941:
854:, inspiring poetry, photos and videos, artwork, lines of clothing, and more." It is an illustration of the "resistance discourse" of Chinese internet users with "increasingly dynamic and sometimes surprising presence of an alternative political discourse: images, frames, metaphors and narratives that have been generated from Internet memes undermine the values and ideology that reproduce compliance with the Chinese Communist Party's authoritarian regime, and, as such, force an opening for free expression and civil society in China."
955:
717:, and it scored 1.4 million hits in its first three months. A cartoon about the Grass Mud Horse attracted a quarter million views, and a nature documentary on its habits received 180,000 more hits in the same amount of time. Even though some Grass Mud Horse videos were not technically blocked by Chinese censors, some had their sound blocked, with a message saying "This video contains an audio track that has not been authorized by
588:
48:
783:
article on the phenomenon on 11 March 2009, which sparked widespread discussion on blogs. In March 2011, "Grass Mud Horse" themed merchandise, such as plush dolls, began being sold over the
Internet. One Guangzhou toy manufacturer reportedly produced its first batch of 150 Grass Mud Horse cuddly toys
921:
Following the government's directive, most
Chinese essays and blog postings made about the Grass Mud Horse have been removed from the Internet after being discovered by government censors. Some of these citizen efforts to keep the Grass Mud Horse alive have moved offshore to the U.S. and elsewhere,
913:
issued a directive on 30 March 2009 to highlight 31 categories of content prohibited online, including violence, pornography, and content which may "incite ethnic discrimination or undermine social stability". Many netizens believe the instruction follows the official embarrassment over the rise of
894:
posted a message from an
Internet administrator to managers of online bulletin boards warning that "any content related with Grass-Mud Horse should not be promoted and hyped" because "the issue has been elevated to a political level ... The overseas media has exaggerated the incident as a
679:
The term "crab" itself is rural slang, meaning "a bully who uses power through force", and the "river crab" has become a symbol of crude censorship backed with the threat of force. The river crab is often depicted wearing three wristwatches, since 带三个表
422:
in early 2009, whose names all come from obscene puns. It has become an
Internet chat forum cult phenomenon in China and has garnered worldwide press attention, with videos, cartoons and merchandise of the animal (which is said to resemble the
1386:
Christopher Rea, “Spoofing (e’gao) Culture on the
Chinese Internet.” In Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times. Jessica Milner Davis and Jocelyn Chey, eds. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2013, pp.
809:
published an image of himself nude with only a 'Caonima' hiding his genitals, with a caption "草泥马挡中央" ("cǎonímǎ dǎng zhōngyāng", literally "a Grass Mud Horse covering the center". One interpretation of the caption is: "fuck your mother,
796:) respectively, and sell for 40 yuan each. To accompany these, a user's and feeding manual have been created. Whereas they were called 'Caonima' before the crackdown, Internet sellers now list them using the correct Chinese term, '
747:
for "grass", "mud", and "horse". The word has no official pronunciation. Official "cleanup" of the internet, which threatens the
Caonima, has led Chinese internet users to create other "Mud Horse" variants, such as the
710:
Music videos, "documentaries", and cartoons about the Grass Mud Horse started appearing on the internet in 2009. The original Grass Mud Horse music video's musical arrangement of a children's choir has been compared to
837:
In 2012, Chinese netizens started to designate the date 1 July as the "Grass Mud Horse Day". The date coincides with the "Party Day" in China which celebrates the founding of the
Chinese Communist Party.
1977:
914:
the "Grass Mud Horse" phenomenon. Industry observers believe that the move was designed to stop the spread of parodies or other comments on politically sensitive issues in the runup to the
915:
579:), which are considered the "kings" of the Caonima. The initial image found in the original Baidu Baike article was a zebra, but it was replaced with an alpaca in subsequent revisions.
910:
1580:
811:
898:
In a press conference on 25 March, the
Foreign Ministry confirmed that China's access to YouTube had been officially blocked since two days earlier. According to
973:
2015:
627:, "fuck your mother's cunt"). The animal is characterised as "lively, intelligent and tenacious". However, their existence is said to be threatened by "
1419:
1148:
1756:
874:
736:
1696:
1635:
Li
Yongfeng (5 April 2009). "Chinese Netizens create the Grass Mud Horse Phenomenon in order to Criticize the Foolishness of the Government".
444:
1846:
902:, the block was an attempt to stem videos showing Chinese repression of the Tibetan population in the run-up to the 50th anniversary of the
1647:
506:
According to the original, anonymous article from Baidu Baike, Grass Mud Horses originate from an area known as the "Mahler Gobi" Desert (
1795:
1964:
1179:
391:
1672:
784:
with official birth certificates issued by Mahler Gebi
Mystical Creatures Bureau. The animals come in brown and white, named "Ma Le" (
2020:
1512:
1588:
2025:
428:
254:
74:
922:
including for example the creation of an independent Canadian publishing house (see Mudgrass Press) referencing the meme.
322:
196:
58:
2035:
1559:
1018:
The pun also rises: how the humble pun revolutionized language, changed history, and made wordplay more than some antics
659:
212:
878:
744:
628:
411:
152:
1733:
2050:
2000:
1989:
488:
374:
857:
Caonima is an expression of a broader Chinese internet culture of spoofing, mockery, punning, and parody known as
2030:
1537:
1452:
899:
1957:
2065:
1888:
993:
776:, "Working Mud Horse"). "Gunnima" and "Gannima" are puns for "fuck off" and "fuck your mother" respectively.
2040:
1416:
983:
815:
350:
2055:
1615:
1144:
926:
814:"). Political observers speculated that the photo may have contributed to Ai's arrest in 2011 by angering
282:
233:
2060:
903:
713:
954:
569:, "I fuck" or simply "Fuck!"). Other subspecies are known as "Crazy/Violent/Insane Grass Mud Horses" (
526:, "your mother's fucking cunt"). Some variants of the animal are known as "Fertile Grass Mud Horses" (
891:
779:
The "Grass Mud Horse" became widely known on the English-language web following the publication of a
1930:
1708:
1826:
1542:
847:
1371:
308:
2045:
1220:
886:
718:
655:
500:
496:
1655:
925:
The Caonima reappeared as a subject of online cartoon satire following the announcement of the
644:) symbolises internet censorship in China. Its pronunciation resembles the word for "harmony" (
1806:
1118:
740:
1868:
1171:
1110:
603:
Because the Grass Mud Horse is said to be the dominant species which lives within the Mahler
1680:
695:
592:
464:
448:
395:
367:
107:
1423:
1233:
1031:
960:
851:
473:
469:
182:
81:
65:
166:
1637:
725:
407:
1520:
1481:
2009:
1935:
1036:
988:
226:
587:
443:
1343:
946:
385:
298:
114:
906:, and to block access to the popular Grass Mud Horse video posted in early March.
595:
carving work. The character is a combination of three characters, made by Chinese
1436:
Vivian Wu (3 April 2009). "Censors strike at internet content after parody hit".
978:
699:
604:
419:
1994:
1983:
1970:
1918:
1907:
1776:
1725:
1604:
1501:
998:
936:
47:
1919:"Animal World Special on the Mahler Gobi's Grass Mud Horse: Complete Version"
1605:"The Grass Mud Horse Song, Animated Version, Bring Your Own Sunglasses!!!!!!"
1122:
862:
806:
666:
is deleted, the censorship notice says that the post has been "harmonized" (
663:
492:
370:
363:
247:
1739:
1735:
Humour in Chinese Life and Culture: Resistance and Control in Modern Times
676:), so the netizens say that the post has been eaten by the "river crab".
1851:
1738:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 149–172. Archived from
1348:
858:
822:
432:
268:
128:
968:
850:
sees Caonima as the "de facto mascot of netizens in China fighting for
596:
305:
17:
1456:
767:
764:
761:
478:
460:
424:
359:
698:", an interpretation of communism promoted by former Chinese leader
495:: the two terms have the same consonants and vowels with different
662:
use to justify internet censorship. As a result, when a post on a
658:", to which the Chinese leadership professes to aspire, and which
586:
399:
415:
403:
355:
881:
parodies, including one with a Caonima's outline in the smoke.
1978:"Mythical creature a not-so-secret weapon against Net nannies"
1648:"Over 80 Develop the Guangzhou Version of the Grass Mud Horse"
1581:"More Theories on Ai Weiwei's Arrest: Nude Photos, Plagiarism"
327:
313:
1908:"Animal World Special on the Mahler Gobi's Grass Mud Horse"
435:
residents led "Grass Mud Horse" to protest on the streets.
410:
in Chinese culture. Grass Mud Horse is one of the made-up "
402:
to amuse people, and have become an important component of
684:, "wears three watches") can be rearranged and altered to
491:". The comparison with the "animal" name is not an actual
459:, literally "Grass Mud Horse", is supposedly a species of
1996:
Another viral Grass-mud horse song with English subtitles
1453:"China's not backing down but Green Dam Girl fights back"
287:
273:
259:
916:
20th anniversary of the 4 June Tiananmen Square protests
607:, the region is also called the "Grass Mud Horse Gobi" (
1796:"Music Video: The Song of the Grass Mud Horse 《草泥马之歌》"
1967:, as retrieved by the Wayback Machine on 4 March 2016
1215:. University of Pompeau Fabria, Barcelona. p. 2.
217:
201:
187:
171:
157:
133:
119:
895:
confrontation between netizens and the government."
829:
was the 43rd most common password in China in 2021.
1641:(in Chinese). Vol. 23, no. 13. p. 8.
1560:"Plush Your Mother: Grass Mud Horse Dolls In China"
911:
State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television
877:led to Chinese internet users creating a number of
861:, which includes video mash-ups and other types of
321:
304:
297:
281:
267:
253:
246:
238:
232:
225:
211:
195:
181:
165:
151:
127:
113:
106:
101:
89:
73:
57:
34:
1847:"The 'Grass-Mud Horses' Battling Internet Censors"
1726:"Spoofing (e'gao) Culture on the Chinese Internet"
1973:in the original Chinese with English annotations.
1732:Jessica Milner Davis; Jocelyn Chey, eds. (2013).
1931:"A Brief History of Chinese Internet Censorship"
1914:. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2012. .
1611:. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2012. .
1508:. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2012. .
549:The Grass Mud Horse can only eat fertile grass (
1925:. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
1482:"Chinese Bloggers Protest Blocking of YouTube"
1707:(in Chinese). 4 February 2009. Archived from
1538:"Introduction to the Grass-Mud Horse Lexicon"
797:
791:
785:
759:
749:
730:
685:
667:
645:
635:
618:
608:
570:
560:
550:
537:
527:
517:
507:
379:
79:
63:
8:
1757:"Ai Weiwei Held for 'Obscene' Political Art"
1869:"A Dirty Pun Tweaks China's Online Censors"
1172:"A Dirty Pun Tweaks China's Online Censors"
1111:"A Dirty Pun Tweaks China's Online Censors"
735:) reported that Zhan Bin, a teacher at the
599:as a satire of Chinese internet censorship.
1958:"CDT Launches the Grass-Mud Horse Lexicon"
1825:Wang, Jen; Nguyen, Diana (17 March 2009).
1654:(in Chinese). 5 March 2009. Archived from
1426:, Reporters Without Borders, 25 March 2009
974:Internet in the People's Republic of China
98:
1777:"Song of the Grass-Mud Horse (Cao Ni Ma)"
1201:
1199:
1197:
1827:"F*ck Your Mother Ship, F*ck Censorship"
1344:"Top 200 Most Common Password List 2021"
1145:"The internet's new secret social codes"
1040:(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 28 November 2022.
442:
1009:
929:pornography blocking software project.
890:reported that a Chinese contributor to
875:Beijing Television Cultural Center fire
737:Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
1960:, China Digital Times, 7 December 2010
1889:"China: Censors Bar Mythical Creature"
1229:
1218:
743:by fusing the three Chinese character
463:. The name is similar to a profanity (
52:Bolivian alpaca, aka "Grass Mud Horse"
31:
1803:University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
1104:
1102:
1100:
617:, which is close in pronunciation to
7:
631:" which are invading their habitat.
1755:Sheridan, Michael (11 April 2011).
1579:Estes, Adam Clark (11 April 2011).
1417:Government blocks access to YouTube
1182:from the original on 4 October 2018
1151:from the original on 4 October 2018
499:, and are represented by different
25:
2016:Internet memes introduced in 2009
1971:The official Mud Grass Horse Song
904:Tibetan uprising of 10 March 1959
812:Communist Party Central Committee
451:by Netizens for "Grass Mud Horse"
1985:CNN explains the grass-mud horse
1887:Wines, Michael (20 March 2009).
1867:Wines, Michael (11 March 2009).
1616:"China: Goodbye Grass Mud Horse"
1109:Wines, Michael (12 March 2009).
953:
939:
758:, "Rolling Mud Horse") and the "
46:
36:Grass Mud Horse(caonima alpaca)
1701:Article on the Grass Mud Horse"
1546:. The Berkley Counter-Power Lab
1451:Koman, Richard (18 June 2009).
1376:(in Chinese). RFA. 2 July 2012.
1170:Michael Wines (11 March 2009).
429:2022 COVID-19 protests in China
328:
314:
288:
274:
260:
239:
1980:, Straits Times, 27 March 2009
1929:James, Randy (18 March 2009).
1775:Skippybently (12 March 2009).
1673:"Google vs China: The Endgame"
1671:Parker, John (14 April 2010).
1502:"What is the Grass Mud Horse?"
483:
218:
202:
188:
172:
158:
135:
134:
120:
80:
64:
1:
1845:Wen Yunchao (13 March 2009).
1143:Tom Chatfield (1 July 2013).
1032:"白紙革命》廣州人怒唱「光輝歲月」 上海「草泥馬」上街"
686:
668:
646:
636:
619:
609:
1643:Retrieved 24 February 2012.
879:digitally manipulated image
412:Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures
2082:
427:) having appeared. In the
384:), which literally means "
900:Reporters Without Borders
805:In 2009, renowned artist
798:
792:
786:
760:
750:
731:
571:
561:
551:
546:, "I fuck your mother").
538:
528:
518:
508:
468:
380:
339:
97:
45:
41:
2021:Political Internet memes
1438:South China Morning Post
1372:
994:Very erotic very violent
821:According to a study by
694:), the ideology of the "
660:Chinese internet censors
654:), in reference to the "
75:Traditional Chinese
1965:Grass-mud Horse Lexicon
984:Mat (Russian profanity)
816:Chinese Communist Party
59:Simplified Chinese
2026:Chinese Internet slang
1519:. 2009. Archived from
927:Green Dam Youth Escort
600:
452:
1963:China Digital Times'
1513:"The Grass Mud Horse"
590:
446:
439:Etymology and species
394:are commonly used in
351:Chinese Internet meme
27:Chinese internet meme
1422:4 March 2016 at the
1396:Wines. 20 March 2009
892:Global Voices Online
2036:Homonymy in Chinese
1812:on 20 February 2012
1742:on 15 December 2017
1697:"The Original 2009
1658:on 17 February 2012
1543:China Digital Times
1051:China Digital Times
848:China Digital Times
842:Political discourse
833:Grass Mud Horse Day
283:Canton Romanization
1724:Rea, Christopher.
1176:The New York Times
1115:The New York Times
887:the New York Times
884:On 20 March 2009,
714:It's a Small World
656:harmonious society
601:
559:, which resembles
536:, which resembles
516:, which resembles
453:
447:Chinese character
2051:Politics of China
1677:Asia Times Online
1228:Missing or empty
1020:. 1 October 2011.
741:Chinese character
343:
342:
335:
334:
255:Yale Romanization
197:Yale Romanization
108:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2073:
2031:Fictional horses
1997:
1986:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1805:. Archived from
1800:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:on 16 April 2010
1679:. Archived from
1667:
1665:
1663:
1642:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1591:on 17 April 2011
1587:. Archived from
1575:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:. Archived from
1448:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1397:
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1388:
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1378:
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1042:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1014:
963:
958:
957:
949:
944:
943:
942:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
771:
770:
753:
752:
739:, created a new
734:
733:
696:Three Represents
689:
688:
671:
670:
649:
648:
639:
638:
634:The river crab (
622:
621:
612:
611:
574:
573:
564:
563:
554:
553:
541:
540:
531:
530:
521:
520:
511:
510:
489:fuck your mother
485:
476:
396:Chinese language
386:fuck your mother
383:
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331:
330:
317:
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277:
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123:
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99:
85:
84:
69:
68:
50:
32:
21:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2066:Horses in China
2006:
2005:
1995:
1984:
1954:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1831:Huffington Post
1824:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1743:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1711:on 5 March 2012
1699:Popular Science
1695:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1646:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1622:. 18 March 2009
1614:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1566:. 11 March 2009
1558:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1523:on 24 July 2011
1511:
1491:
1489:
1488:. 25 March 2009
1480:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1459:on 21 June 2009
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1424:Wayback Machine
1415:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1373:中共七一建党节 网民反讽战当局
1370:
1369:
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1342:
1341:
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1319:
1315:
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1297:
1293:Wang and Nguyen
1292:
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1049:
1045:
1030:
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1025:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
961:Internet portal
959:
952:
945:
940:
938:
935:
871:
852:free expression
844:
835:
790:) and "Ge Bi" (
708:
682:dài sān ge biǎo
625:cào nǐ mā ge bī
585:
441:
414:" created in a
392:Homophonic puns
347:Grass Mud Horse
289:
203:
183:Tongyong Pinyin
173:
153:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
141:
137:
93:grass mud horse
90:Literal meaning
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Language games
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1952:External links
1950:
1949:
1948:
1926:
1917:Xiaohe1120xu.
1915:
1904:
1893:New York Times
1884:
1873:New York Times
1864:
1842:
1822:
1792:
1772:
1761:The Australian
1752:
1721:
1705:PowerApple.com
1693:
1668:
1644:
1638:Yazhou Zhoukan
1632:
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1564:Daddytypes.com
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1471:
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1321:Daddytypes.com
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1265:PowerApple.com
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1626:25 February
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1500:Awflasher.
1492:18 February
1486:AsiaNews.it
1332:Nandu Daily
1093:AsiaNews.it
1083:Wen Yunchao
1073:Baidu Baike
1062:Baidu Baike
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700:Jiang Zemin
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418:article on
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315:Chháu-nî-má
240:Chhó nài mâ
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869:Censorship
534:Wò Cǎonímǎ
524:māle ge bī
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1128:8 April
969:Chun Ge
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