831:, p. 10:"With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection. It had never been popular with his officers. ... and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed."
38:
846:, p. 11: "Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter. ... At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei."
612:
as a hostage. However, Sun Quan declined this request, and later apologized to Cao Pi, stating his son was still very young and vulnerable in his health to be away from his home and family. Cao Pi did not bring up or press the matter. However soon Cao Pi demanded Sun Deng as hostage again. This was
600:
14 years ago. To make matters worse, Sun Quan and his officers were uneasy about Sun's titles and ranks (such as King of Wu) because they were seen as a vassal state to Wei. It was even considered within Sun Quan's forces that the alliance with Wei was futile, because the defeat they caused Liu Bei
793:). However, Wu had blockaded the river and the winter was harsh, causing the river to freeze; thus Cao Pi had a slim chance of success if he engaged in combat with Sun Quan. Looking at the unassailable barrier before his troops, he sighed, and ordered the withdrawal of his forces.
616:
Diplomatic ties between the two continued to sour until finally, Cao Pi attacked Sun Quan. Sun Quan repeatedly sent envoys to negotiate peace between the two, but resulted in failure. Soon after, Sun Quan proceeded to declare independence in
November 222.
567:
as a hostage to the Wei court, under which Wu was a nominal vassal at the time. The invasions were separated into two parts. The first attack occurred in the years 222–224 before Cao Pi ordered total retreat. The second and last part was fought in 225.
472:
601:
at
Xiaoting was so critical that it meant that their alliance with Wei was no longer necessary for survival. Sun Quan also appeared as if he was planning to maintain this alliance not much longer than was necessary.
784:
The last invasion occurred in 225, though no fighting officially occurred. Cao Pi led more than 100,000 men and naval vessels towards
Guangling, on the opposite side of the Yangtze River from Jianye (present-day
604:
In time, Cao Pi's plan to keep Sun Quan and Shu's relations sour backfired as Sun Quan and Liu Bei rekindled their alliance. In an attempt to improve his own relations with the Sun clan, he demanded
465:
458:
263:
812:, p. 15:"His headquarters were established in the former capital of the commandery, and it was claimed that the army under his command was more than a hundred thousand."
748:
attacked Ruxu. However, the assault also ended in retreat when Cao Ren learned that the other two armies attacking
Dongkou and Jiangling had withdrawn from their positions.
592:, who would help him in the conflict against Liu Bei. However, on both sides, this was never a popular concept, especially in the ranks of Sun Quan, who had defeated
884:
His headquarters were established in the former capital of the commandery, and it was claimed that the army under his command was more than a hundred thousand.
770:
led the attack on Jin Zong, however, his forces decided to withdraw due to extremely hot weather conditions. He Qi managed to capture Jin Zong in the process.
947:
256:
273:
317:
904:
857:
377:
249:
913:
404:
307:
291:
347:
429:
506:
389:
673:
656:. The initial efforts of Wei were a success in battle against the Wu commander, but the Wu reinforcements led by
501:
372:
741:
727:
718:
arrived. Eventually the Wei camp was plagued by a disease, thus forcing another retreat and another stalemate.
691:
352:
419:
952:
414:
409:
779:
605:
564:
516:
439:
399:
342:
337:
332:
134:
367:
37:
597:
962:
424:
766:(晋宗) defected to Wei and moved to the new Wei outpost north of the Yangtze at Qichun. Wu general
702:, successfully defeating Sun Sheng in the process. Cao Zhen and Xiahou Shang opened the siege of
657:
585:
394:
312:
297:
198:
900:
631:
496:
362:
322:
917:
868:
957:
757:
703:
533:
511:
450:
434:
72:
733:
382:
357:
906:
Generals of the South: The foundation and early history of the Three
Kingdoms state of Wu
699:
649:
529:
277:
68:
28:
941:
327:
88:
64:
687:
664:
managed to stalemate the naval attack. The battle concluded in late spring of 223.
162:
555:
736:
or the Jing
Province, but closer to the Wu king Sun Quan. The late Wu general
549:
180:
110:
241:
715:
711:
695:
221:
653:
192:
763:
737:
710:
were not strong, the siege was put on hold when Wu reinforcements led by
683:
679:
661:
560:
217:
203:
188:
157:
152:
140:
706:, capital of Jing Province. Though the Wu forces there under control of
790:
786:
745:
707:
645:
641:
637:
609:
593:
581:
577:
543:
213:
175:
168:
127:
105:
589:
538:
147:
123:
84:
744:
at Ruxu, at the mouth of the Ruxu River into the
Yangtze therefore
767:
209:
454:
245:
839:
837:
824:
822:
820:
818:
16:
Conflicts between states of Cao Wei and
Eastern Wu (222-225)
608:(Sun Quan's eldest son) to be sent to the Wei capital
732:
The third invasion was not directed at the region of
698:. Zhang He led the attack to overrun the outpost at
903:(2004). "Chapter 7: Claim to the Mandate 222-229".
553:thrice during his reign between 222 and 225. The
42:A map showing the invasions (not drawn to scale)
21:
621:First, second, and third invasions: (222–223)
466:
257:
8:
843:
828:
809:
678:Further west of the Yangtze, Wei generals
473:
459:
451:
264:
250:
242:
18:
584:was defeated by Sun Quan's forces at the
802:
588:, Sun benefited from his submission to
774:Fourth invasion: Incident at Guangling
7:
542:, the first emperor of the state of
914:The Australian National University
652:, under the command of Wu general
636:In the autumn of 222, Wei general
14:
762:In the summer of 223, Wu general
559:for the attack was the Wu leader
484:Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu
87:fails to capture land below the
36:
22:Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu
948:Campaigns of the Three Kingdoms
912:(Internet ed.). Canberra:
740:helped take the Wei outpost in
1:
690:attacked two Wu positions in
63:Numerous location along the
640:led a naval fleet down the
563:'s refusal to send his son
548:invaded the rival state of
979:
777:
755:
725:
671:
648:onto the Wu stronghold at
629:
674:Battle of Jiangling (223)
492:
285:
227:
116:
99:
46:
35:
26:
728:Battle of Ruxu (222-223)
27:Part of the wars of the
644:tributary river to the
117:Commanders and leaders
858:"Online Publications"
780:Incident at Guangling
752:Rebellion of Jin Zong
856:De Crespigny, Rafe.
598:Battle of Red Cliffs
318:Northern Expeditions
378:Jiang's Expeditions
901:de Crespigny, Rafe
586:Battle of Xiaoting
292:End of Han dynasty
844:de Crespigny 2004
829:de Crespigny 2004
810:de Crespigny 2004
632:Battle of Dongkou
525:
524:
448:
447:
386:
308:Southern Campaign
240:
239:
95:
94:
54:September 222–225
970:
932:
930:
928:
922:
916:. Archived from
911:
887:
886:
881:
879:
873:
867:. Archived from
862:
853:
847:
841:
832:
826:
813:
807:
758:Battle of Qichun
487:
485:
475:
468:
461:
452:
380:
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266:
259:
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48:
47:
40:
19:
978:
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938:
937:
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854:
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835:
827:
816:
808:
804:
799:
782:
776:
760:
754:
730:
724:
676:
670:
634:
628:
623:
613:also declined.
574:
534:Chinese history
526:
521:
488:
483:
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449:
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272:
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220:
216:
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143:
130:
126:
75:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
976:
974:
966:
965:
960:
955:
953:220s conflicts
950:
940:
939:
934:
933:
923:on 8 June 2011
895:
892:
889:
888:
874:on 8 June 2011
848:
833:
814:
801:
800:
798:
795:
778:Main article:
775:
772:
756:Main article:
753:
750:
726:Main article:
723:
720:
700:Nan Commandery
672:Main article:
669:
666:
630:Main article:
627:
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619:
573:
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530:Three Kingdoms
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430:Tufa Shujineng
427:
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365:
360:
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353:Fancheng (241)
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345:
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335:
330:
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315:
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305:
303:Invasion of Wu
300:
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286:
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278:Three Kingdoms
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29:Three Kingdoms
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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936:
919:
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865:Asian Studies
859:
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749:
747:
743:
742:Yang Province
739:
735:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Jing Province
689:
685:
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456:
453:
441:
438:
436:
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431:
428:
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423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Jiao Province
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
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393:
391:
388:
384:
379:
376:
374:
373:Gaoping Tombs
371:
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89:Yangtze River
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70:
66:
65:Yangtze River
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
935:
925:. Retrieved
918:the original
905:
883:
876:. Retrieved
869:the original
864:
851:
805:
783:
761:
731:
688:Xiahou Shang
677:
635:
615:
603:
575:
554:
547:
537:
527:
482:
302:
290:
208:
187:
167:
163:Xiahou Shang
139:
122:
100:Belligerents
91:and retreats
556:casus belli
528:During the
415:Fall of Shu
400:Hefei (253)
343:Hefei (234)
338:Hefei (233)
333:Hefei (231)
135:Wang Shuang
83:Stalemate,
963:Eastern Wu
942:Categories
894:References
576:After the
572:Background
550:Eastern Wu
532:period of
440:Fall of Wu
181:Zhang Liao
111:Eastern Wu
716:Zhuge Jin
712:Pan Zhang
704:Jiangling
696:Xiangyang
668:Jiangling
517:Guangling
502:Jiangling
420:Zhong Hui
222:Pan Zhang
73:Jiangling
878:10 April
764:Jin Zong
738:Gan Ning
684:Zhang He
680:Cao Zhen
662:Xu Sheng
658:Sun Shao
606:Sun Deng
580:emperor
565:Sun Deng
561:Sun Quan
395:Dongxing
390:Shouchun
368:Goguryeo
348:Liaodong
313:Xincheng
298:Xiaoting
233:100,000+
228:Strength
218:Zhu Huan
204:Xu Sheng
199:Sun Shao
189:Sun Quan
158:Zhang He
153:Xu Huang
141:Cao Zhen
67:, Ruxu,
59:Location
958:Cao Wei
927:7 April
791:Jiangsu
787:Nanjing
746:Cao Ren
734:Nanjing
708:Zhu Ran
650:Dongkou
646:Yangtze
642:Zijiang
638:Cao Xiu
626:Dongkou
610:Luoyang
596:at the
594:Cao Cao
582:Liu Bei
578:Shu Han
544:Cao Wei
497:Dongkou
425:Yong'an
405:Cao Mao
363:Xingshi
323:Shiting
276:of the
236:50,000+
214:Zhu Ran
176:Zang Ba
169:Cao Xiu
128:Cao Ren
106:Cao Wei
69:Dongkou
686:, and
654:Lü Fan
590:Cao Pi
539:Cao Pi
512:Qichun
435:Xiling
358:Quebei
193:Lü Fan
148:Xin Pi
124:Cao Pi
85:Cao Pi
80:Result
71:, and
31:period
921:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
797:Notes
768:He Qi
694:from
383:Didao
210:He Qi
929:2012
880:2012
722:Ruxu
714:and
660:and
507:Ruxu
328:Ziwu
274:Wars
51:Date
944::
882:.
863:.
836:^
817:^
789:,
682:,
546:,
536:,
289:←
931:.
474:e
467:t
460:v
385:)
381:(
265:e
258:t
251:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
