4012:Blaenau Ffestiniog
3709:Heritage registers
3628:Llywelyn's coronet
3169:Edinburgh Old Town
3154:
3131:Studley Royal Park
3103:Maritime Greenwich
3040:St Martin's Church
2638:Nottingham Cottage
2629:Kensington Palace
2140:, B. T. Batsford,
1696:Churches of Christ
1654:, pp. 143–148
1088:David Lloyd George
1056:; you can help by
1002:
940:
932:
917:
850:David Lloyd George
814:
806:
804:The castle in 1872
773:
743:
735:
691:Walter of Hereford
675:
635:
623:Eleanor of Castile
598:Flores Historiarum
568:Dafydd ap Gruffydd
564:
534:Llywelyn the Great
498:Robert of Rhuddlan
306:Castell Caernarfon
280:Reference no.
265:31 March 1983
183:Castell Caernarfon
140:53.1393°N 4.2769°W
49:Castell Caernarfon
5212:
5211:
5131:Listed buildings
4934:Caernarfon Castle
4927:Castles and forts
4898:Bangor University
3944:
3943:
3922:
3921:
3818:
3817:
3780:Caernarfon Castle
3638:Moel Hebog shield
3618:Llanllyfni lunula
3411:Prehistoric Wales
3356:
3355:
3267:
3260:
3249:
3243:Caernarfon Castle
3238:
3191:
3112:Westminster Abbey
3072:
3021:
2964:
2963:
2731:
2730:
2655:Sandringham House
2582:St James's Palace
2577:Kensington Palace
2557:Buckingham Palace
2361:978-1-84217-380-0
2302:(Subscription or
2219:978-0-7509-3994-2
2201:978-0-19-820508-1
2183:978-1-84217-380-0
2165:978-1-84217-380-0
1885:. 3 February 2023
1831:. 30 January 2020
1806:on 9 October 2015
1074:
1073:
953:Otton de Grandson
816:Despite avoiding
778:English Civil War
756:Battle of Tuthill
683:Madog ap Llywelyn
376:English Civil War
356:Madog ap Llywelyn
298:Caernarfon Castle
295:
294:
257:Caernarfon Castle
107:Caernarfon Castle
42:Caernarfon Castle
18:Caernarfon castle
16:(Redirected from
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5157:Lord Lieutenants
5081:Ynys Gwylan-fawr
4949:Dolbadarn Castle
4944:Criccieth Castle
4697:Penrhyndeudraeth
4617:Mynydd Llandygai
4069:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3934:
3933:
3886:
3775:Beaumaris Castle
3705:
3658:St Brynach Cross
3653:Rhos Rydd Shield
3578:Bryn Gwyn stones
3525:Protected wrecks
3476:Industrial sites
3461:Bronze Age sites
3383:
3376:
3369:
3360:
3325:Henderson Island
3294:Giant's Causeway
3287:Northern Ireland
3263:
3252:
3241:
3236:Beaumaris Castle
3234:
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3078:Ironbridge Gorge
3068:
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2956:Wales portal
2954:
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2855:Hope (Caergwrle)
2827:
2767:castles in Wales
2758:
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2695:Frogmore Cottage
2685:Adelaide Cottage
2536:
2529:
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1984:Allen Brown 1984
1981:
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1904:Allen Brown 1984
1901:
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1802:, archived from
1790:
1784:
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1780:
1775:on 29 March 2019
1771:, archived from
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1719:
1713:
1707:
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1666:, pp. 20–21
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1630:, pp. 68–69
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1597:Allen Brown 1984
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1578:, pp. 16–17
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1482:, pp. 42–43
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938:The Queen's Gate
886:as part of the "
876:Welsh Government
873:
822:Llewellyn Turner
715:Château Gaillard
705:
687:Beaumaris Castle
580:Dolbadarn Castle
544:Edwardian castle
518:motte and bailey
467:
461:
460:
455:
449:
439:
429:
396:Welsh Government
316:
311:
275:
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164:Site information
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145:53.1393; -4.2769
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4702:Pentre Gwynfryn
4387:Llan Ffestiniog
4070:
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3357:
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3135:Fountains Abbey
3027:Blenheim Palace
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2613:Craigowan Lodge
2603:Balmoral Castle
2591:
2572:Holyrood Palace
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2488:
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2461:Swallow, Rachel
2459:
2454:
2443:10.2307/1568798
2428:
2424:
2422:Further reading
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2370:j.ctt1cd0nkc.18
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1743:on 29 June 2011
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986:imperial eagles
908:
854:the investiture
830:Office of Works
794:Parliamentarian
731:J. M. W. Turner
723:
707:
703:
655:Prince of Wales
552:
546:
494:Domesday Survey
482:
418:
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384:Parliamentarian
309:
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246:Listed Building
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171:the public
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5231:United Kingdom
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5127:Country houses
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5119:
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5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5092:
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5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:Bardsey Island
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5045:Afon Rhythallt
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4954:Harlech Castle
4951:
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4941:
4939:Castell y Bere
4936:
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4747:Rhos-y-gwaliau
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4709:
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4684:
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4632:Nantlle Valley
4629:
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4362:Garndolbenmaen
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4112:Abergwyngregyn
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3798:Harlech Castle
3795:
3786:
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3643:Mold gold cape
3640:
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3603:Cross of Neith
3600:
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3540:Gorsedd stones
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3466:Iron Age sites
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3265:Harlech Castle
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3128:
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3118:
3105:
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3088:Jurassic Coast
3085:
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3075:
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3073:
3070:Hadrian's Wall
3061:
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2587:Windsor Castle
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2562:Clarence House
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2491:External links
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2257:978-1780671116
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1678:A King's Story
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1428:
1418:on 21 May 2010
1397:
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1311:
1300:
1288:
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1271:, pp. 6–7
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1116:2018–present:
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1038:
1035:
982:Magnus Maximus
907:
904:
748:Glyndŵr Rising
722:
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651:Edward II
603:Magnus Maximus
545:
542:
484:Following the
481:
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364:Glyndŵr Rising
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5055:Afon Tryweryn
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5035:Afon Mawddach
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5018:
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4903:Coleg Harlech
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4667:Penisa'r Waun
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4397:Llanaelhaearn
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4303:
4302:Dinas Mawddwy
4300:
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4288:
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4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
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3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:Stone circles
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Monmouthshire
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3189:Antonine Wall
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Lake District
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:Durham Castle
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Gatcombe Park
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2343:1-85760-042-8
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2325:0-907628-71-0
2321:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:0-7134-7025-9
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2147:0-7134-4089-9
2143:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:, p. 136
2009:
2008:Wheatley 2010
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:, p. 129
1973:
1972:Wheatley 2010
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 105
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:, p. 124
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:, p. 179
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:, p. 137
1199:
1198:Wheatley 2010
1194:
1191:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1052:This list is
1050:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
994:
992:
987:
983:
979:
978:
973:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
948:
945:
936:
928:
924:
922:
912:
905:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
810:
802:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
769:
765:
762:
761:Tudor dynasty
757:
753:
752:Owain Glyndŵr
749:
739:
732:
727:
721:Later history
720:
718:
716:
712:
706:
700:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
671:
667:
664:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Arnold Taylor
630:
626:
624:
620:
619:timber-framed
616:
612:
606:
604:
600:
599:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
556:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
454:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:
368:Tudor dynasty
365:
361:
357:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
321:, north-west
320:
315:
307:
303:
299:
290:
286:
282:
264:
256:
254:Official name
247:
238:
234:
227:
224:
216:
214:
207:
204:
196:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
167:
162:
158:
154:
149:
121:
117:
95:
86:
82:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5076:Ynys Gifftan
5025:Afon Glaslyn
5015:Afon Dysynni
4933:
4622:Mynydd Nefyn
4607:Morfa Bychan
4567:Llanystumdwy
4562:Llanymawddwy
4552:Llanuwchllyn
4502:Llangelynnin
4467:Llanfaelrhys
4432:Llandegwning
4317:Dolmelinllyn
4297:Dinas Dinlle
4267:Corris Uchaf
4262:Clynnog Fawr
4222:Bwlch-derwin
4172:Betws Garmon
4122:Aberllefenni
4117:Abergynolwyn
3789:Conwy Castle
3779:
3672:Preservation
3583:Cadfan Stone
3520:Long barrows
3486:Ring of Iron
3446:Celtic field
3315:Gough Island
3254:Conwy Castle
3242:
3178:Forth Bridge
2912:Ring of Iron
2794:
2690:Bagshot Park
2650:Llwynywermod
2481:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2434:
2430:
2410:, retrieved
2403:the original
2390:
2384:
2351:
2333:
2315:
2285:
2279:
2267:
2246:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2173:
2155:
2137:
2129:Bibliography
2121:. Reach PLC.
2116:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2085:, p. 91
2078:
2073:, p. 33
2066:
2061:, p. 28
2054:
2049:, p. 35
2042:
2037:, p. 38
2030:
2025:, p. 26
2003:
1998:, p. 58
1991:
1986:, p. 88
1979:
1967:
1962:, p. 29
1955:
1950:, p. 98
1943:
1938:, p. 30
1921:, p. 25
1906:, p. 86
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:Country Life
1882:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:The Guardian
1855:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1808:, retrieved
1804:the original
1794:
1788:
1777:, retrieved
1773:the original
1763:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1733:Cadw website
1732:
1729:"About Cadw"
1723:
1718:, p. 21
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1618:, p. 19
1599:, p. 87
1563:, p. 86
1556:
1552:
1547:, p. 92
1540:
1535:, p. 90
1528:
1523:, p. 15
1506:, p. 86
1499:
1494:, p. 85
1487:
1480:McNeill 1992
1475:
1470:, p. 11
1463:
1443:, p. 12
1420:, retrieved
1416:the original
1406:
1400:
1395:, p. 13
1363:, p. 94
1356:
1351:, p. 78
1344:
1339:, p. 10
1303:
1291:
1264:
1223:, retrieved
1214:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1175:
1075:
1062:
1026:curtain wall
1023:
1019:murder holes
1011:portcullises
1003:
976:
972:Roman Empire
961:
955:, the first
949:
941:
918:
906:Architecture
900:
865:
815:
774:
744:
733:in 1830–1835
708:
702:
698:
676:
660:
636:
613:, a type of
610:
607:
596:
565:
514:Menai Strait
510:Aberlleiniog
483:
480:Early castle
432:River Seiont
419:
373:
348:
297:
296:
169:Open to
81:River Seiont
48:
36:
5050:Afon Seiont
5030:Afon Llyfni
5020:Afon Fathew
5010:Afon Dwyryd
5005:Afon Dwyfor
4913:Coleg Menai
4867:Y Felinheli
4832:Trawsfynydd
4827:Tanygrisiau
4787:Rhydyclafdy
4757:Rhoshirwaun
4742:Rhiwddolion
4727:Portmeirion
4682:Penmaenpool
4657:Pen-y-meinl
4612:Morfa Nefyn
4532:Llanllechid
4512:Llangwnnadl
4497:Llanfrothen
4332:Efailnewydd
4322:Dwygyfylchi
4257:Clwt-y-bont
4232:Capel Celyn
4132:Abertrinant
3648:Nanteos Cup
3598:Carew Cross
3471:Roman sites
3017:as part of
2850:Dolwyddelan
2780:Aberystwyth
2700:Royal Lodge
2633:Ivy Cottage
2393:: 155–208,
2083:Brears 2010
2071:Taylor 1997
2059:Taylor 1997
2047:Taylor 1997
2035:Taylor 1997
2023:Taylor 1997
1960:Taylor 1997
1948:Taylor 1986
1936:Taylor 1997
1919:Taylor 1997
1889:11 February
1716:Taylor 1997
1664:Taylor 1997
1640:Davies 1995
1628:Davies 1995
1616:Taylor 1997
1576:Taylor 1997
1561:Taylor 1986
1545:Taylor 1986
1533:Taylor 1986
1521:Taylor 1997
1504:Taylor 1986
1492:Taylor 1986
1468:Taylor 1997
1441:Taylor 1997
1393:Taylor 1997
1376:Taylor 1997
1361:Taylor 1986
1349:Taylor 1986
1337:Taylor 1997
1324:, p. 9
1322:Taylor 1997
1286:, p. 7
1284:Taylor 1997
1269:Taylor 1997
1259:, p. 5
1257:Taylor 1997
1244:, p. 4
1242:Taylor 1997
1106:1963–2017:
1100:1945–1963:
1086:1908–1945:
1080:1890–1908:
1015:arrow loops
1007:drawbridges
944:battlements
842:Edward VIII
826:battlements
572:Dolwyddelan
506:Meirionnydd
235:1986 (10th
232:Inscription
143: /
119:Coordinates
5281:Caernarfon
5265:Categories
5172:Public art
5040:Afon Ogwen
5000:Afon Daron
4990:Afon Cegin
4985:Afon Artro
4980:River Adda
4959:Fort Belan
4852:Tudweiliog
4802:Tal-y-llyn
4782:Rhyd-uchaf
4767:Rhostryfan
4762:Rhoslefair
4752:Rhosgadfan
4582:Llwyngwril
4577:Llwyndyrys
4537:Llanllyfni
4522:Llaniestyn
4472:Llanfaglan
4457:Llanelltyd
4437:Llandudwen
4412:Llanbedrog
4377:Glasinfryn
4372:Gellilydan
4367:Garneddwen
4342:Fairbourne
4312:Dolbenmaen
4212:Brynrefail
4192:Bontnewydd
4152:Beddgelert
4092:Aberdesach
4082:Aberangell
4047:Porthmadog
4032:Ffestiniog
4017:Caernarfon
3793:Town Walls
3784:Town Walls
3258:Town Walls
3247:Town Walls
3202:New Lanark
3114:including
2795:Caernarfon
2765:Edward I's
2660:Anmer Hall
2643:Wren House
2471:: 153–196.
2306:required.)
1835:4 February
1652:Avent 2010
1456:Friar 2003
1308:Smith 2004
1145:References
1065:March 2019
1054:incomplete
1031:Great Hall
1024:While the
870:(English:
836:, for the
663:town walls
560:John Speed
548:See also:
536:and later
526:earthworks
414:See also:
410:Background
351:town walls
336:Roman fort
272:1983-03-31
262:Designated
128:53°08′21″N
58:Caernarfon
5192:Geography
5140:Grade II*
4975:Afon Aber
4891:Education
4807:Talsarnau
4707:Penygroes
4662:Penffridd
4652:Pant Glas
4602:Minffordd
4597:Mellteyrn
4587:Maentwrog
4572:Llithfaen
4527:Llanigian
4462:Llanengan
4452:Llanegryn
4447:Llandygai
4442:Llandwrog
4422:Llandanwg
4417:Llanberis
4402:Llanarmon
4337:Eisingrug
4287:Deiniolen
4282:Cwm-y-glo
4242:Carnguwch
4207:Bryn-crug
4202:Bryncroes
4107:Abergeirw
4087:Aberdaron
4027:Dolgellau
4022:Criccieth
3892:(defunct)
3566:Artefacts
3547:Tor cairn
3493:Hillforts
3059:Cathedral
2845:Criccieth
2785:Beaumaris
2665:Wood Farm
2437:: 19–36,
1829:GOV.WALES
1810:2 October
1779:15 August
1747:11 August
1225:15 August
991:Arthurian
969:Byzantine
957:justiciar
862:the Crown
818:slighting
786:constable
782:Royalists
677:In 1294,
611:bretagium
508:, one at
472:name for
427:Segontium
416:Segontium
380:Royalists
340:Segontium
248:– Grade I
222:Reference
131:4°16′37″W
5107:Churches
4862:Waunfawr
4847:Tremadog
4842:Tregarth
4822:Talysarn
4772:Rhyd Ddu
4672:Penllech
4642:Nasareth
4557:Llanwnda
4517:Llangybi
4507:Llangian
4477:Llanfair
4407:Llanbedr
4392:Llanaber
4382:Groeslon
4357:Ganllwyd
4352:Frongoch
4307:Dinorwig
4227:Caeathro
4197:Botwnnog
4177:Bodferin
4167:Bethesda
4157:Bethania
4137:Afon Wen
4127:Abersoch
4102:Abererch
4097:Aberdyfi
4052:Pwllheli
4007:Bethesda
4002:Barmouth
3936:Category
3207:St Kilda
3173:New Town
3161:Scotland
3121:Saltaire
2881:Hawarden
2815:Rhuddlan
2711:See also
2681:Windsor
2672:Tamarisk
2608:Birkhall
2550:Official
2412:22 April
1128:See also
882:list of
846:George V
615:stockade
522:palisade
474:Anglesey
453:yn Arfon
442:lenition
213:Criteria
64:in
5255:History
5217:Portals
5167:Museums
5152:History
5135:Grade I
5117:Schools
5064:Islands
4918:Schools
4732:Prenteg
4717:Pontrug
4712:Pistyll
4692:Penrhos
4677:Penllyn
4637:Nantmor
4627:Mynytho
4592:Mallwyd
4547:Llanrug
4542:Llannor
4277:Croesor
4252:Chwilog
4187:Bontddu
4037:Harlech
3978:Gwynedd
3722:Coflein
3481:Castles
3434:UK-wide
3005:England
2876:Denbigh
2810:Harlech
2596:Private
2451:1568798
1701:7 March
1422:18 July
1183:12 June
874:), the
872:to keep
840:(later
681:led by
647:borough
584:Harlech
468:is the
358:during
319:Gwynedd
270: (
237:Session
202:Part of
179:Website
62:Gwynedd
5112:Places
5095:Topics
4968:Rivers
4882:Y Rhiw
4877:Y Fron
4872:Y Ffor
4837:Trefor
4737:Rachub
4687:Pennal
4272:Corris
4247:Ceidio
4237:Carmel
4182:Boduan
4162:Bethel
4147:Arthog
4142:Anelog
3997:Bangor
3503:Rounds
3451:Dolmen
3340:Former
2891:Ruthin
2790:Builth
2449:
2368:
2358:
2340:
2322:
2300:
2254:
2234:
2216:
2198:
2180:
2162:
2144:
1769:UNESCO
1220:UNESCO
880:UNESCO
437:y gaer
394:, the
159:Castle
5243:Wales
5204:Wales
5122:SSSIs
4857:Tywyn
4347:Friog
4327:Edern
4292:Dinas
4057:Tywyn
4042:Nefyn
3823:Other
3689:Heneb
3557:Tumps
3508:Atlas
3422:Sites
3217:Wales
2900:Other
2871:Chirk
2805:Flint
2800:Conwy
2447:JSTOR
2406:(PDF)
2381:(PDF)
2366:JSTOR
1863:7 May
1407:1900s
1150:Notes
915:lead.
711:Dover
589:mason
576:Conwy
470:Welsh
323:Wales
302:Welsh
66:Wales
5276:Cadw
4797:Soar
4777:Rhyd
4647:Nebo
4217:Buan
3992:Bala
3791:and
3782:and
3679:Cadw
3256:and
3245:and
3171:and
3133:and
3110:and
3057:and
3038:and
3012:Bath
2886:Holt
2414:2010
2356:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2142:ISBN
1891:2023
1865:2023
1837:2020
1812:2015
1781:2010
1749:2008
1703:2015
1424:2010
1227:2010
1185:2022
1168:Cadw
1112:GCVO
1017:and
867:Cadw
788:was
713:and
530:keep
524:and
447:caer
422:fort
392:Cadw
283:3814
156:Type
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